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Appendix 6. Excluded Articles

A6.1 Qualitative Review of ‘Views’

The following articles were excluded at full text assessment stage for the corresponding reasons.

Reference Exclusion ReasonAagesen D (2000) Rights to land and resources in Argentina's Alerces National Park. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19(4): 547-569. Exclude - methods not clearAbbot J I. O; Mace R (1999) Managing protected woodlands: fuelwood collection and law enforcement in lake Malawi national park. Conservation Biology. 13(2): 418-421.

Exclude 3 Not seeking people's views

Adams W M; Aveling R, Brockington D, Dickson B, Elliott J, Hutton J, Roe D, Vira B, Wolmer W (2004) Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty. Science. 306(5699): 1146-1149.


Adhikari Keshav R; (2009) Irrigation intervention: a strategy for conserving biodiversity and improving food security in Royal Chitwan National Park buffer zone, Nepal. . (Journal Article): .


Agbogidi Oghenerioborue Mary; Ofuoku Albert Ukaro; (2006) Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus. 71(3): 103-110.

Exclude 5 Not empirical study - An overview or review of the literature

Agrawal Arun, Redford Kent (2006) Poverty, development, and biodiversity conservation: shooting in the dark?. ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14302012783


Akama J S; Lant C L; Burnett G W; (1995) CONFLICTING ATTITUDES TOWARD STATE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PROGRAMS IN KENYA. Society & Natural Resources. 8(2): 133-144.

Exclude 4 Publication date pre-1992

Alcorn Janis B; Zarzycki Alejo, de la Cruz , Luis Maria (2010) Poverty, governance and conservation in the Gran Chaco of South America. Biodiversity (Ottawa). 11(1-2, Sp. Iss. SI): 39-44. Exclude - methods not clearAli I M; Maskill R (2004) Functional wildlife parks: The views of Kenyan children who live with them. Natural Resources Forum. 28(3): 205-215. Exclude - methods not clearAlpizar F (2006) The pricing of protected areas in nature-based tourism: A local perspective. Ecological Economics. 56(2): 294-307.


Amita Shah (2004) Linking conservation with livelihood: lessons from management of Gir-protected area in Western India. . (148): 42 pp..


Ancrenaz Marc, Dabek Lisa, O'Neil Susan (2007) The costs of exclusion: Recognizing a role for local communities in biodiversity conservation. Plos Biology. 5(11): 2443-2448.


Anitha V, Muraleedharan P K; Binilkumar A S; (2006) Human-related constraints in protected area management - manifestations and causatives. Economic and Political Weekly. 41(10): 919-924.


Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y (2003) Power conflicts and representations at the interface between societies and protected areas: the Kerinci Seblat national park in Indonesia. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques. (278): 77-92.


Axford Joanna C; Hockings Marc T; Carter R W. Bill; (2008) What Constitutes Success in Pacific Island Community Conserved Areas?. Ecology and Society. 13(2): . Exclude - methods not clearAxford Joanna C; Hockings Marc T; Carter R W. Bill; (2008) What Constitutes Success in Pacific Island Community Conserved Areas?. Ecology and Society. 13(2): .

Exclude 2 Not about protected areas

Badola R, Hussain S A; (2003) Conflict in paradise: Women and protected areas in the Indian Himalayas. Mountain Research and Development. 23(3): 234-237.


Barbic A (1992) Social typology of (rural) households as an element of rural spatial and economic development planning. Socialna tipologija (kmeckih) gospodinjstev kot sestavina strokovnih osnov prostorskega in gospodarskega nacrtovanja razvoja podezelja. 21-22: 40-55.


Barkin D (2003) Alleviating poverty through ecotourism: Promises and reality in the Monarch butterfly reserve of Mexico. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 5(3-4): 371-382.


Basset Karine-Larissa (2010) Forms, stakeholders and challenges of participation in the creation of the Cevennes National Park (1950-1970). Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research. 98(1): 55-67.


Bateman I J; Langford I H; (1997) Non-users' willingness to pay for a national park: an application and critique of the contingent valuation method. Regional Studies. 31(6): 571-582.


Bearth Thomas, Baya Joseph (2010) Civil war and ecological resilience: The case of the Mont Sangbe National Park in Western Cote d'ivoire. Cahiers Agricultures. 19(3): 220-226.


Belova Svetlana U; (2007) Protected areas and benefits: Russian experience. In: Jokimaki J KaisanlahtiJokimaki M. L. Tuulentie S. Laine K. Uu; Environment, Local Society and Sustainable Tourism. : , pages 119-124. Exclude - methods not clearBennett N, Lemelin R H; Johnston M (2010) Using the social economy in tourism: a study of national park creation and community development in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Rural and Community Development. 5(1): 200-220. Exclude - methods not clearBhatt Seema (2003) Linking livelihoods with conservation - An enterprise-based approach to Biosphere Reserve management. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. 31(1-2): 147-158.


Bilbao Bibiana A; Leal Alejandra V; Mendez Carlos L; (2010) Indigenous Use of Fire and Forest Loss in Canaima National Park, Venezuela. Assessment of and Tools for Alternative Strategies of Fire Management in Pemn Indigenous Lands. Human Ecology. 38(5): 663-673.


Bin Muzaffar, Sabir , Islam M Anwarul; Kabir Dihider Shahriar; Khan Mamunul Hoque; Ahmed Farid Uddin; Chowdhury Gawsia Wahidunnessa; Aziz M Abdul; Chakma Suprio, Jahan Israt (2011) The endangered forests of Bangladesh: why the process of implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity is not working. Biodiversity and Conservation. 20(7): 1587-1601.


Binot A, Hanon L, Joiris D V; Dulieu D (2009) The challenge of participatory natural resource management with mobile herders at the scale of a Sub-Saharan African protected area. . 18(10): 2645-2662.


Binot Aurelie, Castel Vincent, Caron Alexandre (2006) Wildlife/livestock interface in subSaharan Africa. Secheresse (Montrouge). 17(1-2): 349-361.


Blaney S (2009) Nutritional status and dietary adequacy in rural communities of a protected area in Gabon. . (Journal Article): .


Blaney S, Beaudry M, Latham M (2009) Contribution of natural resources to nutritional status in a protected area of Gabon. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 30(1): 49-62. Exclude - methods not clearBlaney S, Beaudry M, Latham M (2009) Determinants of undernutrition in rural communities of a protected area in Gabon. Public Health Nutrition. 12(10): 1711-1725. Exclude - methods not clearBlouch R A; (2010) Zoning for people within Indonesia's Kerinci Seblat National Park. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 29(2/4): 432-450.


Bodesmo M, Pacicco L, Romano B, Ranfa A (2011) The role of environmental and socio-demographic indicators in the analysis of land use changes in a protected area of the Natura 2000 Network: the case study of Lake Trasimeno, Umbria, Central Italy. Environ Monit Assess. : .


Bolland L P; Drew A P; Vergara-Tenorio C (2006) Analysis of a natural resources management system in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Landscape and Urban Planning. 74(3-4): 223-241.


Bond A C; (2009) Contextual analysis of agroforestry adoption in the buffer zone of Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 28(6/7): 825-843.


Bondya S L; Singh K P; Khanna K K; (2009) Exploitation of ethno-medicinal plants and their marketing status in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 25(1/2): 33-37.


Bonheur N, Lane B D; (2002) Natural resources management for human security in Cambodia's Tonle Sap biosphere reserve. Environmental Science and Policy. 5(1): 33-41.


Bonta M (2005) Becoming-forest, becoming-local: transformations of a protected area in Honduras. Geoforum. 36(1): 95-112.


Bookbinder M P; Dinerstein E, Rijal A, Cauley H, Rajouria A (1998) Ecotourism's support of biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology. 12(6): 1399-1404.


Booth K (2009) Applying the Beneficial Outcomes Approach (BOA) to protected area management planning on


Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealand.Botha J, Witkowski E T. F; Shackleton C M; Fairbanks D H. K; (2004) Socio-economic differentiation in the trade of wildlife species for traditional medicines in the Lowveld, South Africa: Implications for resource management initiatives. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 11(3): 280-297.


Braimah I, Tudzi E P; Baah-Ennumh T Y; (2009) Land tenure as a challenge to the sustainability of the Amokwao Community Resource Management Area in Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. 11(1): 128-148.


Brandon K E; Wells M (1992) PLANNING FOR PEOPLE AND PARKS - DESIGN DILEMMAS. World Development. 20(4): 557-570.


Brandon K, Gorenflo L J; Rodrigues A S. L; Waller R W; (2005) Reconciling biodiversity conservation, people, protected areas, and agricultural suitability in Mexico. World Development. 33(9): 1403-1418.


Brandon Katrina, Turner Will R; Schroth Goetz, Bakarr Mohamed (2008) Benefits of biodiversity conservation to agriculture and rural livelihoods. Biodiversity (Ottawa). 9(1-2): 82-85.


Bray David Barton; Duran Elvira, Ramos Victor Hugo; Mas Jean-Francois, Velazques Alejandro, McNab Roan Balas; Barry Deborah, Radachowsky Jeremy (2008) Tropical Deforestation, Community Forests, and Protected Areas in the Maya Forest. Ecology and Society. 13(2): .


Brenner L, Job H ( ) CHALLENGES TO ACTOR-ORIENTED ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE: EXAMPLES FROM THREE MEXICAN BIOSPHERE RESERVES. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. : . Exclude - methods not clearBrockington D, Igoe J, Schmidt-Soltau K (2006) Conservation, human rights, and poverty reduction. Conservation Biology. 20(1): 250-252.


Brockington D, Schmidt-Soltau K (2004) The social and environmental impacts of wilderness and development. Oryx. 38(2): 140-142.


Brown Kerry A; Flynn Dan F. B; Abram Nicola K; Ingram J Carter; Johnson Steig E; Wright Patricia (2011) Assessing Natural Resource Use by Forest-Reliant Communities in Madagascar Using Functional Diversity and Functional Redundancy Metrics. Plos One. 6(9): .


Brown M (2010) Social feasibility and biodiversity conservation: How prioritizing the linkage can also establish the conditions for poverty alleviation. Biodiversity. 11(1-2): 91-97.


Budhathoki P (2004) Linking communities with conservation in developing countries: buffer zone management initiatives in Nepal. Oryx. 38(3): 334-341.


Buergin R (2003) Shifting frames for local people and forests in a global heritage: the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in the context of Thailand's globalization and modernization. Geoforum. 34(3): 375-393.


Burmester A (2005) Socio-economic situation and land use conflicts in the Shirvan National Park Region, Azerbaijan. Archives of Nature Conservation and Landscape Research. 44(4): 101-128. Exclude - methods not clearBurmester A (2005) Socio-economic situation and land use conflicts in the Shirvan National Park Region, Azerbaijan. Archives of Nature Conservation and Landscape Research. 44(4): 101-128.


Burns P M; Barrie S (2005) Race, space and 'our own piece of Africa': doing good in Luphisi village?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 13(5): 468-485. Exclude - methods not clearBury J (2008) New geographies of tourism in Peru: Nature-based tourism and conservation in the Cordillera Huayhuash. Tourism Geographies. 10(3): 312-333.


Bushell R, Eagles P (2007) Tourism and protected areas: benefits beyond boundaries. The Vth IUCN World Parks Congress. : .


Campbell A, Clark S, Coad L, Miles L, Bolt K, Roe D (2008) Protecting the future: Carbon, forests, protected areas and local livelihoods. Biodiversity. 9(3-4): 117-121.


Carmody J, Prideaux B (2011) Enhancing the role of host communities in the management of protected areas through effective two-way communications: a case study. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 16(1): 89-104.


Carr David L; (2008) Farm households and land use in a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. Human Ecology. 36(2): 231-248.


Carri C B; (1985) The evaluation of the costs and benefits of a natural park. La valutazione dei costi e del benefici di un parco naturale.. 48(3-4): 55-64.


Carruthers Jane (2011) Pilanesberg National Park, North West Province, South Africa: Uniting economic development with ecological design - A history, 1960s to 1984. Koedoe. 53(1): .


Castro A J; Martin-Lopez B, Garcia-Llorente M, Aguilera P A; Lopez E, Cabello J (2011) Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Journal of Arid Environments. 75(11): 1201-1208. Exclude - methods not clearCernea M M; Schmidt-Soltau K (2008) Corrigendum to "Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement" [World Development 34 (2006) 1808-1830] (DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008). World Development. 36(12): 2966.


Cernea Michael M; Schmidt-Soltau Kai (2006) Poverty risks and national parks: Policy issues in conservation and resettlement. World Development. 34(10): 1808-1830.


Chan Kai M. A; Pringle Robert M; Ranganathan Jai, Boggs Carol L; Chan Yvonne L; Ehrlich Paul R; Haff Peter K; Heller Nicole E; Al-Krafaji Karim, Macmynowski Dena P; (2007) When agendas collide: Human welfare and biological conservation. Conservation Biology. 21(1): 59-68.


Chang C Y; Hammitt W E; Chen P K; Machnik L, Su W C; Exclude 2 Not about

(2008) Psychophysiological responses and restorative values of natural environments in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Planning. 85(2): 79-84. protected areasChantachon S (2009) Luang Prabang, economy, society and culture. Social Sciences. 4(1): 91-95.


Chantarat Sommarat, Barrett Christopher B; Janvilisri Tavan, Mudsri Sittichai, Niratisayakul Chularat, Poonswad Pilai (2011) Index insurance for pro-poor conservation of hornbills in Thailand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108(34): 13951-13956.


Chardonnet P, Soto B, Fritz H, Crosmary W, Drouet-Hoguet N, Mesochina P, Pellerin M, Mallon D, Bakker L, Boulet H, Lamarque F (2010) Managing the conflicts between people and lion: review and insights from the literature and field experience. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.


Chatelard G (2003) Conflicts of interest over the Wadi Rum Reserve: were they avoidable? A socio-political critique. Nomadic Peoples. 7(1): 138-158.


Chicchon Avecita (2009) Working with indigenous peoples to conserve nature: Examples from Latin America. Conservation and Society. 7: 15.


Clark S G; Cherney D N; Ashton M S; (2009) Development and environmental challenges, Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 28(6/7): 597-613.


Clemmer R O; (2004) "The legal effect of the judgment": Indian land claims, ecological anthropology, social impact assessment, and the public domain. Human Organization. 63(3): 334-345. Exclude - methods not clearColchester M (2004) Conservation policy and indigenous peoples. Environmental Science & Policy. 7(3): 145-153. Exclude - methods not clear

Colchester M (2004) Conservation policy and indigenous peoples. Environmental Science & Policy. 7(3): 145-153.


Collier N, Boedhihartono A K; Sayer J (2009) Indigenous livelihoods and the global environment: Understanding relationships. : . Exclude - methods not clearCollier Neil, Campbell Bruce M; Sandker Marieke, Garnett Stephen T; Sayer Jeffrey, Boedhihartono Agni Klintuni; (2011) Science for action: the use of scoping models in conservation and development. Environmental Science & Policy. 14(6): 628-638.


Connor T (2005) Place, belonging and population displacement: New ecological reserves in Mozambique and South Africa. Development Southern Africa. 22(3): 365-382.


Coomes O T; Barham B L; Takasaki Y (2004) Targeting conservation-development initiatives in tropical forests: insights from analyses of rain forest use and economic reliance among Amazonian peasants. Ecological Economics. 51(1-2): 47-64.


Cousins B, Hoffman M T; Allsopp N, Rohde R F; (2007) A synthesis of sociological and biological perspectives on sustainable land use in Namaqualand. Journal of Arid


Environments. 70(4): 834-846.Cox Paul Alan; Elmqvist Thomas (1993) Ecocolonialism and indigenous knowledge systems: Village controlled rainforest preserves in Samoa. Pacific Conservation Biology. 1(1): 6-13.


Curran Bryan, Sunderland Terry, Maisels Fiona, Oates John, Asaha Stella, Balinga Michael, Defo Louis, Dunn Andrew, Telfer Paul, Usongo Leonard, Loebenstein Karinvon, Roth Philipp (2009) Are central Africa′s protected areas displacing hundreds of thousands of rural poor?. Conservation and Society. 7: 30.


Cusack D, Dixon L (2006) Community-based ecotourism and sustainability: Cases in Bocas del Toro Province, Panama and Talamanca, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 22(1-2): 157-182. Exclude - methods not clearCusack D, Dixon L (2006) Community-based ecotourism and sustainability: Cases in Bocas del Toro Province, Panama and Talamanca, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 22(1-2): 157-182.


Cusick J (2009) At the intersection of resident, research and recreation stakeholder interests: East Maui, Hawai'i, as a sustainable tourism destination. Island Studies Journal. 4(2): 183-202.


Daconto Giuseppe, Sherpa Lhakpa Norbu; (2010) Applying Scenario Planning to Park and Tourism Management in Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development. 30(2): 103-112. Exclude - methods not clearDahlquist R M; Whelan M P; Winowiecki L, Polidoro B, Candela S, Harvey C A; Wulfhorst J D; McDaniel P A; Bosque-Perez N A; (2007) Incorporating livelihoods in biodiversity conservation: a case study of cacao agroforestry systems in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Biodiversity and Conservation. 16(8): 2311-2333. Exclude - methods not clearDahlquist R M; Whelan M P; Winowiecki L, Polidoro B, Candela S, Harvey C A; Wulfhorst J D; McDaniel P A; Bosque-Perez N A; (2007) Incorporating livelihoods in biodiversity conservation: a case study of cacao agroforestry systems in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Biodiversity and Conservation. 16(8): 2311-2333.


Dalal-Clayton B, Child B (2003) Lessons from Luangwa - the story of the Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project, Zambia. . (13): xxviii + 338 pp.. Exclude - methods not clearDalal-Clayton B, Child B (2003) Lessons from Luangwa - the story of the Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project, Zambia. . (13): xxviii + 338 pp..


Davis D, Weiler B (1992) Kakadu National Park - conflicts in a World Heritage Area. Tourism Management. 13(3): 313-320.


Davis SH ed; (1993) The social challenge of biodiversity conservation. : .


de Koning , Free , Aguinaga Marcela, Bravo Manuel, Chiu Marco, Lascano Max, Lozada Tannya, Suarez Luis (2011) Bridging the gap between forest conservation and poverty


alleviation: the Ecuadorian Socio Bosque program. Environmental Science & Policy. 14(5): 531-542.Dearden P, Chettamart S, Emphandu D, Tanakanjana N (1996) National parks and hill tribes in Northern Thailand: A case study of Doi Inthanon. Society & Natural Resources. 9(2): 125-141.


DeFries Ruth, Hansen Andrew, Turner B L; Reid Robin, Liu Jianguo (2007) Land use change around protected areas: Management to balance human needs and ecological function. Ecological Applications. 17(4): 1031-1038.


deKoninck Vanessa (2007) Deconstructing the stakeholder: A case study from Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, Australia. International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management. 3(2): 77-87.


Delang C O; (2006) The role of wild food plants in poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in tropical countries. Progress in Development Studies. 6(4): 275-286. Exclude - methods not clearDelang C O; (2006) The role of wild food plants in poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in tropical countries. Progress in Development Studies. 6(4): 275-286.


Delcore Henry D; (2007) The racial distribution of privilege in a Thai national park. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 38(1): 83-105. Exclude - methods not clearDelgado Herrera, A (2002) From an intuitive to a systematic gender perspective: experiences from Peru. Mountain Research and Development. 22(3): 216-220.


Deng Xiaomei, Wang Yuhong, Li Bojin, An Tianyi (2010) Poverty issues in a national wildlife reserve in China. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 17(6): 529-541. Exclude - methods not clearDi Gregorio M (2008) Forest Tenure and Local Well-being: Evidence from Indonesia. IASC 12th Biennial Conference, Governing Shared Resources: Connecting Local Experience to Global Challenges, .


Díaz S, Fargione J, Chapin 3rd, F S, Tilman D (2006) Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biology. 4(8): .


Dovie D B. K; (2003) Detaining livelihoods and disputing biodiversity: Whose dilemma?. Ethics, Place and Environment. 6(1): 27-41. Exclude - methods not clearDressler Wolfram, Buescher Bram, Schoon Michael, Brockington Dan, Hayes Tanya, Kull Christian A; McCarthy James, Shrestha Krishna (2010) From hope to crisis and back again? A critical history of the global CBNRM narrative. Environmental Conservation. 37(1): 5-15.


Dressler Wolfram, Turner Sarah (2008) The Persistence of Social Differentiation in the Philippine Uplands. Journal of Development Studies. 44(10): 1450-1473.


Dudley Nigel, Higgins-Zogib Liza, Mansourian Stephanie (2009) The Links between Protected Areas, Faiths, and Sacred Natural Sites. Conservation Biology. 23(3): 568-577.


Dudley Nigel, Mansourian Stephanie, Stolton Sue, Suksuwan Surin (2010) Do protected areas contribute to

Exclude 5 Not empirical study - An overview or

poverty reduction?. Biodiversity (Ottawa). 11(3-4): 5-7. review of the literatureDurbin J C; Ralambo J A; (1994) THE ROLE OF LOCAL PEOPLE IN THE SUCCESSFUL MAINTENANCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN MADAGASCAR. Environmental Conservation. 21(2): 115-120.


Durrant J O; Shumway J M; (2004) Attitudes toward wilderness study areas: A survey of six southeastern Utah counties. Environmental Management. 33(2): 271-283. Exclude - methods not clearDuthy Stephen (2002) Whian Whian--State Forest or National Park: Community Attitudes and Economic Values. Economic Analysis and Policy, 32(2), Special Issue June 2002, pp. 91-111. : . Exclude - methods not clearEdge Sara, McAllister Mary Louise; (2009) Place-based local governance and sustainable communities: lessons from Canadian biosphere reserves. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 52(3): 279-295.


Elsasser H, Seiler C, Scheurer T (1995) The regional economic impacts of the Swiss National Park. Mountain Research and Development. 15(1): 77-79.


Erdeli G, Dinca A I; (2011) Tourism - A vulnerable strength in the protected areas of the Romanian Carpathians. , .


Ericson J A; (2006) A participatory approach to conservation in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche, Mexico. Landscape and Urban Planning. 74(3/4): 242-266.


Escamilla A, Sanvicente M, Sosa M, Galindo-Leal C (2000) Habitat mosaic, wildlife availability, and hunting in the tropical forest of Calakmul, Mexico. Conservation Biology. 14(6): 1592-1601.


Ezebilo E E; (2010) Community-Based Preferences for Economic Incentives to Promote Biodiversity Conservation in a Tropical Rainforest. International Journal of Environmental Research. 4(3): 501-506. Exclude - methods not clearEzebilo E E; (2010) Community-Based Preferences for Economic Incentives to Promote Biodiversity Conservation in a Tropical Rainforest. International Journal of Environmental Research. 4(3): 501-506.


Ezebilo E E; (2011) Community Forestry as Perceived by Local People Around Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Environ Manage. : .


Ezebilo Eugene E; (2011) Local participation in forest and biodiversity conservation in a Nigerian rain forest. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 18(1): 42-47.


Fairhead J, Leach M (1994) Contested forests: Modern conservation and historical land use in guinea's ziama reserve. African Affairs. 93(373): 481-512.


Fay D A; (2011) Post-apartheid transformations and population change around Dwesa-Cwebe nature reserve, South Africa. Conservation and Society. 9(1): 8-15.


Fay Derick (2009) Land Tenure, Land Use, and Land Reform at Dwesa-Cwebe, South Africa: Local Transformations and the Limits of the State. World Development. 37(8): 1424-1433.


Ferraro P J; (2002) The local costs of establishing protected areas in low-income nations: Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Ecological Economics. 43(2/3): 261-275. Exclude - methods not clearFerraro Paul J; Hanauer Merlin M; (2011) Protecting Ecosystems and Alleviating Poverty with Parks and Reserves: 'Win-Win' or Tradeoffs?. Environmental & Resource Economics. 48(2): 269-286.


Ferraro Paul J; Hanauer Merlin M; Sims Katharine R. E; (2011) Conditions associated with protected area success in conservation and poverty reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108(34): 13913-13918.


Ferraro Paul J; Kramer Randall A; (1997) Compensation and economic incentives: reducing pressure on protected areas. : .


Ferreira Sanette Lacea; (2011) Balancing people and park: towards a symbiotic relationship between Cape Town and Table Mountain National Park. Current Issues in Tourism. 14(3): 275-293.


Fifanou Vodouhe G; Ousmane Coulibaly, Gauthier Biaou, Brice Sinsin (2011) Traditional agroforestry systems and biodiversity conservation in Benin (West Africa). Agroforestry Systems. 82(1): 1-13.


Fisher Brendan, Polasky Stephen, Sterner Thomas (2011) Conservation and Human Welfare: Economic Analysis of Ecosystem Services. Environmental & Resource Economics. 48(2): 151-159.


