1010thth American History American History

Day 3 - Daily Lesson

Unit I – An Industrial NationUnit I – An Industrial NationChapter 5Chapter 5

Section 1 – the American West – Native Section 1 – the American West – Native AmericansAmericansBefore DiscoveryBefore Discovery

Explorers LandingExplorers LandingRevolutionary WarRevolutionary War

Westward MovementWestward MovementIndian Wars and ContainmentIndian Wars and Containment

Post Indian WarsPost Indian WarsModern TimesModern Times

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Before Discovery

Before Discovery- 4 million Natives lived in America- They lived in tribes or nations- Primarily they were hunters and gatherers with some farming- Buffalo was key to survival- Tribes/Nations varied in their abilities and culture

"The men of every [Indian] nation differ in their dress very little from each other,except those who trade with the Europeans, these exchange their furs for blankets,shirts, and other apparel, which they wear as much for ornament as necessity . . . Theypaint their faces red and black, which they esteem as greatly ornamental."

Treatment of Native Americans- Treatment of Native Americans- Early Conflicts- DiseaseEarly Conflicts- Disease

• What gave the Spaniards a decisive advantage this time was smallpox. The resulting epidemic proceeded to kill nearly half the Aztecs.

• Populous Indian societies in the Mississippi Valle, these societies too would disappear. The conquistadores' germs, spreading in advance, did everything.

• Archeologists feel the initial number of Natives at around 20 million when Columbus came. In the century or two following Columbus's arrival in the New World, the Indian population is estimated to have declined by about 95 percent.

• The main killers were European germs, to which the Indians had never been exposed and against which they therefore had neither immunologic nor genetic resistance. Smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus competed for top rank among the killers. As if those were not enough, pertussis, plague, tuberculosis, diphtheria, mumps, malaria, and yellow fever came close behind.

Explorers landing - Landed in S. America first - Cortez - The Natives thought the Spanish Explorers were God’s - Northern Indians aided first settlers – The first Thanksgiving was to thank the Natives

for supplying them with food all winter. - French traded fur with Natives (beaver). - Enslaved Natives – Didn’t make good slaves (Primarily in South). - Millions if Natives were killed by disease. - As more immigrants came the Natives were pushed back further and further. A line

was drawn at the Appalachian Mountains until they ran out of room and people began to move west. This caused problems.

- Many Americans viewed Natives as savage and untamed “uncivilized”. - Some settlers went west to study them.

Treatment of Native Americans- Treatment of Native Americans- Early ConflictsEarly Conflicts

• King Philip's War, 1675–76, the most devastating war between the colonists and the Native Americans in New England. Resulted in the virtual extermination of tribal Native American life in S New England and the disappearance of the fur trade.

• The French and Indian Wars 1748-1760: The American conflict, Indians fought on both sides.

Revolutionary War - Natives fought on both sides during the war. - Most choose the British side because the British had tried to

keep land for the Natives. - Joseph Brandt (Thayendanegea) was a Mohawk Native that

fought for the British - Following the war the American government established a

policy of pushing or relocating tribes beyond the Mississippi River.

- 1820-1850 – Let Natives live on “Great American Desert”. One big reservation. This land was not considered good enough for White Americans.

Treatment of Native Americans- Treatment of Native Americans- Early PoliciesEarly Policies

Indian Removal Act- 1830Indian Removal Act- 1830• On May 26, 1830, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by the

Twenty-First Congress of the United states of America. After four months of strong debate, Andrew Jackson signed the bill into law. Land greed was a big reason for the federal government's position on Indian removal. This desire for Indian lands was also abetted by the Indian hating mentallity that was peculiar to some American frontiersman.

• To ensure peace the government forced these five tribes called the Five Civilized Tribes to move out of their lands that they had lived on for generations and to move to land given to them in parts of Oklahoma. Andrew Jackson was quoted as saying that this was a way of protecting them and allowing them time to adjust to the white culture. This land in Oklahoma was thinly settled and was thought to have little value. Within 10 years of the Indian Removal Act, more than 70,000 Indians had moved across the Mississippi. Many Indians died on this journey.

