120614 - alhambra fort - wikipedia eng

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Alhambra 1

Alhambra

Alhambra

Location Granada, Andalusia, Spain

Coordinates 371037N 33524W

Built 14th century

Governing body Ministry of Culture

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Official name Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzn, Granada

Type Cultural

Criteria i, iii, iv

Designated 1984 (8th session)

1994 (18th sessionExtension)

Reference #314

[1]

State Party Spain

Region Europe

Spanish Property of Cultural Interest

Official name La Alhambra

Type Real property

Criteria Currently listed as a monumento (Bien de Inters Cultural)

Designated 10 February 1870

Reference # (R.I.)51000000900000
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Alhambra 2

Location of the Alhambra within Spain

View of the Alhambra from the Mirador de San

Nicols in the Albaycin of Granada.

Alhambra ( /lhmbr/; Spanish: [alamba]; Arabic: , trans.

al-amr; literally "the red one", feminine), the complete form of

which was Calat Alhambra ( , trans. al-Qalat al-amr,

"the red fortress"), is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada,

Andalusia, Spain. It was constructed during the mid 14th century by

the Arab rulers of the Emirate of Granada in al-Andalus, occupying the

top of the hill of the Assabica on the southeastern border of the city of

Granada.

The Alhambra's Moorish palaces were built for the last Muslim Emirs

in Spain and its court, of the Nasrid dynasty. After the Reconquista

(reconquest) by the Reyes Catlicos ("Catholic Monarchs") in 1492,

some portions were used by the Christian rulers. The Palace of Charles V, built by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

in 1527, was inserted in the Alhambra within the Nasrid fortifications. After being allowed to fall into disrepair for

centuries, the Alhambra was "discovered" in the 19th century by European scholars and travelers, with restorationscommencing. It is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions, exhibiting the country's most significant and well

known Islamic architecture, together with 16th-century and later Christian building and garden interventions. The

Alhambra is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the inspiration for many songs and stories.

Moorish poets described it as "a pearl set in emeralds," in allusion to the colour of its buildings and the woods

around them.[2]

The palace complex was designed with the mountainous site in mind and many forms of technology

were considered. The park (Alameda de la Alhambra), which is overgrown with wildflowers and grass in the spring,

was planted by the Moors with roses, oranges and myrtles; its most characteristic feature, however, is the dense

wood of English elms brought by the Duke of Wellington in 1812. The park has a multitude of nightingales and is

usually filled with the sound of running water from several fountains and cascades. These are supplied through a

conduit 8 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) long, which is connected with the Darro at the monastery of Jesus

del Valle, above Granada.

Despite long neglect, willful vandalism and some ill-judged restoration, the Alhambra endures as an atypical

example of Muslim art in its final European stages, relatively uninfluenced by the direct Byzantine influences found

in the Mezquita of Crdoba. The majority of the palace buildings are quadrangular in plan, with all the rooms

opening on to a central court; and the whole reached its present size simply by the gradual addition of new

quadrangles, designed on the same principle, though varying in dimensions, and connected with each other by

smaller rooms and passages. The Alhambra was extended by the different Muslim rulers who lived in the complex.

However, each new section that was added followed the consistent theme of "paradise on earth". Column arcades,

fountains with running water, and reflecting pools were used to add to the aesthetic and functional complexity. In

every case, the exterior was left plain and austere. Sun and wind were freely admitted. Blue, red, and a golden

yellow, all somewhat faded through lapse of time and exposure, are the colors chiefly employed.
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Alhambra 3

The decoration consists, as a rule, of stiff, conventional foliage, Arabic inscriptions, and geometrical patterns

wrought into arabesques. Painted tiles are largely used as panelling for the walls. The palace complex is designed in

the Mudjar style which is characteristic of western elements reinterpreted into Islamic forms and widely popular

during the Reconquista, the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims by the Christian kingdoms.

LayoutThe Alhambra did not have a master plan for the total site design, so its overall layout is not orthogonal nor

organized. As a result of the site's many construction phases: from the original 9th century citadel, through the 14th

century Muslim palaces, to the 16th century palace of Charles V; some buildings are at odd positioning to each

other.[3]

The terrace or plateau where the Alhambra sits measures about 740 metres (unknown operator:

u'strong' ft) in length by 205 metres (unknown operator: u'strong' ft) at its greatest width. It extends from

west-northwest to east-southeast and covers an area of about 142000 square metres (unknown operator: u'strong'

sq ft). The Alhambra's most westerly feature is the alcazaba (citadel), a strongly fortified position. The rest of the

plateau comprises a number of Moorish palaces, enclosed by a fortified wall, with thirteen towers, some defensive

and some providing vistas for the inhabitants. The river Darro passes through a ravine on the north and divides the

plateau from the Albaicn district of Granada. Similarly, the Assabica valley, containing the Alhambra Park on the

west and south, and, beyond this valley, the almost parallel ridge of Monte Mauror, separate it from the

Antequeruela district. Another ravine separates it from the Generalife.