Fiu Mataese Elisara-Laulu; (2008) A review of Samoa's implementation of the CBD programme of work on protected areas. : Ole Siosiomaga Society Incorporated (OLSSI).


Flaaten Ola (2010) Nature Reserves as a Bioeconomic Management Tool: A Simplified Modelling Approach. . (Journal Article): .


Fletcher Roland, Johnson Ian, Bruce Eleanor, Khun-Neay Khuon (2007) Living with heritage: site monitoring and heritage values in Greater Angkor and the Angkor World Heritage Site, Cambodia. World Archaeology. 39(3): 385-405.


Foerster Steffen, Wilkie David S; Morelli Gilda A; Demmer Josefien, Starkey Malcolm, Telfer Paul, Stei Matthew (2011) Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns. Oryx. 45(3): 347-356.


Fournier Anne (2011) Consequences of wooded shrine rituals on vegetation conservation in West Africa: a case study from the Bwaba cultural area (West Burkina Faso). Biodiversity and Conservation. 20(9): 1895-1910. Exclude - methods not clearFraga J (2006) Local perspectives in conservation politics: the case of the Ría Lagartos Biosphere Reserve, Yucatán, México. Landscape and Urban Planning. 74(3/4): 285-295.


Fredman P, Friberg L H; Emmelin L (2007) Increased visitation from national park designation. Current Issues in Tourism. 10(1): 87-95.


Gachanja M K; (2003) Public perception of forests as a motor for change: The case of Kenya. Unasylva. 54(213): 59-62.


Gaesing K (2011) Balancing livelihood needs and environmental protection. Rural 21. 45(3): 36-39.


Galicia Leopoldo, Garcia-Romero Arturo (2007) Land use and land cover change in highland temperate forests in the Izta-Popo National Park, central Mexico. Mountain Research and Development. 27(1): 48-57.


Garcia-Frapolli Eduardo, Ayala-Orozco Barbara, Bonilla-Moheno Martha, Espadas-Manrique Celene, Ramos-Fernandez Gabriel (2007) Biodiversity conservation, traditional agriculture and ecotourism: Land cover/land use change projections for a natural protected area in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Landscape and Urban Planning. 83(2-3): 137-153. Exclude - methods not clearGarcia-Frapolli Eduardo, Ayala-Orozco Barbara, Bonilla-Moheno Martha, Espadas-Manrique Celene, Ramos-Fernandez Gabriel (2007) Biodiversity conservation, traditional agriculture and ecotourism: Land cover/land use change projections for a natural protected area in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Landscape and Urban Planning. 83(2-3): 137-153.


Garcia-Llorente Marina, Martin-Lopez Berta, Montes Carlos (2011) Exploring the motivations of protesters in contingent valuation: Insights for conservation policies. Environmental Science & Policy. 14(1): 76-88. Exclude - methods not clearGarda Adrian Antonio; Cardoso Da Silva; Jose Maria, Baiao Patricia Carvalho; (2010) Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in the Amazon. Systematics and Biodiversity. 8(2): 169-175.


Gaveau David L. A; Linkie Matthew, Suyadi , Levang Patrice, Leader-Williams Nigel (2009) Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: Effects of coffee prices, law enforcement and rural poverty. Biological Conservation. 142(3): 597-605.


Gavin Michael C; Anderson Gregory J; (2007) Socioeconomic predictors of forest use values in the Peruvian Amazon: A potential tool for biodiversity conservation. Ecological Economics. 60(4): 752-762.


Geisler C (2003) A new kind of trouble: evictions in Eden. International Social Science Journal. 55(1): 69-+. Exclude - methods not clearGetzner M (2003) The economic impact of national parks: the perception of key actors in Austrian national parks. International Journal of Sustainable Development. 6(2): 183-202.


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EVIDENCE OF IMPACTS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE UNITED-STATES. Environmental Conservation. 21(3): 242-247. review of the literatureStaddon C, Cellarius B (2002) Paradoxes of conservation and development in postsocialist Bulgaria: recent controversies. European Environment. 12(2): 105-116.


Struhsaker T T; Struhsaker P J; Siex K S; (2005) Conserving Africa's rain forests: problems in protected areas and possible solutions. Biological Conservation. 123(1): 45-54.


Suich Helen (2010) The livelihood impacts of the Namibian community based natural resource management programme: a meta-synthesis. Environmental Conservation. 37(1): 45-53.


Taff G (2005) Conflict between global and local land-use values in Latvia's Gauja National Park. Landscape Research. 30(3): 415-430.


Tambe Sandeep, Rawat G S; (2009) Ecology, Economics, and Equity of the Pastoral Systems in the Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim Himalaya, India. Ambio. 38(2): 95-100.


Tanner R J; Freimund W A; Borrie W T; Moisey R N; (2008) A meta-study of the values of visitors to four protected areas in the western United States. Leisure Sciences. 30(5): 377-390.


Tebtebba Foundation Indigenous People’s International Centre for Polic; (2008) Philippine Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas: Review of Policy and Implementation. : Forest Peoples Programme.


Thaworn R, Kelley L, Yasmi Y (2010) Can biodiversity conservation go hand in hand with local livelihoods? A case of conflict resolution in Thailand. Unasylva. 61(236): 28-33.


The International Fund for Agricultural Development; ( ) IFAD in China: The Rural Poor Speak. . : .


Timko Joleen, Satterfield Terre (2008) Criteria and indicators for evaluating social equity and ecological integrity in national parks and protected areas. Natural Areas Journal. 28(3): 307-319.


Tisdell C, Wen J (1997) Total economic evaluation of protected areas. Annals of Tourism Research. 24(4): 992-994.


Tomic´evic´ J, Zlatic´ M, Milovanovic´ M (2006) Local attitudes toward management of natural resources in the Tara National Park. , Zürich.


Tran Triet (2010) Combining biodiversity conservation with poverty alleviation - a case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 13(1): 41-46.


Trau A, Bushell R (2008) Tourism and indigenous peoples. In: . Wallingford: CABI, pages 260-282. Exclude - methods not clearTurner M D; (1999) No space for participation: pastoralist narratives and the etiology of park-herder conflict in southeastern Niger. Land Degradation & Development. 10(4): 345-363.


Turton David (2011) Wilderness, wasteland or home? Three ways of imagining the Lower Omo Valley. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 5(1): 158-176.


Twyman C (2000) Livelihood opportunity and diversity in Kalahari Wildlife Management Areas, Botswana: Rethinking community resource management. Journal of Southern African Studies. 26(4): 783-806.


Usongo L, Nkanje B T; (2004) Participatory approaches towards forest conservation: the case of Lobéké National Park, southeast Cameroon. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 11(2): 119-127.


Vandergeest P (1996) Property rights in protected areas: Obstacles to community involvement as a solution in Thailand. Environmental Conservation. 23(3): 259-268.


Venant M ( ) Securing Indigenous people's rights in conservation: reviewing and promoting progress in Cameroon. : The Forest Peoples Programme. Exclude - methods not clearVorlaufer K (2002) CAMPFIRE - The political ecology of poverty alleviation, wildlife utilisation and biodiversity conservation in Zimbabwe. CAMPFIRE - Die Politische Ökologie der Armutsbekämpfung, Wildtiernutzung und des Biodiversitätsschutzes in Zimbabwe. 56(2): 184-206.


Wadley Reed Lee; Colfer Carol J. Pierce; Dennis Rona, Aglionby Julia (2010) The 'Social Life' of Conservation: Lessons from Danau Sentarum. Ecology and Society. 15(4): . Exclude - methods not clearWadley Reed Lee; Colfer Carol J. Pierce; Dennis Rona, Aglionby Julia (2010) The 'Social Life' of Conservation: Lessons from Danau Sentarum. Ecology and Society. 15(4): .


Walker J, Mitchell B, Wismer S (2001) Livelihood strategy approach to community-based planning and assessment: a case study of Molas, Indonesia. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 19(4): 297-309. Exclude - methods not clearWang Chengchao, Yang Yusheng, Zhang Yaoqi (2011) Economic Development, Rural livelihoods, and Ecological Restoration: Evidence from China. Ambio. 40(1): 78-87.


Warner M (1997) 'Consensus' participation: an example for protected areas planning. Public Administration and Development. 17(4): 413-432.


Warnner M (2000) Conflict Management in Community-Based Natural Resource Projects: Experiences from Fiji and Papua New Guinea. : Overseas Development Institute. Exclude - methods not clearWatts Scotney, Faasen Helena (2009) COMMUNITY-BASED CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE TSITSIKAMMA NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA. South African Geographical Journal. 91(1): 25-37. Exclude - methods not clearWièsmann U, Liechti K (2004) The contributions of World Natural Heritage sites to sustainable regional development - Two case studies from the north and the south. La contribution des biens naturels du Patrimoine Mondial au développement régional durable: Deux études de cas dans


le Nord et le Sud. 92(3): 73-94.Wiesmann U, Liechti K, Rist S (2005) Between Conservation and development: concretizing the first World Natural Heritage Site in the Alps through participatory processes. Mountain Research and Development. 25(2): 128-138. Exclude - methods not clearWilkie D S; Morelli G A; Demmer J, Starkey M, Telfer P, Steil M (2006) Parks and people: Assessing the human welfare effects of establishing protected areas for biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology. 20(1): 247-249.


Winkler R (2011) Why do ICDPs fail?. The relationship between agriculture, hunting and ecotourism in wildlife conservation. Resource and Energy Economics. 33(1): 55-78.


Wittemyer George, Elsen Paul, Bean William T; Burton A Coleman O; Brashares Justin S; (2008) Accelerated human population growth at protected area edges. Science. 321(5885): 123-126.


Wittmayer J M; Büscher B (2011) Conserving Conflict? Transfrontier Conservation, Development Discourses and Local Conflict Between South Africa and Lesotho. Human Ecology. 38(6): 763-773.


Wolmer W (2003) Transboundary conservation: the politics of ecological integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Journal of Southern African Studies. 29(1): 261-278. Exclude - methods not clearWolmer W (2003) Transboundary conservation: the politics of ecological integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Journal of Southern African Studies. 29(1): 261-278.


Woodburne O, Mbemmbe B, Lofe B, Ndobola J P; Rosa B, Masongo G, Zobo S, Mokeso T, Esanza L, Memoanga V, Ngongo J, Yalima , Ette K, Ebammba D (2009) Securing indigenous people's rights in conservation: Review of policy and implementation in the Dzanga-Sangha Protected Area Complex. : Forest People's Programme. Exclude - methods not clearWright Patricia C; (1992) Primate ecology, rainforest conservation, and economic development: building a national park in Madagascar. Evolutionary Anthropology. 1(1): 25-33.


Yang X, Xu M (2003) Biodiversity conservation in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, northeastern China: Status, problem, and strategy. Biodiversity and Conservation. 12(5): 883-903.


Yi-fong C (2010) The indigenous ecotourism and social development in Taroko National Park area and San-Chan tribe, Taiwan. GeoJournal. : 1-11.


Zabčic´ R M; (2008) Rural tourism and entrepreneurship: example of the MeđImurje County. Acta Turistica Nova. 2(2): 181-204.


Zachrisson Anna, Sandell Klas, Fredman Peter, Eckerberg Katarina (2006) Tourism and protected areas: motives, actors and processes. International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management. 2(4): 350-358.


Zal N, Breda Z (2010) Tourism in protected areas: Exclude 3 Not seeking

observations from Kus cenneti National Park. Anatolia. 21(1): 73-87. people's viewsZhang ZhenGuo, Liu L, Li XueLi (2008) Ecotourism and nature reserve sustainability in environmentally fragile poor areas: the case of the Ordos Relict Gull Reserve in China. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy. 4(2): 12-22.


Zimmerman B, Peres C A; Malcolm J R; Turner T (2001) Conservation and development alliances with the Kayapo of south-eastern Amazonia, a tropical forest indigenous people. Environmental Conservation. 28(1): 10-22.


Zupan S (2004) An investigation of agency perceptions of transboundary protected area cooperation: A case study of Wrangell-St.Elias and Kluane protected area complex. : .


A6.2 Quantitative Review of ‘Impacts’

The following articles were rejected at full text assessment stage for the corresponding reasons.

Rejection Reason Explanation

Comment paper or similar (no data)Article reports no empirical data collection and is not a broad, relevant review

Confounding variablesImportant variables have not been accounted for that may be responsible for observed results

Contradictory resultsArticle reports different results for the same study; possibly the result of error or insufficient detail

Data linked with marine ecosystem protection

Results cannot be separated between terrestrial and marine protected ecosystems

Inappropriate statisticsStatistical methods or reported metrics are not appropriate for the data

Inappropriate time frame

Temporal studies focus on a timeframe that is not relevant to the review question; i.e. establishment of the protected area or ICDP

Insufficient detail in methods Methods lack significant details

Lack of suitable comparatorComparator is not relevant to the presence of the protected area

Lack of suitable intervention A protected area is not the subject of study

Lack of suitable outcomeResults are presented for data that do not relate to human well-being

Lack of suitable population The study population are not national or not ‘users’

Non-standardised data (incomparable)

Data presented are not comparable between intervention and control; i.e. they have not been standardised

PA establishment too recent/not yet established

Protected area either too recently established to detect observable effects as a result of the establishment, or not yet established

Qualitative dataArticles do not report only qualitative data; referred to qualitative review team

Relevant Review

Article reports no empirical data collection but is a broad, relevant review; retained for bibliographic checks

Small sample size Extremely small sample size (n<10)

Superceded by more recent studyData analysed in the article are used in a more recent article

Other Details given

Reference Rejection ReasonAagesen, D. (2000). "Rights to land and resources in Argentina's Alerces National Park." Bulletin of Latin American Research 19(4): 547-569. Lack of suitable outcomeAbbasi Fletcher, S. (1990). "Parks, protected areas and local populations: New international issues and imperatives." Landscape and Urban Planning 19(2): 197-201.

Comment paper or similar (no data)

Abbot, J. I. O., D. H. L. Thomas, et al. (2001). "Understanding the links between conservation and development in the bamenda highlands, Cameroon." World Development 29(7): 1115-1136. Insufficient detail in methodsAbbot, J. I. O., F. G. Ananze, et al. (2000). Promoting Partnerships: Managing wildlife resources in Central and West Africa. Evaluating Eden Series 3. London, IEED. Lack of suitable outcomeAbdullah A. A. M. Abdul Rahman et al. (2006). The creation of an eco-tourism site: a case study of Pulau Singa Besar. Design and Nature III: Comparing Design in Nature with Science

Lack of suitable intervention

and Engineering. C. A. Brebbia. 87: 309-316.Abel T. (2003). "Understanding complex human ecosystems: The case of ecotourism on Bonaire." Conservation Ecology 7(3). Lack of suitable interventionAbidi-Habib M. and A. Lawrence (2007). "Revolt and remember: How the Shimshal Nature Trust develops and sustains social-ecological resilience in northern Pakistan." Ecology and Society 12(2). Qualitative dataAbrams, R. W., E. D. Anwana, et al. (2009). "Integrating Top-Down with Bottom-Up Conservation Policy in Africa." Conservation Biology 23(4): 799-804.


Adams, V. M., M. Mills, et al. (2011). "Improving social acceptability of marine protected area networks: a method for estimating opportunity costs to multiple gear types in both fished and currently unfished areas." Biological conservation 144(1): 350-361. Other (Marine PA)Adams, V. M., R. L. Pressey, et al. (2010). "Opportunity costs: Who really pays for conservation?" Biological Conservation 143(2): 439-448.

Other (Uses data from Naidoo & Adamowicz 2006)

Adams, W. M. and D. H. L. Thomas (1996). "Conservation and sustainable resource use in the Hadejia-Jama'are Valley, Nigeria." ORYX 30(2): 131-142.


Adams, W. M. and M. Infield (2003). "Who is on the gorilla's payroll? Claims on tourist revenue from a Ugandan National Park." World Development 31(1): 177-190. Lack of suitable comparatorAdams, W. M., R. Aveling, et al. (2004). "Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty." Science 306(5699): 1146-1149.


Addisu, A. (2008). "Honey production in Harenna forest of southern Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia: economic and conservation perspectives." Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences 7(1): 17-33. Lack of suitable comparatorAddo, F., E. O. A. Asibey, K. B. Quist & M. B. Dyson. 1994. The economic contribution of women and protected areas: Ghana and the bushmeat trade. Pages 99 – 115 in M.Munasinghe and J.McNeely, editors. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. World Bank and World Conservation Union, Washington, D.C Lack of suitable comparatorAdhikari, K. R. (2009). "Irrigation intervention: a strategy for conserving biodiversity and improving food security in Royal Chitwan National Park buffer zone, Nepal." (Journal Article). Lack of suitable comparatorAgbogidi, O. M. and A. U. Ofuoku (2006). "Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria." Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 71(3): 103-110.


Agee, J. K. (1980). "Issues and impacts of Redwood National Park expansion." Environmental Management 4(5): 407-423. Confounding variablesAguirre G, J. A. (2006). "Linking national parks with its gateway communities for tourism development in Central America: Nindiri, Nicaragua, Bagazit, Costa Rica and Portobelo, Panama." PASOS: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 4(3): 351-371. Lack of suitable comparatorAguirre J. A. (2006)b Estado de las relaciones del Parque Nacional Monumento Arqueologico Guayabo con las comunidades de Santa Cruz de Turrialba y Guayabo, Costa Rica. PASOS 4(1), 69-83

Other (Archeological park, not for conservation)

Akama, J. S., C. L. Lant, et al. (1995). "CONFLICTING ATTITUDES TOWARD STATE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PROGRAMS IN KENYA." Society & Natural Resources 8(2): 133-144. Lack of suitable comparatorAkyeampong, O. A. (2011). "Pro-poor tourism: residents' expectations, experiences and perceptions in the Kakum National Park Area of Ghana." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(2): 197-213. Lack of suitable comparator

Albers, H. J. and E. J. Z. Robinson (2007). "Spatial-temporal aspects of cost-benefit analysis for park management: an example from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand." Journal of Forest Economics 13(2/3): 129-150.

Other (Uses cost-benefit analysis to model different management scenarios, raw data in Albers 1992)

Albignac, R. (1991). PROJECT UNESCO-UNDP WITH MALAGASY GOVERNMENT CONSERVATION OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS PILOT OPERATIONS OF ECODEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITIES OF BASIS-BIOSPHERE RESERVES.


Alexander, S. E. and J. L. Whitehouse (2004). Challenges for balancing conservation and development through ecotourism: insights and implications from two Belizean case studies. Sustainable Tourism. F. D. B. C. A. Pineda. 9: 129-142. Lack of suitable interventionAli, I. M. and R. Maskill (2004). "Functional wildlife parks: The views of Kenyan children who live with them." Natural Resources Forum 28(3): 205-215. Qualitative dataAlkan, H., M. Korkmaz, et al. (2009). "ASSESSMENT OF PRIMARY FACTORS CAUSING POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE LOCAL PERCEPTIONS ON PROTECTED

Lack of suitable comparator

AREAS." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 17(1): 20-27.Allendorf, T. D. (2007). "Residents' attitudes toward three protected areas in southwestern Nepal." Biodiversity and Conservation 16(7): 2087-2102. Lack of suitable comparatorAllendorf, T., K. K. Swe, et al. (2006). "Community attitudes toward three protected areas in Upper Myanmar (Burma)." Environmental Conservation 33(4): 344-352. Lack of suitable comparatorAlonso, L. E. (2001). Biological and social assessments of the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, Peru, Conservation International, Center for Applied Biodiversity Sciences, Department of Conservation Biology.

Qualitative data, Lack of suitable outcome

Alpizar, F. (2006). "The pricing of protected areas in nature-based tourism: A local perspective." Ecological Economics 56(2): 294-307. Lack of suitable populationAlvarez, S. and S. L. Larkin (2010). "Valuing ecological restoration and recreational benefits in a mountain protected area: the case of Los Nevados National Park, Colombia." Journal of Sustainable Development 3(4): 3-16.

Lack of suitable intervention, Lack of suitable comparator

Álvarez-Farizo, B., N. Hanley, et al. (2001). "The value of leisure time: a contingent rating approach." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 44(5): 681-699.

Other (A methods paper rather than focussing on a particular PA)

Ambinakudige, S. (2011). "National parks, coffee and NTFPs: The livelihood capabilities of Adivasis in Kodagu, India." Journal of Political Ecology 18(1): 1-10. Qualitative dataAmirnejad, H., S. Khalilian, et al. (2006). "Estimating the existence value of north forests of Iran by using a contingent valuation method." Ecological Economics 58(4): 665-675. Lack of suitable interventionAmita, S. (2007). "Management of protected areas: exploring an alternative in Gir." Economic and Political Weekly 42(27/28): 2923-2930. Lack of suitable comparatorDalabajan, D. and R. Anda, Eds. (2009). Against the Tide:Enforcement and Governance in the Sulu Sulawesi Seas. Puerto Princesa City, Environmental Legal Assistance Centre. Other (Marine PA)Andam, K. S., P. J. Ferraro, et al. (2008). "Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(42): 16089-16094. Lack of suitable outcomeAndam, K. S., P. J. Ferraro, et al. (2009). Applying Quasi-Experimental Methods to Evaluate the Social Impacts of Protected Areas. Impact Evaluation Information Document No. 13, GEF Evaluation Office.

Superceded by more recent study

Andam, K.S. (2008) Essays on the evaluation of land use policy: the effects of regulatory protection on land use and social welfare. PhD thesis. Available at: http://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/1853/22622/1/andam_kwaw_s_200805_phd.pdf Contradictory resultsAnitha, V., P. K. Muraleedharan, et al. (2006). "Human-related constraints in protected area management - manifestations and causatives." Economic and Political Weekly 41(10): 919-924.

Relevant Review, Lack of suitable outcome, Comment paper or similar (no data)

Anthony, B. (2007). "The dual nature of parks: attitudes of neighbouring communities towards Kruger National Park, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 34(3): 236-245. Lack of suitable comparatorAnthony, B. and D. Moldovan (2008). "Poised for engagement? Local communities and Macin Mountains National Park, Romania." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 4(4): 230-241. Lack of suitable comparatorArchabald, K. and L. Naughton-Treves (2001). "Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities." Environmental Conservation 28(2): 135-149. Lack of suitable comparatorArjunan, M., C. Holmes, et al. (2006). "Do developmental initiatives influence local attitudes toward conservation? A case study from the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India." Journal of Environmental Management 79(2): 188-197. Lack of suitable comparatorAshley, C., N. Mdoe, et al. (2002). Rethinking wildlife for livelihoods and diversification in rural Tanzania: a case study from northern Selous, University of East Anglia. Lack of suitable comparatorAsquith, N. M., M. T. Vargas, et al. (2008). "Selling two environmental services: In-kind payments for bird habitat and watershed protection in Los Negros, Bolivia." Ecological Economics 65(4): 675-684. Lack of suitable interventionAziz, M. A. and M. M. Feeroz (2007). "Damage to agricultural crops by mammalian fauna at the fringes of Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh." Tigerpaper 34(2): 29-32. Lack of suitable comparatorAzzoni & Isai (1994) Estimating the costs of environmental protection in Brazil. Ecological Economics, 11: 127-133

Insufficient detail in methods, Lack of suitable population

Babulo, B. (2009). "Economic contribution of forest resource use to rural livelihoods in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia." (Journal Article). Lack of suitable interventionBadola, R. (1998). "Attitudes of local people towards conservation and alternatives to forest Lack of suitable comparator

resources: A case study from the lower Himalayas." Biodiversity and Conservation 7(10): 1245-1259.Badola, R. and S. A. Hussain (2003). "Conflict in paradise: Women and protected areas in the Indian Himalayas." Mountain Research and Development 23(3): 234-237.


Baird, T. D., P. W. Leslie, et al. (2009). "The Effect of Wildlife Conservation on Local Perceptions of Risk and Behavioral Response." Human Ecology 37(4): 463-474. Lack of suitable comparatorBallantyne R. J. Packer et al. (2009). "Tourists' support for conservation messages and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences." Tourism Management 30(5): 658-664. Lack of suitable populationBan, N. C., C. R. Picard, et al. (2009). "Comparing and Integrating Community‐Based and Science-Based Approaches to Prioritizing Marine Areas for Protection." Conservation Biology 23(4): 899-910. Other (Marine PA)Bandyopadhyay S. M. Humavindu et al. (2009). "Benefits to local communities from community conservancies in Namibia: an assessment." Development Southern Africa 26(5): 733-754. Lack of suitable interventionBanskota & Sharma 1995. Tourism for mountain community development: case study report on the Annapurna and Gorkha regions of Nepal Lack of suitable interventionBaral N. M. J. Stern et al. (2008). "Contingent valuation of ecotourism in Annapurna conservation area Nepal: Implications for sustainable park finance and local development." Ecological Economics 66(2-3): 218-227. Lack of suitable populationBaral, N. and J. T. Heinen (2007). "Resources use, conservation attitudes, management intervention and park-people relations in the Western Terai landscape of Nepal." Environmental Conservation 34(1): 64-72. Lack of suitable comparatorBarkin D. (2003). "Alleviating poverty through ecotourism: Promises and reality in the Monarch butterfly reserve of Mexico." Environment Development and Sustainability 5(3-4): 371-382.