Treatment of Native Americans- Treatment of Native Americans- Early PoliciesEarly Policies

Trail Tears- Trail Tears- "Nunna daul Tsuny." That translates into English as "trail where

they cried." • The term "Trails of Tears" was given to the period of ten years in which over 70,000

Indians had to give up their homes and move to certain areas assigned to tribes in Oklahoma. The tribes were given a right to all of Oklahoma except the Panhandle. The government promised this land to them "as long as grass shall grow and rivers run." Unfortunately, the land that they were given only lasted till about 1906 and then they were forced to move to other reservations. Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole

• The Trails of Tears were several trails that the Five civilized Tribes traveled on their way to their new lands. Many Indians died because of famine or disease. Sometimes a person would die because of the harsh living conditions. The tribes had to walk all day long and get very little rest. All this was in order to free more land for white settlers. The period of forcible removal started when Andrew Jackson became Presidentin 1829. At that time there was reported to be sightings of gold in the Cherokee territory in Georgia which caused prospectors to rush in, tearing down fences and destroying crops.

• All of the treaties signed by the Indians as the agreed to the terms of the removal contained guarantees that the Indians, territory should be perpetual and that no government other than their own should be erected over them without their consent.

Trail of Tears – 2:28Trail of Tears – 2:28

Treatment of Native Americans- Treatment of Native Americans- Early PoliciesEarly Policies

Seminole WarsSeminole Wars• The Seminole Indians are a tribe the used to reside in Florida in the early 1800's. The

Seminole originally belonged to the Creek tribe. They became known as Seminoles because the name means runaways.

• The United acquired Florida in 1819, and began urging them to sell their land to the government and to move to the Indian Territory along with the other southeasten tribes.

• In 1832, some of the Seminole leaders signed a treaty and promised to relocate. The Seminole tribe split at this time and fought to keep their lands. They fled into the Florida swamps.

• They started the Second Seminole war (1835). This was fought over the remaining land that the Seminole had fled to. It lasted for seven years. 1,500 American men died and the cost to the United States was $20 million. The Seminole were led by Osceola until he was tricked by General Thomas Jessup. Osceola was seized and imprisoned by Jessup during peace talks under a flag of truce. Osceola died in 1838 when he still in prison. After the war, many Seminoles moved west but still a small group stayed hidden in the Florida swamps.

The Price of FreedomThe Price of Freedom

Western Indian Wars

Treatment of Native Americans- Treatment of Native Americans- 1820-18501820-1850

Early policy- Treaties were being made with Indians- just like dealing with a foreign nation.

1820-1850 - Push the Eastern Indians west across the Mississippi River. Let Indians live on the “Great American Desert”. One Big Reservation. Land not good enough for whites would be left to the Indian.

Treatment of Native Americans- Treatment of Native Americans- 1867-18861867-1886

• 1867-1886 - 20 years of war and containment• Indians would be gathered in large reservations that would

belong to them. Peacefully?• Gov’t reservation agents- some good, some inept, some corrupt.• Government promised to supply nations with food, but supplies

were slow coming and caused starvation and rebellion. – Santee went on warpath-1862-no payments or even credit to

buy food. – 1865-25,000 soldiers armed against Indians. – 1867-1868 Peace commission - two large meeting +treaties.

100’s of treaties were made and broken by the government.• 18711871- Government stops dealing with the Indians and

Independent nations. No more treaties to be made, Indians are wards of the state, to be dealt with by acts of Congress. Gen. Sherman went about the task of either killing Indians or making them beg for mercy.