Art and architectural details

A room of the palace and a view of

the Court of the Lions.

Ceiling in Alhambra

The decorations within the palaces typified the remains of Moorish

dominion within Spain and ushered in the last great period of

Andalusian art in Granada. With little of the Byzantine influence of

contemporary Abassid architecture,[2]

artists endlessly reproduced the

same forms and trends, creating a new style that developed over the

course of the Nasrid Dynasty. The Nasrids used freely all the stylistic

elements that had been created and developed during eight centuries of

Muslim rule in the Peninsula, including the Calliphal horseshoe arch,

the Almohad sebka (a grid of rhombuses), the Almoravid palm, and

unique combinations of them, as well as innovations such as stilted

arches and muqarnas (stalactite ceiling decorations). The isolation from

the rest of Islam plus the commercial and political relationship with the

Christian kingdoms also influenced building styles.

Columns and muqarnas appear in several chambers, and the interiors ofnumerous palaces are decorated with arabesques and calligraphy. The

arabesques of the interior are ascribed to, among other sultans, Yusuf I,

Mohammed V, and Ismail I, Sultan of Granada.

After the Christian conquest of the city in 1492, the conquerors began

to alter the Alhambra. The open work was filled up with whitewash,

the painting and gilding effaced, and the furniture soiled, torn, or

removed.[2]

Charles V (15161556) rebuilt portions in the Renaissance

style of the period and destroyed the greater part of the winter palace to

make room for a Renaissance-style structure which was never
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Alhambra 4

El mirador de Lindaraja.

completed. Philip V (17001746) Italianised the rooms and completed his palace

in the middle of what had been the Moorish building; he had partitions

constructed which blocked up whole apartments.

Over subsequent centuries the Moorish art was further damaged, and in 1812

some of the towers were destroyed by the French under Count Sebastiani. In

1821, an earthquake caused further damage. Restoration work was undertaken in

1828 by the architect Jos Contreras, endowed in 1830 by Ferdinand VII. After

the death of Contreras in 1847, it was continued with fair success by his son

Rafael (d. 1890) and his grandson. Designed to reflect the very beauty of

Paradise itself, the Alhambra is made up of gardens, fountains, streams, a palace,

and a mosque, all within an imposing fortress wall, flanked by 13 massive

towers.[4]

History

One detail of the arabesques.

Completed towards the end of Muslim rule of Spain by Yusuf I

(13331353) and Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada (13531391), the

Alhambra is a reflection of the culture of the last centuries of the

Moorish rule of Al Andalus, reduced to the Nasrid Emirate of Granada.

It is a place where artists and intellectuals had taken refuge as the

Reconquista by Spanish Christians won victories over Al Andalus. The

Alhambra integrates natural site qualities with constructed structures

and gardens, and is a testament to Moorish culture in Spain and the

skills of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian artisans, craftsmen, and

builders of their era.

The literal translation of Alhambra, "red fortress," reflects the color of the red clay of the surroundings of which the

fort is made. The buildings of the Alhambra were originally whitewashed; however, the buildings seen today are

reddish.

The first reference to the Qalat al-amra was during the battles between the Arabs and the Muladies (people of

mixed Arab and European descent) during the rule of the Abdullah ibn Muhammad (r. 888912). In one particularly

fierce and bloody skirmish, the Muladies soundly defeated the Arabs, who were then forced to take shelter in a

primitive red castle located in the province of Elvira, presently located in Granada. According to surviving

documents from the era, the red castle was quite small, and its walls were not capable of deterring an army intent on

conquering. The castle was then largely ignored until the eleventh century, when its ruins were renovated and rebuilt

by Samuel ibn Naghrela, vizier to the emir Bds of the Zirid Dynasty of Al Andalus, in an attempt to preserve the

small Jewish settlement also located on the Sabikah hill. However, evidence from Arab texts indicates that the

fortress was easily penetrated and that the actual Alhambra that survives today was built during the Nasrid Dynasty.
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Alhambra 5

Emblem of the Catholic Monarchs engraved after

the conquest.