Barkmann J. G. Burkard et al. (2010). Land tenure rights village institutions and rainforest conversion in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). Qualitative dataBarnes J. I. C. Schier et al. (1999). "Tourists' willingness to pay for wildlife viewing and wildlife conservation in Namibia." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 29(4): 101-111. Lack of suitable populationBarnes, J. I. (1996). "Economic characteristics of the demand for wildlife-viewing tourism in Botswana." Development Southern Africa 13(3): 377-397. Lack of suitable populationBarrick, K. A. and R. I. Beazley (1990). "Magnitude and distribution of option value for the Washakie Wilderness, northwest Wyoming, USA." Environmental Management 14(3): 367-380. Inappropriate time frameBarton D. N. D. P. Faith et al. (2009). "Environmental service payments: Evaluating biodiversity conservation trade-offs and cost-efficiency in the Osa Conservation Area Costa Rica." Journal of Environmental Management 90(2): 901-911. Lack of suitable outcomeBateman, I. J. and I. H. Langford (1997). "Non-users' willingness to pay for a national park: an application and critique of the contingent valuation method." Regional Studies 31(6): 571-582. Lack of suitable populationBatisse, M. (1997). "Biosphere reserves: A challenge for biodiversity conservation and regional development." Environment 39(5): 6-7+13.


Bauer I. (2008). "The health impact of tourism on local and indigenous populations in resource-poor countries." Travel medicine and infectious disease 6(5): 276-291. Lack of suitable interventionBauer, H. (2003). "Local perceptions of Waza National Park, northern Cameroon." Environmental Conservation 30(2): 175-181. Lack of suitable comparatorBecker C. D. A. Agreda et al. (2005). "Community-based monitoring of fog capture and biodiversity at Loma Alta Ecuador enhance social capital and institutional cooperation." Biodiversity and Conservation 14(11): 2695-2707.

Qualitative data, Lack of suitable intervention

Bedunah, D. J. and S. M. Schmidt (2004). "Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park." Development and Change 35(1): 167-191. Lack of suitable comparatorBelkayali, N., M. Atan, et al. (2010). "Determination of economic value of Goreme Historical National Park via contingent valuation method." Scientific Research and Essays 5(9): 934-940. Lack of suitable populationBelova, S. U. (2007). Protected areas and benefits: Russian experience. Environment, Local Society and Sustainable Tourism. J. K. M. L. T. S. L. K. U. Jokimaki. 50: 119-124.


Belsky J. M. (1999). "Misrepresenting communities: The politics of community-based rural Lack of suitable comparator

ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee Belize." Rural Sociology 64(4): 641-666.Benjaminsen, T. A., T. Kepe, et al. (2008). "Between global interests and local needs: Conservation and land reform in Namaqualand, South Africa." Africa 78(2): 223-244. Lack of suitable comparatorBennett, D. and C. Ross (2011). Fulani of the Highlands: Costs and Benefits of Living in National Park Enclaves. Lack of suitable comparatorBerkes, F. (2009). "Community conserved areas: policy issues in historic and contemporary context." Conservation Letters 2(1): 20-25.


Bernard, F. (2005). Ecosystem Services of, and Financing Mechanisms for Protected Areas. Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Centre. Wageningen, UR, Wageningen University. MSc in Environmental Sciences: 216. Lack of suitable outcomeBernard, F., R. S. d. Groot, et al. (2009). "Valuation of tropical forest services and mechanisms to finance their conservation and sustainable use: a case study of Tapantí National Park, Costa Rica." Forest Policy and Economics 11(3): 174-183. Lack of suitable interventionBezuijen M. R. C. Phothitay et al. (2007). "WETLAND RESOURCE USE IN XE PIAN NATIONAL PROTECTED AREA LAO PDR IN 2005." Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 55(2): 223-234. Lack of suitable outcomeBhattacharya T. and S. Sathyakumar (2011). "Natural Resource Use by Humans and Response of Wild Ungulates." Mountain Research and Development 31(3): 209-219. Lack of suitable outcomeBinot A. L. Hanon et al. (2009). "The challenge of participatory natural resource management with mobile herders at the scale of a Sub-Saharan African protected area." Biodiversity and Conservation 18(10): 2645-2662.


Birner R and M Mappatoba (2003); Community Agreements for Conservation – Balancing Community and Conservation Interests in the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Policy Matters, 12: 254-263 Lack of suitable comparatorBlaikie, P. (2006). "Is small really beautiful? Community-based natural resource management in Malawi and Botswana." World development 34(11): 1942-1957. Lack of suitable outcomeBlanckaert I. K. Vancraeynest et al. (2007). "Non-crop resources and the role of indigenous knowledge in semi-arid production of Mexico." Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 119(1-2): 39-48. Lack of suitable outcomeBlaney, S., M. Beaudry, et al. (2009). "Contribution of natural resources to nutritional status in a protected area of Gabon." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 30(1): 49-62. Lack of suitable comparatorBlomley, T. (2000). "Woodlots, Woodfuel and Wildlife: Lessons from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda." GATEKEEPER SERIES-INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME. Lack of suitable comparatorBoerner, J., J. Mburu, et al. (2009). "Assessing opportunity costs of conservation: Ingredients for protected area management in the Kakamega Forest, Western Kenya." Forest Policy and Economics 11(7): 459-467.


Boggs, L. P. (2000). Community power, participation, conflict and development choice: Community wildlife conservation in the Okavango region of Northern Botswana, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.


Bolaane, M. (2004). "The impact of game reserve policy on the River BaSarwa/Bushmen of Botswana." Social Policy and Administration 38(4): 399-417.


Bolland, L. P., A. P. Drew, et al. (2006). "Analysis of a natural resources management system in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve." Landscape and Urban Planning 74(3-4): 223-241. Lack of suitable interventionBond, A. C. (2009). "Contextual analysis of agroforestry adoption in the buffer zone of Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 28(6/7): 825-843.


Bondya, S. L., K. P. Singh, et al. (2009). "Exploitation of ethno-medicinal plants and their marketing status in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve." Journal of Tropical Forestry 25(1/2): 33-37. Lack of suitable outcomeBookbinder, M. P., E. Dinerstein, et al. (1998). "Ecotourism's support of biodiversity conservation." Conservation Biology 12(6): 1399-1404. Lack of suitable comparatorBoontho, C. (2008). An Economic Analysis of Phu Kradueng National Park. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol 29. C. Ardil. 29: 337-341. Lack of suitable populationBoonzaier, E. (1996). "Local responses to conservation in the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa." Biodiversity and Conservation 5(3): 307-314.


Booth, J. E., K. J. Gaston, et al. (2010). "Who Benefits from Recreational Use of Protected Areas?" Ecology and Society 15(3). Lack of suitable outcomeBorrie, W. T., W. A. Freimund, et al. (2002). "Winter visitors to yellowstone National Park: Lack of suitable comparator

Their value orientations and support for management actions." Human Ecology Review 9(2): 41-48.Bosetti, V. and G. Locatelli (2005). A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach to the Assessment of Natural Parks' Economic Efficiency and Sustainability. The Case of Italian National Parks. Lack of suitable outcomeBoissiere, M., D. Sheil, et al. (2009). "Can engaging local people’s interests reduce forest degradation in Central Vietnam?" Biodiversity and Conservation 18(10): 2743-2757. Lack of suitable outcomeBotha, J., E. T. F. Witkowski, et al. (2004). "Socio-economic differentiation in the trade of wildlife species for traditional medicines in the Lowveld, South Africa: Implications for resource management initiatives." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 11(3): 280-297. Lack of suitable outcomeBoxall et al (1996) Backcountry recreationists' valuation of forest and park management features in wilderness parks of the western Canadian Shield Lack of suitable populationBoxall, P. C., D. O. Watson, et al. (1995). "Analysis of the revealed preferences of backcountry recreationists for forest and park management features in the Canadian Shield Region." Canadian Forest Service Report, Canada-Manitoba Partnership Agreement in Forestry, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Lack of suitable populationBraimah, I., E. P. Tudzi, et al. (2009). "Land tenure as a challenge to the sustainability of the Amokwao Community Resource Management Area in Ghana." Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 11(1): 128-148.


Brandon, K., W. R. Turner, et al. (2008). "Benefits of biodiversity conservation to agriculture and rural livelihoods." Biodiversity (Ottawa) 9(1-2): 82-85. Lack of suitable outcomeBrockington 2007 Forests, Community Conservation, and Local Government Performance: The Village Forest Reserves of Tanzania


Blomley, T., A. Namara, et al. (2010). Development AND gorillas?: assessing fifteen years of integrated conservation and development in south-western Uganda, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable comparatorBruyere, B. L., A. W. Beh, et al. (2009). "Differences in Perceptions of Communication, Tourism Benefits, and Management Issues in a Protected Area of Rural Kenya." Environmental Management 43(1): 49-59. Lack of suitable comparatorBudhathoki, P. (2004). "Linking communities with conservation in developing countries: buffer zone management initiatives in Nepal." Oryx 38(3): 334-341.


Burman P. D. L. Cajee et al. (2007). Potential for cultural and eco-tourism in North East India: a community-based approach. Sustainable Development and Planning III Vols 1 and 2. A. B. C. A. B. E. Kungolos. 102: 715-724. Lack of suitable interventionBurmester, A. (2005). "Socio-economic situation and land use conflicts in the Shirvan National Park Region, Azerbaijan." Archives of Nature Conservation and Landscape Research 44(4): 101-128. Confounding variables

Burns G. L. (2004). The host community and wildlife tourism.Comment paper or similar (no data)

Burns G. L. (2006). "The fascination of fur and feathers: managing human-animal interactions in wildlife tourism settings." Australian Zoologist 33(4): 446-457.


Bury J. (2008). "New geographies of tourism in Peru: Nature-based tourism and conservation in the Cordillera Huayhuash." Tourism Geographies 10(3): 312-333.


Bury, J. (2008). "New geographies of tourism in Peru: Nature-based tourism and conservation in the Cordillera Huayhuash." Tourism Geographies 10(3): 312-333. Qualitative dataButler, J. R., G. T. Hvenegaard, et al. (1994). Economic values of bird-watching at Point Pelee National Park, Canada. M. Munasinghe. Washington, D.C., World Bank: 253-262. Lack of suitable populationBuyinza, M. (2010). "Income distribution analysis of collaborative forest management programme in Mt. Elgon National Park, Uganda: Dual action for poverty alleviation and environment management." Research Journal of Applied Sciences 5(2): 101-107. Insufficient detail in methodsCaceres D. M. (2009). "SUSTAINABILITY OF PEASANTS' FARMS LOCATED IN A NATURAL RESERVE IN CENTRAL ARGENTINA." Agrociencia 43(5): 539-550. Lack of suitable comparatorCampbell & Loibooki (2000) Game meat hunting in the Serengeti: a problem of sustainable livelihoods Lack of suitable comparatorCampbell B. M. J. R. A. Butler et al. (1996). "Elephant damage and safari hunting in Pterocarpus angolensis woodland in northwestern Matabeleland Zimbabwe." African Journal of Ecology 34(4): 380-388.

Lack of suitable intervention, Lack of suitable outcome

Campbell L. M. (1999). "Ecotourism in rural developing communities." Annals of Tourism Lack of suitable outcome

Research 26(3): 534-553.Campbell, A., S. Clark, et al. (2008). "Protecting the future: Carbon, forests, protected areas and local livelihoods." Biodiversity 9(3-4): 117-121.


Campos, P., A. Caparrós, et al. (2007). "Comparing payment-vehicle effects in contingent valuation studies for recreational use in two protected Spanish forests." Journal of Leisure Research 39(1): 60-85. Lack of suitable populationCarmen Mollinedo, A. d., J. Joaquín Campos, et al. (2001). "Social and economical benefits from the forest in the Mayan Biosphere Reserve, Petén, Guatemala." Revista Forestal Centroamericana(34): 57-60. Lack of suitable comparatorCaron C. M. (1995). "The role of nontimber tree products in household food procurement strategies: Profile of a Sri Lankan village." Agroforestry Systems 32(2): 99-117. Lack of suitable comparatorCarr, D. L. (2008). "Farm households and land use in a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala." Human Ecology 36(2): 231-248. Lack of suitable outcomeCarr, D. L. (2008). "Migration to the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: Why place matters." Human Organization 67(1): 37-48. Qualitative dataCaspary, H. U. (1999). When the monkey 'goes butcher': hunting, trading and consumption of bush meat in the region of the Taï National Park, Southwest Côte d'Ivoire. Wageningen, The Tropenbos Foundation: 123-130. Lack of suitable outcomeCastillejos, T., E. Baer, et al. (2011). Colombia Field Survey Report, Conservation International and Starbucks. Lack of suitable interventionCastro, A. J., B. Martin-Lopez, et al. (2011). "Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region." Journal of Arid Environments 75(11): 1201-1208. Lack of suitable interventionCernea, M. M. and K. Schmidt-Soltau (2006). "Poverty risks and national parks: Policy issues in conservation and resettlement." World Development 34(10): 1808-1830.

Lack of suitable comparator, Insufficient detail in methods

Cesareo, K. and J. Daly (2004). "Creating incentives for beneficial private land management in protected areas: conservation programs within the Condor Bioreserve and its buffer zones." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 18(2/3): 171-195.


Cetinkaya, G., A. Kambu, et al. "Sustainable Development and Natural Resource Management: An Example from Köprülü Kanyon National Park, Turkey." Sustainable Development. Lack of suitable comparatorChen, K. (1999). "Measuring values of wetlands in Taiwan." Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 2(1): 65-89. Lack of suitable interventionChen, W. Y. and C. Y. Jim (2010). "Resident Motivations and Willingness-to-Pay for Urban Biodiversity Conservation in Guangzhou (China)." Environmental Management 45(5): 1052-1064. Lack of suitable interventionChen, X., F. Lupi, et al. (2009). "Linking social norms to efficient conservation investment in payments for ecosystem services." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(28): 11812-11817. Lack of suitable outcomeChen, Z. G., J. Y. Yang, et al. (2005). "Economic development of local communities and biodiversity conservation: a case study from Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China." Biodiversity and Conservation 14(9): 2095-2108. Lack of suitable comparatorChhetri, P, A Mugisha and S White, (2003); Community Resource Use in Kibale and Mt Elgon National Parks, Uganda, PARKS, 13:1, 28-38. Lack of suitable comparatorChicchón, A. (2009). "Working with Indigenous Peoples to Conserve Nature: Examples from Latin America." Conservation and Society 7(1): 15.


Christopoulou, O. G. and E. Tsachalidis (2004). "Conservation policies for protected areas (wetlands) in Greece: A survey of local residents' attitude." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 4(4-5): 445-457. Lack of suitable comparatorChukwuone N. A. (2009). "Socioeconomic determinants of cultivation of non-wood forest products in southern Nigeria." Biodiversity and Conservation 18(2): 339-353. Lack of suitable interventionCicia, G. and R. Scarpa (2003). Willingness to pay for rural landscape preservation: a case study in Mediterranean agriculture. Agrarökonomische Monographien und Sammelwerke. Kiel, Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk Kiel KG: 97-115. Lack of suitable populationClark, T. W. (2003). "Introduction: finding effective conservation and development in the AMISCONDE initiative at La Amistad, Costa Rica." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 16(1/2): 1-14.


Coad, L., A. Campbell, et al. (2008). "The Costs and Benefits of Protected Areas for Local Livelihoods: a review of the current literature." Cambridge, UK, UNEP World Conservation

Relevant Review, Comment paper or similar (no data)

Monitoring Centre.Cochrane, K., D. Nkedianye, et al. (2005). "Family fortunes: analysis of changing livelihoods in Maasailand." Final Project Report ZC0275. Livestock Production Programme. UK: Department for International Development. Lack of suitable interventionColfer C. J. P. R. L. Wadley et al. (1999). "Understanding local people's use of time: a pre-condition for good co-management." Environmental Conservation 26(1): 41-52. Lack of suitable outcomeConnell J. (2009). "Birdwatching Twitching and Tourism: towards an Australian perspective." Australian Geographer 40(2): 203-217. Lack of suitable interventionConnor T. (2005). "Locality and belonging in the Sundays River Valley: Farm workers and the Greater Addo Elephant National Park Eastern Cape." Social Dynamics-a Journal of the Centre for African Studies University of Cape Town 31(1): 59-83. Qualitative data

Conservation International The First Decade Report 1987-1997Comment paper or similar (no data)

Coomes, O. T., B. L. Barham, et al. (2004). "Targeting conservation-development initiatives in tropical forests: insights from analyses of rain forest use and economic reliance among Amazonian peasants." Ecological Economics 51(1-2): 47-64. Lack of suitable comparatorCopsey, J. A., L. H. Rajaonarison, et al. (2009). "Voices from the marsh: livelihood concerns of fishers and rice cultivators in the Alaotra wetland." Madagascar Conservation and Development 4(1): 25-30. Lack of suitable comparatorCottrell, S., J. J. Vaske, et al. (2005). Predictors of sustainable tourism: Resident perceptions of tourism in Holland and China. Lack of suitable comparatorCoupe, S. (2002). Living with wildlife: sustainable livelihoods for park-adjacent communities in Kenya, Intermediate Technology.


Coy, M. and N. WeWbaumer (2007). "Perception of landscape management: the GroBes Walsertal Biosphere Park." Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research 95(4): 91-100.


Cruz R. E. H. E. B. Baltazar et al. (2005). "Social adaptation - Ecotourism in the Lacandon forest." Annals of Tourism Research 32(3): 610-627. Lack of suitable interventionCunningham, P. A. (2005). "Valuing for Ogasawara: implications for sustainable practices within the accommodation sector." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 10(2): 207-216. Lack of suitable interventionCurran, B., T. Sunderland, et al. (2009). "Are Central Africa's protected areas displacing hundreds of thousands of rural poor?" Conservation and Society 7(1): 30.


da Silva, C. A. and L. M. Bellini (2008). "Population remnants in the islands of the Parana river: social and economic aspects." Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences 30(3): 185-190. Lack of suitable comparatorDahlberg, A. C. and C. Burlando (2009). "Addressing Trade-offs: Experiences from Conservation and Development Initiatives in the Mkuze Wetlands, South Africa." Ecology and Society 14(2). Qualitative dataDalal-Clayton, B. and B. Child (2003). "Lessons from Luangwa - the story of the Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project, Zambia." (13): xxviii + 338 pp. Lack of suitable comparatorDara et al 2009 Lack of suitable comparatorDarias, J.A.R. (2007). "Desarrollo , gestión de áreas protegidas y población local . El Parque Rural de Anaga ( Tenerife , España )." PASOS 5(1): 17-29.


Das, B. K. (2005). "Role of NTFPs among forest villagers in a protected area of West Bengal." Journal of Human Ecology 18(2): 129-136. Lack of suitable comparatorDavis, A. (2011). "'Ha! What is the benefit of living next to the park?' Factors limiting in-migration next to Tarangire National Park, Tanzania." Conservation and Society 9(1): 25-34. Qualitative dataDayal, V. (2006). "A microeconometric analysis of household extraction of forest biomass goods in Ranthambhore National Park, India." Journal of Forest Economics 12(2): 145-163. Lack of suitable comparatorDe Boer, W. F. and D. S. Baquete (1998). "Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique." Environmental Conservation 25(3): 208-218. Otherde Boer, W. F., J. D. Stigter, et al. (2007). "Optimising investments from elephant tourist revenues in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique." Journal for Nature Conservation 15(4): 225-236. Lack of suitable outcomede Lopez, T.T. 2003. Economics and stakeholders of Ream National Park, Cambodia. Ecological Economics 46:269-282

Data linked with marine ecosystem protection

de Sherbinin A. and M. Freudenberger (1998). "Migration to protected areas and buffer zones: can we stem the tide?" Parks (Newbury) 8(1): 38-53.


de Sherbinin, A. (2008). "Is poverty more acute near parks? An assessment of infant mortality Confounding variables,

rates around protected areas in developing countries." Oryx 42(1): 26-35. Inappropriate statisticsDeFries, R., K. K. Karanth, et al. (2010). "Interactions between protected areas and their surroundings in human-dominated tropical landscapes." Biological Conservation 143(12): 2870-2880. Lack of suitable outcomeDekkers, K., R. d. Wolf, et al. (2004). "Natural resources of Piatra Craiului for livelihood improvement of local communities." Anale Institutul de Cerceta ri s i Amenaja ri Silvice 47: 331-342. Lack of suitable comparatorDelang, C. O. (2006). "The role of wild food plants in poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in tropical countries." Progress in Development Studies 6(4): 275-286. Lack of suitable comparatorDelcore, H. D. (2007). "The racial distribution of privilege in a Thai national park." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 38(1): 83-105.


Delgado Herrera, A. (2002). "From an intuitive to a systematic gender perspective: experiences from Peru." Mountain Research and Development 22(3): 216-220.


Demaze, M. T. (2008). "The Amazonian park of French Guiana: An example of the difficult compro between nature protection and development." Le parc amazonien de Guyane française: Un exemple du difficile compromis entre protection de la nature et développement 2008.


Deng, X., Y. Wang, et al. (2010). "Poverty issues in a national wildlife reserve in China." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 17(6): 529-541. Lack of suitable comparatorDéry, S. and M. Tremblay (2008). "The establishment of protected areas in Vietnam: what are the impacts for the local people? A case study in the province of Lam Dong." VertigO - La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environment 8(3): unpaginated.


Dhakal, N. P., K. C. Nelson, et al. (2011). "Resident Well-Being in Conservation Resettlement: The Case of Padampur in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Society & Natural Resources 24(6): 597-615. Lack of suitable interventionDiaw, M. C. (2010). "Fences in our heads: a discourse analysis of the Korup resettlement stalemate." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 29(2): 221-251.


Díaz, S., J. Fargione, et al. (2006). "Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being." PLoS Biology 4(8).


Dinh Thanh, S., K. Ogata, et al. (2010). "Contribution of Forest Resources to Local People's Income: A Case Study in Cat Tien Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University 55(2): 397-402. Confounding variablesDixon, J. A. and P. B. Sherman (1991). "ECONOMICS OF PROTECTED AREAS." Ambio 20(2): 68-74.


Doilicho, B. (2007). "Population and Major Livelihoods in Silte and Dalocha Woredas of Silte Zone and Dalocha Woredas of Silte Zone." Acta Geographica-Trondheim Series A(19). Lack of suitable interventionDolisca F. D. R. Carter et al. (2006). "Factors influencing farmers' participation in forestry management programs: A case study from Haiti." Forest Ecology and Management 236(2-3): 324-331. Lack of suitable outcomeDolisca, F., J. M. McDaniel, et al. (2007). "Farmers' perceptions towards forests: A case study from Haiti." Forest Policy and Economics 9(6): 704-712. Lack of suitable comparatorDong, X., J. Zhang, et al. (2011). "Measuring recreational value of world heritage sites based on contingent valuation method: A case study of Jiuzhaigou." Chinese Geographical Science 21(1): 119-128. Lack of suitable populationdos Santos Brightwell, M. d. G. and C. A. da Silva (2008). "Changes in food provision in rural spaces. A case study of smallholder families of Praia Grande, Santa Catarina, Brazil." Scripta Nova-Revista Electronica De Geografia Y Ciencias Sociales 12(270).


Douglas A. J. and J. G. Taylor (1998). "Riverine based eco-tourism: Trinity River non-market benefits estimates." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 5(2): 136-148. Lack of suitable interventionDressler, W. H. and M. H. McDermott (2010). "Indigenous peoples and migrants: social categories, rights, and policies for protected areas in the Philippine Uplands." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 29(2/4): 328-361.


