12 reconstruction and its effects quit chapter objective interact with history interact with history...
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12 Reconstruction and Its Effects
QUIT
CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINETIME LINE
VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY
SECTION The Politics of Reconstruction1
SECTION Reconstructing Society2
SECTION The Collapse of Reconstruction3
MAP
12 Reconstruction and Its Effects
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the political struggle, accomplishments, and failures of Reconstruction in the years following the Civil War
12W I T H H I S T O R Y
I N T E R A C T
What goals should the government set to reconstruct the South? Examine the Issues
The year is 1865, and at last the Civil War is over. The South’s primary labor system, slavery, has been abolished. About 4.5 million African Americans now have their freedom but lack money, property, education, and opportunity. Southern states are beginning the process of readmission to the Union, but the effects of war continue to be felt throughout the South. Rail lines are unusable. Farms, plantations, and factories lie in ruins.
• In what ways can the South rebuild its economy?
• How can Northern resources help the South?
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• What can the government do to assist African Americans?
Reconstruction and Its Effects
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The United States The World
1864 Confederacy surrenders at Appomattox.
1865 Andrew Johnson becomes president after Lincoln’s assassination.
1866 President Johnson presses for moderate Reconstruction policies.
1866 Austro-Prussian War is fought.
1868 Congress impeaches President Johnson. Ulysses S. Grant is elected president.
1869 Mohandas K. Gandhi is born in India.
TIME LINE
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continued . . .
1867 U.S. buys Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
1867 First South African diamond field is discovered.
Reconstruction and Its Effects
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The United States The World
1870 Unification of Italy is completed.
1872 Horace Greeley runs for president as a Liberal Republican. President Grant is reelected.
1874 British declare Gold Coast of Africa a colony.
1876 Hayes-Tilden presidential election results in deadlock.
TIME LINE
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1875 France’s National Assembly votes to continue the Third Republic.
1871 U.S. and Great Britain sign Treaty of Washington.
1871 Kaiser Wilhelm I unifies Germany.
1877 Federal troops withdraw from the South. Rutherford B. Hayes is inaugurated.
Reconstruction and Its Effects
1The Politics of Reconstruction
Congress opposed Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
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1The Politics of Reconstruction
OVERVIEW
Congress opposed Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South.
Reconstruction was an important step in African Americans’ struggle for civil rights.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
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• Andrew Johnson
• Thaddeus Stevens
• Wade-Davis Bill
• Freedmen’s Bureau
• Radical Republicans
• Fourteenth Amendment
• Fifteenth Amendment
• black codes
• impeach
• Reconstruction
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
1The Politics of Reconstruction
ASSESSMENT
Presidential Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction
1. Look at the chart to help organize your thoughts. List several features of presidential Reconstruction and congressional Reconstruction.
continued . . .
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• Punish slaveholders• Congress should lead Reconstruction• Blacks needed land, the vote, and
legal protection to effect Reconstruction
• Passage of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and Reconstruction Act
• Executive branch should lead Reconstruction
• Return South to the Union quickly• States to rejoin the Union if they
withdrew their secession, swore allegiance to the Union, annulled Confederate war debts
• Ratify the Thirteenth Amendment
1The Politics of Reconstruction
2. Describe how Reconstruction might have been different if Abraham Lincoln had lived.
ANSWERANSWER
Presidential reconstruction may have been viewed more favorably because of Lincoln’s stature and his increased wartime powers.
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ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
1The Politics of Reconstruction
3. What was the primary focus of the major Reconstruction legislation?
ANSWERANSWER
Granting and providing legal protection of African Americans’ civil rights
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ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
1The Politics of Reconstruction
4. Do you think the Radical Republicans were justified in impeaching President Johnson? Why or why not? Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
Yes: Johnson was not carrying out his constitutional obligation to enforce the Reconstruction Act. For instance he removed military officers who attempted to enforce the act.
No: Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which Johnson believed to be unconstitutional. When Johnson forced a test of this act, the House impeached him.
