13 colonies and the seeds of revolution. warm up? what could be some reasons that would cause you to...
TRANSCRIPT
13 Colonies and the Seeds of Revolution
Warm Up?
What could be some reasons that would cause you to move to another country?
Key Terms
House of BurgessesMayflower CompactMagna CartaBacon’s Rebellion1st Great AwakeningDemocracy Legislative AssemblySelf GovernmentLimited GovernmentRepresentative GovernmentConstitution
13 Colonies
13 original colonies in the United States by 1700s.
They are divided into 3 sections:
1. New England Colonies
2. Middle Colonies3. Southern Colonies
Why?The 3 G’s: Glory, God
and Gold
Jamestown
Other people came to make $
Jamestown Founded in 1607 Flourished through the sale
of Tobacco House of Burgesses
Established in 1619 First legislative assembly
in the Colonies Made up of 22 landowners
who decided local issues Practiced self government
and democracy 150 years before the Revolution!
Pilgrims
Religious Beliefs: Pilgrims Some people didn’t like
the Church of England They wanted it to be more
pure Religious Freedom
Founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620 Mayflower Compact
Self Government Direct Democracy Settlers agreed to
establish a government and abide by its laws
Seeds of Revolution: Magna Carta
The Magna Carta Signed by King John of
England in 1215 Established the idea that
no one was above the law Limited the King’s Power
(Limited Government) Guaranteed rights of
nobility…English Landowners
How will this effect the thinking of English landowners in the colonies hundreds of years later?
Seeds of Revolution: Parliament
Parliament Established in 1265 as
England’s Law making body
Similar to our Congress The “Power of the Purse” Laid the foundation for
representative gov’t Made laws for 13
colonies without our say “No Taxation Without
Representation”!
Seeds of Revolution: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
1st written constitution in the Colonies in 1639
Provided for election of a governor and magistrates
Had lawmaking, executive and judicial power
Established individual rights of citizens & gov’t purpose
Served as a blueprint for the U.S. Constitution
Bacon’s Rebellion-1676
Western Virginia was being used as a human shield to protect those in the east from the Native Americans
Nathaniel Bacon burned Jamestown
Precursor of the American Revolution 1st Rebellion in the
Colonies
Seeds of Revolution: 1st Great Awakening
What was it? Religious movement from
1730-1740’s Gave colonists the idea that
they could confront religious authority…and when churches aren’t living up to expectations the people could break off and form new ones
Colonists realized that religious power did not rest with the Church of England
Also came to realize that political power did not rest with the English Monarch
Seeds of Revolution: Albany Plan of Union
First proposal to create a unified government for colonies
Proposed by Ben Franklin in 1754 to help plan a defense for the French and Indian War
Rejected by both colonial and English Governments
Seeds of Revolution: Iroquois Constitution
Created sometime between 1390-1525
Designed to create peace between five Native American Nations
Huge influence on Franklin and Madison when creating the Constitution
Reflection
1. What were some reasons for people to travel to the Colonies?
2. Why is the significance of Jamestown/Plymouth Colony?
3. How did the Magna Carta affect the people who came to the colonies?
4. What was Bacon’s Rebellion and why is it called a precursor to the American Revolution?
5. What was the 1st Great Awakening and explain how it is considered a cause of the American Revolution?
6. What is the significance of the Albany Plan of Union?
Warm Up/Review
1. What were some reasons for people to travel to the Colonies?
2. Why is the significance of Jamestown/Plymouth Colony?
3. How did the Magna Carta affect the people who came to the colonies?
4. What was Bacon’s Rebellion and why is it called a precursor to the American Revolution?
5. What was the 1st Great Awakening and explain how it is considered a cause of the American Revolution?
6. What is the significance of the Albany Plan of Union?
Key Terms
Salutary Neglect Mercantilism French and Indian WarStamp ActSons of LibertyProtestBoycottPropaganda
Causes of the American Revolution
Salutary Neglect
Great Britain paid little attention to the colonies Colonists became
accustomed to self rule. Huh?