Dudley, N., S. Mansourian, et al. (2010). "Do protected areas contribute to poverty reduction?" Biodiversity (Ottawa) 11(3-4): 5-7. Relevant ReviewDumitras, D. E., F. H. Arion, et al. (2011). "A Brief Economic Assessment on the Valuation of National and Natural Parks: the Case of Romania." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39(1): 134-138. Insufficient detail in methodsDurbin, J. C. and J. A. Ralambo (1994). "THE ROLE OF LOCAL PEOPLE IN THE Comment paper or similar (no

SUCCESSFUL MAINTENANCE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN MADAGASCAR." Environmental Conservation 21(2): 115-120. data)Durrant, J. O. and J. M. Shumway (2004). "Attitudes toward wilderness study areas: A survey of six southeastern Utah counties." Environmental Management 33(2): 271-283. Lack of suitable comparatorDurrant, M. B. and J. O. Durrant (2008). "The influence of location on local attitudes toward community conservation on Mount Kilimanjaro." Society and Natural Resources 21(5): 371-386. Lack of suitable comparatorDuthy, S. (2002). "Whian Whian--State Forest or National Park: Community Attitudes and Economic Values." Economic Analysis and Policy, 32(2), Special Issue June 2002, pp. 91-111. Lack of suitable interventionEckton, G. D. C. (2003). "Road-user charging and the Lake District National Park." Journal of Transport Geography 11(4): 307-317.


Edge, S. and M. L. McAllister (2009). "Place-based local governance and sustainable communities: lessons from Canadian biosphere reserves." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52(3): 279-295.


Edmond, J., M. Viernes Jr, et al. (2008). Healthy Families, Healthy Forests: Improving Human Health and Biodiversity Conservation. Arlington, VA. Lack of suitable interventionEdmond, J. (2008). Incorporating Gender into PHE Strategies: Experiences from Conservation International. Washington, DC.


Elie S. D. (2008). "The waning of Soqotra's pastoral community political incorporation as social transformation." Human Organization 67(3): 335-345.


Elsasser, H., C. Seiler, et al. (1995). "The regional economic impacts of the Swiss National Park." Mountain Research and Development 15(1): 77-79.


Emerton, L. and L. D. C. B. Kekulandala (2003). Assessment of the Economic Value of Muthurajawela Wetland. Occasional Papers of IUCN Sri Lanka No. 4. Sri Lanka, IUCN. Lack of suitable comparatorEmerton, L. (1999). Balancing the opportunity costs of wildlife conservation for communities around Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Insufficient detail in methods

Emerton, L. (2005). Values and rewards: Counting and capturing ecosystem water services for sustainable development, IUCN.

Insufficient detail in methods, Data linked with marine ecosystem protection

Emphandhu, D. and U. Polpiwat (2006). "Strategic policy options for enhancement of national park and local community linkage in tourism management of Thai National Parks." Kasetsart Journal, Social Sciences 27(2): 347-362. Lack of suitable outcomeEneji, C. V. O., Q. Gubo, et al. (2009). "Socio-economic impacts of the Cross River National Park, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Ecology 2(1): 57-68. Lack of suitable comparatorEngelbrecht, W. G. and P. T. Van Der Walt (1993). "Notes on the economic use of the Kruger National Park." Koedoe 36(2): 113-119. Lack of suitable interventionEnglin, J. E., J. M. McDonald, et al. (2006). "Valuing ancient forest ecosystems: An analysis of backcountry hiking in Jasper National Park." Ecological Economics 57(4): 665-678.


Erdeli, G. and A. I. Dinca (2011). Tourism - A vulnerable strength in the protected areas of the Romanian Carpathians. Lack of suitable outcomeEriksen, C. (2007). "Why do they burn the 'bush'? Fire, rural livelihoods, and conservation in Zambia." Geographical Journal 173: 242-256. Lack of suitable outcomeEscamilla, A., M. Sanvicente, et al. (2000). "Habitat mosaic, wildlife availability, and hunting in the tropical forest of Calakmul, Mexico." Conservation Biology 14(6): 1592-1601. Lack of suitable comparatorEzebilo, E. E. (2010). "Community-Based Preferences for Economic Incentives to Promote Biodiversity Conservation in a Tropical Rainforest." International Journal of Environmental Research 4(3): 501-506. Lack of suitable outcomeEzebilo, E. E. (2011). "Local participation in forest and biodiversity conservation in a Nigerian rain forest." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 18(1): 42-47. Lack of suitable comparator

Ezebilo, E. E. (2012). "Community Forestry as Perceived by Local People Around Cross River National Park, Nigeria." Environ Manage. 49:207

Other (Investigates a proposed community forestry project rather than PA)

Ezebilo, E. E. and L. Mattsson (2010). "Contribution of non-timber forest products to livelihoods of communities in southeast Nigeria." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 17(3): 231-235. Lack of suitable comparatorEzebilo, E. E. and L. Mattsson (2010). "Socio-economic benefits of protected areas as Lack of suitable comparator

perceived by local people around Cross River National Park, Nigeria." Forest Policy and Economics 12(3): 189-193.Fairhead, J. and M. Leach (1994). "Contested forests: Modern conservation and historical land use in guinea's ziama reserve." African Affairs 93(373): 481-512.


Faizi S. (2006). "An institutional framework for community participation in protected area management." Biodiversity (Ottawa) 7(2): 16-20.


Fang Y. P. (2002). "Ecotourism in Western Sichuan China - Replacing the forestry-based economy." Mountain Research and Development 22(2): 113-115. Lack of suitable interventionFarrelly T. A. (2011). "Indigenous and democratic decision-making: issues from community-based ecotourism in the Bouma National Heritage Park Fiji." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(7): 817-835.

Lack of suitable intervention, Comment paper or similar (no data)

Fay D. (2007). "Struggles over resources and community formation at Dwesa-Cwebe South Africa." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 3(2): 88-101.


Fay, D. A. (2011). "Post-apartheid transformations and population change around Dwesa-Cwebe nature reserve, South Africa." Conservation and Society 9(1): 8-15. Lack of suitable outcomeFeder, G., T. Onchan, et al. (1986). "Land policies and farm performance in Thailand's forest reserve areas." Economic Development and Cultural Change 36(3): 483-501. Insufficient detail in methodsFernando, P., E. Wikramanayake, et al. (2005). "Perceptions and patterns of human-elephant conflict in old and new settlements in Sri Lanka: insights for mitigation and management." Biodiversity and Conservation 14(10): 2465-2481. Lack of suitable comparatorFerraro, P. J. and R. A. Kramer (1997). Compensation and economic incentives: reducing pressure on protected areas. Last stand: protected areas and the defense of tropical biodiversity.: 187-211.


Ferraro, P. J. (2002). "The local costs of establishing protected areas in low-income nations: Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar." Ecological Economics 43(2/3): 261-275. Inappropriate time frameFerreira, M. N. E. and N. C. Freire (2009). "Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil." Environmental Conservation 36(2): 129-138. Lack of suitable comparatorFigueroa, F., V. Sánchez-Cordero, et al. (2009). "Socioeconomic context of land use and land cover change in Mexican biosphere reserves." Environmental Conservation 36(3): 180-191. Lack of suitable outcomeFisher, B., S. Polasky, et al. (2011). "Conservation and Human Welfare: Economic Analysis of Ecosystem Services." Environmental & Resource Economics 48(2): 151-159.


Fitzsimons, J. A. and G. Wescott (2007). "Perceptions and attitudes of land managers in multi-tenure reserve networks and the implications for conservation." Journal of Environmental Management 84(1): 38-48. Lack of suitable outcomeForslund, A. (2009). "Securing water for ecosystems and human well-being: the importance of environmental flows." Securing water for ecosystems and human well-being: the importance of environmental flows: 51. Lack of suitable interventionForsyth, M. (2000). "On estimating the option value of preserving a wilderness area." Canadian Journal of Economics 33(2): 413-434. Lack of suitable outcomeFortin, M. J. and C. Gagnon (1999). "An assessment of social impacts of national parks on communities in Quebec, Canada." Environmental Conservation 26(3): 200-211. Inappropriate time frameFoucat V. S. A. (2002). "Community-based ecotourism management moving towards sustainability in Ventanilla Oaxaca Mexico." Ocean & Coastal Management 45(8): 511-529. Lack of suitable interventionFranco-Maass, S., G. Nava-Bernal, et al. (2008). "Payments for environmental services: An alternative for sustainable rural development? The case of a National Park in the Central Highlands of Mexico." Mountain Research and Development 28(1): 23-25. Lack of suitable outcomeFredman, P., L. H. Friberg, et al. (2007). "Increased visitation from national park designation." Current Issues in Tourism 10(1): 87-95. Lack of suitable populationFreitas Setti, A. F. and C. M. Bogus (2010). "Community Participation in an Intervention Program Developed in a Protected Area." Saude E Sociedade 19(4): 946-960. Qualitative dataFreitas, W. K. d., L. M. S. Magalhães, et al. (2002). "Potential for public use in Tijuca National Park." Acta Scientiarum 24(6): 1833-1842. Lack of suitable outcomeFu, B. J., K. L. Wang, et al. (2004). "Entangling the complexity of protected area management: The case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve, southwestern China." Environmental Management 33(6): 788-798. Lack of suitable comparatorFuller D. J. Buultjens et al. (2005). "Ecotourism and indigenous micro-enterprise formation in northern Australia opportunities and constraints." Tourism Management 26(6): 891-904. Lack of suitable interventionGaesing, K. (2011). "Balancing livelihood needs and environmental protection." Rural 21 Comment paper or similar (no

45(3): 36-39. data)Gaines, S. D., C. White, et al. (2010). "Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(43): 18286-18293. Other (Marine PA)Galvin M. and M. Thorndahl (2005). "Institutional strengthening of the Amarakaeri Communal Reserve (Madre de Dios River Peruvian Amazon Basin)." Mountain Research and Development 25(2): 121-125.


García-Amado, L. R., M. Ruiz Pérez, et al. (2011). "Efficiency of Payments for Environmental Services: equity and additionality in a case study from a Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico." Ecological Economics 70(12): 2361-2368. Lack of suitable comparatorGarcia-Frapolli, E., V. M. Toledo, et al. (2008). "Adaptations of a Yucatec Maya Multiple-Use Ecological Management Strategy to Ecotourism." Ecology and Society 13(2). Lack of suitable comparatorGardner C. J. (2011). "IUCN management categories fail to represent new multiple-use protected areas in Madagascar." Oryx 45(3): 336-346. Lack of suitable outcomeGareau B. J. (2007). "Ecological values amid local interests: Natural resource conservation social differentiation and human survival in Honduras." Rural Sociology 72(2): 244-268. Lack of suitable outcomeGareau, B. J. (2007). "Ecological values amid local interests: natural resource conservation, social differentiation, and human survival in Honduras." Rural Sociology 72(2): 244-268. Lack of suitable comparatorGaude, A. (2005). "Socio-economic situation and land use conflicts around Ag-Gel National Park (Azerbaijan)." Archives of Nature Conservation and Landscape Research 44(4): 69-99. Lack of suitable comparatorGavin M. C. and G. J. Anderson (2007). "Socioeconomic predictors of forest use values in the Peruvian Amazon: A potential tool for biodiversity conservation." Ecological Economics 60(4): 752-762. Lack of suitable comparatorGeisler, C. (2003). "A new kind of trouble: evictions in Eden." International Social Science Journal 55(1): 69-+.


Gentry K. M. (2007). "Belizean women and tourism work - Opportunity or impediment?" Annals of Tourism Research 34(2): 477-496. Lack of suitable intervention

Gereta, E J, E Wolanski and EAT Chiombola (2003); Assessment Of The Environmental, Social And Economic Impacts On The Serengeti Ecosystem Of The Developments In The Mara River Catchment In Kenya, TanzaniaNational Parks and Frankfurt Zoological Society, Tanzania

Other (Study estimates hypothetical costs of hydroelectric and degazettment project around Serengetti National Park, but estimates are all approximate figures, so not properly analisable data)

Getzner 2009 Economic and cultural values related to Protected Areas WWF Lack of suitable populationGetzner, M. (2003). "The economic impact of national parks: the perception of key actors in Austrian national parks." International Journal of Sustainable Development 6(2): 183-202. Lack of suitable comparatorGetzner, M. (2010). "Ecosystem services, financing, and the regional economy: A case study from Tatra National Park, Poland." Biodiversity (Ottawa) 11(1-2, Sp. Iss. SI): 55-61. Lack of suitable population

Getzner, M. and M. Jungmeier (2002). "Conservation policy and the regional economy: The regional economic impact of Natura 2000 conservation sites in Austria." Journal for Nature Conservation (Jena) 10(1): 25-34.

Other (Modelling potential impacts of Natura 2000 PA networks in Austria (no actual intervention))

Ghate, R. (2003). "Global gains at local costs: Imposing protected areas: evidence from central India." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 10(4): 377-389. Lack of suitable comparatorGhazala, S., K. Ravi, et al. (2007). "Creation of 'inviolate space': lives, livelihoods and conflict in Sariska Tiger Reserve." Economic and Political Weekly 42(20): 1855-1862. Lack of suitable comparatorGhimire, K. B. (1991). "Parks and people: livelihood issues in national parks management in Thailand and Madagascar." (29): 39pp.


Gillingham, S. and P. C. Lee (1999). "The impact of wildlife-related benefits on the conservation attitudes of local people around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania." Environmental Conservation 26(3): 218-228. Lack of suitable comparatorGillingham, S. and P. C. Lee (2003). "People and protected areas: a study of local perceptions of wildlife crop-damage conflict in an area bordering the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania." Oryx 37(3): 316-325. Lack of suitable comparatorGockel, C. K. and L. C. Gray (2009). "Integrating Conservation and Development in the Peruvian Amazon." Ecology and Society 14(2). Lack of suitable comparator

Golden, C. D. (2009). "Bushmeat hunting and use in the Makira Forest north-eastern Madagascar: a conservation and livelihoods issue." Oryx 43(3): 386-392. Lack of suitable comparatorGoldman, R. L. and H. Tallis (2009). A Critical Analysis of Ecosystem Services as a Tool in Conservation Projects The Possible Perils, the Promises, and the Partnerships. Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology 2009. R. S. S. W. H. Ostfeld. 1162: 63-78.

Lack of suitable outcome, Other

Golluscio, R. A., M. E. Román, et al. (2010). "Aboriginal settlements of arid Patagonia: Preserving bio- or sociodiversity? The case of the Mapuche pastoral Cushamen Reserve." Journal of Arid Environments 74(10): 1329-1339. Lack of suitable comparatorGomez-Baggethun, E., S. Mingorria, et al. (2010). "Traditional Ecological Knowledge Trends in the Transition to a Market Economy: Empirical Study in the Donana Natural Areas." Conservation Biology 24(3): 721-729. Lack of suitable outcome

Gong, Y. (2004). "Distribution of benefits and costs among stakeholders of a protected area: an empirical study from China." (2004-RR3): 54 pp.

Insufficient detail in methods, PA establishment too recent/not yet established

Goodland, R. and G. Ledec (1989). "Wildlands: balancing conversion with conservation in World Bank projects." Environment 31(9): 6-11,27-35.


Goodwin, H J, I J Kent, K T Parker and M J Walpole (1997); Tourism, Conservation and Sustainable Development Volume III, Komodo National Park, Indonesia, Final Report to the Department for International Development, University of Kent, UK Lack of suitable comparatorGoodwin, H. (2002). "Local community involvement in tourism around National Parks: Opportunities and constraints." Current Issues in Tourism 5(3-4): 338-360. Lack of suitable interventionGoodwin, H. and D. Roe (2001). "Tourism, livelihoods and protected areas: opportunities for fair-trade tourism in and around national parks." International Journal of Tourism Research 3(5): 377-391. Lack of suitable comparatorGraham M. D. B. Notter et al. (2010). "Patterns of crop-raiding by elephants Loxodonta africana in Laikipia, Kenya and the management of human-elephant conflict." Systematics and Biodiversity 8(4): 435-445. Lack of suitable interventionGrainger J. (2003). "'People are living in the park'. Linking biodiversity conservation to community development in the Middle East region: a case study from the Saint Katherine Protectorate Southern Sinai." Journal of Arid Environments 54(1): 29-38.


Grando, S. (2007). "A garden or a laboratory? Conflicting views about nature preservation and local development in the Aspromonte National Park, Italy." International Planning Studies 12(4): 327-342.


Greenomics Indonesia (2003). Preliminary Economic & Policy Assessment in Northern Sumatra Biodiversity Corridor (NSC). Jakarta, Indonesia. Lack of suitable outcomeGrieg-Gran, M., M. G. G. D. de la HarpeJohn, et al. (2008). Sustainable financing of protected areas in Cambodia: Phnom Aural and Phnom Samkos wildlife sanctuaries, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable interventionGrodzinska-Jurczak, M. and J. Cent (2011). "Expansion of Nature Conservation Areas: Problems with Natura 2000 Implementation in Poland?" Environmental Management 47(1): 11-27. Lack of suitable comparatorGroom, R. and S. Harris (2008). "Conservation on community lands: the importance of equitable revenue sharing." Environmental Conservation 35(3): 242-251. Lack of suitable comparatorGroot, R. S. d. (1994). Functions and values of protected areas: a comprehensive framework for assessing the benefits of protected areas to human society. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. M. Munasinghe and J. A. McNeely. Washington, D.C., World Bank: 159-169. Lack of suitable comparatorGrujicic, I., V. Milijic, et al. (2008). "Conflict management in protected areas: The Lazar Canyon natural monument, Eastern Serbia." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 4(4): 219-229. Qualitative dataGu, H. and C. Ryan (2010). "Hongcun, China - residents' perceptions of the impacts of tourism on a rural community: a mixed methods approach." Journal of China Tourism Research 6(3): 216-243. Lack of suitable interventionGubbi, S. and D. C. MacMillan (2008). "Can non-timber forest products solve livelihood problems? A case study from Periyar Tiger Reserve, India." Oryx 42(2): 222-228. Lack of suitable comparatorGui, Y.-l., Y.-g. Fang, et al. (2004). "COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM IN NATURE RESERVE OF CHINA." Chinese Geographical Science 14(3): 276-282.


Guidetti, P. and J. Claudet (2010). "Comanagement practices enhance fisheries in marine protected areas." Conservation Biology 24(1): 312-318. Other (Marine PA)

Gunatilake, H. M., D. M. A. H. Senaratne, et al. (1993). "Role of non-timber forest products in the economy of peripheral communities of Knuckles National Wilderness Area of Sri Lanka: a farming systems approach." Economic Botany 47(3): 275-281. Lack of suitable interventionGurr, B. (2003). Review of Markets for Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Agricultural and Forestry Products: Opportunities for Market Expansion in the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Mexico, Conservation Invernational (Mexico).


Gurung, B., K. C. Nelson, et al. (2009). "Impact of grazing restrictions on livestock composition and husbandry practices in Madi Valley, Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 36(4): 338-347. Lack of suitable comparatorGurung, D. B. and K. Seeland (2011). "Ecotourism benefits and livelihood improvement for sustainable development in the nature conservation areas of Bhutan." Sustainable Development 19(5): 348-358. Lack of suitable comparatorGusset, M., M. J. Swarner, et al. (2009). "Human-wildlife conflict in northern Botswana: livestock predation by Endangered African wild dog Lycaon pictus and other carnivores." Oryx 43(1): 67-72.

Non-standardised data (incomparable)

Gutierrez, E., K. Lamoureux, et al. (2005). Linking Communities, Tourism and Conservation: A Tourism Assessment Process, Conservation International and The George Washington University.


Habibah, A., J. Hamzah, et al. (2010). "Sustainable livelihood of the community in Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve: the local practices." Journal of Sustainable Development 3(3): 184-196.


Haenn, N (2000); Biodiversity is Diversity in Use: Community-Based Conservation in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, USA Lack of suitable comparatorHanks, J. (2003). "Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in South Africa: Their role in conserving biodiversity, socioeconomic development and promoting a culture of peace." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17(1-2): 127-148.


Harada, K. (2005). "Local use of agricultural lands and natural resources as the commons in Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 12(1): 34-47.

Lack of suitable comparator, confounding variables

Harris R. W. (2009). "Tourism in Bario Sarawak Malaysia: A Case Study of Pro-poor Community-based Tourism Integrated into Community Development." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 14(2): 125-135. Lack of suitable interventionHarrison D. (2007). "Cocoa conservation and tourism - Grande Riviere Trinidad." Annals of Tourism Research 34(4): 919-942. Qualitative dataHartter, J. and A. Goldman (2011). "Local responses to a forest park in western Uganda: alternate narratives on fortress conservation." Oryx 45(1): 60-68. Confounding variablesHartter, J. and A. Goldman (2011). "Local responses to a forest park in western Uganda: alternate narratives on fortress conservation." Oryx 45(1): 60-68. Confounding variables

Hartter, J., A. Goldman, et al. (2011). "Responses by households to resource scarcity and human-wildlife conflict: Issues of fortress conservation and the surrounding agricultural landscape." Journal for Nature Conservation 19(2): 79-86.

Other (Survey of farmers' fears regarding yield loss due to animal conflict in buffer zone around PA)

Hawken, I. F. and I. M. E. Granoff (2010). "Special Issue: People in parks - beyond the debate: achieving conservation in human-inhabited protected areas." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 29(2/4): 109-476.


He, G., X. Chen, et al. (2008). "Distribution of Economic Benefits from Ecotourism: A Case Study of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas in China." Environmental Management 42(6): 1017-1025. Lack of suitable comparatorHeberling, M. T. and J. J. Templeton (2009). "Estimating the Economic Value of National Parks with Count Data Models Using On-Site, Secondary Data: The Case of the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve." Environmental Management 43(4): 619-627. Lack of suitable interventionHegde, R. (2010). PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND FARM HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOUR: THE CASE OF CARBON IN MOZAMBIQUE'S AGROFORESTS. THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Forestry). Vancouver, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. PhD.


Hegde, R. and T. Enters (2000). "Forest products and household economy: a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India." Environmental Conservation 27(3): 250-259. Lack of suitable comparatorHein, L. (2011). "Economic Benefits Generated by Protected Areas: the Case of the Hoge Veluwe Forest, the Netherlands." Ecology and Society 16(2). Lack of suitable comparator

Heinen, J. T. (1993). "ECONOMICS OF PROTECTED AREAS - A NEW LOOK AT COSTS AND BENEFITS - DIXON,JA, SHERMAN,PB." Population and Environment 14(3): 315-319.


Heinen, J. T. (1993). "Park-people relations in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: a socio-economic analysis." Environmental Conservation 20(1): 25-34. Lack of suitable comparatorHeinen, J. T. (2010). "The Importance of a Social Science Research Agenda in the Management of Protected Natural Areas, with Selected Examples." Botanical Review 76(2): 140-164.


Heinen, J. T. and R. J. Shrivastava (2009). "An analysis of conservation attitudes and awareness around Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India: implications for conservation and development." Population and Environment 30(6): 261-274. Lack of suitable comparatorHemson, G., S. Maclennan, et al. (2009). "Community, lions, livestock and money: A spatial and social analysis of attitudes to wildlife and the conservation value of tourism in a human-carnivore conflict in Botswana." Biological Conservation 142(11): 2718-2725. Lack of suitable comparatorHerath, G. and J. Kennedy (2004). "Estimating the economic value of Mount Buffalo National Park with the travel cost and contingent valuation models." Tourism Economics 10(1): 63-78. Lack of suitable interventionHerrera A. D. (2002). "From an intuitive to a systemic gender perspective - Experiences from Peru." Mountain Research and Development 22(3): 216-220.


Herrold-Menzies, M. (2006). "From adversary to partner: The evolving role of Caohai nature reserve in the lives of reserve residents." Canadian Journal of Development Studies-Revue Canadienne D Etudes Du Developpement 27(1): 39-50.


Heyes, C. and A. Heyes (1999). "Willingness to pay versus willingness to travel: assessing the recreational benefits from Dartmoor National Park." Journal of Agricultural Economics 50(1): 124-139. Lack of suitable interventionHiggins-Desbiolles F. (2011). "Death by a thousand cuts: governance and environmental trade-offs in ecotourism development at Kangaroo Island South Australia." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(4-5): 553-570.

Other (Plan for proposed ecolodge)

Hill J. L. and R. A. Hill (2011). "Ecotourism in Amazonian Peru: uniting tourism conservation and community development." Geography 96: 75-85. Lack of suitable interventionHimayatullah (2003). "Economic valuation of the environment and the travel cost approach: the case of Ayubia National Park." 42(4(II)): 537-549. Insufficient detail in methodsHitchcock R. K. (2000). "The Nata Sanctuary of as a community-based natural resource management project." Botswana Notes and Records 31: 101-104.


Hodgkinson, C. and H. Schneider (2010). "Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Reduction: What, Why and How." Oryx 44(3): 322-323.


