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2. Nouns can be formed by adding a suffix to the base:

play kind friend arrive develop organise close

play -er kind -ness friend -ship arriv -al develop -ment organisa -tion clos -ure

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Nouns

3. fre!uent way of forming nouns is byadding - ing to a verb:

Breaking into a foreign market needscareful preparation.

"heir quarrelling over pay was the reasonfor his resignation. Making money is not everything in life.

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Nouns

#. Nouns referring to people can be formed with-er , - or , - ian , -ee , - ant , - ist :

employ employ supervise

guard account type

employ er employ eesupervis or guard ian

account ant typ ist

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Nouns

$. %ome nouns are identical to the verb:N&'N ()*+

delay to delay offer to offer

supply to supply

demand to demand share to share support to support

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Nouns

,. %ome nouns and verbs have the same formbut change their stress :

N&'N ()*+

tran s fer to trans fer import to im port increase to in crease

ex port to e port con duct to con duct per mit to per mit

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Nouns

. %ome nouns and verbs have the sameform but slightly change their spelling :

NOUNNOUN VERBVERB advi c e to advi s e

practi c e to practi s e thie f to thie ve

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NounsNouns can also be formed by: CLIPPING :

phone photo flu

BLENDING :brunch motel smog

ACRONYMS :/. &. 0.)/'

telephone

photograph

influen4a

br5eakfast6 7 5l6unch

m5otor6 7 5h6otel

sm5oke6 7 5f6og

cash on delivery

)uropean /urrency 'nit

nternational onetary und

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Countable nouns : 8 people 8 animals 8 plants

8 ob9ects 8 units of measurement

Uncountable nouns : things that we cannot count

8 three informations 8 si monies

8 five advices

Nouns can be divided into:

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Countable nouns can be singular or lural!Countable nouns can be singular or lural!

"he letter 5countable; singular6 is on your deskand the two fa es 5countable; plural6 are here.

Uncountable nouns are singular!Uncountable nouns are singular!

"his 9unk mail 5uncountable; singular6 is veryannoying.

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'ncountable nouns which sometimes causedifficulty:

a"$icea"$ice e!uipment luggage progress travel

accommodation furniture machinery research trouble

advertising hardware money room5>space6

weather

baggage in%or#ationin%or#ation ne&sne&s software work

cash insurance permission traffic

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' ?e gave an advice. * @?": ?e gave me some advice.

' ?e gave two information s . * @?": ?e gave two bits of information.

' "hese information s are useful.

* @?": "his information is useful.

' ?ave you heard a newsA

* @?": ?ave you heard the newsA

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ABan IS NO( used in front of an uncountable

noun.

"om gave me some good advice . 5NO( a good advice6

?ave you heard the news A 5NO( a news6

?e gave me some information . 5NO( an information6

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Noun lurals

Sa# le sentencesSa# le sentences

"he information you want is in the brochure. Cour committee are e pected to make a decision

as soon as possible. "he recent news about our competitors has

been very discouraging. "hey unloaded the cargo es last night "here are seven appendi ces in this book.

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Noun plurals

1. "he plural of the nouns is formed byadding - s ; or - es 5when the word ends in s, ss, sh, ch, x 6.

8 report - report s 8 letter - letter s

8 bo - bo es 8 bus - bus es 8 match - match es 8 miss - miss es

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Noun plurals

2. Nouns ending in - o form their plural byadding - es :

cargo - cargo es hero - hero es

potato - potato es tomato - tomato es

BU( : pianosphotos

studios

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Noun plurals

3. Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonantform their plural by changing y into i and adding-es :

baby - bab ies country - countr ies

lorry - lorr ies secretary - secretar ies company - compan ies

BU( : boysdelays

9oys

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Noun plurals

/. Nouns ending in - f form their plural bychanging f into v and adding - es :

leaf - lea ves loaf - loa ves scarf - scar ves thief - thie ves wife - wi ves

+'": chiefscliffsgulfs

proofsroofs

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Noun plurals

0. %ome nouns have irregular plural:

child - childrenfoot - feetman 8 menwoman - women

mouse - miceo - o entooth - teeth

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Noun plurals,. %ome nouns of Datin or @reek origin have

irregular plural:

analysis - analys es

hypothesis - hypothes es basis - bas es crisis 8 cris es thesis - thes es

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Noun plurals,. %ome nouns of Datin or @reek origin have

irregular plural:

dat um - dat a medi um - medi a memorand um 8 memorand a

strat um - strat a

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Noun plurals,. %ome nouns of Datin or @reek origin have

irregular plural:

inde 8 indi ces appendi - appendi ces

criteri on 8 criteri a phenomen on - phenomen a

stimul us 8 stimul i

formul a - formul ae

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Noun plurals. %ome nouns with irregular plural have two forms ofplural; the foreign one and )nglish one. n some casesthe two plurals have different meanings:

index indexes > tables of contentsindices > mathematical signs

genius geniuses > persons of unusually greatmental powersgenii > good or evil spirits

formula formulas > forms of wordsformulae > mathematical terms

medium mediums > people claimingcommunication with spirits

media > means; agencies

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Noun pluralsE. %ome nouns have only a plural form:

archives assets contents customs funds

head!uarters premises savings

surroundings earnings goods valuables clothes refreshments

outskirts rabies

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Noun plurals1. "he plural of some nouns has two or more meanings;

one similar to the singular meaning; the other differentfrom it:

custo#s > 1. habits2. ta es on imported goods

+uarters > 1. fourth parts2. lodgings

s irits > 1. souls2. alcoholic li!uors

3. mental or moral attitude 5FinhighBlow spiritsF6

re#ises > 1. things assumed as true asbasis for an argument

2. buildings; offices

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Noun plurals

Fews F is not pluralGGG

"he news is very depressing today.

NO(NO( : "he news are very depressing today.

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%ome nouns can be used as countable or asuncountable. 'sually there is a difference in

meaning:

bought a paper . 5> newspaper6 bought some paper . 5> material for writing on6

adventures6

Cou need experience for this 9ob. 5> previouspractice6

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%ome nouns end in -s; but they are not usuallyplural: mathematics ; economics ; athletics ;

physics...

)conomics is the science of choice.

Hhysics was my favourite sub9ect atschool.

Holitics has never been my favouritesub9ect.

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%ometimes these nouns have differentmeaning:

statistics 5with a singular verb 6 > a branch ofscience

%tatistics is a branch of economics.

statistics 5with a plural verb 6 > a collection ofnumbers representing facts ormeasurements 8 statistical data

%tatistics are ready for publication.

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%ome nouns end in - s , but can besingular or plural 5the form is the same6:

a means of transport many means of transport a television series two "( series

a species of bird 2II species of birds

#eans series s ecies

%ometimes; a singular countable noun can take a

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%ometimes; a singular countable noun can take aplural verb when the noun refers to Jmore than one

personJ:

"he @overnment have decided in favour ofthe law. 5the government > members of thegovernment6

"he board are discussing the proposal now.5the board > more than one person6

"he staff aren!t happy with their workingconditions. 5the staff > employees6

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ALSO!ALSO!

team family committee

company personnel management

public staff

army audience data group media press union

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"he plural of ersonerson is:

"here were t2ree eo let2ree eo le at the meeting. persons 8 very formal

PEOPLEPEOPLE

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%ometimes we use a plural noun with a singular verb5a sum of money; a period of time; a distance6:

ive thousand pounds was stolen in therobbery. 5 NO( were stolen6

"hree years is a long period to be withouta 9ob. 5NO( are a long period6

"hree kilometres is long way to go fromhere. 5 NO( are a long way to go6

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