French and Indian War1754-1763
Great Britain and the colonists fight the French and Indians
Great Britain wins but is in major debt Tax the colonists
Proclamation of 1763 Can’t settle west of the
Appalachian Mnts
Mercantilism
The belief that a country should sell more goods than it buys
Navigation Acts 1651 Imported goods had to be
purchased from England.
Stamp Act-1765
Required colonists to attach expensive tax stamps to all newspapers and legal documents
“No taxation without representation.”
Sons of Liberty Protest groups who
opposed British taxes
Sons of Liberty
Organized by John Adams in order to resist British Taxes through Protest and Demonstrations… sometimes through violence
Also caused rebellion after the Town Shed Acts and Tea Act
Boston Massacre-1770
A mob attacked a group of soldiers with rock filled snowballs Soldiers fired on the
crowd killing 5
Although the soldiers were acquitted in court this event served to lure more people to the Patriot cause.
Boston Tea Party-1773
Political Protest against Tea Act by Sons of Liberty
Dressed as Native Americans and dumped 342 chests of British tea into the Boston Harbor
British respond with the Intolerable Acts
Intolerable Acts-1774
B/c of Boston Tea PartyQuartering Act
Colonists were required to provide food/shelter for British soldiers.
Also, closed the port of Boston until the cost of tea was repaid
Tensions continue to increase
Also, paves the way for 4th Amendment
Committee of Correspondence
Established Committees in many colonies to communicate between Patriot leaders
Worked to convince more citizens to take an active role in resisting Britain
1st Continental Congress 1774
Sent document to King George III demanding that the rights of the colonists be restored
Boycotted British goods
Proposed Imperial Union
1st step towards secession to become an independent Republic
Shot Heard Round the World1775
Britain sent troops to take away weapons Shots were fired in
Lexington
British proceeded to Concord Forced British to retreat
School House Rock
2nd Continental Congress-1775
Convened in Philadelphia after Lexington and Concord
Named George Washington Commander of the Continental Army and prepared for War
Sent Olive Branch Petition to King George III
Declaration of Independence July 1776
Common Sense-1776
Thomas Paine
Argued it was simply “common sense” to stop following the “royal brute”
Argued for Independence and the creation of a Democratic Republic
Declaration of Independence1776
Thomas Jefferson
John Locke Enlightenment
philosopher Believed in
“Natural/Inalienable Rights” and the “Social Contract Theory”.
Explained why America should be a free nation
Propaganda
Reflection
1. How did Salutary Neglect impact the political and economic relationship between Britain and the Colonies leading to the creation of a new nation?
2. How did the French & Indian War, Mercantilism and Salutary Neglect help create the American Revolution?
3. How is the Boston Massacre drawing by Paul Revere an example of propaganda?
4. What role did the French and Indian War play in creating economic and political tension between Britain and the Colonies?
5. How did the desire for a representative government lead to conflict between Britain and the Colonies?
6. What were some examples of civil disobedience that lead to the Revolution and a change in government?
Warm Up/Review
1. How did Salutary Neglect impact the political and economic relationship between Britain the Colonies leading to the creation of a new nation?
2. What was Mercantilism and how did it contribute to the Revolution?
3. What role did the French and Indian War play in creating economic and political tension between Britain and the Colonies?
4. How did the desire for a representative government lead to conflict between Britain and the Colonies?
5. What were some examples of civil disobedience that lead to the Revolution and a change in government?
6. What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence?
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are
instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or
abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation
on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.”
What philosophers developed these ideas?
What influences have we discussed that lead the colonists into a state of Rebellion against Britain?
The Enlightenment
Views on Government
Thomas Hobbes Believed that without gov’t,
life would be chaos. Need an absolute ruler to
impose order and demand obedience.