Treatment of Native Americans- 1867-1886Treatment of Native Americans- 1867-1886

• Twenty years of new civil war- Indians vs. Whites. – 1864- Colonel Chivington

slaughters 450 Cheyenne– Cap. Fetterman and 92

troopers are ambushed and killed by Crazy Horse and Red Cloud Sioux.

• 1874- Black Hills, gold fever.• 1876- Sioux, Crazy horse, Sitting

Bull- “Custer’s Last Stand”. • Chief Joseph tries to flee to

Canada.• Buffalo soldiers (blacks) were

used on the plains against the Indians.

Chief Joseph and Nez Pierce – 4:33Chief Joseph and Nez Pierce – 4:33

Buffalo- Indians v. White manBuffalo- Indians v. White man

• 1 Indian Village hunt-deaths of dozens or hundreds of animals (30, 60, 100, and even 600, 800, and 1000 were reported killed) produced fantastic quantities of meat

• 24 to 28 Plains tribes had figured out how to use the buffalo in 52 different ways for food, supplies, war and hunting implements, things like that.

• Trappers and traders, people who made their living selling meat and hides. By the 1870s, they were shipping hundreds of thousands of buffalo hides eastward each year: more than 1.5 million were packed aboard trains and wagons in the winter of 1872-73 alone.

• Train companies offered tourists the chance to shoot buffalo from the windows of their coaches, pausing only when they ran out of ammunition or the gun's barrel became too hot.

• There were even buffalo killing contests. In one, a Kansan set a record by killing 120 bison in just 40 minutes. "Buffalo" Bill Cody, hired to slaughter the animals, killed more than 4,000 buffalo in just two years

• military commanders were ordering their troops to kill buffalo -- not for food, but to deny Native Americans their source of food

Slaughter of the Buffalo and the End of the IndianSlaughter of the Buffalo and the End of the Indian

• Male Buffalo- 700-800 pounds and yielded 225-400 pounds of meat

• Estimates once between 30 to 75 million buffalo in North America, but the great herds were reduced to less than 300 buffalo by 1900

• By 1880, the slaughter was almost over.

• In 1800, the best estimates show between 30 million and 40 million bison in the Great Plains. By 1902, there were approximately 750 in the entire U.S.

BuffaloBuffalo

The Ghost Dance- Hope to the The Ghost Dance- Hope to the PeoplePeople

• The prophet who began the movement of the Ghost Dance was Wovoka, a member of the Paiute Tribe. He was descended of a family of prophets and Shamans. Known as a medicine man, it was said that during an eclipse of the sun and while suffering from a high fever, he had a vision which inspired the development of the movement known as the Ghost Dance. The vision embodied the beliefs that inspired the followers of the movement including that the white man would disappear from the Earth after a natural catastrophe and that the Indian dead would return bringing with them the old way of life that would then last forever.

• To bring these and the other beliefs into effect, the Indians had to practice the customs of the Ghost Dance movement and to renounce alcohol and farming and end mourning, since the resurrection would be coming soon. The most important practice to ensure the effectiveness of the movement was the dance itself.

• The dance was unlike other Indian dances with fast steps and loud drumming. The Ghost Dance consisted of slow shuffling movements following the course of the sun. It would be performed for four or five days and was accompanied by singing and chanting, but no drumming or other musical instruments. In addition, both men and women participated in the dance, unlike others in which men were the main dancers, singers and musicians.

Treatment of Native Americans- Treatment of Native Americans- 1887-19341887-1934

18891889- 1,000 out of the millions of Buffalo were left. With food, clothing, fuel, and shelter gone the Indians gave up. Ghost DanceGhost Dance created to give the people hope. Wounded Knee, South Dakota- Dec. 29, 1890 (200 Indian dead). Helen Hunt Jackson’s booksHelen Hunt Jackson’s books awakened the whites to the plight of the Indian. Dawes Act 1887-Dawes Act 1887-“Americanize” the Indian. Divide up reservation land into 160 acre farms. 25 years later Indians get title. Break up the tribes, destroy Indian culture. 1887-1934 Indians lost 1/2 of their lands. Indian Citizenship Act June 2, 1924Indian Citizenship Act June 2, 1924 granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States. 1934- Indian New Deal-1934- Indian New Deal- rebuild tribes and culture and population grew.