Ibn Nasr, the founder of the Nasrid Dynasty, was forced to flee to Jan

to avoid persecution by King Ferdinand III of Castile and the

Reconquista supporters working to end Spain's Moorish rule. After

retreating to Granada, Ibn-Nasr took up residence at the Palace of

Bdis in the Alhambra. A few months later, he embarked on the

construction of a new Alhambra fit for the residence of a sultan.According to an Arab manuscript since published as the Annimo de

Granada y Copenhague,

This year, 1238 Abdallah ibn al-Ahmar climbed to the place

called "the Alhambra" inspected it, laid out the foundations of a

castle and left someone in charge of its construction...

The design included plans for six palaces, five of which were grouped in the northeast quadrant forming a royal

quarter, two circuit towers, and numerous bathhouses. During the reign of the Nasrid Dynasty, the Alhambra was

transformed into a palatine city, complete with an irrigation system composed of acequias for the gardens of the

Generalife located outside the fortress. Previously, the old Alhambra structure had been dependent upon rainwater

collected from a cistern and from what could be brought up from the Albaicn. The creation of the Sultan's Canal

solidified the identity of the Alhambra as a palace-city rather than a defensive and ascetic structure.

The Muslim ruler Muhammad XII of Granada surrendered the Emirate of Granada in 1492 without the Alhambra

itself being attacked when the forces of Los Reyes Catlicos, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of

Castile, took the surrounding territory with an overwhelming force of numbers.

Overview

The Tower of Justice (Puerta de la

Justicia) is the original entrance gate

to the Alhambra, built by Yusuf I in

1348.

The Alhambra resembles many medieval Christian strongholds in its threefold

arrangement as a castle, a palace and a residential annex for subordinates. The

alcazaba or citadel, its oldest part, is built on the isolated and precipitous foreland

which terminates the plateau on the northwest. That is all massive outer walls,

towers and ramparts are left. On its watchtower, the Torre de la Vela, 25 m

(85 ft) high, the flag of Ferdinand and Isabella was first raised, in token of the

Spanish conquest of Granada on 2 January 1492.[2]

A turret containing a large

bell was added in the 18th century and restored after being damaged by lightning

in 1881. Beyond the Alcazaba is the palace of the Moorish rulers, or Alhambra

properly so-called; and beyond this, again, is the Alhambra Alta (Upper

Alhambra), originally tenanted by officials and courtiers.

Access from the city to the Alhambra Park is afforded by the Puerta de lasGranadas (Gate of Pomegranates), a triumphal arch dating from the 15th

century. A steep ascent leads past the Pillar of Charles V, a fountain erected in

1554, to the main entrance of the Alhambra. This is the Puerta de la Justicia

(Gate of Judgment), a massive horseshoe archway surmounted by a square tower

and used by the Moors as an informal court of justice. The hand of Fatima, with

fingers outstretched as a talisman against the evil eye, is carved above this gate on the exterior; a key, the symbol of

authority, occupies the corresponding place on the interior. A narrow passage leads inward to thePlaza de los Aljibes

(Place of the Cisterns), a broad open space which divides the Alcazaba from the Moorish palace. To the left of the

passage rises the Torre del Vino (Wine Tower), built in 1345 and used in the 16th century as a cellar. On the right is

the palace of Charles V, a smaller Renaissance building.
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Alhambra 6

Royal complex

Canopy with stonework

The Royal Complex consists of three main parts: Mexuar, Serallo, and the

Harem. The Mexuar is modest in decor and houses the functional areas for

conducting business and administration. Strapwork is used to decorate the

surfaces in Mexuar. The ceilings, floors, and trim are made of dark wood and are

in sharp contrast to white, plaster walls. Serallo, built during the reign of Yusuf I

in the 14th century, contains the Patio de los Arrayanes (Court of the Myrtles).

Brightly colored interiors featured dado panels, yesera, azulejo, cedar, and

artesonado. Artesonado are highly decorative ceilings and other woodwork.

Lastly, the Harem is also elaborately decorated and contains the living quarters

for the wives and mistresses of the Arabic monarchs. This area contains a

bathroom with running water (cold and hot), baths, and pressurized water for

showering. The bathrooms were open to the elements in order to allow in light

and air.

Court of the Myrtles

The present entrance to thePalacio rabe, or Casa Real (Moorish palace), is by a small door from which a corridor

connects to the Patio de los Arrayanes (Court of the Myrtles), also called the Patio de la Alberca (Court of the

Blessing or Court of the Pond), from the Arabic birka, "pool". The birka helped to cool the palace and acted as a

symbol of power. Because water was usually in short supply, the technology required to keep these pools full was

expensive and difficult. This court is 42 m (140 ft) long by 22 m (74 ft) broad, and in the centre there is a large pond

set in the marble pavement, full of goldfish, and with myrtles growing along its sides. There are galleries on the

north and south sides; the southern gallery is 7 m (23 ft) high and supported by a marble colonnade. Underneath it, to

the right, was the principal entrance, and over it are three windows with arches and miniature pillars. From this court,

the walls of the Torre de Comares are seen rising over the roof to the north and reflected in the pond.