Social contract
John Locke The purpose of gov’t is to
protect your natural rights. If a gov’t fails to do so,
citizens have a right to overthrow it.
Philosophers Advocate Reason
Voltaire Fought for freedom of speech and
religion. “I do not agree with a word you say
but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Montesquieu Believed in separation of powers to
keep one group from gaining total control of the gov’t.
Rousseau Wanted a direct democracy and
since all people are equal, titles of nobility should be abolished and land should be equally distributed.
Beccaria Argued that people have the right
to a speedy trial and punishments should match the crime. Rule of Law.
Legacy of the Enlightenment
Progress Reformers urged for greater
social equality and a more democratic style of gov’t.
Secular Views People began to question their
religious beliefs and the teachings of the church. (1st Great Awakening)
Individualism People used their own ability to
reason in order to judge what was right or wrong.
Enlightened Despots
Frederick the Great (Prussia) Granted religious freedom, reduced
censorship, improved education, and abolished the use of torture. “The first servant of the state.”
Did nothing to end the use of serfs.
Joseph II (Austria) Introduced freedom of the press and
religion and abolished serfdom.
Catherine the Great (Russia) Recommended religious toleration,
abolishing torture and capital punishment.
Favored an end to serfdom until a peasant revolt occurred.
Reflection
1. Explain how the Enlightenment influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence?
2. Discuss the impact Enlightenment thinking had on religion and how did that eventually impact the Colonies?
Warm Up
What do you think were some of the advantages and disadvantages faced by the Colonists entering the Revolutionary War?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT SPREADS
Setting the stage
Enlightenment ideas would inspire American colonists to revolt against the British, and would also greatly inspire the US Constitution!
BRITAIN AND ITS COLONIES
AMERICANS BECAME ACCUSTOMED TO LARGE DEGREE OF INDEPENDENCE, BUT WERE STILL SUBJECTS TO THE KING
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR STIRS UP RESENTMENT BETWEEN COLONISTS AND BRITISH
AMERICA WINS INDEPENDANCE
ENGLAND ANGERS COLONISTS BY EXPECTING THEM TO PAY THE COSTS OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
COLONISTS PROTEST HARSH TAXES AND BEGIN TO MOBILIZE FOR WAR = “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!
COLONIAL LEADERS USE ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS TO JUSTIFY WAR AND WRITE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
Strengths & Weaknesses
British Strengths Had the world’s
strongest army & navy Were supported by
many Tories, Native Americans and Hessian mercenaries
British Weaknesses Unpopular war Unknown terrain
American Strengths Knowledge of terrain Extremely motivated British overconfidence French support Time on their side Washington’s leadership
American Weaknesses Lacked supplies,
experience and numbers
Major Turning Points
Bunker Hill = Americans are defeated but gain confidence.
Trenton = Washington crosses Delaware = huge morale boost.
Saratoga= Turning point of the War = Huge victory, French believe we can win.
Yorktown = Cornwallis overconfident, surrendered!
An American Victory
Treaty of Paris Signed two years after
the American victory at Yorktown
Great Britain recognized the independence of the Unites States
What’s next for the United States?
Reflection/Closing
1. What were American strengths and weaknesses?
2. What were British strengths and weaknesses?
3. What was the turning pt of the war?4. What Treaty ended the war?
Warm up?
What type of government do you think the 13 Colonies came up with after gaining Independence from Great Britain? Consider our relationship with Great Britain and their
type of government when writing your answer.