Holl, K. D., G. C. Daily, et al. (1995). "Knowledge and perceptions in Costa Rica regarding environment, population, and biodiversity issues." Conservation Biology 9(6): 1548-1558. Lack of suitable interventionHolladay, P. J. and A. A. Ormsby (2011). "A comparative study of local perceptions of ecotourism and conservation at Five Blues Lake National Park, Belize." Journal of Ecotourism 10(2): 118-134. Lack of suitable comparatorHolland, M. B. (2009). Biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction in Central America : the influence of protected areas. Madison, University of Wisconsin.


Holmern T. A. B. Johannesen et al. (2004). "Human-wildlife conflicts and hunting in the western Serengeti Tanzania." NINA Project Report 26: 1-26. Lack of suitable comparatorHolmes et al. (1998) THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE TIME ON CONJOINT ANALYSIS ESTIMATES OF RAINFOREST PROTECTION VALUES Lack of suitable interventionHolmes, C. M. (2003). "Assessing the perceived utility of wood resources in a protected area of Western Tanzania." Biological Conservation 111(2): 179-189. Lack of suitable comparatorHomewood, K. (1993). Livestock economy and ecology in El Kala, Algeria: evaluating ecological and economic costs and benefits in pastoralist systems, ODI. Lack of suitable outcomeHomewood, K. and D. Brockington (1999). "Biodiversity, conservation and development in Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania." Global Ecology and Biogeography 8(3-4): 301-313.


Hoole, A. and F. Berkes (2010). "Breaking down fences: Recoupling social-ecological systems for biodiversity conservation in Namibia." Geoforum 41(2): 304-317. Lack of suitable comparatorHope, R., G. Jewitt, et al. (2004). "Linking the hydrological cycle and rural livelihoods: A case study in the Luvuvhu catchment, South Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 29(15-18): 1209-1217. Lack of suitable interventionHorton L. R. (2009). "Buying Up Nature Economic and Social Impacts of Costa Rica's Ecotourism Boom." Latin American Perspectives 36(3): 93-107.


Hough, J. L. (1988). "OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN NATIONAL-PARKS AND SURROUNDING HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES." Environmental Conservation 15(2): 129-136.


Hovardas T. and G. P. Stamou (2006). "Structural and narrative reconstruction of rural residents' representations of 'nature' 'wildlife' and 'landscape'." Biodiversity and Conservation 15(5): 1745-1770. Qualitative dataHovardas T. K. J. Korfiatis et al. (2009). "Environmental Representations of Local Communities' Spokespersons in Protected Areas." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 19(6): 459-472. Lack of suitable outcomeHughes M. D. Newsome et al. (2005). "Case study: visitor perceptions of captive wildlife tourism in a Western Australian natural setting." Journal of Ecotourism 4(2): 73-91. Lack of suitable interventionHuhtala, A. (2004). "What price recreation in Finland? A contingent valuation study of non-market benefits of public outdoor recreation areas." Journal of Leisure Research 36(1): 23-44. Lack of suitable populationHuhtala, A. and E. Pouta (2008). "User fees, equity and the benefits of public outdoor recreation services." Journal of Forest Economics 14(2): 117-132. Lack of suitable interventionHuhtala, M. (2007). "Assessment of the local economic impacts of national park tourism: the case of Pallas-Ounastunturi National Park." Forest Snow and Landscape Research 81(1-2): 223-238. Lack of suitable populationHumavindu M. N. and J. I. Barnes (2003). "Trophy hunting in the Namibian economy: an assessment." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 33(2): 65-70. Lack of suitable interventionHunt C. A. and A. L. Stronza (2011). "Missing the Forest for the Trees?: Incongruous Local Perspectives on Ecotourism in Nicaragua Converge on Ethical Issues." Human Organization 70(4): 376-386. Lack of suitable interventionHussain S. (2000). "Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers' livelihoods: A pilot insurance scheme in Baltistan." Mountain Research and Development 20(3): 226-231. Lack of suitable interventionICEM (2003); Regional Report on Protected Areas and Development; Review of Protected Areas and Development in the Lower Mekong River Region, ICEM, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia Lack of suitable outcomeIdol T. J. Haggar et al. (2011). Ecosystem Services from Smallholder Forestry and Agroforestry in the Tropics. Integrating Agriculture Conservation and Ecotourism: Examples from the Field. W. B. O. S. L. Campbell. 1: 209-270.


Idrissou L. A. van Paassen et al. (2011). "From cohesion to conflict in participatory forest management: The case of Oueme Superieur and N'Dali (OSN) forests in Benin." Forest Policy and Economics 13(7): 525-534. Qualitative dataInfield, M. (1993). "Socio-economy, natural resource use, and attitudes towards the park of communities living in and around Lake Mburo National Park : report of a rapid rural appraisal." (Journal Article).


Infield, M. 1988. Attitudes of a rural community towards conservation and a local conservation area in Natal, South Africa. Biological Conservation 45(1):21-46 Lack of suitable comparatorJabarin, A. S. and S. A. Damhoureyeh (2006). "Estimating the recreational benefits of Dibeen National Park in Jordan using contingent valuation and travel cost methods." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9(12): 2198-2206. Lack of suitable interventionJarosz, L. (1999). "Imposing wilderness: Struggles over livelihood and nature presentation in Africa." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89(4): 805-807.


Jew E. and C. Bonnington (2011). "Socio-demographic factors influence the attitudes of local residents towards trophy hunting activities in the Kilombero Valley Tanzania." African Journal of Ecology 49(3): 277-285. Lack of suitable interventionJewett, F. I. (1968). "The impact of a National Park upon a county's economy." The Annals of Regional Science 2(1): 274-287. Lack of suitable interventionJimura, T. (2011). "The impact of world heritage site designation on local communities - A case study of Ogimachi, Shirakawa-mura, Japan." Tourism Management 32(2): 288-296. Lack of suitable interventionJing xxxx Lack of suitable outcomeJob, H. (2008). "Estimating the regional economic impact of tourism to national parks - Two case studies from Germany." Gaia-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 17: 134-142. Lack of suitable comparatorJohannesen, A. B. and A. Skonhoft (2004). "Property rights and natural resource conservation. A bio-economic model with numerical illustrations from the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem." Environmental and Resource Economics 28(4): 469-488.


Jones C. B. and J. Young (2004). "Hunting restraint by Creoles at the Community Baboon Lack of suitable outcome

Sanctuary Belize: A preliminary survey." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 7(2): 127-141.Jones, J. L. (2005). "Transboundary conservation: Development implications for communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 12(3): 266-278. Qualitative dataJones, S. (2007). "Tigers, trees and Tharu: An analysis of community forestry in the buffer zone of the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Geoforum 38(3): 558-575. Lack of suitable comparatorJoppa, L. N., S. R. Loarie, et al. (2009). "On Population Growth Near Protected Areas." PLoS ONE 4(1). Lack of suitable outcomeJoshi, R. and R. Singh (2009). "Gujjar Community Rehabilitation from Rajaji National Park: Moving Towards an Integrated Approach for Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Conservation." Journal of Human Ecology 28(3): 199-206. Lack of suitable outcomeJudez, L., R. de Andres, et al. (2000). "Influence of bid and subsample vectors on the welfare measure estimate in dichotomous choice contingent valuation: Evidence from a case-study." Journal of Environmental Management 60(3): 253-265. OtherJumbe, C. B. L. and A. Angelsen (2010). "Modeling choice of fuelwood source among rural households in Malawi: A multinomial probit analysis." Energy Economics 33(5): 732–738. Lack of suitable interventionKabra, A. (2009). "Conservation-induced Displacement : A Comparative Study of Two Indian Protected Areas." Conservation and Society 7(4): 249-267. Lack of suitable comparatorKala, C. P. and R. K. Maikhuri (2011). "Mitigating People-Park Conflicts on Resource Use through Ecotourism: A Case of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Indian Himalaya." Journal of Mountain Science 8(1): 87-95.


Kamoto, J. and I. Guijt (2007). "Improving forest beekeeping through monitoring in Chimaliro, Malawi." Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in forest resource management: 105-113.


Kanapaux, W. and B. Child (2011). "Livelihood activities in a Namibian wildlife conservancy: a case study of variation within a CBNRM programme." Oryx 45(3): 365-372. Lack of suitable comparatorKanchan, C. (2002). The valuation of biodiversity within protected areas: alternative approaches and a case study. New Delhi, Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd: 349-371. Lack of suitable interventionKant, S. (1997). "Integration of biodiversity conservation in tropical forest and economic development of local communities." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 4(1-2): 33-61. Lack of suitable interventionKaranth, K. D. (2003). Forest use and human-wildlife conflicts in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India. New Haven, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies: 48-58. Lack of suitable comparatorKaswamila, A. (2009). "Human-wildlife conflicts in Monduli District, Tanzania." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 5(4): 199-207. Lack of suitable comparatorKeitumetse, S. and O. Nthoi (2009). "Investigating the impact of world heritage site tourism on the intangible heritage of a community: Tsodilo Hills World Heritage site, Botswana." International Journal of Intangible Heritage 4: 143-150. Lack of suitable interventionKepe, T., B. Cousins, et al. (2000). Resource tenure and power relations in community wildlife contexts: the case of the Mkambati area on the Wild Coast of South Africa, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable comparatorKepe, T., M. Saruchera, et al. (2004). "Poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation: a South African perspective." Oryx 38(2): 143-145.


Keskitalo, E. C. H. and L. Lundmark (2010). "The Controversy Over Protected Areas and Forest-Sector Employment in Norrbotten, Sweden: Forest Stakeholder Perceptions and Statistics." Society & Natural Resources 23(2): 146-164. Inappropriate time frameKhadka, D. and S. K. Nepal (2010). "Local Responses to Participatory Conservation in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal." Environmental Management 45(2): 351-362. Lack of suitable outcomeKhan, F. and D. Mustafa (Unknown). Water based ecosystems services and poverty linkages within the Desakota Phenomenon:The case study of Arid Highland Ecosystems in the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, PART II F4.


Khan, M. S. and S. A. Bhagwat (2010). "Protected Areas: A Resource or Constraint for Local People? A Study at Chitral Gol National Park, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Mountain Research and Development 30(1): 14-24. Lack of suitable comparatorKhatri, T. B. (2010). "Conservation governance in Nepal: protecting forest biodiversity and people's livelihoods." Unasylva (English ed.) 61(236): 34-40.


Kideghesho, J. R. and P. E. Mtoni (2008). "Who compensates for wildlife conservation in Serengeti?" International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 4(2): 112-125. Lack of suitable comparatorKideghesho, J. R., E. Roskaft, et al. (2007). "Factors influencing conservation attitudes of Lack of suitable comparator

local people in Western Serengeti, Tanzania." Biodiversity and Conservation 16(7): 2213-2230.Kijazi, M. H. and S. Kant (2010). "Forest stakeholders' value preferences in Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania." Forest Policy and Economics 12(5): 357-369. Lack of suitable comparatorKilleen, T. J. (2007). "A perfect storm in the Amazon wilderness." Adv. Appl. Biodivers. Sci 7: 1-102. Lack of suitable interventionKim, S. S., K. K. F. Wong, et al. (2007). "Assessing the economic value of a world heritage site and willingness-to-pay determinants: A case of Changdeok Palace." Tourism Management 28(1): 317-322. Lack of suitable interventionKing D. A. and W. P. Stewart (1996). "Ecotourism and commodification: Protecting people and places." Biodiversity and Conservation 5(3): 293-305.


King, B. H. (2007). "Conservation and community in the new South Africa: A case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve." Geoforum 38(1): 207-219. Lack of suitable comparatorKipuri, N. and C. Sørensen (2008). "Poverty, pastoralism and policy in Ngorongoro." People’s Self-Determined Development: 349.


Kirby, K. J. (2006). "Changing perceptions of the role and value of upland woods for nature conservation: Past, present and future." International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management 2(3): 166-169.


Kirkby C. A. R. Giudice-Granados et al. (2010). "The market triumph of ecotourism: an economic investigation of the private and social benefits of competing land uses in the Peruvian Amazon." PloS one 5(9). Lack of suitable comparatorKiyingi I. and M. Bukenya (2010). "Community and ecotourist perceptions of forest conservation benefits: a case study of Mabira Central Forest Reserve Uganda." Southern Forests 72(3-4): 201-206. Lack of suitable interventionKlein, R. J. T. and I. J. Bateman (1998). "The recreational value of Cley Marshes nature reserve: An argument against managed retreat?" Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 12(4): 280-285. Lack of suitable populationKluvankova, T. (1999). "Sustainable tourism in the Mala Fatra National Park, the Slovak Republic." International Journal of Sustainable Development 2(2): 323-340. Lack of suitable populationKnoke, T., B. Calvas, et al. (2009). "Can tropical farmers reconcile subsistence needs with forest conservation?" Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(10): 548-554. Lack of suitable interventionKnoke, T., M. Weber, et al. (2009). "EFFECTIVENESS AND DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF PAYMENTS FOR REDUCED CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION." Erdkunde 63(4): 365-384. Lack of suitable interventionKock, M. D. (2005). The health paradigm and protected areas: Linkages between people and their livelihoods, ecosystems and natural communities, and health and disease.


Koens J. F. C. Dieperink et al. (2009). "Ecotourism as a development strategy: experiences from Costa Rica." Environment Development and Sustainability 11(6): 1225-1237.


Koziell, I. and C. Y. A. Inoue (2006). Mamirauá sustainable development reserve, Brazil: Lessons learnt in integrating conservation with poverty reduction, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Insufficient detail in methodsKramer, R., M. Munasinghe, et al. (1994). Valuing a protected tropical forest: a case study in Madagascar. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. M. Munasinghe and J. A. McNeely. Washington, D.C., World Bank: 191-219. Lack of suitable interventionKremen, C., Niles, J.-O., Dalton, M.G., Daily, G.C., Ehrlich, P.R., Fay, J.P., Grewal, D., Guillery, R.P. 2000. Economic incentives for rainforest conservation across scales. Science 288:1828-1832 Lack of suitable interventionKrozer Y. M. Lordkipanidze et al. (2007). Income generation from tourism in national parks: European experience. Sustainable Development and Planning III Vols 1 and 2. A. B. C. A. B. E. Kungolos. 102: 1019-1028. Lack of suitable outcomeKufner, M. B. and S. Claver (2002). "Nacunan biosphere reserve and sustainable development in the Monte Desert, Argentina." Gestion Ambiental(8): 45-56.


Kumar, S. (2008). Analyzing Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Poverty: South Asian Perspectives. Regional analysis Annexure 3. A project report prepared for NERC, DFID and ESRC by the EPASSA Consortium 25 April 2008, EPASSA Consortium.


Kusova, D., J. Testel, et al. (2008). "Biosphere reserves - An attempt to form sustainable landscapes - A case study of three biosphere reserves in the Czech Republic." Landscape and Urban Planning 84(1): 38-51. Lack of suitable comparator

Lacher R. G. and S. K. Nepal (2010). "From Leakages to Linkages: Local-Level Strategies for Capturing Tourism Revenue in Northern Thailand." Tourism Geographies 12(1): 77-99. Lack of suitable interventionLacy, T. d. and M. Lockwood (1994). Estimating the non-market conservation values of protected landscapes in Australia. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. M. Munasinghe and J. A. McNeely. Washington, D.C., World Bank: 181-189.


Ladio, A. H. and M. Lozada (2001). "Nontimber forest product use in two human populations from northwest Patagonia: A quantitative approach." Human Ecology 29(4): 367-380. Lack of suitable comparatorLagendijk, D. D. G. and M. Gusset (2008). "Human-Carnivore Coexistence on Communal Land Bordering the Greater Kruger Area, South Africa." Environmental Management 42(6): 971-976. Lack of suitable comparatorLagunas-Vázquez, M., L. F. Beltrán-Morales, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of rural participation: use of natural resources in the El Vizcaíno biosphere reserve, BCS, México." Economía Sociedad y Territorio 8(26): 451-476. Qualitative dataLamprey R. H. and R. S. Reid (2004). "Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife?" Journal of Biogeography 31(6): 997-1032. Lack of suitable outcomeLangholz, J. (1999). "Exploring the effects of alternative income opportunities on rainforest use: Insights from Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve." Society & Natural Resources 12(2): 139-149. Lack of suitable comparatorLasso, C. A. (2004). Evaluación rápida de la biodiversidad y aspectos sociales de los ecosistemas acuáticos del delta del río Orinoco y golfo de Paria, Venezuela, Conservation International.


Laudati, A. A. (2010). "The encroaching forest: struggles over land and resources on the boundary of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda." Society & Natural Resources 23(8): 776-789.


Lawrence (ed.) 2000 Lack of suitable interventionLee C.-K. J.-H. Lee et al. (2009). "Assessing the Economic Value of a Public Birdwatching Interpretative Service Using a Contingent Valuation Method." International Journal of Tourism Research 11(6): 583-593. Lack of suitable interventionLee T. H. (2007). "An ecotourism behavioural model of national forest recreation areas in Taiwan." International Forestry Review 9(3): 771-785. Lack of suitable interventionLee, C. K. and S. Y. Han (2002). "Estimating the use and preservation values of national parks' tourism resources using a contingent valuation method." Tourism Management 23(5): 531-540. Lack of suitable interventionLee, T. M., N. S. Sodhi, et al. (2009). "Determinants of local people's attitude toward conservation and the consequential effects on illegal resource harvesting in the protected areas of Sulawesi (Indonesia)." Environmental Conservation 36(2): 157-170. Lack of suitable comparatorLekmkuhl, J. F., R. K. Upreti, et al. (1988). "National parks and local development: grasses and people in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 15(2): 143-148. Lack of suitable comparatorLepetu, J., J. Alavalapati, et al. (2009). "Forest Dependency and Its Implication for Protected Areas Management: A case Study From Kasane Forest Reserve, Botswana." International Journal of Environmental Research 3(4): 525-536. Lack of suitable comparatorLepper C. M. and J. S. Goebel (2010). "Community-based natural resource management poverty alleviation and livelihood diversification: A case study from northern Botswana." Development Southern Africa 27(5): 725-739. Lack of suitable interventionLi, L., J. Wang, et al. (2010). Factors influencing local people's attitudes towards wild boar in Taohongling National Nature Reserve of Jiangxi Province, China. Lack of suitable outcomeLindberg, K (2001); Tourist "Consumption" of Biodiversity: Market Characteristics and Effect on Conservation and Local Development, Paper presented at the World Bank/OECD Workshop on Market Creation for Biodiversity Products and Services, Paris, France Lack of suitable outcomeLindberg, K. (2003). Market behavior of nature tourists in South Africa - a visitor survey in KwaZulu-Natal and Kruger National Park. Washington, World Bank: 91-129. Lack of suitable interventionLinkie, M., Dinata, Y., Nofrianto, A., Leader-Williams, N. 2007. Patterns and perceptions of wildlife crop raiding in and around Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra. Animal Conservation 10(1):127-135 Lack of suitable comparatorListon-Heyes, C. and A. Heyes (1999). "Recreational benefits from the Dartmoor National Park." Journal of Environmental Management 55(2): 69-80. Lack of suitable interventionLiu, J. e., H. Zhou, et al. (2009). "Comparisons of ecosystem services among three conversion Other (No human population

systems in Yancheng National Nature Reserve." Ecological Engineering 35(5): 609-629. investigated)Liu, J., Z. Ouyang, et al. (2010). "Environmental attitudes of stakeholders and their perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts: A case study in China." Journal of Environmental Management 91(11): 2254-2262. Lack of suitable comparatorLo Cascio, A. and R. Beilin (2010). "Of biodiversity and boundaries: a case study of community-based natural resource management practice in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia." Environmental Conservation 37(3): 347-355. Qualitative dataLomas, J. (1994). "The role of management agreements in rural environmental conservation." Land Use Policy 11(2): 119-123.


Lopes P. F. M. R. A. M. Silvano et al. (2011). "Extractive and Sustainable Development Reserves in Brazil: resilient alternatives to fisheries?" Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 54(4): 421-443.

Qualitative data, Comment paper or similar (no data)

Love, T., E. Jones, et al. (1998). "Valuing the temperate rainforest: Wild mushrooming on the Olympic Peninsula Biosphere Reserve." Ambio 0(SPEC. ISSUE 9): 16-25. Lack of suitable comparatorLu, X.-l. and H.-f. Yu (2006). Resident's perceptions of tourism impacts: An analysis of fuzzy synthetic evaluation. Lack of suitable outcomeLu, X.-l., C.-y. Wu, et al. (2006). "FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION ON RESIDENT'S PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS-Case of Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China." Chinese Geographical Science 16(1): 87-94. Lack of suitable outcomeLü, Y., Chen, L., Fu, B., Liu, S. 2003. A framework for evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas: the case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve. Landscape and Urban Planning 63:213-223 Lack of suitable outcomeLy, O. K., J. Bishop, et al. (2006). Estimating the value of ecotourism in the Djoudj National Bird Park in Senegal, World Conservation Union. Lack of suitable populationLynagh, F. M. and P. B. Urich (2002). "A critical review of buffer zone theory and practice: a Philippine case study." Society & Natural Resources 15(2): 129-145. Qualitative dataMa, X.-L., C. Ryan, et al. (2009). "Chinese national parks: Differences, resource use and tourism product portfolios." Tourism Management 30(1): 21-30. Lack of suitable outcomeMa, Z., B. Li, et al. (2009). "Conflicts between biodiversity conservation and development in a biosphere reserve." Journal of Applied Ecology 46(3): 527-535.

Other (No human population investigated)

Machlis, G. E. and D. L. Tichnell (1987). "Economic development and threats to National Parks: a preliminary analysis." Environmental Conservation 14(2): 151-156. Lack of suitable outcomeMacura, B., F. Zorondo-Rodríguez, et al. (2011). "Local community attitudes toward forests outside protected areas in India. Impact of legal awareness, trust, and participation." Ecology and Society 16(3): 15. Lack of suitable intervention

Magole L. I. (2009). "Common pool resource management among San communities in Ngamiland Botswana." Development Southern Africa 26(4): 597-610.


Magome, H., D. Grossman, et al. (2000). Partnerships in conservation: the state, private sector and the community at Madikwe Game Reserve, North-west Province, South Africa. Discussion Paper, Evaluating Eden Series-International Institute for Environment and Development, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable comparatorMahawar, M. M. and D. P. Jaroli (2006). "Animals and their products utilized as medicines by the inhabitants surrounding the Ranthambhore National Park, India." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 46. Lack of suitable comparatorMakame, M. K. and E. K. Boon (2008). "Sustainable Tourism and Benefit-Sharing in Zanzibar: The Case of Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve." Journal of Human Ecology 24(2): 93-109. Lack of suitable interventionMaller, C., M. Townsend, et al. (2002). "Healthy Parks Healthy People: The health benefits of contact with nature in a park context." Burwood (Australia): Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Deakin University. Relevant ReviewMannigel, E. (2008). "Integrating parks and people: How does participation work in protected area management?" Society & Natural Resources 21(6): 498-511.


Marquardt, M. A. (1994). "Socio-economic survey of communities in the buffer zone of Lake Mburo National Park." (Journal Article).

Other (Study does not give date for survey, but RRA part of study published in 1991, so very close to 1992 cutoff if not before.)

Marshall, E. and A. C. Newton (2003). "Non-timber forest products in the community of El Lack of suitable comparator

Terrero, Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico: Is their use sustainable?" Economic Botany 57(2): 262-278.Martin-Lopez, B., C. Montes, et al. (2007). "Influence of user characteristics on valuation of ecosystem services in Do(n)over-tildeana Natural Protected Area (south-west Spain)." Environmental Conservation 34(3): 215-224. Lack of suitable populationMartín-López, B., M. García-Llorente, et al. (2011). "The conservation against development paradigm in protected areas: valuation of ecosystem services in the Doñana social-ecological system (southwestern Spain)." Ecological Economics 70(8): 1481-1491. Lack of suitable interventionMason, J. J. and E. Y. Danso (1995). "PRA for people and parks: the case of Mole National Park, Ghana." PLA Notes - International Institute for Environment and Development(22): 76-79.

Qualitative data, Comment paper or similar (no data)

Masozera, M. K. and J. R. R. Alavalapati (2004). "Forest dependency and its implications for protected areas management: A case study from the Nyungwe Forest Reserve, Rwanda." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 19: 85-92. Lack of suitable outcomeMassyn, P. J. and N. Swan (2002). A Case-study of the Lekgophung Tourism Lodge, South Africa, Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of the Western Cape


Matarrita-Cascante D. (2010). "BEYOND GROWTH Reaching Tourism-Led Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37(4): 1141-1163. Lack of suitable interventionMatarrita-Cascante D. (2010). "Changing Communities Community Satisfaction and Quality of Life: A View of Multiple Perceived Indicators." Social Indicators Research 98(1): 105-127. Lack of suitable interventionMatarrita-Cascante D. M. A. Brennan et al. (2010). "Community agency and sustainable tourism development: the case of La Fortuna Costa Rica." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(6): 735-756. Lack of suitable interventionMather, A. S. (1993). "PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PERIPHERY - CONSERVATION AND CONTROVERSY IN NORTHERN SCOTLAND." Journal of Rural Studies 9(4): 371-384. Lack of suitable comparatorMatthew, R. A., M. Halle, et al. (2002). Conserving the peace: Resources, livelihoods and security. Winnipeg, CA, IISD.