• the controversy over Reconstruction policies • the meaning of the Tenure of Office Act • Johnson’s vetoes
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ASSESSMENT
End of Section 1
2Reconstructing Society
Various groups contributed to the rebuilding of Southern society after the war.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
HOMEMAP
2Reconstructing Society
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OVERVIEW
Various groups contributed to the rebuilding of Southern society after the war.
Many African-American institutions, including colleges and churches, were established during Reconstruction.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
• Hiram Revels
• sharecropping
• tenant farming • scalawag
• carpetbagger
MAP
Problem Attempted Solution
2Reconstructing Society
1. List five problems facing the South after the Civil War and at least one attempted solution for each one.
continued . . .
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ASSESSMENT
Former slaves separated from theirfamilies
Public works programs
Search for family members
New schools established
Physical devastation
Lack of education
Lack of land Southern Homestead Act
Labor shortage Sharecropping or tenant farming
MAP
2Reconstructing Society
2. How did the Civil War weaken the Southern economy? Give examples to support your answer.
ANSWERANSWER
• It destroyed the South’s infrastructure, including bridges and roads.
• devastated the population
• devalued property
• increased personal and government debts
• increased taxes
• limited land available for freedmen
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ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
2Reconstructing Society
3. Thaddeus Stevens believed that giving land to former slaves was more important than giving them the vote. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
ANSWERANSWER
Agree—because freed persons needed their own land in order to gain economic independence.
Disagree—because the right to vote gave freed men the power to change society’s laws.
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ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
2Reconstructing Society
4. Which accomplishment of African Americans during Reconstruction do you consider most significant? Explain your choice. Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
Churches: controlled by African Americans, ministers emerged as leaders
Schools: increased African American literacy
Political involvement: power to attain equal rights
• the development of a free African-American community
• the lingering effects of slavery
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ASSESSMENT
• opportunities for leadership
End of Section 2
3The Collapse of Reconstruction
Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
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3The Collapse of Reconstruction
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TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
• Compromise of 1877
• panic of 1873
• Samuel J. Tilden
• Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
• Rutherford B. Hayes
• home rule
• redemption
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
OVERVIEW
Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction.
The failure of Congress and the Supreme Court to protect the rights of African Americans during Reconstruction delayed blacks’ achievement of full civil rights by over a century.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
3The Collapse of Reconstruction
1. Look at the time line below to help organize your thoughts. List the major events that ended Reconstruction.
continued . . .
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ASSESSMENT
1870–1871 Enforcement Acts passed.
1866 Ku Klux Klan
founded.
1872 Crédit Mobilier
1872 Amnesty Act
passed.
1873 Panic
1876 Hayes elected
president.
Event Two
Event One
Event Four Event Six
Event Three Event Five Event Seven
1873 Supreme Court
issued Slaughterhouse
rulings.
3The Collapse of Reconstruction
2. What were the positive and negative effects of Reconstruction?
ANSWERANSWER
Negatives—Democrats overthrew Radical reforms and curtailed African Americans’ civil rights; many African Americans and poor whites were trapped in a cycle of poverty due to sharecropping;
Positives—African Americans founded churches, schools, and volunteer groups; they also displayed political and social leadership that inspired their descendants.
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ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
3The Collapse of Reconstruction
3. During Reconstruction, was the presidency weak or strong?
ANSWERANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSE:
Weak—During Reconstruction, presidents were hampered in their leadership by the following: poor relations with Congress, failure to use the power of their office, political inexperience, and economic turmoil.
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ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
3The Collapse of Reconstruction
4. Do you think the political deal to settle the election of 1876 was an appropriate solution? Explain why or why not. Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
Yes: Each group was satisfied with its gains: The Republicans got the presidency, and the Democrats were able to put an end to Radical Reconstruction in the South.
No: The presidency should not be negotiable. The candidate who wins the popular vote should become President.
• the causes of the conflict over the election
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ASSESSMENT
• other possible solutions to the controversy • the impact of the settlement
End of Section 3