CHAPTER 11

THE 1990s AND BEYOND

The end of the Cold War in 1991 brought

a dramatic lessening of the threat of

nuclear warfare between superpowers.

He found himself faced with several very

serious problems:

President

Yeltsin

1. Foremost was revitalizing the

economies of Russia and

ex-Soviet states

2. Disposition of

the armed forces

3. Control of the

formidable Soviet

nuclear arsenal

President Yeltsin

He immediately established friendly

working relations with Western heads

of state to pursue economic support.

President Yeltsin received aid in

various forms when he made

assurances that he now controlled

the nuclear weapons.

January 1993

They signed the second Strategic

Arms Reduction Treaty (START II).

President

BushPresident

Yeltsin

START II called for

both sides to reduce

long-range nuclear

arsenals to between

3,000 and 3,500

warheads within

a decade.

START II also called

for the complete

elimination of land-

based multiple-

warhead missiles.

President Yeltsin

Late 1996

He announced that

there would be no

Russian-controlled

nuclear missiles

aimed at any of the

western states.

President Clinton

Early 1997

He announced

several of the former

Soviet satellite states

would be allowed to

join the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization

(NATO).

Saddam Hussein

Following the end of

the Iran-Iraq War in

1988, Iraq’s leader,

Saddam Hussein, was

free to attempt other

more aggressive

military adventures to

the south.

In August 1990,

Iraqi forces

invaded Kuwait.

King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud

King of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia appealed to the United

Nations (UN) and the United States for

help.

The UN passed a trade embargo

against Iraq restricting movement

and sale of all goods.

In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait,

the U.S. embarked on Operation Desert

Shield, the largest military operation since

the Vietnam War.

By the end of 1990, some 450,000 U.S.

military personnel and some 100 U.S.

Navy ships were engaged in operations

in support of Desert Shield.

U.S. and Allied ships patrolled in the

Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Red Sea,

enforcing the UN trade embargo against

Iraq.

The U.S. military

supported

Operation Desert

Shield in many

ways.

The UN Security Council imposed a

deadline of 15 January 1991 for Hussein

to move his forces out of Kuwait or face

military action. He did not leave.

On 16 January, a

passive air assault

turned Operation

Desert Shield into

Desert Storm.

On 23 February, the Allied ground offensive

into Kuwait and southern Iraq began.

General Schwarzkopf commanded

the U.S. and coalition forces.

The demoralized

Iraqi troops, cut off

from food and

ammunition

supplies by the air

campaign, quickly

surrendered.

By 26 February, Kuwait City was

secured, and on 27 February, a

cease-fire was announced.

Iraqi Losses

• Thousands

of troops

• Thousands more

became prisoners

of war

U.S. Losses

• 89 combat deaths

• 38 missing

in action

• 212 wounded

February 1991

Hussein

reestablished

control over Iraq

following

discontinuance of

hostilities.

Extreme measures were taken to

suppress ethnic Shiite Muslims in

southern Iraq.

In August 1992, UN forces from the U.S., England,

and France began enforcing no-fly zones.

No-Fly Zone

An area over which no aircraft may

fly; Iraqi No-Fly Zone was imposed

after Operation Desert Storm was

completed.

The no-fly zone over

southern Iraq was

designed to protect

the Shiites, and the

northern Iraq no-fly

zone to protect the

Kurds from Hussein.

Along with the no-fly zones, economic

sanctions (frozen bank assets for

example) and trade embargoes (naval

blockade for example) had been enacted

by the UN to force Hussein to liberalize the

treatment of the Iraqi people and to

comply with the 1991 cease-fire agreement

regarding the inspection of potential

munitions-producing plants and Chemical,

Biological, and Radiological (CBR)

weapons facilities.

Economic Sanctions

Economic actions by one or more

states toward another state

calculated to force it to comply

Kurdish - Held

Territory

IRAQ

In August 1996, Hussein moved 45,000 troops

and 300 tanks toward the Kurdish-held territory

in northern Iraq.

August 1996

President Clinton ordered a joint Navy-

Air Force strike against Iraq air defense

systems and bases in southern Iraq.

F-14 B-52

September 1996

The U.S launched

44 Tomahawk

Land-Attack

Missiles (TLAMs).

Saddam Hussein

He seemed to have

“gotten the message”

because the troops

and tanks were

withdrawn.

A civil war broke out

in the Balkan country

of Yugoslavia.

1991

These republics broke

apart from the former Soviet

client state of Yugoslavia.

