Impressionism

1870-1900s

http://encyclopedian.com/i/Impressionism.htm

Vocabulary

Academic convention; Bourgeois; Art critique Studio, Salon, Exhibition Complementary colour Optical mixing Spectrum colours Synthetic pigment

Vocabulary

Shimmer, Open composition Instantaneity Cropping ‘En plein air’ Palette Atmosphere

Vocabulary

Transitory effect Luminosity Mechanical grinding Co-operative

Emergence of Impressionist style

1860s artists’ cooperative formed Rejected academic convention of:

1.Deferring to the antique in subject matter

2 Priming the canvas with dark undertones

3 Painting in darkened studio,

instead

1.Chose the modern era as subject matter

2.Painted directly onto unprimed canvas

3.Painted out of doors (en plein air)

Key Artists

Claude Monet (1840-1926) Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) Edgar Degas (1843-1917) Berthe Morisot (1841-1895) August Renoir (1841-1919) Mary Cassatt (1844-1926) Alfred Sisley (1839-1899)

Sculpture

Pierre Auguste Rodin 1840-1917 Danaid the source 1891

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Toulouse Lautrec 1864-1901 1891 Moulin Rouge

Lithographs

Pierre Auguste Rodinhttp://w

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Age of Bronze 1875-77

Modelled 1925 cast

The Burghers of Calais 1874

Toulouse –Lautrec 1864 -1901http://w

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Ambassadeurs 1872

Lithograph

Moulin Rouge two ladies 1892 oil on

cardboard

Materials

Un primed canvases Poppy seed oil instead

of linseed oil Spectrum colours Synthetic pigments Square headed brushes Tubes of colour Pastels

http://www.impressionism.org/atelier.htm

Techniques

Only spectrum colours were used

Paint was applied in looser distinct

brush strokes rather than blending

Uniform loading of the brush

Techniques

Paint was applied on pale/white

canvasses

Out of doors rather than studio based

Coloured shadows were created using

complementary colours-no black

Historical context- Art and Power

Rise of bourgeois society in Paris mid

18thC

Role of the Academy and Salon

Rise of art critiques

Historical context- Art and Power

Influences from Japanese Art

Forerunners: Eduard Manet, Gustave

Courbet

Napoleon III – the Salon des Refuses

Baron Haussmann- city planner

Gustave Caillebotte ‘Rainy Day in Paris’1877

Social Historyhttp://w

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What does this image reveal about the city?

Napoleon III – Salon des Refuses

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Influences of Japanese Art - Woodblocks

Familiar scenes

interiors, street views

Dramatic cropping

Unusual perspectives

Areas of contrasting

colours

http://ahistoryofgraphicdesign.blogspot.ie/2011/03/art-nouveau.html

Gutave Courbet Burial at Ornans 1850h

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Why does this painting not represent the established canons of Academic art?

Eduard Manet ‘ Dejeuner sur L’herbe’1863

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icnic)_(1).jpgHow does this painting not represent the established Academic canons?

Industrial / Scientific innovations

Manufacture of tin for paint tubes rather than a

pig’s bladder (see image A next slide) Mechanical grinding of pigments Expansion of the railways Expansion of trade with the East Scientific discoveries of colour mixing B Photography - Nadar’s studio C

Tube paint could be used outdoors…how would this affect artists? A h

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Eugene Chevreul’s colour wheel B

1786-1889

http://en.wikip

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Honoré Daumier C1863

EXHIBITIONS 1874-

1st exhibition held in studio of the photographer Nadar

Claude Monet,

Berthe Morisot,

August Renoir,

Alfred Sisley ….. this was where an art critic called Monet’s work ‘Sunrise’ oh no merely an “impression”

7 more exhibitions occurred where the other members exhibited

Claude Monet (1840-1926)‘Impression- Sunrise’ 1872

How is complementary colour used here?

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Different strokes used to paint‘Impression sunrise’

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Aerial Perspective- note how the 3 boats become lighter in tone

Claude Monet 1840-1926

What is the dominant theme?What type of brushstroke is used?How is the light captured?

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Stacks of Wheat 1890 courtesy Chicago Institute of Art

Water lily Pond 1900

Branch of the Seine 1897

Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)

http://ww

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ebImg_000129/44322_1320173.jpgHow is the countryside portrayed?

