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Today’s Agenda:Journal Question: What are the differences

between producers, consumers and decomposers?

1. Lecture: Ecology & The Biosphere

(ending on slide 45)

2. Planet Earth

3. Make sure you have turned in your book work assignments for Ch 5 & Ch 6.

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Ecology & The Biosphere

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The Importance of CellsA. Cells are membrane-bound structures

that are the basic units of life.

B. Our environment affects our cells.

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You are your cells

A. Simple Cellular Concept: Oxygen & Nutrients (in), Removal of waste products (out)

B. Alexis Carrel won a Noble Prize in Physiology & Medicine in 1912.

C. Kept a tissue culture of embryonic chicken heart cells alive for over 20 years by adding nutrients.-Longer than the life span of a chicken (Average life span = 10 years)

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Cellular Organelles

A. Nucleus contains DNA (Genetic Code)

B. Mitochondria produces ATP (Energy)

C. Lysosome contains digestive enzymes.

D. Golgi Apparatus modifies proteins for export.

E. Ribosomes: Protein synthesis

F. Endoplasmic Reticulum (intracellular highway)

G. Vacuoles store enzymes and metabolic wastes in plants.

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Biology Putting it all together:The Big Picture

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Habitat

A. The place where an organism lives.

B. It can be different parts of a single tree or it can be different places like the desert, ocean, taiga.

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Niche

A. The role an organism plays in its environment.

B. Examples:

(1) Decomposers break down organic matter.

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Habitat versus NicheA. Organisms do not

compete with one another (Forest, Shelf Fungus, and Banana Slug) when they are in the same habitat but have different niches.

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Decomposers A. Return and recycle material to

the environment.

B. When an organism dies, the body is eaten by scavengers and decomposed by bacteria.

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DecomposersC. Most of the minerals within an

ecosystem are recycled and returned to the environment by the help from decomposers.

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Producers

A. Produce food (organic material)

(1) Plants (autotrophs)

B. There is more energy at the producer level than at the consumer level.

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Consumers

A. A heterotroph that obtains energy from organic molecules made by other organisms.

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Trophic LevelsA. A feeding levels in an

ecosystem.

B. 10% of the total energy consumed in one trophic level is incorporated into the organisms in the next trophic level.

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Energy PyramidsA. Shows that at the bottom

(producer level) of the pyramid there is more energy.

B. As you move toward the top of the pyramid there is less and less energy available.

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Energy PyramidsC. Energy is lost at each level

of the pyramid due to:

(1) Motion

(2) Heat (Body Temperature)

(3) Reproduction

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Energy (Food) PyramidD. Energy is lost to the

environment at each level, so less mass can be supported at each higher level.

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Predator – Prey CycleA. Predators act as “checks” to

control populations of other organisms from getting out of balance.

(Draw the diagram below)

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Competition A. Different species can compete

for resources.

B. There are often winners and losers because some are better adapted to survive. Paramecia populations competing for survival

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Introduction of a nonnative animal species:

A. Nonnative animal species often disrupt an ecosystem because in their new environment they have no natural enemies.

(1) Example: Introduction of Bison to Catalina Island

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Food ChainsA. Show how energy is transferred from:

Sun Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers

Sun Plants Grasshoppers Rodent Hawk

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Food Chains & The Soil Food Web

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Food ChainsB. The arrows in the diagram

indicate the direction of energy flow through a series of organisms.

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Food Chains

C. Energy from the sun is stored by green plants and transferred to consumers.

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Adding Genetically Modified Food to our Food Chain

A. What are the consequences?

B. Creating genetically engineered food through recombinant DNA technology

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Genetic Engineering

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Genetically Modified (Transgenic) Food Around the World

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Biotechnology:Genetic Engineering

A. Changing the genetic code by:

(1) Recombinant DNA

(2) Gene gun

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Transgenic organisms A. A host organism that has

received recombinant DNA.

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Recombinant DNA Technology to Produce Insulin

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What is genetic engineering?All living organisms are made up of cells that contain a substance called DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid). The structure of DNA molecules, whose units are called genes, contains information that is used by cells as a "recipe" for the organism. That is, the

characteristics of any living thing are determined by the information in the DNA of its genes.

In the last twenty years, scientists discovered that DNA is interchangeable among animals, plants, bacteria, and other organisms. In addition to using traditional breeding methods of

improving plants and animals through crossbreeding and selection, scientists in some cases can now transfer the genes that determine many desirable traits from one plant or animal to another. The transfer of DNA is done by various methods, such as direct injection of cells

with DNA or literally shooting cells with DNA-covered particles from a special gun. Another widely-used method is to insert the DNA into specially modified bacteria or viruses that carry

it into cells they infect.

Regardless of which method is used, the general process of transferring DNA from one organism to another is called genetic engineering. Almost any desirable trait found in nature

can, in principle, be transferred into any chosen organism. A plant or animal modified by genetic engineering to contain DNA from an external source is called transgenic.

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Recombinant DNA Technology

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Popular uses of Genetic Engineering

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How common is corn in our daily diet?

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High Fructose Corn SyrupA. High-Fructose Corn

Syrup (HFCS) has replaced sugar as the sweetener in many:

1. Breads

2. Cereals

3. Breakfast bars

4. Lunch meats

5. Yogurts

6. Soups

7. Sodas

8. Condiments

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High Fructose Corn Syrup Monday, Jan. 26, 2009 (Health Day News)

Almost half of the tested samples of commercial high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) contained mercury.

-Mercury is toxic in all of its forms.

HFCS is the first or second highest labeled ingredient, according to two new U.S. studies.

On the average, Americans consume about 12 teaspoons per day of HFCS, but teens and other high consumers can take 80 percent more HFCS than average.

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High Fructose Corn Syrup Consumption

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What’s in our environment?

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What’s in our water?

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The Green House Effect & Our Environment: Disruption of Ecosystems

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Global warming affects ecosystems and food chains

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Greenhouse Gas Emitters

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Next time:

A. Video: The Future of Food

-Discusses genetically modified food and its potential impact on Food Webs & Food Chains

B. Test next Tuesday/Wednesday

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Dr. Arpad Pusztai

A. Worked with genetically modified potatoes.