1991

Montenegro

Macedonia

Bosnia-

HerzegovinaSerbia

Croatia

Slovenia

Cessation of Soviet aid

caused economic

difficulties.

Long-standing

friction between

ethnic groups

contributed to the

break-up.

June 1991

Fighting broke

out between the

ethnic Serbs in

Croatia and the

Croat militia.

Slovenia

Hungary

Bosnia -

Herzegovina

Croatia

The conflict then

broadened into

Bosnia-

Herzegovina

between the Serbs,

Muslims, and

Croats.

Slovenia

Hungary

Bosnia -

Herzegovina

Croatia

Montenegro

Serbia

Months of bloody

fighting continued

with atrocities on all

sides.

Atrocities

Cruel or brutal acts

Late 1991

UN imposes oil, trade, and weapons

embargo against Yugoslavia and Serbia

in an attempt to end fighting.

The embargo had little effect, and

the fighting and atrocities continued.

May 1992

Economic sanctions

by the UN against

Serbia and

Montenegro were

imposed with little

effect.

Romania

Hungary

Serbia

Montenegro

Year-End 1992

The situation had

deteriorated to the

point that the former

nation of

Yugoslavia ceased

to exist.

October 1992

NATO established a

no-fly zone over

Bosnia.

Montenegro

Serbia

Hungary

Bosnia-

Herzegovina

Croatia

United Nations proclaimed so-called

“safe areas” around several cities.

Air Force planes,

Navy ships, and

aircraft helped

NATO enforce:

• Embargoes

• No-fly zones

• Safe areas

President Clinton

He was reluctant to

introduce ground

troops into the

conflict, preferring

diplomatic pressure

instead.

Early 1992

Increased naval presence in the

Adriatic Sea

Late 1995

The U.S. joined other NATO forces to

bring a halt to the conflict by using

force.

Aug and Sep 1995 -

Operation Deliberate Force

Navy and Marine Corps aircraft from the

USS Theodore Roosevelt joined NATO

aircraft to conduct air strikes against

the Serbs.

These strikes were

in retaliation for the

Serbs overrunning

UN protected cities.

These strikes were also in response to

the Serb’s mortar attacks and the

wounding of more than 80 civilians in

Sarajevo.

NATO Strikes Back

Altogether some 3,500 sorties were

flown against some 350 separate

targets.

Presidents of Bosnia-Herzegovina,

Serbia, and Croatia signed a treaty to

end the war.

Treaty divides Bosnia

into two largely

autonomous parts.

Early 1996

NATO deployed 60,000

troops, including 20,000

American Army troops.

By the end of 2004, this force had been

reduced to about 7,000 troops.

It was then formally replaced by an equal

number of troops from the European Union.

January 1991

Civil war erupted

after Soviet aid

discontinued.

SOMALIA

MOGADISHU

Kenya

Djibouti

Ethiopia

Gulf of

Aden

Indian Ocean

President Mohammed

Siad Barre

Rebel troops

forced the

president to flee

the country.

Rebel troops began battling among

themselves for territory, soon resulting

in widespread anarchy and famine.

Anarchy

A state of society without

government or law

Due to the large

number of weapons

left behind by the

Soviets, nearly

every male member

of Somalia had a

firearm.

Operation Restore Hope

December 1992

• 28,000 U.S. troops took part

Operation Restore Hope

Intent was to bring in food supplies and

restore some order to the country.

French Foreign Legion units assisted

U.S. Marines in patrolling the streets of

Mogadishu.

Persian Gulf Carrier Battle Group

March 1993

Clan warlords signed a peace accord

but occasional violence continued.

October 1993

A gun battle between U.S. soldiers and

clan members left 18 dead and 75 wounded.

March 1994

The date set for all remaining

forces to leave Somalia

Several Months Afterward

Some 2,000 Marines were kept

offshore as potential cover for

the remaining UN troops.

Mid-1996

Navy-Marine Corps amphibious groups

were called upon to assist in the

evacuation of personnel from Liberia

and the Central African Republic of

Bangui.

REPUBLIC OF

BANGUI

LIBERIA

Disease

Ethnic Violence Famine

Both of these

countries were

experiencing

these outbreaks.

Fleet Marines

reinforced U.S.

embassy Marines

in Liberia during the

crisis.

Spring of 1998

Apprehension arose

over the issue of

nuclear weapons

proliferation when

both countries

exploded nuclear

devices.

ChinaAfghanistan

Nepal

Sri Lanka

Bay of

Bengal

Indian

Ocean

Arabian

Sea

Proliferation

A rapid and often excessive

spread or increase

The Clinton administration and the

United Nations were able to deter

both nations from committing

nuclear destruction.