Camille Pissarro 1830-1903

1. How does Pissarro treat the weather conditions?

2. Discuss his use of perspective3. How are the figures portrayed?

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Stage Coach 1870

Orchard 1872

Hoarfrost 1873

Edgar Degas 1843-1917 http://w

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allet/degas.ballet-rehearsal.jpg ‘The Rehearsal’1875

Why did Degas chose to paint dancers so much?

Edgar Degas 1843-1917

1. What lifestyle is portrayed here?2. What is common in all the compositions?

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Absinthe Miss La La

At the Races 1872

Berthe Morisot 1841-1895List 3 features that indicate this is an Impressionist work

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1. What is the common theme?2. Describe her use of brushstroke

3. Is there an emotional quality to these paintings? What is it?

Berthe Morisot 1841-1895

On the Balcony

The Cradle In a Park 1874

August Renoir 1841-1919

The Umbrellas 1861-68

Two types of

brushstroke appear here, explain

Discuss the use of

complementary colour

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August Renoir 1841-1919

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1.These paintings have leisure for a theme how does Renoir convey this?2.How does he create light in these images3 Discuss his treatment of the face

Luncheon of the Boating Party 1881

La Loge 1874

The Swing 1886

Mary Cassatt 1844-1926 ‘Summertime’ 1893-94

Describe how the artist rendered the waves and the shadow cast by the boat?

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Mary Cassatt 1844-1926h

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1. What is the common theme?2. Discuss the use of colour?

La Loge 1882

’The Bath’ 1893

Alfred Sisley 1839-1899

’The Flood at Port Malay’ 1886

http://en.wikip

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lfred_S

isley

This artist is famous for landscapes what do think is the appeal of landscapes?

Alfred Sisley 1839-1899http://w

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1.How does the artist use colour to convey the Seasons?2.These paintings are called…………

Autumn Banks of the Seine 1863

...take 1 Impressionist painting Common factors

Everyday scene Loose open brushwork Pale ground Captures the play of

sun light through the steam

Use of complementary colours i.e. blue/orange

Gare St. Lazare

By Monet

….take 1 Impressionist painting Light and Figures

Dappled light created by Pale ground (canvas) Loose open brushstroke The shadows are

reflected light greens/ blues

The figures are at leisure, a common theme among the Impressionists

A momentary glimpse. figures are not posing ‘The Swing’ 1886 Renoir

…take 1 Impressionist paintingFemale artists Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot Themes were of intimate

family /friendship moments

Figures were not idealised but contemporarily represented

Similar technique for colour and brushwork

‘The Bath’ 1893 Mary Cassatt

…..take 1 impressionist painting Composition and colour

Unusual perspective cropped scene diagonal focus -

energy Costume is pale blue

against the orange interior i.e. use of complementary colours

green interior architecture against the red-use of contrasting colours

Miss La La

Degas

... take the WORD ImpressionismIMPRESSIONISM

Industrial revolution ,instantaneous light

Monet, Eduard Manet, Modern era of 1860s, 70s 80s

Photography, Paris ,Pleasure seeking, Poppy seed oil

Rendering sunlight and shadow, rebelling conventions ,railways

Exhibitions 1874, eight (8) in total

Salon des Refuses

Spectrum colours

Invention of metal tube for carrying paint

Optical mixing

New subjects-Boating, Dancing, Night club (Moulin Rouge)

Interest in Complementary colours

Square headed brush, Shadows of coloured light

Mechanised grinding of colour

Resources

http://www.nga.gov/education/classroom/france/picfrance_1.pdf http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/ http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/home.html http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/search?

q=IMPRESSIONIST+PAINTINGS&filter=paintings excellent zoomable imageshttp:

//www.rodinmuseum.org/ ‘A Guide to Art’ ed Sandro Sproccati ( Little Brown and Co.) ‘Techniques of the Impressionists’ Anthea Callan (Tiger Books)

Acknowledgements

Art Associates Maria Moore

Margaret O’Shea

Local Facilitator TeamAine Andrews

Joe CaslinJane Campbell

Siobhan CampbellNiamh O’Donoghue

Niamh O’NeillKeith O’Rahilly

Sheena McKeonTony MorrisseyMonica White

Many thanks to the following for their invaluable contribution to the European Art History and Appreciation series of workshops and resource materials.

PDST Professional Development Service for Teachers

PDST Professional Development Service for Teachers

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2013

Cultural & Environmental Education

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