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6 Launching the New Nation

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

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VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION Washington Heads the New Government1

SECTION Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation2

SECTION Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course3

SECTION The War of 1812 4

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6 Launching the New Nation

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To describe major domestic and foreign problems faced by the leaders of the new Republic such as maintaining national security and creating a stable economic system of government

6W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

How can a government truly represent all of its citizens? Examine the Issues

You are a teacher in a small town on the western frontier in 1789. You ask your students what the new government means to them. A girl whose parents own the general store says that her father worries about taxes. Her brother says that he wants to join the army. A boy from a small farm in the backcountry replies that the government is only for town people.

• How can a government build a unified nation out of a people with diverse interests and concerns?

• How can a government win people’s trust?

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Launching the New Nation

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The United States The World

1791 Slaves revolt in Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti.

1792 George Washington is reelected president.

1793 French King Louis XVI is executed in the French Revolution.

1796 John Adams is elected president.

1799 Napoleon Bonaparte seizes control of the French government.

TIME LINE

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1789 George Washington is elected president. 1789 The French Revolution begins.

1800 Thomas Jefferson is elected president.

1801 Act of Union, uniting Great Britain and Ireland, goes into effect.

continued . . .


1794 The Whiskey Rebellion breaks out.

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The United States The World

1812 James Madison is reelected.

1803 France and the United States sign the Louisiana Purchase. Thomas Jefferson is reelected president.

1808 James Madison is elected president.

1804 Haiti declares itself independent from France.

1816 James Monroe is elected president.

1807 Great Britain outlaws the slave trade.

TIME LINE

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1814 The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812.

1815 Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.


1Washington Heads the New Government

President Washington transformed the ideas of the Constitution into a real government.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

President Washington transformed the ideas of the Constitution into a real government.

The Cabinet, an institution Washington created, is still a key element of every presidential administration.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• Judiciary Act of 1789

• Alexander Hamilton

• two-party system

• Bank of the United States

• Democratic-Republicans

• Cabinet

• excise tax

• protective tariff

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

Federalists Democratic-Republicans


1. List the leaders, beliefs, and goals of the country’s first two political parties.

continued . . .

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Democratic-Republicans like Jefferson supported agriculture, weak central government, the common people, strict interpretation of the Constitution, and opposed a national bank.

Federalists like Hamilton supported commerce and industry, strong central government, the educated upper class, loose interpretation of the Constitution, and a national bank.

ASSESSMENT

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2. How would you judge President Washington’s decision to put two such opposed thinkers as Hamilton and Jefferson in his cabinet? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Pro: Washington was a strong, confident leader with the ability to choose brilliant advisors and listen to both sides of an issue.

Con: Conflicting advisors divided the Cabinet and undermined Washington’s leadership.

• both men’s merits • their philosophies

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

• the conflicts that developed

Washington Heads the New Government

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3. How was the Whiskey Rebellion an opportunity for the federal government to demonstrate its authority?

ANSWERANSWER

The government’s response to the rebellion demonstrated its ability to enforce federal law, even on the frontier where the rebellion occurred.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


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4. Would you have supported Hamilton’s economic plan? Explain why or why not. Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Pro: Hamilton proposed a national bank that would consolidate debts and assume the states’ debts.

Con: Hamilton was biased in favor of the rich and the Northern states.

• the money problems the nation faced • other problems the nation faced

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ASSESSMENT


End of Section 1

2Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation

Events in Europe sharply divided American public opinion in the late 18th century.


KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

Events in Europe sharply divided American public opinion in the late 18th century.

Foreign policy remains a key element of every presidential administration.




• sectionalism

• XYZ Affair

• Edmond Genêt

• Alien and Sedition Acts

• Thomas Pinckney

• nullification

• John Jay

• neutrality

• Little Turtle

Dispute:

Dispute:

Dispute:


1. List some of the disputes mentioned in this section. Indicate the dispute and summarize each side’s arguments.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

U.S. Attitudes Towards French RevolutionPro: historic ties, struggle against tyranny Con: Reign of Terror, against another war

with England

Jay’s TreatyPro: British leave Northwest Territory posts.