Hall of the Ambassadors

The Saln de los Embajadores (Hall of the Ambassadors) is the largest in the Alhambra and occupies all the Torre

de Comares. It is a square room, the sides being 12 m (37 ft) in length, while the centre of the dome is 23 m (75 ft)

high. This was the grand reception room, and the throne of the sultan was placed opposite the entrance. The grand

hall projects from the walls of the palace, providing views in three directions. In this sense, it was a "mirador" from

which the palace's inhabitants could gaze outward to the surrounding landscape.[5]

It was in this setting that

Christopher Columbus received Isabel and Ferdinand's support to sail to the New World . The tiles are nearly 4 ft

(1.2 m) high all round, and the colours vary at intervals. Over them is a series of oval medallions with inscriptions,

interwoven with flowers and leaves. There are nine windows, three on each facade, and the ceiling is decorated with

white, blue and gold inlays in the shape of circles, crowns and stars. The walls are covered with varied stucco works,

surrounding many ancient escutcheons.
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Alhambra 7

Court of the Lions and The Fabulous Fountain

The Court of the Lions, a unique example of

Muslim art

ThePatio de los Leones (Court of the Lions) is an oblong court, 116 ft

(35 m) in length by 66 ft (20 m) in width, surrounded by a low gallery

supported on 124 white marble columns. A pavilion projects into the

court at each extremity, with filigree walls and a light domed roof. The

square is paved with coloured tiles and the colonnade with white

marble, while the walls are covered 5 ft (1.5 m) up from the ground

with blue and yellow tiles, with a border above and below of enamelled

blue and gold. The columns supporting the roof and gallery are

irregularly placed. They are adorned by varieties of foliage, etc.; about

each arch there is a large square of stucco arabesques; and over the

pillars is another stucco square of filigree work. In the centre of the

court is the Fountain of Lions, an alabaster basin supported by the

figures of twelve lions in white marble, not designed with sculptural accuracy but as symbols of strength, power, and

sovereignty. Each hour one lion would produce water from its mouth[6]

. At the edge of the great fountain there is a

poem written by Ibn Zamrak. This praises the beauty of the fountain and the power of the lions, but it also describes

their ingenious hydraulic systems and how they actually worked, which baffled all those who saw them ( Al-Hassani,

Woodcock &Saud, 2007: 233). This is just a simple example of the Muslims' genius at architecture, design and

engineering during that time.

Hall of the Abencerrajes

"Honeycomb," "stalactite," or "mocrabe"

vaulting in the Hall of the Abencerrajes

Portico and pool of the early 14th-centuryPartal,

in theAlta Alhambra of the complex.

The Sala de los Abencerrajes (Hall of the Abencerrages) derives its

name from a legend according to which the father of Boabdil, the last

sultan of Granada, having invited the chiefs of that line to a banquet,

massacred them here. This room is a perfect square, with a lofty dome

and trellised windows at its base. The roof is decorated in blue, brown,

red and gold, and the columns supporting it spring out into the arch

form in a remarkably beautiful manner. Opposite to this hall is the Sala

de las dos Hermanas (Hall of the two Sisters), so-called from two

white marble slabs laid as part of the pavement. These slabs measure

50 by 22 cm (15 by 7 in). There is a fountain in the middle of this

hall, and the roofa dome honeycombed with tiny cells, all different,

and said to number 5000 is an example of the "stalactite vaulting" of

the Moors.

Generalife

Of the outlying buildings connected to the Alhambra, the foremost in

interest is the Palacio de Generalife or Gineralife (the Muslim Jennat

al Arif, "Garden of Arif," or "Garden of the Architect"). This villa dates

from the beginning of the 14th century but has been restored several

times. The Villa de los Martires (Martyrs' Villa), on the summit of

Monte Mauror, commemorates by its name the Christian slaves who

were forced to build the Alhambra and confined here in subterranean
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Maurorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generalifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boabdilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abencerrageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APalacio_del_P%C3%B3rtico.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAbencerrajes.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moc%C3%A1rabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_of_the_Lionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A80525560_0eb2c1d54a_o.jpg


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Alhambra 8

cells.[7]

The Torres Bermejas (Vermilion Towers), also on Monte Mauror, are a well-preserved Moorish

fortification, with underground cisterns, stables, and accommodation for a garrison of 200 men. Several Roman

tombs were discovered in 1829 and 1857 at the base of Monte Mauror.[7]

Other features

Among the other features of the Alhambra are the Sala de la Justicia (Hall of Justice), thePatio del Mexuar(Courtof the Council Chamber), the Patio de Daraxa (Court of the Vestibule), and the Peinador de la Reina (Queen's

Robing Room), in which there is similar architecture and decoration. The palace and the Upper Alhambra also

contain baths, rows of bedrooms and summer-rooms, a whispering gallery and labyrinth, and vaulted sepulchres.