Maxime, N. N. L., J. Ge, et al. (2010). "Assessment of socioeconomic factors and stakeholders involved in Dzanga Sangha Complex Protected Area, Central African Republic." Journal of Sustainable Development 3(2): 273-290. Lack of suitable comparatorMayer, M., M. Mueller, et al. (2010). "The economic impact of tourism in six German national parks." Landscape and Urban Planning 97(2): 73-82.

Lack of suitable population, Lack of suitable outcome

Mbaiwa J. E. (2003). "The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta north-western Botswana." Journal of Arid Environments 54(2): 447-467.


Mbaiwa, J. E. (2005). "Wildlife resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Environmental Management 77(2): 144-156. Lack of suitable comparatorMbaiwa, J. E. and A. L. Stronza (2010). "The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(5): 635-656. Insufficient detail in methodsMbaiwa, J. E. and A. L. Stronza (2011). "Changes in resident attitudes towards tourism development and conservation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Environmental Management 92(8): 1950-1959. Lack of suitable comparatorMbaiwa, J. E., B. N. Ngwenya, et al. (2008). "Contending with unequal and privileged access to natural resources and land in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 29(2): 155-172. Qualitative dataMbile, P., M. Vabi, et al. (2005). "Linking management and livelihood in environmental conservation: case of the Korup National Park Cameroon." Journal of Environmental Management 76(1): 1-13. Lack of suitable outcomeMburu, J., R. Birner, et al. (2003). "Relative importance and determinants of landowners' transaction costs in collaborative wildlife management in Kenya: an empirical analysis." Ecological Economics 45(1): 59-73. Insufficient detail in methodsMcCabe, J. T. (2003). "Sustainability and livelihood diversification among the Maasai of northern Tanzania." Human Organization 62(2): 100-111. Lack of suitable outcomeMcCrary J. K. A. L. Hammett et al. (2004). "Illegal extraction of forest products in Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve Nicaragua." Caribbean Journal of Science 40(2): 169-181. Lack of suitable comparator

McElwee, P. D. (2008). "Forest environmental income in Vietnam: household socioeconomic factors influencing forest use." Environmental Conservation 35(2): 147-159. Lack of suitable comparatorMcElwee, P. D. (2010). "Resource Use Among Rural Agricultural Households Near Protected Areas in Vietnam: The Social Costs of Conservation and Implications for Enforcement." Environmental Management 45(1): 113-131. Lack of suitable comparatorMcLean, J. and S. Straede (2003). "Conservation, relocation, and the paradigms of park and people management - A case study of Padampur Villages and the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Society & Natural Resources 16(6): 509-526. Lack of suitable comparatorMcMillan C. L. K. D. O'Gorman et al. (2011). "Commercial hospitality A vehicle for the sustainable empowerment of Nepali women." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 23(2): 189-208.

Qualitative data, Lack of suitable intervention

McNamara, K. E. and B. Prideaux (2011). "Experiencing 'natural' heritage." Current Issues in Tourism 14(1): 47-55. Lack of suitable outcomeMcShane, T. O. (1990). "Wildlands and human needs: Resource use in an African protected area." Landscape and Urban Planning 19(2): 145-158. Lack of suitable outcomeMehta, J. N. and J. T. Heinen (2001). "Does community-based conservation shape favorable attitudes among locals? An empirical study from Nepal." Environmental Management 28(2): 165-177. Lack of suitable comparatorMendes, I. and I. Proença (2011). "Measuring the social recreation per-day net benefit of the wildlife amenities of a national park: a count-data travel-cost approach." Environmental Management 48(5): 920-932. Lack of suitable interventionMetcalfe, S (2005); Transboundary Protected Area Impacts on Communities: Case Study of Three Southern African Transboundary Conservation Initiatives, AWF Working Papers, AWF, Nairobi, Kenya.


Meza, L. E. (2009). "Mapuche struggles for land and the role of private protected areas in Chile." Journal of Latin American Geography 8(1): 149-163.


Mfunda, I. M. and E. Roskaft (2010). "Bushmeat hunting in Serengeti, Tanzania: An important economic activity to local people." International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 2(9): 263-272. Lack of suitable comparatorMfunda, I. M. and E. Røskaft (2011). "Wildlife or crop production: The dilemma of conservation and human livelihoods in Serengeti, Tanzania." International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystems Services and Management 7(1): 39-49. Lack of suitable comparatorMikhailova, I. and J. Mulbeier (2008). "Ecotourism in conservation units: a case study of Turvo State Forest Park, Derrubadas - RS." Caderno Virtual de Turismo 8(3): 1-21. Lack of suitable comparatorMisra, S., R. K. Maikhuri, et al. (2009). "Assessment of traditional rights, local interference and natural resource management in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 16(6): 404-416. Lack of suitable comparatorMitsuda, H. and C. Geisler (1992). "Imperiled parks and imperiled people: lessons from Japan's Shiretoko National Park." Environmental History Review 16(2): 23-39. Lack of suitable outcomeMkanda, F. X. and S. M. Munthali (1994). "PUBLIC-ATTITUDES AND NEEDS AROUND KASUNGU-NATIONAL-PARK, MALAWI." Biodiversity and Conservation 3(1): 29-44. Lack of suitable comparatorMmopelwa, G., D. L. Kgathi, et al. (2007). "Tourists' perceptions and their willingness to pay for park fees: A case study of self-drive tourists and clients for mobile tour operators in Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana." Tourism Management 28(4): 1044-1056. Lack of suitable intervention

Mollett S. (2006). "Race and natural resource conflicts in Honduras - The Miskito and Garifuna struggle for Lasa Pulan." Latin American Research Review 41(1): 76-101.

Lack of suitable outcome, Comment paper or similar (no data)

Mombeshora, S. and S. Le Bel (2009). "Parks-people conflicts: the case of Gonarezhou National Park and the Chitsa community in south-east Zimbabwe." Biodiversity and Conservation 18(10): 2601-2623.


Moorman, R. S. (2006). "Benefits of local residents visiting La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica." Environmental Conservation 33(2): 89-99. Lack of suitable comparatorMorris et al (2003) Linking Poverty Reduction with Forest Conservation Case Studies from Vietnam Lack of suitable interventionMostafa, M. and K. Zainab (2010). "Local community attitudes toward social and economic impacts of tourism: a case study of Bisotun, Iran." World Applied Sciences Journal 10(10): 1160-1166. Lack of suitable interventionMovcan, J. (1982). "Development and economics in Plitvice National Park ( Yugoslavia)." Ambio 11(5): 282-285. Lack of suitable comparator

Muhwezi, O., A. B. Cunningham, et al. (2009). "Lianas and Livelihoods: The Role of Fibrous Forest Plants in Food Security and Society around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda." Economic Botany 63(4): 340-352. Lack of suitable comparatorMukul, S. A., M. B. Uddin, et al. (2010). "Integrating livelihoods and conservation in protected areas: understanding the role and stakeholder views on prospects for non-timber forest products, a Bangladesh case study." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 17(2): 180-188. Lack of suitable comparatorMuller-Boker, U. and M. Kollmair (2000). "Livelihood strategies and local perceptions of a new nature conservation project in Nepal - The Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Project." Mountain Research and Development 20(4): 324-331. Qualitative data

Munasinghe & McNeely eds (1994). Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. Washington, D.C., World Bank.

Other (Relevant chapters of this book have been added as secondary articles by author name)

Mundial, B. (2002). Community Management of the Bio-Itza Reserve, Medium-sized Project, ProPeten Foundation. Lack of suitable interventionMutamba E. (2004). "Community participation in natural resources management: Reality or rhetoric?" Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 99(1-3): 105-113.


Mvula, C. D. (2001). "Fair trade in tourism to protected areas - a micro case study of wildlife tourism to South Luangwa National Park, Zambia." International Journal of Tourism Research 3(5): 393-405. Lack of suitable comparatorNagendra, H., D. Rocchini, et al. (2010). "Beyond parks as monoliths: Spatially differentiating park-people relationships in the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in India." Biological Conservation 143(12): 2900-2908. Lack of suitable comparatorNahuelhual, L., P. Donoso, et al. (2007). "Valuing ecosystem services of Chilean temperate rainforests." Environment Development and Sustainability 9(4): 481-499. Lack of suitable comparatorNaidoo, R. and W. L. Adamowicz (2006). "Modeling opportunity costs of conservation in transitional landscapes." Conservation Biology 20(2): 490-500. Lack of suitable outcomeNaidoo R. L. C. Weaver et al. (2011). "Effect of biodiversity on economic benefits from communal lands in Namibia." Journal of Applied Ecology 48(2): 310-316. Lack of suitable interventionNamara, A. (2007). Case Study: Impacts of Creation and Implementation of National Parks and of Support to Batwa on their Livelihoods, Well-Being and Use of Forest Products. Impact Evaluation Information Document No. 10. Washington, DC, GEF Evaluation Office. Lack of suitable comparatorNarendran, K., I. K. Murthy, et al. (2001). "Nontimber forest product extraction, utilization and valuation: A case study from the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, southern India." Economic Botany 55(4): 528-538. Lack of suitable comparatorNath, T. K. and M. Alauddin (2006). "Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Its impacts on a rural community." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 2(1): 1-11. Lack of suitable comparatorNations, J. D. (1993). "Does conservation condemn the poor to perpetual poverty? A nongovernmental organization perspective." 245-250.


Naughton, L. (1993). "Conservation versus artisanal gold mining in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica: land use conflicts at neotropical widerness frontiers." Yearbook - Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers 19: 47-55. Qualitative dataNaughton-Treves, L. (1998). "Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda." Conservation Biology 12(1): 156-168. Lack of suitable comparatorNautiyal, S. and H. Kaechele (2009). "Natural resource management in a protected area of the Indian Himalayas: a modeling approach for anthropogenic interactions on ecosystem." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 153(1-4): 253-271.

Confounding variables, Insufficient detail in methods

Nautiyal, S., K. S. Rajan, et al. (2005). "Interaction of Biodiversity and Economic Welfare - A Case Study from the Himalayas of India." Journal of Environmental Informatics 6(2): 111-119. Lack of suitable comparatorNautiyal, S., K. S. Rao, et al. (2003). "Transhumant pastoralism in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India - A case study in the buffer zone." Mountain Research and Development 23(3): 255-262. Lack of suitable interventionNdibalema, V. G. and A. N. Songorwa (2008). "Illegal meat hunting in serengeti: dynamics in consumption and preferences." African Journal of Ecology 46(3): 311-319. Lack of suitable comparatorNelson, A. and K. M. Chomitz (2011). "Effectiveness of strict vs. multiple use protected areas in reducing tropical forest fires: A global analysis using matching methods." PloS One 6(8):

Lack of suitable outcome

e22722.Nelson, F. (2007). Emergent or illusory?: community wildlife management in Tanzania, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.


Nelson, F., C. Foley, et al. (2010). "Payments for Ecosystem Services as a Framework for Community-Based Conservation in Northern Tanzania." Conservation Biology 24(1): 78-85. Qualitative dataNelson, G. C., V. Harris, et al. (2001). "Deforestation, land use, and property rights: Empirical evidence from Darien, Panama." Land Economics 77(2): 187-205. Lack of suitable outcomeNepal, S. and A. Spiteri (2011). "Linking Livelihoods and Conservation: An Examination of Local Residents' Perceived Linkages Between Conservation and Livelihood Benefits Around Nepal's Chitwan National Park." Environmental Management 47(5): 727-738. Lack of suitable comparatorNepal, S. K. (1997). "Sustainable tourism, protected areas and livelihood needs of local communities in developing countries." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 4(2): 123-134.


Nepal, S. K. (2002). "Involving indigenous peoples in protected area management: Comparative perspectives from Nepal, Thailand, and China." Environmental Management 30(6): 748-763.


Nepal, S. K. (2002). "Linking parks and people: Nepal's experience in resolving conflicts in parks and protected areas." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 9(1): 75-90.


Nepal, S. K. and K. E. Weber (1995). "PROSPECTS FOR COEXISTENCE - WILDLIFE AND LOCAL PEOPLE." Ambio 24(4): 238-245. Qualitative dataNepal, S. K. and K. E. Weber (1995). "THE QUANDARY OF LOCAL PEOPLE-PARK RELATIONS IN NEPALS ROYAL-CHITWAN-NATIONAL-PARK." Environmental Management 19(6): 853-866. Inappropriate time frameNepali, S. C. (2010). "Assessing the causes of conflict and its effect on livelihoods: a study from Bardia National Park and Khata Corridor, Nepal." Banko Janakari 20(1): 37-43. Lack of suitable interventionNewby, J. E. and J. F. Grettenberger (1986). "THE HUMAN DIMENSION IN NATURAL-RESOURCE CONSERVATION - A SAHELIAN EXAMPLE FROM NIGER." Environmental Conservation 13(3): 249-256.


Newmark, W. D. and J. L. Hough (2000). "Conserving wildlife in Africa: Integrated conservation and development projects and beyond." Bioscience 50(7): 585-592.


Newmark, W. D., N. L. Leonard, et al. (1993). "CONSERVATION ATTITUDES OF LOCAL PEOPLE LIVING ADJACENT TO 5 PROTECTED AREAS IN TANZANIA." Biological Conservation 63(2): 177-183. Lack of suitable comparatorNgene, S. M. and P. O. M. Omondi (2008). "The costs of living with elephants in the areas adjacent to Marsabit National Park and Reserve." Pachyderm 45: 77-87. Lack of suitable comparatorNgeno, V., W. Rop, et al. (2011). "Residents decision-making in tourism at Sitatunga's swampy habitat: Saiwa National Park, Kenya." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 3(5): 190-193. Lack of suitable comparatorNicholas, L. N., B. Thapa, et al. (2009). "RESIDENTS' PERSPECTIVES OF A WORLD HERITAGE SITE The Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia." Annals of Tourism Research 36(3): 390-412. Lack of suitable comparatorNicholson, K., X. Li, et al. (2006). "Community-based commercial enterprise development for the conservation of biodiversity in Mount Emei World Heritage Site, Sichuan, China." (17): i + 63 pp. Lack of suitable comparatorNielsen, M. R. (2006). "Importance, cause and effect of bushmeat hunting in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania: Implications for community based wildlife management." Biological Conservation 128(4): 509-516. Lack of suitable comparatorNinan, K. N. (2009). Non Timber Forest Products and Biodiversity Conservation: A Study of Tribals in a Protected Area in India, With foreword by Achim Steiner. London and Sterling, Va.: Earthscan Publications. Lack of suitable interventionNlom, J. H. (2011). "The economic value of Congo basin protected areas goods and services." Journal of Sustainable Development 4(1): 130-142.

Other (Review and estimation of total forest value, not PA)

Noe, F. P. and W. E. Hammitt (1992). "Environmental attitudes and the personal relevance of management actions in a park setting." Journal of Environmental Management 35(3): 205-216. Lack of suitable outcomeNorgrove, L. and D. Hulme (2006). "Confronting Conservation at Mount Elgon, Uganda." Development and change 37(5): 1093-1116.


Norton, D. A. (2007). "Using biodiversity offsets to obtain "win-win' outcomes for Comment paper or similar (no

biodiversity conservation and economic production." New Zealand Journal of Forestry 52(3): 36-40. data)Noss, A. J. (1997). "Challenges to nature conservation with community development in central African forests." Oryx 31(3): 180-188.


Novelli & Scarth 2007 Tourism in Protected Areas: Integrating Conservation and Community Development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi) Lack of suitable comparatorNovelli, M. and K. Gebhardt (2007). "Community based tourism in Namibia: 'reality show' or 'window dressing'?" Current Issues in Tourism 10(5): 443-479.


Nucci, J. C. and O. A. Fávero (2003). "Sustainable development and conservation of the nature in protected areas: The case of Ipanema National Forest (Iperó/SP)." Desenvolvimento sustentável e conservação da natureza em unidades de conservação: o caso da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema (Iperó/SP) 7(7): 63-77.


Nunez, D., L. Nahuelhual, et al. (2006). "Forests and water: The value of native temperate forests in supplying water for human consumption." Ecological Economics 58(3): 606-616. Lack of suitable interventionNuva, R., S. Mad Nasir, et al. (2009). "Willingness to pay towards the conservation of ecotourism resources at Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia." Journal of Sustainable Development 2(2): 173-186. Insufficient detail in methodsNyahongo J. W. M. L. East et al. (2005). "Benefits and costs of illegal grazing and hunting in the Serengeti ecosystem." Environmental Conservation 32(4): 326-332.


Nyahongo, J. W., M. L. East, et al. (2005). "Benefits and costs of illegal grazing and hunting in the Serengeti ecosystem." Environmental Conservation 32(4): 326-332. Lack of suitable outcomeNyaupane G. P. D. B. Morais et al. (2006). "The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: A controlled comparison of Annapurna Nepal and Northwest Yunnan China." Tourism Management 27(6): 1373-1385. Qualitative dataNyaupane, G. P. and S. Poudel (2011) "Linkages among biodiversity, livelihood, and tourism." Annals of Tourism Research. Lack of suitable comparatorNygren, A. (2004). "Contested lands and incompatible images: The political ecology of struggles over resources in Nicaragua's Indio-Maiz reserve." Society & Natural Resources 17(3): 189-205. Qualitative dataOdindi, J. O. and G. K. Ayirebi (2010). "Communities and conservation: in search for a win-win situation in the Great Fish River Reserve." Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 12(1): 13-26. Lack of suitable comparatorOglethorpe, J. (2007). People on the move: Reducing the impact of human migration on biodiversity, World Wildlife Fund.


Ogra, M. V. (2008). "Human-wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: A case study of costs, perceptions, and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India." Geoforum 39(3): 1408-1422. Lack of suitable comparatorOgutu, Z. A. (1997). "Conflicts over resources: Saiwa Swamp National Park (Kenya) and its environs." GeoJournal 41(1): 25-31. Lack of suitable comparatorOhl-Schacherer, J., E. Mannigel, et al. (2008). "Indigenous ecotourism in the Amazon: A case study of 'Casa matsiguenka' in Manu National Park, Peru." Environmental Conservation 35(1): 14-25. Lack of suitable comparatorOkojie, L. O. and B. T. Amujo (2011). "Socio-economic determinants of on-day site demand for recreation in old Oyo National Park, Nigeria." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 3(6): 230-235. Lack of suitable populationOlsen, N., J. Bishop, et al. (2011). Exploring ecosystem valuation to move towards net positive impact on biodiversity in the mining sector. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN. Lack of suitable interventionOngugo, P., Njguguna, J., Obonyo, E., Sigu, G. 2002. Livelihoods, natural resources entitlements and protected areas: the case of Mt Elgon Forest in Kenya. Kenya IFRI Collaboratve Research Centre. http://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/for/cs-ecofor-ke-02-en.pdf. Accessed 19 May 2008. Lack of suitable comparatorOonyu, J. C. (2009). "Conservation education and the attitudes of local communities living adjacent to Mt. elgon national park, Uganda." Applied Environmental Education and Communication 8(3-4): 153-164. Lack of suitable comparatorOracion, E. G. and M. C. Hiponia (2009). "Nature and people matter: Conservation and ecotourism in balanan lake, negros oriental." Philippine Studies 57(1): 105-136. Lack of suitable interventionOrmsby, A. and B. A. Kaplin (2005). "A framework for understanding community resident perceptions of Masoala National Park, Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 32(2): 156-164. Lack of suitable comparator

Ouma, O. K. and C. Stadel (2006). Kakamega Forest, ecotourism and rural livelihoods: linkages and interactions for the Kakamega Forest region, Western Kenya. Sustainable Tourism II. C. A. P. F. D. Brebbia. 97: 149-158. Insufficient detail in methodsPadoa-Schioppa, E. and M. Baietto (2008). "Effects of tourism pressure on herd composition in the Sherpa villages of Sagarmatha National Park (Everest, Nepal)." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 15(5): 412-418. Lack of suitable outcomePadwe, J. (2004). "Participatory conservation in the Condor Bioreserve, Ecuador: Representations, decision processes, and underlying assumptions." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 18(2-3): 107-137.


Painemilla, K., A. Rylands, et al. (2010). Indigenous Peoples and Conservation: From rights to resource management. Arlington, VA.


Pandey, S. (2008). "Linking ecodevelopment and biodiversity conservation at the Great Himalayan National Park, India: lessons learned." Biodiversity and Conservation 17(7): 1543-1571.


Pandey, S. and M. P. Wells (1997). "Ecodevelopment planning at India's Great Himalayan National Park for biodiversity conservation and participatory rural development." Biodiversity and Conservation 6(9): 1277-1292.


Parker, P. and B. Thapa (2011). "Distribution of benefits based on household participation roles in decentralized conservation within Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Project, Nepal." Environment, Development and Sustainability 13(5): 879-899. Lack of suitable comparatorPathak, N., A. Kothari, et al. (2005). Conservation with social justice? The role of community conserved areas in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.


Pattanayak, S. K. and K. J. Wendland (2007). "Nature's care: diarrhea, watershed protection, and biodiversity conservation in Flores, Indonesia." Biodiversity and Conservation 16(10): 2801-2819. Lack of suitable interventionPattanayak, S. K., C. G. Corey, et al. (2010). Biodiversity Conservation and Child Malaria: Microeconomic Evidence from Flores, Indonesia. Lack of suitable interventionPaudel, N. S. (2002). "Integrating people and nature: a perspective for environmental conservation and livelihoods in the context of Nepal." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 2(1): 62-67.


PCCC (2004). ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR 3 COMMUNES IN THE BUFFER ZONE OF KE GO NATURE RESERVE, Ha Tinh Province, PCCC. Lack of suitable comparatorPeralta, N. and E. F. Alencar (2008). "Ecoturismo e Mudança Social na Amazônia Rural : efeitos sobre o papel da mulher e as relações de gênero." Campos 9(1): 109-129.


Perpar, A. and A. Udovč (2007). "Rural tourism and protected areas - factors to increase resilience of rural areas." Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 89(1): 115-128. Qualitative dataPersha, L., A. Agrawal, et al. (2011). "Social and Ecological Synergy: Local Rulemaking, Forest Livelihoods, and Biodiversity Conservation." Science 331(6024): 1606-1608. Lack of suitable interventionPeters, J. (1999). "Understanding conflicts between people and parks at Ranomafana, Madagascar." Agriculture and Human Values 16(1): 65-74.


Petrova, S., S. Bouzarovski-Buzar, et al. (2009). "From inflexible national legislation to flexible local governance: Management practices in the Pelister National Park, Republic of Macedonia." GeoJournal 74(6): 589-598. Qualitative dataPfueller, S. L., D. Lee, et al. (2011). "Tourism Partnerships in Protected Areas: Exploring Contributions to Sustainability." Environmental Management 48(4): 734-749.


Phuc, T. X. (2009). "Why did the forest conservation policy fail in the Vietnamese uplands? Forest conflicts in Ba Vi National Park in Northern Region." International Journal of Environmental Studies 66(1): 59-68. Qualitative dataPhuthego T. C. and R. Chanda (2004). "Traditional ecological knowledge and community-based natural resource management: lessons from a Botswana wildlife management area." Applied Geography 24(1): 57-76.


Picard, C. H. (2003). "Post-apartheid perceptions of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 30(2): 182-191. Lack of suitable comparator

Pinel D. P. (2002). Create a good fit: A community-based tourism planning model.Comment paper or similar (no data)

Pipinos G. and P. Fokiali (2009). "An assessment of the attitudes of the inhabitants of Northern Karpathos Greece: towards a framework for ecotourism development in


environmentally sensitive areas." Environment Development and Sustainability 11(3): 655-675.Pires, A. (2006). Community Timber Enterprises in the Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve, Brazil (unpublished). Prepared for ITTO/RRI/FT scoping study. Inappropriate time framePlavsic, M. (1998). "Integrating conservation and development in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar." TRI News 17: 5-7. Qualitative dataPlumptre et al (2004) The socioeconomic status of people living near protected areas in the central albertine rift Lack of suitable comparatorPop, O. G., A. Marculescu, et al. (2010). "MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN PIATRA CRAIULUI NATIONAL PARK." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9(12): 1671-1679.


Poulsen M. K. and K. Luanglath (2005). "Projects come projects go: Lessons from participatory monitoring in southern Laos." Biodiversity and Conservation 14(11): 2591-2610. Lack of suitable outcomePretorius, G., V. Harley, et al. (2011). Handbook for Implementing Rooibos Sustainability Standards, WWF-SA.