The issue of nuclear nonproliferation

continues to be a major international

concern in the twenty-first century.

In April 2001, a Chinese fighter collided

with a Navy reconnaissance aircraft.

The Chinese fighter crashed into the

sea killing the pilot.

The Navy aircraft made an emergency

landing at China’s Hainan Island.

Gulf of

Tonkin

South China

Sea

HAINAN

CHINA

The Navy crew of 24 men and women were

detained for 11 days and received a hero’s

welcome when they returned home.

The plane was dismantled and

returned to the U.S. in July 2001.

Late December 2004

A huge tsunami in the Indian Ocean devastated

much of the seacoast of Indonesia, Sri Lanka,

Thailand, southern India and several other

countries in the region.

Tsunami

An unusually large sea wave

produced by a seaquake or

undersea volcanic eruption

A Japanese word that means

“surging walls of water”

Before

After

By some estimates as many as 370,000

people were killed by the tsunami

itself or its effects shortly thereafter.

In response, the U.S. initiated Operation

Unified Assistance, deploying U.S. Navy

ships, P-3 aircraft, and Air Force heavy

lift cargo aircraft.

By the end of the operation, helicopters

had flown over 2,000 missions and Navy

and Air Force planes delivered some

12 million tons of supplies to the region.

Several thousand casualties were

treated by U.S. medical personnel,

mainly aboard the hospital ship Mercy.

Throughout the 1990s and beyond, the

U.S. Department of Defense and Coast

Guard have been called upon to

suppress the illegal drug trade.

Central America became a major conduit

of drugs from South American producers.

Conduit

A channel or path for conveying drugs

Traffickers increasingly relied upon

these methods for hauling legitimate

cargo to transport drugs.

All services and

various intelligence

agencies conduct

joint drug interdiction

training with host

countries.

Surveillance assets

of the U.S. are used

to track & intercept

boats and aircraft

suspected of

transporting drugs.

On the domestic scene, all services

conduct extensive drug awareness

and testing programs designed to

discourage the use of illegal drugs.

August 1998

U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

were destroyed by car bombs.

KENYA

Sudan

TANZANIA

SomaliaEthiopia

Yemen

Saudi ArabiaEgyptLibya

Chad

Red

Sea

Central

African

Rep.

Oman

Dem. Rep

Of The Congo

Indian Ocean

Arabian

Sea

The mastermind of

the terrorist attacks

was a wealthy exiled

Saudi Arabian named

Osama bin Laden.

He had proclaimed a

holy war against the

United States.

Mastermind

A person who originates or is

primarily responsible for the

execution of a particular idea

Holy War

A war waged for what is supposed

or proclaimed to be a holy

purpose, as the defense of faith

20 August 1998

Over 70 Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired

against a factory in Sudan manufacturing

chemical weapons and terrorist training camps

run by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan.

President Clinton

Osama bin Laden

He escaped injury

and continues to be

a major terrorist

threat against the

United States.

In August 2000, the guided missile

destroyer, USS Cole, had a large

hole blown in her port side.

Saudi Arabia

Oman

Somalia

YEMEN

Gulf of Aden

Arabian

Sea

Indian

Ocean

Socotra

The suicide bombers killed 17

sailors, and 39 others were injured.

April 19, 2002

After a successful 14-month effort to

repair the damage suffered in a

terrorist attack, USS Cole returns to

its homeport of Norfolk.

Turbulent 1990s

Cold War ended, resulting in drawdown

and consolidation of U.S. armed forces.

Allegations of sexual harassment to:

• female junior officers

• civilians

by over a hundred naval aviators

Late 1996

Incidents of fraternization and

harassment of female trainees by

Army drill instructors occurred.

The tension caused by scandals

involving sexual harassment was

felt throughout the military services.

Much progress has been made in recent

years integrating women into the U.S.

armed services.

Oklahoma City, April 1995

An explosion in the Murrah Federal

Building killed 168 and injured over

800 innocent people.

27 July 1996

A bomb detonated at the Olympic

games in Atlanta killed one person and

injured others.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction

July 1996

An unexplained

explosion killed 230

passengers and crew

of TWA Flight 800 off

Long Island, NY.

Navy divers assisted in

the salvage operations.

Most of the aircraft wreckage was

recovered, assembled, and analyzed to

determine the location and cause of the

explosion.

The unthinkable happened on 11 September

2001, when two airliners were crashed into

the twin towers of the World Trade Center in

New York City.

A few minutes later a third aircraft

was flown into the Pentagon.