West side of Palacio de Carlos V in the

Alhambra.

The original furniture of the palace is represented by the famous

Alhambra vase, one of the very large vases made to stand in niches, an

example of Hispano-Moresque ware dating from 1320 and belonging

to the first period of Moorish pottery. It is 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) high; the

background is white, and the decoration is blue, white and gold.

Influence

Influence on 19th- and 20th-century architecture

From 19th-century Romantic interpretations until the present day, many buildings and portions of buildings

worldwide have been inspired by the Alhambra: there is a Moorish Revival house in Stillwater, Minnesota, which

was created and named after the Alhambra. Also, the main portion of the Irvine Spectrum Center in Irvine,

California, is a postmodern version of the Court of the Lions. In Portugal, the Ismaili Centre in Lisbon also takes

influence from the Alhambra, as does the Arab Room in the Palacio da Bolsa in Porto.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palacio_da_Bolsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvine%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvine_Spectrum_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stillwater%2C_Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispano-Moresque_warehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhambra_vaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APalacio_Carlos_V_west.jpg


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Alhambra 9

In literature

Parts of the following novels are set in the Alhambra:

Whilst fountains and flowing water

are a common feature around the

Alhambra, they are particularly

prevalent in the Palacio de

Generalife.

Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra. This is a collection of essays,

verbal sketches, and stories. Irving lived in the palace while writing the book

and was instrumental in reintroducing the site to Western audiences.

Salman Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh Amin Maalouf'sLeo Africanus, depicting the reconquest of Granada by the

Catholic Monarchs.

Philippa Gregory's The Constant Princess, depicting Catalina the Infanta of

Spain as she lived in the Alhambra after her parents took Granada.

Federico Garcia Lorca's playDoa Rosita the Spinster, mentioned by title

character Dona Rosita in her song/speech to the Manola sisters.

Paulo Coelho's novel The Alchemist

Ali Smith's The Accidental

Tanja Kinkel's German-language novelMondlaub, a story of the last days of

Al-Andalus told from the point of view of a young fictional female relative of

the last emirs.

Ben Lerner's "Leaving the Atocha Station", "I wondered if I would be the only

American in history who visited Granada without seeing the Alhambra."

In music

The plot of the ballet-hroque entitled [[Zade, reine de Grenade], by the French Baroque composer

Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer (c. 17051755), takes place at the Alhambra.

Alhambra has directly inspired musical compositions as Francisco Trrega's famous tremolo study for guitar

Recuerdos de la Alhambra.

Claude Debussy's piece for two pianos, Lindaraja, (composed in 1901) and the prelude La Puerta del Vino (in the

2nd book of preludes, composed 19121913).

Isaac Albniz wrote a piano suite Recuerdos de viaje, which included a piece called "En la Alhambra", while his

suite Iberia contained a piece called "El Albacin". Albniz also composed a Suite Alhambra, but was uncompleted.

"En los Jardines del Generalife", the first movement of Manuel de Falla's Noches en los Jardines de Espaa, and

other pieces by composers such as Ruperto Chap (Los Gnomos de la Alhambra,1891) Toms Bretn[8] and many

others are included in a stream called by scholars "Alhambrismo".[9][10]

British composer Julian Anderson wrote an orchestral piece,Alhambra Fantasy.

In pop and folk music, Alhambra is the subject of the Ghymes song of the same name. The rock band The Grateful

Dead released a song called "Terrapin Station" on the 1977 album of the same name. It consisted of a series of small

compositions penned by Robert Hunter and put to music by Jerry Garcia; a lyrical section of this "suite" was called

"Alhambra".
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrapin_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grateful_Deadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grateful_Deadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Andersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Bret%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruperto_Chap%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noches_en_los_Jardines_de_Espa%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_Fallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Alb%C3%A9nizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recuerdos_de_la_Alhambrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_T%C3%A1rregahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace_Royerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaving_the_Atocha_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Lernerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Accidentalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Alchemist_%28novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Coelhohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do%C3%B1a_Rosita_the_Spinsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federico_Garcia_Lorcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Constant_Princesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippa_Gregoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Monarchshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus_%28novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amin_Maaloufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Moor%27s_Last_Sighhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salman_Rushdiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tales_of_the_Alhambrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAlhambra_Generalife_fountains.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generalifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generalife


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Alhambra 10

Gazelles painting

Tessellations like this inspired Escher's work.