Prins, H. H. T. (1987). "Nature conservation as an integral part of optimal land use in East Africa: The case of the Masai ecosystem of Northern Tanzania." Biological Conservation 40(2): 141-161. Lack of suitable outcomePuhakka, R., S. Sarkki, et al. (2009). "Local discourses and international initiatives: sociocultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park, Finland." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(5): 529-549. Qualitative dataPyhala, A., Brown, K., Adger, W.N. 2006. Implications of livelihood dependence on nontimber products in Peruvian Amazonia. Ecosystems 9: 1328-1341 Lack of suitable comparatorQuang Thong, L. (2008). An Analysis of the Livelihoods in Selected Villages around the BD – NB National Park with a Particular Emphasis on Establishing the Opportunities for Community Based - Tourism Enterprises, WWF Greater Mekong, Vietnam Country Programme. Lack of suitable comparatorRabearivony, J., E. Fanameha, et al. (2008). "Taboos and social contracts: tools for ecosystem management - lessons from the Manambolomaty Lakes RAMSAR site, western Madagascar." Madagascar Conservation & Development 3(1): 7-16. Lack of suitable comparatorRadachowsky, J., V. H. Ramos, et al. "Forest concessions in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: A decade later." Forest Ecology and Management. Lack of suitable comparatorRai, R. K. (2003). "Management issues in Indian biosphere reserves, with special reference to alternative livelihood options for the dependent population." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 31(1-2): 99-103.


Rajwar, G. S. and M. Kumar (2011). "Fuelwood consumption in two tribal villages of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve of the Indian Himalaya and strategies for fuelwood sustainability." Environment Development and Sustainability 13(4): 727-741. Lack of suitable comparatorRannikko, P. (1999). "Combining social and ecological sustainability in the Nordic forest periphery." Sociologia Ruralis 39(3): 394-410.


Conservation International (2008). Health and Conservation in the Cardamoms in Cambodia: Lessons Learned from the CI-CARE Partnership, Conservation International (Cambodia). Lack of suitable interventionRao, K. S., R. K. Maikhuri, et al. (1999). "Participatory approach to rehabilitation of degraded forest lands: a case study in a high altitude village of Indian Himalaya." International Tree Crops Journal 10(1): 1-17. Lack of suitable comparatorRao, K. S., S. Nautiyal, et al. (2000). "Management conflicts in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India." Mountain Research and Development 20(4): 320-323. Contradictory resultsRao, M. et al. (2010). "Hunting, Livelihoods and Declining Wildlife in the Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary, North Myanmar." (Journal Article). Lack of suitable comparatorRao, M., T. Zaw, et al. (2011). "Hunting for a Living: Wildlife Trade, Rural Livelihoods and Declining Wildlife in the Hkakaborazi National Park, North Myanmar." Environmental Management 48(1): 158-167. Lack of suitable comparatorRatanak, O. and M. Yabe (2008). "Analyzing decision making of tourists and ecotourism development in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia." (Special Issue): 513-520. Inappropriate statisticsReading, R. P., T. W. Clark, et al. (1994). "Attitudes and knowledge of people living in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem." Society & Natural Resources 7(4): 349-365. Lack of suitable outcomeReid, R., M. Stone, et al. (1995). "Economic value of wilderness protection and recreation in British Columbia." FRDA Working Paper (Victoria BC)(WP-6-012). Lack of suitable interventionReid, H. (2001). "Contractual national parks and the Makuleke community." Human Ecology Comment paper or similar (no

29(2): 135-155. data)Rescia, A. J., B. A. Willaarts, et al. (2010). "Changes in land uses and management in two Nature Reserves in Spain: Evaluating the social-ecological resilience of cultural landscapes." Landscape and Urban Planning 98(1): 26-35. Lack of suitable outcomeReza, L. M., A. Aryan, et al. (2010). "Investigating the Perceptions of Residents in Golestan National Park , Iran." Asian Social Science 6(9): 64-73. Qualitative dataRichards, M. (1996). "Protected areas, people and incentives in the search for sustainable forest conservation in Honduras." Environmental Conservation 23(3): 207-217. Qualitative dataRishi, P. (2007). "Eco-development planning through psychological analysis: a study of perceptions and motivations." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 17(3): 223-243. Lack of suitable comparatorRishi, P., S. Moghe, et al. (2008). "Analysis of hierarchy of needs and motivational strategies for eco-development planning in two national parks of India." Resources Conservation and Recycling 52(5): 707-718. Lack of suitable comparatorRobinson, C. A. J., L. L. Daspit, et al. (2011). "Multi-faceted approaches to understanding changes in wildlife and livelihoods in a protected area: a conservation case study from the Central African Republic." Environmental Conservation 38(2): 247-255. Lack of suitable comparatorRodary E. (2009). "Mobilizing for nature in southern African community-based conservation policies or the death of the local." Biodiversity and Conservation 18(10): 2585-2600.


Rodela R. (2012). "Advancing the deliberative turn in natural resource management: An analysis of discourses on the use of local resources." Journal of Environmental Management 96(1): 26-34. Qualitative dataRodela, R. and A. Udovi (2008). "Participation in nature protection: does it benefit the local community? A Triglav National Park case study." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 4(4): 209-218. Lack of suitable comparatorRodriguez-Izquierdo E. M. C. Gavin et al. (2010). "Barriers and triggers to community participation across different stages of conservation management." Environmental Conservation 37(3): 239-249. Lack of suitable comparatorRoe, D (2003); The Millennium Development Goals and natural resources management: reconciling sustainable livelihoods and resource conservation or fuelling a divide?; in: Satterthwaite D (ed); The Millennium Development Goals and Local Processes: Hitting the target or missing the point?, IIED, London, UK


Roe, D. and J. Elliott (2004). "Poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation: rebuilding the bridges." Oryx 38(2): 137-139.


Roe, D., M. Walpole, et al. (2010). "Linking biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction: What, where and how? Summary and conclusions from an international symposium held at the Zoological Society of London, 28th-29th April 2010." Biodiversity 11(1-2): 107-110.


Roger, A., R. Calaque, et al. (2006). "An evaluation of ecotourism potential in the Batéké Plateaux National Park." Bois et Forêts des Tropiques(290): 13-30.


Rollins, K. (1997). "Wilderness canoeing in Ontario: using cumulative results to update dichotomous choice contingent valuation offer amounts." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 45(1): 1-16. Lack of suitable populationRomanach S. S. P. A. Lindsey et al. (2007). "Determinants of attitudes towards predators in central Kenya and suggestions for increasing tolerance in livestock dominated landscapes." Oryx 41(2): 185-195. Lack of suitable interventionRomano, B. (1995). "NATIONAL-PARKS POLICY AND MOUNTAIN DEPOPULATION - A CASE-STUDY IN THE ABRUZZO REGION OF THE CENTRAL APENNINES, ITALY." Mountain Research and Development 15(2): 121-132. Lack of suitable outcomeRosales, R. M. P. (2003). Developing pro-poor markets for environmental services in the Philippines, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable interventionSaayman, M. and A. Saayman (2006). "Estimating the economic contribution of visitor spending in the Kruger National Park to the regional economy." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(1): 67-81. Lack of suitable comparatorSaayman, M. and A. Saayman (2009). "Why travel motivation and socio-demographics matter in managaing a national park." Koedoe 58(1).

Lack of suitable population, Lack of suitable outcome

Saberwal, V.K., Gibbs, J.P., Chellam, R., Johnsingh, A.J.T. 1994. Lion-human conflict in the Gir forest, India. Conservation Biology 8(2):501-507 Confounding variablesSachedina, H. and F. Nelson (2010). "Protected areas and community incentives in savannah ecosystems: a case study of Tanzania's Maasai Steppe." Oryx 44(3): 390-398. Lack of suitable comparatorSælemyr, S. T. (2004). "People, park and plant use: Perception and use of Andean 'nature' in Qualitative data

the southern Ecuadorian Andes." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 58(4): 194-203.Sah, J. P. and J. T. Heinen (2001). "Wetland resource use and conservation attitudes among indigenous and migrant peoples in Ghodaghodi Lake area, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 28(4): 345-356. Lack of suitable interventionSalafsky, N. and E. Wollenberg (2000). "Linking livelihoods and conservation: A conceptual framework and scale for assessing the integration of human needs and biodiversity." World Development 28(8): 1421-1438. Lack of suitable outcomeSalo, M. and A. Pyhala (2007). "Exploring the gap between conservation science and protected area establishment in the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve (Peruvian Amazonia)." Environmental Conservation 34(1): 23-32. Lack of suitable outcomeSalum, L. A. (2009). "Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation in Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park, Zanzibar." African Journal of Ecology 47: 166-170. Lack of suitable comparatorSamdin, Z., A. Yuhanis Abdul, et al. (2010). "Factors influencing the willingness to pay for entrance permit: the evidence from Taman Negara National Park." Journal of Sustainable Development 3(3): 212-220. Lack of suitable populationSamos Juarez, A. and R. Bernabeu Cañete (2011). "Economic valoration of the Natural Park > (Albacete, Castilla-La Mancha)." Forest Systems 20(2): 278-292. Lack of suitable populationSamuelsson E. and J. Stage (2007). "The size and distribution of the economic impacts of Namibian hunting tourism." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 37(1): 41-52. Lack of suitable interventionSanches K. L. A. N. de Souza et al. (2011). "ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF INDIRECT USE ACTIVITIES IN A PRIVATE NATURAL HERITAGE RESERVE." Cerne 17(2): 223-229. Lack of suitable outcomeSanches, K. L., A. N. de Souza, et al. (2011). "Economic evaluation of indirect use activities in a private natural heritage reserve." Avaliação econômica das atividades de uso indireto em uma reserva particular do patrimônio natural 17(2): 223-229. Lack of suitable outcomeSanches, R. A. (2001). "Caiçara communities of the southeastern coast of São Paulo State (Brazil): Traditional activities and conservation policy for the Atlantic Rain Forest." Human Ecology Review 8(2): 52-64. Qualitative dataSanchez-Arias L. E. and J. P. Rodriguez (2008). Creation of mangrove "Productive Oases": Community participation for the sustainable utilization of halophytes. Lack of suitable outcomeSanchez-Azofeifa, G. A., M. Quesada, et al. (2009). "Land cover and conservation in the area of influence of the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Mexico." Forest Ecology and Management 258(6): 907-912. Lack of suitable outcomeSandbrook, C. G. (2010). "Local economic impact of different forms of nature-based tourism." Conservation Letters 3(1): 21-28. Lack of suitable comparatorSandbrook, C. G. (2010). "PUTTING LEAKAGE IN ITS PLACE: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RETAINED TOURISM REVENUE IN THE LOCAL CONTEXT IN RURAL UGANDA." Journal of International Development 22(1): 124-136. Lack of suitable comparatorSander, K. and M. Zeller (2007). Protected area management and local benefits - A case study from Madagascar. Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints of Land Use and Conservation. T. L. C. Z. M. G. E. B. A. Tscharntke: 365-387. Lack of suitable comparatorSanderson, S. E. and K. H. Redford (2003). "Contested relationships between biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation." Oryx 37(4): 389-390.


Sanfiorenzo-Barnhard, C., L. Garcia-Barrios, et al. (2009). "Woody Cover and Local Farmers' Perceptions of Active Pasturelands in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zone, Mexico." Mountain Research and Development 29(4): 320-327.


Santos et al. (2001) THE VALUE OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATION OF JATAÍ’S ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND NATURAL CAPITAL

Other (Estimation of ecosystem services value based on literature values (no primary data))

Sarin, M. (2005). Laws, lore and logjams: Critical issues in Indian forest conservation, International Institute for Environment and Development.


Scheepers K. L. Swemmer et al. (2011). "Applying adaptive management in resource use in South African National Parks: A case study approach." Koedoe 53(2). Lack of suitable outcomeSchelhas, J. (1991). "A METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSMENT OF EXTERNAL ISSUES FACING NATIONAL-PARKS, WITH AN APPLICATION IN COSTA-RICA." Environmental Conservation 18(4): 323-330. Qualitative dataSchelhas, J., R. E. Sherman, et al. (2002). "Linking community and national park Qualitative data

development: a case from the Dominican Republic." Natural Resources Forum 26(2): 140-149.Schermer, M. (2005). "The impact of eco-regions in Austria on sustainable rural livelihoods." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 3(2): 92-101.


Schmidt-Soltau (2001) Human Activities in and around the Takamanda Forest Reserve Socio-economic Baseline Survey Lack of suitable comparatorSchmidt-Soltau, K. (2003). "Conservation-related resettlement in Central Africa: environmental and social risks." Development and Change 34(3): 525-551. Qualitative dataSchmidt-Soltau, K. (2004). "The costs of rainforest conservation: local responses towards integrated conservation and development projects in Cameroon." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 22(1): 93-117. Lack of suitable comparatorSchmidt-Soltau, K. and D. Brockington (2007). "Protected areas and resettlement: What scope for voluntary relocation?" World Development 35(12): 2182-2202. Qualitative dataSchultz L. A. Duit et al. (2011). "Participation Adaptive Co-management and Management Performance in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves." World Development 39(4): 662-671. Lack of suitable outcomeSchuyt, K. (2005). "Freshwater and poverty reduction: Serving people, saving nature." An economic analysis of the livelihood impacts of freshwater conservation initiatives. Lack of suitable interventionSchwarze, S. and M. Zeller (2005). "Income diversification of rural households in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 44(1): 61-73. Lack of suitable comparatorSchwarze, S., B. Schippers, et al. (2007). Forest products and household incomes: Evidence from rural households living in the rainforest margins of Central Sulawesi. Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints of Land Use and Conservation. T. L. C. Z. M. G. E. B. A. Tscharntke: 209-224. Lack of suitable comparatorSekhar, N. U. (2003). "Local people's attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Tiger Reserve, India." Journal of Environmental Management 69(4): 339-347. Lack of suitable comparatorSenaratne, A., P. Abeygunawardena, et al. (2003). "Changing role of non-timber forest products (NTFP) in rural household economy: The case of Sinharaja World Heritage site in Sri Lanka." Environmental Management 32(5): 559-571. Lack of suitable comparatorShackleton C. M. S. E. Shackleton et al. (2007). "The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa." Forest Policy and Economics 9(5): 558-577.


Shackleton, S. (2011). "Linking livelihood and ecosystem vulnerability in Southern Africa: Consequences for conservation and development." South African Journal of Botany 77(2): 556-557.


Shah, A. S. (2006). "Conservation through sustainable agriculture: the case of the Cerro Punta watershed, Panama." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 22(1/2): 143-156. Qualitative dataShahwahid, H., A. Awang Noor, et al. (1997). "Economic Benefits of Watershed Protection and Trade-Off with Timber Production: A Case Study in Malaysia." Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia Research Report Series, Singapore. Lack of suitable outcomeShanker, K., A. Hiremath, et al. (2005). "Linking biodiversity conservation and livelihoods in India." Plos Biology 3(11): 1878-1880.


Sharma, U. R. (1990). "An overview of park-people interactions in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Landscape and Urban Planning 19(2): 133-144. Lack of suitable comparatorShechter M. B. Reiser et al. (1998). "Measuring passive use value - Pledges donations and CV responses in connection with an important natural resource." Environmental & Resource Economics 12(4): 457-478. Lack of suitable populationShepard, G. H., Jr., K. Rummenhoeller, et al. (2010). "Trouble in paradise: indigenous populations, anthropological policies, and biodiversity conservation in Manu National Park, Peru." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 29(2/4): 252-301.


Shibia, M. G. (2010). "Determinants of Attitudes and Perceptions on Resource Use and Management of Marsabit National Reserve, Kenya." Journal of Human Ecology 30(1): 55-62. Lack of suitable comparatorShillington, L., J. K. McCrary, et al. (2005). Complex connections: the role of non-timber forest products in urban and rural livelihoods in Nicaragua. Auburn, Auburn University: 254-259. Lack of suitable comparatorShova, T. and K. Hubacek (2011). "Drivers of illegal resource extraction An analysis of Bardia National Park, Nepal." Journal of Environmental Management 92(1): 156-164. Lack of suitable outcomeShrestha R. K. T. V. Stein et al. (2007). "Valuing nature-based recreation in public natural areas of the Apalachicola River region Florida." Journal of Environmental Management 85(4):

Insufficient detail in methods

977-985.Shyamsundar, P. (1996). "Constraints on socio-buffering around the Mantadia National Park in Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 23(1): 67-73. Qualitative dataShyamsundar, P. and R. A. Kramer (1996). "Tropical forest protection: An empirical analysis of the costs borne by local people." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(2): 129-144. Lack of suitable populationShyamsundar, P. and R. Kramer (1997). "Biodiversity conservation - At what cost? A study of households in the vicinity of Madagascar's Mantadia National Park." Ambio 26(3): 180-184. Inappropriate time frameSibanda, B. M. C. and A. K. Omwega (1996). "Some reflections on conservation, sustainable development and equitable sharing of benefits from wildlife in Africa: The case of Kenya and Zimbabwe." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 26(4): 175-181.


Siebert, S. F. and J. M. Belsky (2002). "Livelihood security and protected area management." International Journal of Wilderness 8(3): 38-42. Lack of suitable comparatorSiebert, S. F., J. M. Belsky, et al. (1994). Rattan Management for Sustainable Livelihoods and Forest Conservation: The Case of Kerinci-Seblat National Park, Indonesia. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. M. Munasinghe and J. e. McNeely, Washington, D.C.: World Bank for the World Conservation Union. Lack of suitable comparatorSiikamäki, J. (2011). "Contributions of the US state park system to nature recreation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(34): 14031-14036. Lack of suitable comparatorSikor, T. and N. Q. Tan (2011). Realizing Forest Rights in Vietnam: Addressing Issues in Community Forest Management, The Center for People and Forests. Lack of suitable comparatorSilori, C. S. (2001). "Biosphere reserve management in theory and practice: Case of Nanda Devi biosphere reserve, Western Himalaya, India." Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 4(3): 205-219. Insufficient detail in methodsSilori, C. S. (2007). "Perception of local people towards conservation of forest resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, north-western Himalaya, India." Biodiversity and Conservation 16(1): 211-222. Confounding variablesSilori, C. S. and R. Badola (2000). "Medicinal plant cultivation and sustainable development: a case study in the buffer zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, western Himalaya, India." Mountain Research and Development 20(3): 272-279. Lack of suitable comparatorSilva, H. P., O. H. Boscolo, et al. (2005). "Biodiversity conservation and human well-being: Challenges for the Populations and protected areas of the Brazilian Atlantic forest." Ecohealth 2(4): 333-342. Lack of suitable comparatorSimpson, G. (2011). "Perceptions of the Impact of Wildlife on the Health and Livelihood of Humans and Domesticated Animals Near the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique." Ecohealth 7: S87-S88. Lack of suitable comparatorSims, K.R.E. (2008) Evaluating the local socio-economic impacts of protected areas: A system-level comparison group approach. Report prepared for the GEF Evaluation Office, Washington DC.

Superceded by more recent study

Slater, R. (2002). "Between a rock and a hard place: contested livelihoods in Qwaqwa National Park, South Africa." Geographical Journal 168: 116-129. Qualitative dataSodhi, N. S., T. M. Brooks, et al. (2006). "Biodiversity and human livelihood crises in the Malay archipelago." Conservation Biology 20(6): 1811-1813.


Sodhi, N. S., T. M. Lee, et al. (2010). "Local people value environmental services provided by forested parks." Biodiversity and Conservation 19(4): 1175-1188. Lack of suitable comparatorSoto, B., S. M. Munthali, et al. (2001). "Perceptions of the forestry and wildlife policy by the local communities living in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique." Biodiversity and Conservation 10(10): 1723-1738. Inappropriate time frameSpenceley, A. and H. Goodwin (2007). "Nature-based tourism and poverty alleviation: impacts of private sector and parastatal enterprises in and around Kruger National Park, South Africa." Current Issues in Tourism 10(2/3): 255-277. Lack of suitable outcomeSpergel, B. (2001). "Raising revenues for protected areas: a menu of options." Center for Conservation Finance, World Wildlife Fund.


Spiteri, A. and S. K. Nepal (2008). "Distributing conservation incentives in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 35(1): 76-86. Lack of suitable interventionSteele, N. (1993). "DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF RHINO SANCTUARIES IN SOUTH-AFRICA - THE EFFECTS OF SOCIOECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CHANGES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA ON DEVELOPMENTS." Rhinoceros Biology and


Conservation: Proceedings of an International Conference: 183-185.Stein A. B. T. K. Fuller et al. (2010). "Farm management and economic analyses of leopard conservation in north-central Namibia." Animal Conservation 13(4): 419-427. Lack of suitable comparatorStern, M. J. (2008). "The Power of Trust: Toward a Theory of Local Opposition to Neighboring Protected Areas." Society & Natural Resources 21(10): 859-875. Lack of suitable comparatorStone, M. and G. Wall (2004). "Ecotourism and community development: Case studies from Hainan, China." Environmental Management 33(1): 12-24. Lack of suitable comparatorStraede, S. and F. Helles (2000). "Park-people conflict resolution in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal: buying time at high cost?" Environmental Conservation 27(4): 368-381. Lack of suitable comparatorStraede, S. and T. Treue (2006). "Beyond buffer zone protection: A comparative study of park and buffer zone products' importance to villagers living inside Royal Chitwan National Park and to villagers living in its buffer zone." Journal of Environmental Management 78(3): 251-267. Small sample sizeStrickland-Munro, J. K., S. A. Moore, et al. (2010). "The impacts of tourism on two communities adjacent to the Kruger National Park, South Africa." Development Southern Africa 27(5): 663-678. Lack of suitable comparatorStrier K. B. (2010). "Long-Term Field Studies: Positive Impacts and Unintended Consequences." American Journal of Primatology 72(9): 772-778.


Stronza A. (2008). "Through a new mirror: Reflections on tourism and identity in the Amazon." Human Organization 67(3): 244-257. Lack of suitable comparatorStruhsaker, T. T., P. J. Struhsaker, et al. (2005). "Conserving Africa's rain forests: problems in protected areas and possible solutions." Biological Conservation 123(1): 45-54. Lack of suitable outcomeStudsroed, J. E. and P. Wegge (1995). "Park-people relationships: the case of damage caused by park animals around the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 22(2): 133-142. Lack of suitable comparatorStycos, J. M. and I. Duarte (1995). "PARKS, RESETTLEMENT, AND POPULATION - A CASE-STUDY IN THE DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC." Society & Natural Resources 8(3): 243-260.


Suarez, E., M. Morales, et al. (2009). "Oil industry, wild meat trade and roads: indirect effects of oil extraction activities in a protected area in north-eastern Ecuador." Animal Conservation 12(4): 364-373. Lack of suitable comparator

Sun R. S. Liu et al. (2009). Study on the Benefit Protection of Residents in Ecotourism Area.Comment paper or similar (no data)

Surkin, J. (2007). Transboundary Conservation in the Andes, Corridor Learning Initiative: Lessons Learned From Four Conservation Corridors, Conservation International.


Svarstad H. K. Daugstad et al. (2006). "New protected areas in Norway: Local participation without gender equality." Mountain Research and Development 26(1): 48-54. Lack of suitable comparatorSwain, D. (2001). "Joint protected area management: a proposal for the management of Sanctuaries and National Parks in India." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 8(3): 257-265. Lack of suitable comparatorSweeting, J. E. N., A. G. Bruner, et al. (1999). The green host effect: An integrated approach to sustainable tourism and resort development, Conservation International.


