11 biology 1-16-08 circulatory system
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You Gotta Have HeartThe Circulatory System
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Explore
How does exercise affect heart rate?
Circulatory System Relay Color Your Heart
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Hemo the Magnificent
Scene 6 – The Capillaries
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Circulatory System Consists of…
Blood Vessels
Blood
Heart
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Circulatory SystemBLOOD VESSELS
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Two Pathways
Pulmonary Circulation
– Carries blood to lungs and back
Systemic Circulation
– Carries blood to body and back
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Capillaries of head and arms
Capillaries of abdominalorgans and legs
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of rightlung
Superior vena
cava Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Capillaries of leftlung
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Your Blood Vessels:Pathway of Circulation
3 types of vessels
– Arteries
– Capillaries
– Veins
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Artery vs. Vein
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Arteries: carries blood Away from heart
– Large
– Thick-walled, Muscular
– Elastic – Oxygenated blood
Exception Pulmonary Artery
– Carried under great pressure – Steady pulsating
Arterioles: smaller vessels, enter tissue
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Capillaries
– Smallest vessel
– Microscopic
– Walls one cell thick
– Nutrients and gases diffuse here
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Veins: Carries blood to heart
– Carries blood that containswaste and CO2
Exception pulmonary vein
– Blood not under muchpressure
– Valves to prevent much
gravity pull
Venules: larger than capillaries
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Varicose VeinsDamaged Valves in Veins
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What is Blood?
Blood Simulation
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Whole Blood Sample
Red bloodcells
White bloodcells
Platelets
Plasma
Sample Placed in Centrifuge Blood Sample ThatHas Been Centrifuged
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Whole Blood Sample
Red bloodcells
White bloodcells
Platelets
Plasma
Sample Placed in Centrifuge Blood Sample ThatHas Been Centrifuged
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Whole Blood Sample
Red bloodcells
White bloodcells
Platelets
Plasma
Sample Placed in Centrifuge Blood Sample ThatHas Been Centrifuged
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Parts of the Blood
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Your Blood: Fluid Transport
a Tissue
50% water
4% dissolvedsubstances
Liquid Portion Carries
Blood cells
– Erythrocytes (RBC - red bloodcells)
– Leucocytes (WBC - white bloodcells)
Platelets (non cellular particles)
Proteins
– Enzymes
– Hormones – Endocrine System
Nutrients - Digestive System
Gases - Respiratory System
Inorganic salts
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Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
Hemoglobin carries CO2 also
CO2 is a waste product of cellular work
70% of CO2 combines withwater
The rest travels to the lungs
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What does blood contain?
50% Water
45% Erythrocytes 4% Plasma with Substances
1% Leukocytes + Platelets
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Erythrocytes (RBC) Transporters of
– Oxygen – Carbon Dioxide
RBC – Lack a nucleus – Contain hemoglobin
– Disk-shaped RBC are produced in red bone
marrow of – ribs, – humerus,
– femur, – sternum, and other long bones
Lives for 120 days Old RBC are destroyed in liver
and spleen
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Leukocytes (WBC)
WBC fight infection – Attack foreign
substances
Less abundant
Large cells
Some live for
months – Most just a few days
Several types
ALL contain nuclei
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Platelets
PLATELETS are for CLOTTING blood
Cell fragments
Produced in bone marrow
Short life span (1 week)
Fibrin (sticky network of proteinfibers)
– Form a web trapping blood cells
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Circulatory SystemHEART
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Your Heart: The Vital Pump
At REST, the heartpumps about 5
QUARTS of blood aminute.
During EXTREME
EXERTION (exercise)it can pump 40 quartsa minute.