Articles of Confederation &
The Constitution
AMERICANS CREATE A REPUBLIC
TO PROTECT THEIR AUTHORITY, THE 13 STATES CREATE A WEAK NATIONAL OVERNMENT THAT FAILS = ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION DELEGATES CREATE A NEW SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT BASED ON ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
THE NEW GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IS BASED ON THREE GOVERNMENT BRANCHES
THE BILL OF RIGHTS IS CREATED TO FURTHER PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL
Problems with the Articles
• The States were acting like 13 separate countries or govt’s (we weren’t unified)
• The national gov’t (Congress) couldn’t force the states to pay taxes• With no tax money we had no gov’t services:
army, navy, roads, garbage collection, national debt…we couldn’t pay back our loans
• No power to regulate trade• This means Congress couldn’t make laws
regarding trade • States would put tariffs on products from
other states
• No national currency• No power to enforce laws• Required that amendments be approved
by all 13 colonies• With no president, supreme court, and a
weak Congress there was no leadership to decide arguments between states
Problems after Revolutionary War
Trade declining Taxed goods purchased from
other statesInflationSince Congress could not
tax, they had to borrow $ from the states
Shay’s Rebellion-1786 1,500 armed farmers attacked
a federal arsenal Rebellion was crushed by
Mass. Troops but the social forces that led to such dramatic action remained
America needs a stronger central gov’t
Constitutional Convention
Met in 1787Met simply to revise the
Articles of Confederation
What were the operation procedures during the constitutional convention?
7 out of 13 states had to be presentMajority votes winsEverything had to be secret
Creating and ratifying the Constitution
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention were determined to create a framework of government all states could accept. A major problem was
be how states would be represented in the new government
Virginia PlanLarge statesLegislative
Branch Representation based on population
New Jersey Plan
Small statesLegislative
Branch Representation would be
equal
3 branche
s of gov’t
&2 parts
OfCongres
s
House of Representatives
Senate
Both plans agreed to have an Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branch.
The delegates argued over these two plans for six weeks.
Compromises
The Great CompromiseProposed the Legislative
Branch have 2 Houses Bicameral House of Representatives
Based on population Senate
Equal representation (2)
More Compromises
Electoral college How should the
President be chosen?
Solution: a group of people (chosen by the states) to select the president
3/5ths Compromise 5 slaves would count
as 3 free people
Approving the Constitution
September 17, 1787 the Constitutional Convention was finished.
9 of the 13 states needed to ratify it.But the public is divided between Federalists
and Anti-Federalists:
Federalists
• Led by Alexander Hamilton
• Supported the constitution
• Believed the constitution created a system of federalism. A form of gov’t in which power is divided between national gov’t and states.
• Wrote the federalist papers: series of essays that promoted constitution declaring we need a strong central gov’t.
Anti-Federalists
• Led by Thomas Jefferson
• Opposed the constitution
• Believed the constitution gave too much power to the national gov’t and took too much power away from the states.
• Wanted a Bill of Rights added to protect individual freedoms
Federalist Papers
85 anonymous letters to newspapers written by Hamilton, Madison and John Jay
The most famous was Federalist #10 written by James Madison He argued that a
larger republic would not lead to an abuse of power but would actually be a defense against tyranny
June 21, 1788 New Hampshire became the 9th state to ratify the Constitution.
The Constitution is now the Law of the Land!!!
America Creates a Republic
Republic (Democratic Republic) Gov’t where the people
elect representatives to govern and make laws on their behalf (Rome)
Democracy People themselves vote on
issues (Greece)
Whiskey Rebellion
B/c of whisky tax, people stop buying whisky
Washington quickly steps in to put down rebellion Shows federal gov’t will not
tolerate rebellion any longer
Influences on the Constitution
Classical Theories of Government Ancient Athens: Direct
Democracy Ancient Rome: Republic
Enlightenment Voltaire: Freedom of
Speech/Religion Montesquieu: Separation of
Powers Beccaria: Speedy
Trial/Appropriate Punishment
Iroquois ConstitutionFundamental Orders of
Connecticut
Reflection
1. Why is the U.S. Constitution often referred to a “Bundle of Compromises”?
2. Explain how the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment influenced the writing of the Constitution?
3. How does a Democratic Republic reflect the Colonist fight with Great Britain over representation?
4. What were the major arguments for and against ratifying the Constitution? What 2 groups represented these arguments?
5. What was the significance of the Federalist Papers?