A fourth plane, presumed

to be targeted for

Washington, DC, crashed

into the Pennsylvania

countryside.

Nearly 2,900 people lost their lives when

both towers of the World Trade Center

collapsed.

Nearly 200 were killed at the Pentagon.

President Bush called the terrorist attacks

an act of war and vowed to retaliate against

the terrorist organizations.

Osama bin LadenPresident Bush

When the Taliban

government in

Afghanistan would

not give up bin

Laden, the United

States deployed

assets to the

region.

These deployments

included:

• aircraft carriers and

support ships in the

Arabian Sea

• over 100 Air Force

fighter-bombers

• a large contingent of

U.S. Special operations

forces

8 October 2001

Operation Enduring

Freedom began with air

strikes by Navy and Air

Force accompanied by

Humanitarian airdrops of

food for the Afghan people.

Much of the ground fighting was left to

the Northern Alliance, a loose coalition

of rebel Afghans in northeastern

provinces who had long been fighting

the Taliban control of the country.

By late November, the Northern Alliance,

supported by U.S. air attacks and

special forces, gained control of most of

the country.

Several key al-Qaida officials had been

killed, but bin Laden himself eluded

capture and is still being sought.

In late 2001 and early 2002, international

peacekeeping forces arrived, and

continue to provide training for Afghan

military forces and civilian police.

Occasional forays continue to be conducted

in the more remote mountainous regions,

looking for al-Qaida and bin Laden.

In October 2004, Hamid Karzai became the

first democratically elected president of

Afghanistan.

Shortly after the start of Operation Enduring

Freedom, there were several instances of

deadly anthrax disease spores found in

news offices, postal facilities, and State

Department and Senate offices.

Saddam Hussein

By 2002, the continued defiance of the

terms of the 1991 cease-fire by Iraq’s

Saddam Hussein became a major issue

with the United States.

Hussein had prevented UN weapon’s

inspections of key sites and intelligence

estimated that he was stockpiling

weapons of mass destruction.

President Bush Saddam Hussein

In late 2002, President Bush said that

if the UN failed to take more effective

action, the U.S. might have to take

unilateral military action.

President BushSaddam Hussein

and sons

When the UN Security Council and several

other countries pressed for more time, the

U.S. decided to move towards war if

Hussein and his sons did not leave Iraq.

President Bush gave Saddam Hussein 48 hours

to leave the country.

17 March 2003

When Hussein did not leave, the U.S.,

Britain, and several other nations

began Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Extensive air and missile attacks began

against Baghdad and other key targets,

and were dubbed “Shock and Awe” by

Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld.

American-led coalition troops invaded

Iraq from the south, while airborne

troops parachuted into northern Iraq

to team up with Iraqi Kurds.

By 9 April, these forces captured

Baghdad, and on 1 May, President

Bush declared major combat ended.

All in all, some 75

percent of the Navy’s

total force was

deployed in support of

Operation Iraqi

Freedom, including:

• 221 of 306 ships

• 33 of 54 attack subs

• 600 Navy and Marine

Corps tactical aircraft

Not all hostilities ended with

the capture of Baghdad.

Hussein and his sons eluded capture for

a time, but eventually both sons were

killed and Hussein himself was captured

in December.

Qusay

Hussein

Uday

Hussein

Saddam Hussein

Reconstruction efforts

began, including:

• water and electrical

supplies

• retraining of Iraqi

military and civilian

police forces

The Coalition Provisional Authority transferred

sovereignty in June of 2004 and Ghazi al-Ujayl

al-Yawr was elected as Iraq’s first president in

January 2005.

Attacks by insurgent forces and terrorists

have continued to the present.

It remains to be seen what the long-term

outcome of these events will be.

1960s - 1970s

In the early 60s and 70s, the Navy

had nearly 1,000 ships and 600,000

people in uniform.

By the year 2005, the number of ships

and people dwindled to less than 300

ships and 370,000 people.

Joint Operations

Now the rule rather than the exception

Technology

The drive toward new concepts in weapons

and equipment continues at an increasing

rate.

The Vietnam

experience forced

us to accept the fact

that even the most

powerful Navy on

Earth has its

limitations.

China

Laos

Thailand

Cambodia

VIE

TN

AM

Gulf of

Tonkin

South

China Sea

Events remind us even the

best-intentioned people make

mistakes.

• Iran-Contra affair

• Tailhook scandal

Budgetary Constraints

YF-23

We have been forced to accept the fact that

we cannot always acquire new weapons,

programs, or the ships we desire.