In September 2006, Canadian singer/composer Loreena McKennitt

performed live at the Alhambra. The resulting video recordings

premiered on PBS and were later released as a three-disc DVD/CD set

calledNights from the Alhambra.

The Basque pop group Mocedades performed a song called "Juntos en

La Alhambra".

Alhambra is the title of an EP recording by Canadian rock band The

Tea Party, containing acoustic versions of a few of their songs.

In 1976, filmmaker Christopher Nupen filmed The Song of the Guitar

at the Alhambra. It was an hour-long program featuring the legendary

Spanish guitarist Andrs Segovia.

Alhambra and Albaicn are mentioned in the Mago de Oz song named

"El paseo de los tristes" from the album Gaia II.

Pop star Charjee Von-Varjee released a song called "Let's Rock at The

Alhambra" in 2001.

In mathematics

M. C. Escher's visit in 1922 and study of the Moorish use of symmetry

in the Alhambra tiles inspired his subsequent work on regular divisions

of the plane.

These symmetric patterns are studied to find all seventeen possible symmetrical wallpaper tilings.[11]

In the cinema

Animated films by Spanish director Juan Bautista Berasategui such as Ahmed, el principe de la Alhmabra and El

embrujo del surare based on stories in Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra.

In videogames

This serves as a location for the Spain stage in The King of Fighters (1998).

In astronomy

There is a main belt asteroid named Alhambra.

References Alhassani, S.T.S., Woodcock, E., & Saoud, R. (2007). 1001 Inventions: Muslim heritage in our world.

Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.

Notes

[1] http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/314

[2] Encyclopdia Britannica 11th Edition, 1, The Encyclopdia Britannica, 1910, p. 657.

[3] Irwin 2004, pp. 56.

[4] Alhambra (http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1176025499729& pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture/

ACELayout)

[5] D. Fairchild Ruggles, The Gardens of the Alhambra and the Concept of the Garden in Islamic Spain, inAl-Andalus: The Arts of Islamic

Spain, ed. Jerrilynn Dodds. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1992, pp. 162-71.[6] Alhassani, S.T.S., Woodcock, E., & Saoud, R. (2007). 1001 Inventions: Muslim heritage in our world. Foundation for Science Technology

and Civilisation.
http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1176025499729&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayouthttp://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1176025499729&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayouthttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/314http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3851_Alhambrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tales_of_the_Alhambrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Irvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_Berasateguihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tessellation%23Wallpaper_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._C._Escherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mago_de_ozhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albaicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Segoviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Nupenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tea_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tea_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extended_playhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhambra_%28EP%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juntos_en_La_Alhambrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juntos_en_La_Alhambrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mocedadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basque_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nights_from_the_Alhambrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loreena_McKennitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ATassellatura_alhambra.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._C._Escherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesselationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AGranada_Alhambra_gazelle_Poterie_9019.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazelle


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Alhambra 11

[7] Encyclopdia Britannica 11th Edition, 1, The Encyclopdia Britannica, 1910, p. 658.

[8] Noche de paz (http://guitarra.artelinkado.com/guitarra/capricho_arabe.htm)

[9] "CVC. Rinconete. Acordes" (http://cvc.cervantes.es/el_rinconete/anteriores/septiembre_00/07092000_02. htm). Cvc.cervantes.es. .

Retrieved 2012-04-04.

[10] "El alhambrismo en la msica espaola hasta la poca de Manuel de FallaDialnet" (http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/

articulo?codigo=618223). Dialnet.unirioja.es. . Retrieved 2012-04-04.

[11] "Mathematics in Art and Architecture" (http://www.math.nus. edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/math-art-arch.shtml#Symmetry).

Math.nus.edu.sg. . Retrieved 2012-04-04.

Bibliography

Irwin, Robert. The Alhambra. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).

Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Further reading

Jacobs, Michael; Fernndez, Francisco (2009),Alhambra, Frances Lincoln, ISBN 978-0-7112-2518-3

Fernndez Puertas, Antonio (1997), The Alhambra. Vol 1: From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354), Saqi Books,

ISBN 0-86356-466-6

Fernndez Puertas, Antonio (1998), The Alhambra. Vol 2: (13541391), Saqi Books, ISBN 0-86356-467-4

Fernndez Puertas, Antonio (1999), The Alhambra. Vol 3: From 1391 to the Present Day, Saqi Books,

ISBN 978-0-86356-589-2

Grabar, Oleg. The Alhambra. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978.

Jacobs, Michael and Francisco Fernandez.Alhambra. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2000.