Con: British continue fur trade in U.S. territory. British seize American ships.

War with FrancePro: France seizes American ships. Con: Adams refuses war, finds diplomatic

solution.


2. Do you agree with the Democratic–Republicans that the Alien and Sedition Acts were a violation of the First Amendment? Were they necessary? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Agree: Acts violate freedom of speech, specifically a citizen’s right to criticize the policies of John Adams’s Federalist administration.

Disagree: Young government needs to protect itself from Democratic–Republicans sowing discontent.

• the intent of the First Amendment • what was happening in Europe

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

• what was happening in America


3. Should the United States have officially supported the French revolutionaries against the British? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Yes: Americans owed France a favor in exchange for support during the American Revolution; Treaty of 1778 between France and the United States.

No: Reign of Terror; beheading of Louis XVI; Edmond Genêt incident

• Federalist and Republican attitudes toward France and Great Britain

• the Reign of Terror

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ASSESSMENT

• U.S. gratitude to France for its support against Britain

End of Section 2

3Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course

The United States expanded its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s administration.


KEY IDEA

HOMEMAP


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• Lewis and Clark

• midnight judges

• judicial review

• Judiciary Act of 1801

• Marbury v. Madison

• Louisiana Purchase

• Sacajawea

• Aaron Burr

• John Marshall


OVERVIEW

The United States expanded its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s administration.

Part or all of 15 states now occupy the territory Jefferson acquired in the Louisiana Purchase.


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1. List the major accomplishments of Jefferson’s presidency and the significance of each.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

Event Significance

Simplified the presidency Introduced Democratic–Republican principles

Louisiana Purchase Expanded size of the U.S.

Louise and Clark expedition Increased knowledge of the West

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2. How did the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition affect the expansion of the United States?

ANSWERANSWER

With the Purchase, the country received a great deal of land. The expedition provided valuable information about the new territory that would help settlers survive there.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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3. Why was Marbury v. Madison such an important case? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

It affirmed the principle of judicial review. The Supreme Court could declare a law—such as the Judiciary Act of 1789—unconstitutional and thus be an effective check on the legislative branch.

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ASSESSMENT

• Judge Marshall’s decision • its effects on the future

End of Section 3

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4The War of 1812

War broke out again between the United States and Britain in 1812.

KEY IDEA


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4The War of 1812

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• impressment

• Tecumseh

• armistice

• Treaty of Ghent

• Andrew Jackson

• William Henry Harrison

• blockade

• embargo

• war hawk


OVERVIEW

War broke out again between the United States and Britain in 1812.

The War of 1812 confirmed American independence and strengthened nationalism.


War

4The War of 1812

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the reasons why the war hawks wanted war with Great Britain.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

British seizure of American ships and impressment of

American citizens

British Canadian supply of arms to Native

AmericansChesapeake incident

4The War of 1812

2. What was the most important achievement of the U.S. in this period? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

The War of 1812 confirmed American independence and strengthened nationalism.

• relations between the U.S. and Britain • the results of the war

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

4The War of 1812

3. Even though it was fought after an armistice had been signed, why was the Battle of New Orleans an important victory for the Americans?

continued . . .

ANSWERANSWER

By defeating a force that was superior to the U.S. in size and strength, Jackson demonstrated that America was a powerful military force.

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ASSESSMENT

4The War of 1812

4. Do you think that Tecumseh’s confederacy helped or hurt the cause of Native Americans? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Helped: The confederacy formed a united front against the growing numbers of settlers moving into Native American territory.

Hurt: Because some of the tribes refused to join, the confederacy exposed internal weaknesses among the Native Americans.

• the loss of Native American lands • the reluctance of certain tribes to join the confederacy • Tecumseh’s role in the War of 1812

End of Section 4

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ASSESSMENT

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french government

new nation slide

real government

new republic

reelected president

george washington

weak central government

institution washington