Wounded KneeWounded Knee

Wounded KneeWounded Knee

• Chief Big Foot and the Minniconjou Sioux• The Hotchkiss gun usually refers to the 1.65 inch light mountain gun;

there was also a 3-inch Hotchkiss gun. They were intended to be mounted on a light carriage or packed on mules to accompany a troop of cavalry or an army traveling in rough country. Breech loading and handled by two men.

• Hotchkiss was employed against the Nez Percés in 1877. Over the next twenty years the U.S would purchase fifty more. They were used in Cuba for the attack on San Juan Hill and in the Philippine-American War. It was also used at the Wounded Knee Massacre.

• It fired two types of shells- one would explode on impact and send out shrapnel. The other was a canister which would rip open at the muzzle spraying the enemy with a fan shaped pattern of hardened lead ½ inch balls. This projectile was used at close range.

Black Elk- on Wounded KneeBlack Elk- on Wounded Knee• “I do not know then how much was ended. When I look

back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream… the nation’s hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.”

• Read a section of the book- “Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee”

Code Talkers

The Main IdeaAs Native Americans gradually lost their battle for their lands in the West, settlers

brought in new enterprises—mining, ranching, and farming.

Reading Focus

• How did changing government policies lead to conflicts with Native Americans in the West?

• How did mining and ranching influence the development of the West?

• What opportunities and challenges did farmers face on the Great Plains?

The American WestThe American West

Conflicts with Native AmericansConflicts with Native Americans• By the 1890s, Native American cultures were dying, and many turned to

a prophet, Wavoka, who said that through a Ghost Dance a messiah would save them.

• White settlers streamed into the lands of the Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfoot, Kiowa, and Comanche, who were known as the Plains Indians.

• The Plains Indians did not settle in towns and did not think land should be bought or sold, while white settlers thought it should be divided up into claims.

• In the mid-1800s, the U.S. government’s Indian policy changed: they seized Native American their lands and created reservations for them to live in.

• Being confined to these reservations threatened the buffalo-centered Native Americans’ way of life. The buffalo were being driven to extinction by white settlers.

• Tensions between Plains Indians and settlers led to a long period of violence known as the Indian Wars.

Sand Creek Massacre• 1864: The Army

persuaded a group of Cheyenne to stop raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation.

• Then army troops attacked, killing about 150 people, and burned the camp.

• Congress condemned the actions but did not punish the commander.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

• The Sioux responded to government relocation by joining other tribes near the Little Bighorn River.

• Led by Sitting Bull, they slaughtered General Armstrong Custer’s smaller U.S. force.

Events of the Indian WarsEvents of the Indian WarsWounded Knee

Massacre• Army troops

captured Sitting Bull’s followers and took them to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek.

• Fighting began, and the soldiers slaughtered 300 Native American men, women, and children.

• The massacre shocked Americans and broke Native American resistance.

Resistance Fades into Reservation Resistance Fades into Reservation LifeLife

• In 1877, while the Nez Percé were relocated to a smaller reservation in Idaho, some killed white settlers on the way, they fled with their leader, Chief Joseph, to Canada where they were captured.

• In the Southwest, the Apache were moved to a reservation in Arizona, but their leader, Geronimo, fled the reservation and led raids on the Arizona-Mexico border for years, until they were captured in 1886.

• In creating the reservations, the U.S. wanted to Americanize the Native Americans, or make them abandon their traditional culture in favor of white American culture.

• The Bureau of Indian Affairs managed reservations, set up public schools often far from children’s homes, and forced them to speak English.

• The Dawes Act (1887) broke up some reservations and divided the land for people, but the best land was usually sold to white settlers.