Lowney, Chris.A Vanished World: Medieval Spains Golden Age of Enlightenment. New York: Simon and

Schuster, Inc., 2005.

Menocal, Maria, Rosa. The Ornament of the World. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2002.

Read, Jan. The Moors in Spain and Portugal. London: Faber and Faber, 1974.

D. Fairchild Ruggles, Alhambra, inEncyclopaedia of Islam, third edition. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2008. D. Fairchild Ruggles, Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain, Philadelphia:

Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.

D. Fairchild Ruggles, The Gardens of the Alhambra and the Concept of the Garden in Islamic Spain, in

Al-Andalus: The Arts of Islamic Spain, ed. Jerrilynn Dodds. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1992, pp. 162-71.

D. Fairchild Ruggles,Islamic Gardens and Landscapes, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.

Steves, Rick (2004). Spain and Portugal 2004, pp. 204205. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 1-56691-529-5.

lexicorient.com (http://lexicorient. com/spain/alhambra.htm)

Stewart, Desmond. The Alhambra. Newsweek Publishing, 1974. ISBN 0-88225-088-4.

The World Heritage.Istanbul and Cordoba, Vol. #15. Film Ideas, 2008. ISBN 1-57557-715-1.

External links

Alhambra in turgranada.es (http://www.turgranada.es/cultural-monumental/cultural-monumental-nivel3.

php?id_seccion=509&tipo=secciones&id_idioma=2) Official site for tourism of the province of Granada.

The Alhambra in Granada, Spain (http://www.ne. jp/asahi/arc/ind/2_meisaku/08_alhambra/alh_eng.htm)

Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture.

Official website of Patronato of Alhambra and Generalife (http://www.alhambra-patronato.es)

Paul F. Hoye, 1967, The Alhambra (http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196703/the. alhambra.htm),

Saudi Aramco World

Murphy, James Cavanah, 1816, The Alhamra (Alhambra) at Granada (http:/

/

islamic-arts.

org/

2012/the-alhamra-at-granada/), islamic-arts.org
http://islamic-arts.org/2012/the-alhamra-at-granada/http://islamic-arts.org/2012/the-alhamra-at-granada/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196703/the.alhambra.htmhttp://www.alhambra-patronato.es/http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/2_meisaku/08_alhambra/alh_eng.htmhttp://www.turgranada.es/cultural-monumental/cultural-monumental-nivel3.php?id_seccion=509&tipo=secciones&id_idioma=2http://www.turgranada.es/cultural-monumental/cultural-monumental-nivel3.php?id_seccion=509&tipo=secciones&id_idioma=2http://lexicorient.com/spain/alhambra.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_and_Schusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_and_Schusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saqi_Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_domainhttp://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/math-art-arch.shtml#Symmetryhttp://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=618223http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=618223http://cvc.cervantes.es/el_rinconete/anteriores/septiembre_00/07092000_02.htmhttp://guitarra.artelinkado.com/guitarra/capricho_arabe.htm


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Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsAlhambra Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=497013788 Contributors: 12345678901234567890pop, 216.99.203.xxx, A. Parrot, Abce2, Acad Ronin, Addshore, AdeMiami,Aesopos, AgnosticPreachersKid, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuskay, Aidarzver, Aimak, Ajobin, AladdinSE, Alaniaris, Alanmaher, Alansohn, AlbertSM, Ale jrb, Alexander lau, AlexanderKaras,

Algebraist, Anand Karia, Andy M. Wang, Angusmclellan, Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Aquib American Muslim, Aranel, Arch2all, Areed145, Arkwatem, Atlant, Attilios, Augusta2,

AuthorAuthor, Ayla, Az88, Aziz1005, Azylber, BRG, Baroque1700, Beagle Ninja, Belenprados, BeneharoMencey, Bettia, Bill52270, Binksternet, Bkell, Bkwillwm, Blaxthos, Bobblewik,

Bobllfixit, Bobo192, Bpeps, Branlon, Brianga, Bryan P. C. C., Burnedthru, Buster7, Busterjet, CLW, CalJW, Cantiorix, CapitalR, Carbuncle, Carlstak, Carmichael, Caspian blue, Chowbok, Chris

the speller, Ck lostsword, Ckatz, Clare95, Cmc05ad, Combes, Conversion script, Craeburn, Culture editor, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DVD R W, Da Joe, Danalyzed, DanniellaWB, Dante4848,

DarkFalls, Dcoetzee, DeadEyeArrow, DoubleBlue, Dr.K., Drieakko, Dspradau, Edivorce, Elekhh, Elizium23, Ellenois, Elwikipedista, EmanWilm, Emanuel Kingsley, Enviroboy, EoGuy,Evan.c.davis, Exert, Fabhatti, Fabrictramp, Falcanary, Falconkhe, FayssalF, Ferritecore, Filll, Finn-Zoltan, Flapdragon, Flauto Dolce, Fluri, Flyingbird, FordPrefect42, Friedfish, Furiousdee,