Osama bin LadenPablo Escobar

Today’s modern enemies include:

• Terrorists

• Drug trafficking

Today, modern enemies:

• Not always easily identifiable

• Cannot be directly attacked

Today, our Navy continues to perform

its mission worldwide with distinction,

meeting every challenge given it.

There is no doubt that each generation

of Navy men and women will do their

best to continue to protect America and

our way of life from all enemies, both

foreign and domestic.

The 1990s and Beyond

Aug 1990

Jan 1991

Jun 1991

Aug 1992

Dec 1992

Apr 1995

Jul 1996

Sep 1996

~ Iraq invaded Kuwait

~ Operation Desert Storm

~ War in Bosnia began

~ Iraqi no-fly zone imposed

~ Operation Restore Hope

~ Oklahoma federal building

bombed

~ TWA Flight 800 salvaged

~ Iraq missile attack

The 1990s and Beyond

Aug 1998

Aug 2000

Sep 2001

~ Bin Laden terrorist base

attacked

~ USS Cole attacked

~ World Trade Center twin

towers destroyed and

Pentagon damaged

What treaty was signed between the

U.S. and Russia in early 1993?

What treaty was signed between the

U.S. and Russia in early 1993?

START II

What Middle Eastern country was

invaded by Iraq in 1990?

What Middle Eastern country was

invaded by Iraq in 1990?

Kuwait

What was the deployment of military

forces to the Middle East in response

to the Invasion of Kuwait called?

What was the deployment of military

forces to the Middle East in response

to the Invasion of Kuwait called?

Desert Shield

By what method was the majority of

equipment and material for Desert

Shield forces delivered?

By what method was the majority of

equipment and material for Desert

Shield forces delivered?

Maritime sealift

What was the name of the military

operation conducted against the Iraqi

invaders of Kuwait?

What was the name of the military

operation conducted against the Iraqi

invaders of Kuwait?

Desert Storm

Who was the military commander of

all forces in Desert Storm?

Who was the military commander of

all forces in Desert Storm?

General Norman Schwarzkopf

How long did the land campaign of

Operation Desert Storm last?

How long did the land campaign of

Operation Desert Storm last?

100 hours

What was the term Defense Secretary

Donald Rumsfeld used for the initial

attacks of Operation Iraqi Freedom?

What was the term Defense Secretary

Donald Rumsfeld used for the initial

attacks of Operation Iraqi Freedom?

“Shock and Awe”

Why did the United Nations establish

no fly zones in northern and southern

Iraq?

Why did the United Nations establish

no fly zones in northern and southern

Iraq?

To protect the Kurdish and Shiite

Muslims from Saddam Hussein

What began the civil war in

Yugoslavia in 1991?

What began the civil war in

Yugoslavia in 1991?

Economic difficulties caused by the

cessation of Soviet aid and

long-standing friction between

ethnic groups in the population

What actions did the U.S. take to end

the civil war in Bosnia and

Yugoslavia?

What actions did the U.S. take to end

the civil war in Bosnia and

Yugoslavia?

Economic sanctions, established

no-fly zones and safe zones, and

application of force

What were the major concerns that

led the United States to undertake

Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003?

What were the major concerns that

led the United States to undertake

Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003?

Weapons of mass destruction and

nuclear weapons

Who was Iraq’s first president after

the fall of Saddam Hussein?

Who was Iraq’s first president after

the fall of Saddam Hussein?

Ghazi al-Ujayl al-Yawr

What two U.S. embassies were

bombed in August 1998?

What two U.S. embassies were

bombed in August 1998?

The embassies in Kenya and

Tanzania

What ship was bombed by terrorists

in August 2000?

What ship was bombed by terrorists

in August 2000?

USS Cole

What events were the result of

domestic terrorism that occurred in

the mid-1990s?

What events were the result of

domestic terrorism that occurred in

the mid-1990s?

The bombing of the Oklahoma City

federal building and the bombing at

the 1996 Olympic games

What acts of terrorism occurred on

September 11, 2001, that have been

the most destructive acts on

American soil?

What acts of terrorism occurred on

September 11, 2001, that have been

the most destructive acts on

American soil?

The collapse of the World Trade

Center and partial destruction of the

Pentagon by hijacked commercial

airliners

Who was believed to be behind the

terrorist acts of the USS Cole and

the World Trade Center?

Who was believed to be behind the

terrorist acts of the USS Cole and

the World Trade Center?

Osama bin Laden

What was the primary function of the

“Shock and Awe” attacks?

What was the primary function of the

“Shock and Awe” attacks?

To take out most of Iraq’s command

and control organization