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Heart:Structure and Function
Keeps blood moving
Large organcomposed of
– cardiac muscle,
– rich in mitochondria
– Enclosed by a sac PERICARDIUM
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The Structures of the Heart
Right Ventricle
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Inferior Vena CavaVein that brings oxygen-poorblood from the lower part ofthe body to the right atrium
Tricuspid ValvePrevents blood from flowing
back into the right atrium after ithas entered the right ventricle
Pulmonary ValvePrevents blood from flowingback into the right ventricleafter it has entered thepulmonary artery
Pulmonary VeinsBring oxygen-rich blood from eachof the lungs to the left atrium
Superior Vena CavaLarge vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from theupper part of the body to the right atrium
AortaBrings oxygen-rich blood from the leftventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary ArteriesBring oxygen-poor bloodto the lungs
Aortic ValvePrevents blood from flowingback into the left ventricleafter it has entered the aorta
Mitral ValvePrevents blood from flowing backinto the left atrium after it has
entered the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
Septum
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
©COPY 1997 HeartPoint
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Bloods Path Through the Heart
Both Atria fill at same time
– Rt atrium receives oxygen POOR blood frombody from vena cava
– Left atrium receives oxygen RICH blood from
lungs through four pulmonary veins
After filled with blood atria contract,
pushing blood into ventricle
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Both ventricles contract
Right ventricle contracts and pushes
oxygen-poor blood toward lungs, against gravity,
through pulmonary arteries
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Left ventricle contracts and forces oxygen
rich blood out of heart through
aorta (largest vessel)
Bloods Path Through the Heart(cont)
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Heartbeat Regulation
Force of blood from left ventricle into arteries(pulse)
Pacemaker (SA Node), group of cells at top of right atrium
Electrical impulse, signals BOTH atria to contract
Triggers 2nd set of cells (AV Node)-base of theright atrium to send message to ventricles, theycontract
EkG – record of electrical changes in the heart
S
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Sinoatrial(SA) node
Atrioventricular(AV) node
Conductingfibers
Contraction of Atria Contraction of Ventricles
The Sinoatrial Node
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Blood Pressure
Blood against the blood vessel’s walls
– The systolic pressure refers to
the pressure recorded while the ventricles pumpthe blood.
– The diastolic pressure refers to
the pressure recorded as the ventricles fill with
blood.
A normal blood pressure is 120/80
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DISORDERS
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
– Fatty deposits called plaque
– Builds up in walls of arteries
– Obstructs flow
– Also a risk if clot breaks free and blocks flow
elsewhere
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Disorders (cont)
Hypertension
– High blood pressure
– Hearts works harder than necessary
– Increases risk of heart attack or stroke
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Disorders (cont)
Heart Attack
– Atherosclerosis in coronary artery
– Heart muscle begins to die
Symptoms
– Nausea – Shortness of breath
– Severe chest pain
IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION NECESSARY
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Disorders (cont)
Stroke
– Blood clot gets stuck in blood vessels leading
to brain
– Brain cells die due to lack of oxygen
Or blood vessel burst
– Can lead to paralysis,
loss of ability to speak
death
C t PREVENTION
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Current PREVENTIONRecommendations
Regular exercise
Weight control
Well balanced diet
Do not smoke
Diet low in saturated
fat
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Elaboration
Blood Typing: To Clump or Not to Clump?
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Blood Types
Massive loss of blood requires a transfusion
Four Types – A
– B
– AB – O
Inherited from your parents
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Blood Types
What happens hen o mi blood
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What happens when you mix bloodtypes?
Plasma contains proteins thatcorrespond to the shape of the
different antigens If you mix one type with the
wrong one, you get CLUMPING
Type O is the universal donor
Type AB is the universal acceptor
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What Makes Our Blood Type?
Blood Transfusions
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Blood Typeof Donor
A
B
AB
O
Blood Type of Recipient
A B AB O
Unsuccessful transfusion Successful transfusion
Blood Transfusions
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Rh Factor
Rhesus factor (Rh), also inherited
– Rh+ (have antigen)
– Rh- (NO antigen)
Can cause complications in pregnancies
– mother Rh- 1st baby Rh+ : blood mixes withmother; mother’s body makes anti-Rh+
antibodies – 2nd Rh + body attacks baby
– Now have medicine to prevent antibody