Garcilaso, Garzo, Gatherton, Ghiraddje, Gisling, Glacialfox, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Goingarf, Gozar, Gr33nf1sh, Graham87, GrahamColm, GrahamHardy, Grstain, Guerillero, Gurch, Guusb,

Hairy Dude, HamburgerRadio, Hamster391, Hanacy, Haruth, Hawkeye58, Hchc2009, Hede2000, Heisenbergthechemist, Hu12, Hunnjazal, Hydrargyrum, I mnotminkus, Infrogmation, Iridescent,

Isavecina, Isewell, J.delanoy, JaGa, Jamie Mercer, Jane023, Jauhienij, Javilillo74, Jdforrester, JeTod, Jeepday, Jeff3000, Jeronimo, Jerzy, Jetblue70, Jivecat, Jmw0000, Joergsam, Joey80,

Johnbod, JovanAndreano, Jpbowen, Jpople, Kadellar, Kangxi emperor6868, Karsfoky, Katienpdx, Keramida, Ketsuekigata, Konstantin, Kukini, Kuru, Kwamikagami, Lambiam, LeaveSleaves,

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Anastcio, Manwhatsup, Maproom, Marek69, Marianocecowski, Mark Fentonovich, Materra, Mav, Mavigogun, Maximaximax, Mayooranathan, Mazaik, Mcginnly, Mervyn, Michael

Zimmermann, MichaelTinkler, Mintguy, Morwen, MrH, MuffinLidija, MulgaBill, Munford, Muradxmurder, Myquealer, Natalie Erin, Nattfodd, Nazar, Neutrality, Nev1, Nick Number, Nicke

Lilltroll, Nirvaan.wiki, Nomardillo, ORLAA, Oda Mari, Ohconfucius, Old Moonraker, Olivier, Omar-Toons, Oviddawen, Paranoid, Parvazbato59, P b30, Pekaje, PhilHibbs, Pigman,

Plasmagunman, Plighwood, Plutonium27, Plutosdogscat, Pol098, Prof saxx, Profoss, Proscribe, PseudoSudo, Purplehyacinth23, Pwqn, Quartermaster, Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy,

QueenCake, Quota, Qxz, RJASE1, RSStockdale, Ra-smit, Racconish, RafaAzevedo, Rafmad, RainbowOfLight, Random User 937494, RandomP, Raymond Cruise, Recognizance, RedHillian,

Relheok grant, Renata3, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rl, Roger Davies, Ronkonkaman, S711, SUMrHaro, Sagie, Sannse, Satanailo, Savie Kumara, Schizobullet, Schlemazl, Schzmo, Scorge30,

Scottywong, Sdrtirs, Seabhcan, Sebesta, Sfdan, Shadowjams, ShakingSpirit, SimonP, Sir Vicious, Sjc, Skymt, Skysmith, Smalljim, Snagglepuss, Snowcaps295, Sohaiblatif, Solipsist, Sonikwlf,

Soupy123456789, SpaceFlight89, Spasage, SpuriousQ, Stallions2010, Stbalbach, Strawmd, Superp, Surtsicna, S uruena, Sustahava, TKK, Tacubus, Taniamxx, Tassedethe, Tazeenhasan,

Technopat, Tetraedycal, The Man in Question, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheGWO, TheRingess, Thirrouard, Thumperward, Tide rolls, TimBray, Tirithel, Tony Fox, Tpbradbury,

Trekexchange, Tsk070, Ulflarsen, Ummit, Unchorner, Uncle Dick, VAwebteam, Velella, Venerock, Veracity99, Victor Ovies, Vintage lulu, W guice, WODUP, Warofdreams, Wassermann,

Welsh, Wetman, Whimp22, Whosyourjudas, Wiki-uk, Wikichew, Woohookitty, Worloq, Yahia.barie, Yalimoglu, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yoshiosimondoherty, Zeete, ZxxZxxZ, , , 695

anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Patio de los Arrayanes.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Patio_de_los_Arrayanes.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: jan zeschkyfrom glasgow, scotland

File:Flag of Spain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Spain.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie

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Image:Adolf Seel Innenhof der Alhambra.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adolf_Seel_Innenhof_der_Alhambra.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:AndreasPraefcke, Balbo, Bukk, FA2010, Goldfritha, JMCC1, Olivier2, Wst, 1 anonymous edits

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120614 - alhambra fort - wikipedia eng

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