Tambe, S. and G. S. Rawat (2009). "Ecology, Economics, and Equity of the Pastoral Systems in the Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim Himalaya, India." Ambio 38(2): 95-100. Lack of suitable comparatorTambe, S. and G. S. Rawat (2009). "Traditional livelihood based on sheep grazing in the Khangchendzonga national park, Sikkim." Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8(1): 75-80. Lack of suitable comparatorTanner, R. J., W. A. Freimund, et al. (2008). "A meta-study of the values of visitors to four protected areas in the western United States." Leisure Sciences 30(5): 377-390. Qualitative dataTapela, B. N. and P. H. Omara-Ojungu (1999). "Towards bridging the gap between wildlife conservation and rural development in post-apartheid South Africa: The case of the Makuleke community and the Kruger National Park." South African Geographical Journal 81(3): 148-155. Lack of suitable comparatorTapsuwan, S., M. Burton, et al. (2010). "A multivariate probit analysis of willingness to pay for cave conservation: a case study of Yanchep National Park, Western Australia." Tourism Economics 16(4): 1019-1035. Lack of suitable populationTaylor J. E. J. Hardner et al. (2009). "Ecotourism and economic growth in the Galapagos: an island economy-wide analysis." Environment and Development Economics 14: 139-162. Lack of suitable outcomeTaylor, C. N., J. Gough, et al. (1999). "Social and economic impacts of Kahurangi National Lack of suitable outcome

Park." (119): 62 pp.Tessema, M. E., R. J. Lilieholm, et al. (2010). "Community Attitudes Toward Wildlife and Protected Areas in Ethiopia." Society & Natural Resources 23(6): 489-506. Lack of suitable comparatorThapa, S. and D. S. Chapman (2010). "Impacts of resource extraction on forest structure and diversity in Bardia National Park, Nepal." Forest Ecology and Management 259(3): 641-649. Lack of suitable comparatorThomas, D. H. L., F. Ayache, et al. (1991). "USE AND NONUSE VALUES IN THE CONSERVATION OF ICHKEUL-NATIONAL-PARK, TUNISIA." Environmental Conservation 18(2): 119-130. Inappropriate time frameThompson, A., B. Lovelock, et al. (2009). "Traditional livelihoods, conservation and recreation: Reflections on managing visitation in New Zealand conservation parks." Tourismos 4(4): 163-179. Lack of suitable populationThompson, J. (2010). "Harnessing national parks for health." Nursing New Zealand (Wellington, N.Z. : 1995) 16(4): 5.


Thongmanivong, S., Y. Fujita, et al. (2005). "Resource use dynamics and land-cover change in Ang Nhai Village and Phou Phanang National Reserve Forest, Lao PDR." Environmental Management 36(3): 382-393. Lack of suitable outcomeThwaites, R., T. De Lacy, et al. (1998). "Property rights, social change, and grassland degradation in Xilingol Biosphere Reserve, Inner Mongolia, China." Society & Natural Resources 11(4): 319-338. Qualitative dataTiani, A. M., G. Akwah, et al. (2005). Women in Campo-Ma'an National Park: uncertainties and adaptations in Cameroon. Washington, Resources for the Future: 131-149. Lack of suitable comparatorTimko, J. and T. Satterfield (2008). "Criteria and indicators for evaluating social equity and ecological integrity in national parks and protected areas." Natural Areas Journal 28(3): 307-319.


Tisdell, C. and J. Wen (1997). "Total economic evaluation of protected areas." Annals of Tourism Research 24(4): 992-994.


Tobey, J., E. Torell, et al. (2005). "HIV/AIDS and threats to coastal biodiversity in Tanzania: cross-sectoral dimensions of HIV/AIDS, gender, and population dynamics in critical areas." Narragansett: URI Coastal Resources Center. Lack of suitable comparatorTomicevic, J., I. Bjedov, et al. (2011). "Exploring the Park-People Relation: Collection of Vaccinium Myrtillus L. by Local People From Kopaonik National Park in Serbia." Environmental Management 48(4): 835-846. Lack of suitable comparatorTomicevic, J., M. A. Shannon, et al. (2010). "Socio-economic impacts on the attitudes towards conservation of natural resources: Case study from Serbia." Forest Policy and Economics 12(3): 157-162. Lack of suitable comparatorTorn, A., P. Siikamaki, et al. (2008). "Local People, Nature Conservation, and Tourism in Northeastern Finland." Ecology and Society 13(1). Lack of suitable comparatorTovar, C. and M. Lockwood (2008). "Social Impacts of Tourism: An Australian Regional Case Study." International Journal of Tourism Research 10(4): 365-378. Lack of suitable interventionTrakolis, D. (2001). "Perceptions, preferences, and reactions of local inhabitants in Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece." Environmental Management 28(5): 665-676. Lack of suitable comparatorTran, T. (2010). "Combining biodiversity conservation with poverty alleviation - a case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13(1): 41-46. Qualitative data

Treves, A. (2008). The human dimensions of conflicts with wildlife around protected areas.Comment paper or similar (no data)

Triguero-Mas, M., M. Olomi-Sola, et al. (2009). "Urban and rural perceptions of protected areas: a case study in Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India." Environmental Conservation 36(3): 208-217. Lack of suitable comparatorTropenbos International Ghana (2010). Timber legality, local livelihoods and social safeguards: implications of FLEGT/VPA in Ghana. Proceedings of an international workshop held in Accra, Ghana on 8th and 9th October 2009. Kumasi, Ghana. Lack of suitable comparatorTsaur S. H. Y. C. Lin et al. (2006). "Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of resource community and tourism." Tourism Management 27(4): 640-653.


Tudela Mamani, J. W., M. A. Martinez Damian, et al. (2011). "ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE BENEFITS OF A RECOVERY AND CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN MOLINO DE FLORES NATIONAL PARK, MEXICO." Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente 17(2): 231-244. Lack of suitable populationTumusiime, D. M., P. Vedeld, et al. (2011). "Breaking the law? Illegal livelihoods from a Protected Area in Uganda." Forest Policy and Economics 13(4): 273-283. Lack of suitable comparator

Turner et al 2012 Lack of suitable interventionTwyman, C. (2000). "Livelihood opportunity and diversity in Kalahari Wildlife Management Areas, Botswana: Rethinking community resource management." Journal of Southern African Studies 26(4): 783-806. Qualitative dataTwyman, C. (2001). "Natural resource use and livelihoods in Botswana's Wildlife Management Areas." Applied Geography 21(1): 45-68. Qualitative dataUddhammar E. (2006). "Development conservation and tourism: conflict or symbiosis?" Review of International Political Economy 13(4): 656-678. Relevant Review

Upton, C., R. Ladle, et al. (2008). "Are poverty and protected area establishment linked at a national scale?" Oryx 42(01): 19-25.

Other (Assessment of distribution of PAs across different countries based on poverty indices)

USAID (2006)a. PROTECTED AREA POLICY WORKING GROUP: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN, USAID.


USAID (2006)b. Issues in Poverty Reduction and Natural Resource Management, USAID. Insufficient detail in methodsUsongo, L. and B. T. Nkanje (2004). "Participatory approaches towards forest conservation: the case of Lobéké National Park, southeast Cameroon." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 11(2): 119-127.


Vabi, M. B. and N. Tchamou (1999). "A farming system's perspective to NWFP exploitation in the support zone of the Korup National Park of Cameroon: determining the connections between the household and the forest." 171-179. Lack of suitable comparatorValaoras G. K. Pistolas et al. (2002). "Ecotourism revives rural communities - The case of the Dadia Forest Reserve Evros Greece." Mountain Research and Development 22(2): 123-127.


Van Der Merwe P. and M. Saayman (2003). "Determining the economic value of game farm tourism." Koedoe 46(2): 103-112.


van der Merwe P. and M. Saayman (2005). "Game farms as sustainable ecotourist attractions." Koedoe 48(2): 1-10. Lack of suitable outcomevan Vliet, N. (2010). "Participatory Vulnerability Assessment in the Context of Conservation and Development Projects: A Case Study of Local Communities in Southwest Cameroon." Ecology and Society 15(2).


Vaughan, D. R., H. Farr, et al. (2000). "Estimating and interpreting the local economic benefits of visitor spending: an explanation." Leisure Studies 19(2): 95-118. Lack of suitable comparatorVayda, A. P. and A. Sahur (1996). "Bugis settlers in East Kalimantan's Kutai National Park: their past and present and some possibilities for their future." vi + 54 pp. Qualitative dataVelasco, M. J. P. and C. V. Ramos (2010). "Naturbanization and population changes on the Doñana and Sierra Nevada national parks." Naturbanización y cambios en la población de los espacios naturales de doñana y sierra nevada 56(3): 435-460. Lack of suitable outcomeVigneshwarie, R. and B. B. Singh (2011). "AWARENESS AND THE PERCEIVED SOCIO-ECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF 'ECO-TOURISM': A STUDY IN THE CORBETT AREA." Indian Forester 137(1): 57-65. Lack of suitable comparatorVila Subiros, J., A. Ribas Palom, et al. (2009). "MEDIO SIGLO DE CAMBIOS PAISAJISTICOS EN LA MONTANA MEDITERRANEA. PERCEPCION Y VALORACIÓN SOCIAL DEL PAISAJE EN LA ALTA GARROTXA (GIRONA). HALF A CENTURY OF landscape changes in the Mediterranean mountains. SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE IN HIGH GARROTXA (GIRONA)." PIRINEOS 164: 69-92. Lack of suitable outcomeVodouhe, F. G., O. Coulibaly, et al. (2009). "Estimating the Local Value of Non-Timber Forest Products to Pendjari Biosphere Reserve Dwellers in Benin." Economic Botany 63(4): 397-412. Lack of suitable comparatorVodouhe, F. G., O. Coulibaly, et al. (2010). "Community perception of biodiversity conservation within protected areas in Benin." Forest Policy and Economics 12(7): 505-512. Lack of suitable comparatorWalpole, M. J. and H. J. Goodwin (2000). "Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia." Annals of Tourism Research 27(3): 559-576. Lack of suitable comparatorWalpole, M. J. and H. J. Goodwin (2001). "Local attitudes towards conservation and tourism around Komodo National Park, Indonesia." Environmental Conservation 28(2): 160-166. Lack of suitable comparatorWandersee, S. M., L. An, et al. "Perception and decisions in modeling coupled human and natural systems: A case study from Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, China." Ecological Modelling. Lack of suitable outcome

Wang, S. W., J. P. Lassoie, et al. (2006). "Farmer attitudes towards conservation in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan." Environmental Conservation 33(2): 148-156.

Lack of suitable comparator, Insufficient detail in methods

Wang, X., Z. Piao, et al. (1998). "Impacts of tourism and developmental potential of ecotourism in and around the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve." Journal of Forestry Research 9(3): 211-216. Lack of suitable outcomeWangchuk, S. (2002). "Grazing managment in national parks and protected areas: science, socio-economics and legislation (tenure)." Journal of Bhutan Studies: 61-81.


Waylen K. A. P. J. K. McGowan et al. (2009). "Ecotourism positively affects awareness and attitudes but not conservation behaviours: a case study at Grande Riviere Trinidad." Oryx 43(3): 343-351. Lack of suitable outcomeWeaver, D. B. and L. J. Lawton (2008). "Perceptions of a nearby exurban protected area in South Carolina, United States." Environmental Management 41(3): 389-397. Lack of suitable comparatorWeckerle, C. S., Y. Yang, et al. (2010). "People, money, and protected areas: the collection of the caterpillar mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, Southwest China." Biodiversity and Conservation 19(9): 2685-2698. Lack of suitable comparatorWeizenegger S. and A. Wezel (2011). Sustainable Development of an Agricultural Region - The Case of the Allgau Southern Germany. Integrating Agriculture Conservation and Ecotourism: Examples from the Field. W. B. O. S. L. Campbell. 1: 271-298.


Weladji, R. B. and M. N. Tchamba (2003). "Conflict between people and protected areas within the Benoue Wildlife Conservation Area, North Cameroon." Oryx 37(1): 72-79. Lack of suitable comparatorWendland, K. J., M. Honzak, et al. (2010). "Targeting and implementing payments for ecosystem services: Opportunities for bundling biodiversity conservation with carbon and water services in Madagascar." Ecological Economics 69(11): 2093-2107. Lack of suitable interventionWest, P., J. Igoe, et al. (2006). Parks and peoples: The social impact of protected areas. Annual Review of Anthropology. 35: 251-277.


Western, D. (1982). "Amboseli National Park: enlisting landowners to conserve migratory wildlife ( Masai, Kenya)." Ambio 11(5): 302-308.


Western, D. (1994). ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT - THE CASE OF AMBOSELI.


Western, D. and W. Henry (1979). "ECONOMICS AND CONSERVATION IN 3RD-WORLD NATIONAL-PARKS." Bioscience 29(7): 414-418.


White, D. (1993). "TOURISM AS ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT FOR NATIVE PEOPLE LIVING IN THE SHADOW OF A PROTECTED AREA - A NORTH-AMERICAN CASE-STUDY." Society & Natural Resources 6(4): 339-345. Lack of suitable interventionWilfred, P. (2010). "Towards sustainable wildlife management areas in Tanzania." Tropical Conservation Science 3(1): 103-116.


Wilkie, D. S., G. A. Morelli, et al. (2006). "Parks and people: Assessing the human welfare effects of establishing protected areas for biodiversity conservation." Conservation Biology 20(1): 247-249.


Williamson, D. (2006). "Ecotourism and protected areas: making the most of the opportunities." Bois et Forêts des Tropiques(290): 3-12.


Wilton, J. J. and N. P. Nickerson (2006). "Collecting and using visitor spending data." Journal of Travel Research 45(1): 17-25. Lack of suitable populationWiner, N (2003); Co-management of protected areas, the oil and gas industry and indigenous empowerment the experience of Bolivia’s Kaa Iya del Gran Chaco; In: IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (2003); Policy Matters, Issue 12, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK


Winter S. J. K. J. Esler et al. (2005). "An index to measure the conservation attitudes of landowners towards Overberg Coastal Renosterveld a critically endangered vegetation type in the Cape Floral Kingdom South Africa." Biological Conservation 126(3): 383-394. Lack of suitable interventionWittemyer, G., P. Elsen, et al. (2008). "Accelerated human population growth at protected area edges." Science 321(5885): 123-126. Lack of suitable outcomeWittmayer J. M. and B. Buescher (2010). "Conserving Conflict? Transfrontier Conservation Development Discourses and Local Conflict Between South Africa and Lesotho." Human Ecology 38(6): 763-773.


Wolmer, W. (2003). "Transboundary conservation: the politics of ecological integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park." Journal of Southern African Studies 29(1): 261-278.


The World Bank (2011). IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT (TF-53110) ON A GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF US$ 5.5 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC


OF SOUTH AFRICA FOR THE GREATER ADDO ELEPHANT NATIONAL PARK PROJECT. Report No: ICR00001883, The World Bank, Environment and Natural Resource Management Unit.Wu G. H. Xiao et al. (2002). "Forest ecosystem services of Changbai Mountain in China." Science in China Series C-Life Sciences 45(1): 21-32. Lack of suitable interventionWu, W. and D. Fan (2011). The relationship between the biodiversity conservation and the traditional beliefs of the native people in dalai lake biosphere reserve. 295-297: 574-580. Qualitative dataWunder, S. (1999). Promoting forest conservation through ecotourism income?, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Lack of suitable comparatorXu, J. Y., L. D. Chen, et al. (2006). "Local people's perceptions as decision support for protected area management in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, China." Journal of Environmental Management 78(4): 362-372. Lack of suitable comparatorYang M. L. Hens et al. (2009). "Tourism: An Alternative to Development?" Mountain Research and Development 29(1): 75-81. Lack of suitable comparatorYang, X. and M. Xu (2003). "Biodiversity conservation in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, northeastern China: Status, problem, and strategy." Biodiversity and Conservation 12(5): 883-903. Qualitative dataYasuda, A. (2011). "The Impacts of Sport Hunting on the Livelihoods of Local People: A Case Study of Benoue National Park, Cameroon." Society & Natural Resources 24(8): 860-869. Lack of suitable comparatorYonariza and E. L. Webb (2007). "Rural household participation in illegal timber felling in a protected area of West Sumatra, Indonesia." Environmental Conservation 34(1): 73-82. Lack of suitable comparatorYoskowitz D. W. and P. A. Montagna (2009). Socio-economic factors that impact the desire to protect freshwater flow in the Rio Grande USA. Ecosystems and Sustainable Development Vii. C. A. T. E. Brebbia. 122: 547-558. Lack of suitable interventionYoun, Y.-C. (2009). "Use of forest resources, traditional forest-related knowledge and livelihood of forest dependent communities: Cases in South Korea." (Journal Article). Lack of suitable interventionYoung E. (1999). "Local people and conservation in Mexico's El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve." Geographical Review 89(3): 364-390.


Yuan, J., L. Dai, et al. (2008). "State-Led Ecotourism Development and Nature Conservation: a Case Study of the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, China." Ecology and Society 13(2). Lack of suitable comparatorZal, N. and Z. Breda (2010). "Tourism in protected areas: observations from Kuscenneti National Park." Anatolia 21(1): 73-87.


Zapata M. J. C. M. Hall et al. (2011). "Can community-based tourism contribute to development and poverty alleviation? Lessons from Nicaragua." Current Issues in Tourism 14(8): 725-749. Lack of suitable interventionZhang, C., D. Robinson, et al. (2011). "Factors Influencing Farmers' Willingness to Participate in the Conversion of Cultivated Land to Wetland Program in Sanjiang National Nature Reserve, China." Environmental Management 47(1): 107-120. Lack of suitable interventionZhu, L., Y. Chen, et al. (2011). "Economic value evaluation of wetland service in Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve, Beijing." Chinese Geographical Science: 1-9.

Lack of suitable intervention, Insufficient detail in methods

Zuo, P., S. W. Wan, et al. (2004). "A comparison of the sustainability of original and constructed wetlands in Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, China: implications from emergy evaluation." Environmental Science & Policy 7(4): 329-343. Lack of suitable outcomeZupan, S. (2004). An investigation of agency perceptions of transboundary protected area cooperation: A case study of Wrangell-St.Elias and Kluane protected area complex.


Zurc, J. (2009). "Local inhabitants' opinion about quality of life inside and outside the Triglav National Park." (Journal Article). Lack of suitable comparatorZwick, K. L., D. Sivell, et al. (1998). "Pian-Upe Wildlife Reserve. Biological and socio-economic survey." Frontier-Uganda Wildlife Protected Areas Project Baseline Surveys Programme Report 12: i. Qualitative data

Excluded Articles from Search Update May 2013

ReferenceExclusion Reason

Abelairas-Etxebarria, P. and I. Astorkiza (2012). "Farmland prices and land-use changes in periurban protected natural areas." Land Use Policy 29(3): 674-683.


Ahmad, C. B., I. H. M. Hashim, et al. (2012). Stakeholders' Perception on Buffer Zone Potential Implementation: A Preliminary Study of Tasek Bera, M'sia. Ace-Bs 2012 Bangkok. M. Y. Abbas, A. F. I. Bajunid and N. F. N. Azhari. 50: 582-590.

Qualitative data

Allendorf, T. D. and K. Allendorf (2012). "The Role of Gender in Park-People Relationships in Nepal." Human Ecology 40(5): 789-796.


Amoah, M. and E. D. Wiafe (2012). "Livelihoods of fringe communities and the impacts on the management of conservation area: the case of Kakum National Park in Ghana." International Forestry Review 14(2): 131-144.


Anand, A., P. Chandan, et al. (2012). "Homestays at Korzok: Supplementing Rural Livelihoods and Supporting Green Tourism in the Indian Himalayas." Mountain Research and Development 32(2): 126-136.


Andrade, G. S. M. and J. R. Rhodes (2012). "Protected Areas and Local Communities: an Inevitable Partnership toward Successful Conservation Strategies?" Ecology and Society 17(4).


Apostolopoulou, E., E. G. Drakou, et al. (2012). "Participation in the management of Greek Natura 2000 sites: Evidence from a cross-level analysis." Journal of Environmental Management 113: 308-318.


Appiah-Opoku, S. (2011). "Using Protected Areas as a Tool for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: A Case Study of Kakum National Park in Ghana." Society & Natural Resources 24(5): 500-510.


Arnberger, A. and R. Schoissengeier (2012). "The other side of the border: Austrian local residents' attitudes towards the neighbouring Czech Sumava National Park." Journal for Nature Conservation 20(3): 135-143.


Arnberger, A., R. Eder, et al. (2012). "Relationships between national-park affinity and attitudes towards protected area management of visitors to the Gesaeuse National Park, Austria." Forest Policy and Economics 19: 48-55.


Badola, R., S. Barthwal, et al. (2012). "Attitudes of local communities towards conservation of mangrove forests: A case study from the east coast of India." Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 96: 188-196.


Baker, J., E. J. Milner-Gulland, et al. (2012). "Park Gazettement and Integrated Conservation and Development as Factors in Community Conflict at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda." Conservation Biology 26(1): 160-170.

Other

Baral, N. and M. J. Stern (2011a). "Capital Stocks and Organizational Resilience in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal." Society & Natural Resources 24(10): 1011-1026.


Baral, N. and M. J. Stern (2011b). "A comparative study of two community-based conservation models in Nepal." Biodiversity and Conservation 20(11): 2407-2426.


Baral, N., M. J. Stern, et al. (2012). "Developing a scale for evaluating ecotourism by visitors: a study in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20(7): 975-989.

Population is not in same country as PA

Barrio, M. and M. Loureiro (2013). "The impact of protest responses in choice experiments: an application to a Biosphere Reserve Management Program." Forest Systems 22(1): 94-105.


Barros, F. B., S. A. M. Varela, et al. (2012). "Medicinal use of fauna by a traditional community in the Brazilian Amazonia." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 8.


Baur, E. H., R. B. McNab, et al. (2012). "Multiple forest use through commercial sport hunting: Lessons from a community-based model from the Peten, Guatemala."


Forest Ecology and Management 268: 112-120.Behnen, T. (2011). "The man from the biosphere - exploring the interaction between a protected cultural landscape and its residents by quantitative interviews: the case of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Rhon, Germany." Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management 3(1): 5-10.


Belay, S., A. Amsalu, et al. (2013). "Awash National Park, Ethiopia: use policy, ethnic conflict and sustainable resources conservation in the context of decentralization." African Journal of Ecology 51(1): 122-129.


Bennett, N., R. H. Lemelin, et al. (2012). "A capital assets framework for appraising and building capacity for tourism development in aboriginal protected area gateway communities." Tourism Management 33(4): 752-766.

Qualitative data

Bernard, E., L. Barbosa, et al. (2011). "Participatory GIS in a sustainable use reserve in Brazilian Amazonia: Implications for management and conservation." Applied Geography 31(2): 564-572.


Bitanyi, S., M. Nesje, et al. (2012). "Awareness and perceptions of local people about wildlife hunting in western Serengeti communities." Tropical Conservation Science 5(2): 208-224.


Bizikova, L., M. Nijnik, et al. (2012). "Sustaining Multifunctional Forestry Through the Developing of Social Capital and Promoting Participation: A Case of Multiethnic Mountain Communities." Small-Scale Forestry 11(3): 301-319.

Qualitative data

Brenner, L. and H. Job (2012). "CHALLENGES TO ACTOR-ORIENTED ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE: EXAMPLES FROM THREE MEXICAN BIOSPHERE RESERVES." Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie 103(1): 1-19.


Butt, B. (2012). "Commoditizing the safari and making space for conflict: Place, identity and parks in East Africa." Political Geography 31(2): 104-113.


Byrne, J. (2012). "When green is White: The cultural politics of race, nature and social exclusion in a Los Angeles urban national park." Geoforum 43(3): 595-611.

Qualitative data

Canavire-Bacarreza, G. and M. M. Hanauer (2013). "Estimating the Impacts of Bolivia's Protected Areas on Poverty." World Development 41: 265-285.


Carruthers, J. (2011). "Pilanesberg National Park, North West Province, South Africa: Uniting economic development with ecological design - A history, 1960s to 1984." Koedoe 53(1).


Carter, N. H., S. J. Riley, et al. (2012). "Utility of a psychological framework for carnivore conservation." Oryx 46(4): 525-535.


Carvalho, A. M. and A. Frazao-Moreira (2011). "Importance of local knowledge in plant resources management and conservation in two protected areas from Tras-os-Montes, Portugal." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 7.

Qualitative data

Cerda, C. (2013). "Valuing biodiversity attributes and water supply using choice experiments: a case study of La Campana Peuelas Biosphere Reserve, Chile." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185(1): 253-266.


Cerda, C., A. Ponce, et al. (2013). "Using choice experiments to understand public demand for the conservation of nature: A case study in a protected area of Chile." Journal for Nature Conservation 21(3): 143-153.


Cheng, S., J. Zhang, et al. (2011). "Influence of tourists' environmental tropisms on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in natural tourist destinations: A case study of Jiuzhaigou National Park in China." Chinese Geographical Science 21(3): 377-384.


Chitakira, M., E. Torquebiau, et al. (2012). "Community visioning in a transfrontier conservation area in Southern Africa paves the way towards landscapes combining agricultural production and biodiversity conservation." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 55(9): 1228-1247.


Cline, S. A., S. Weiler, et al. (2011). "The value of a name: Estimating the economic impact of public land designation." Social Science Journal 48(4): 681-692.


Cortina-Villar, S., H. Plascencia-Vargas, et al. (2012). "Resolving the Conflict Between Ecosystem Protection and Land Use in Protected Areas of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico." Environmental Management 49(3): 649-662.


Cruz, A., J. Benedicto, et al. (2011). "Socio-economic Benefits of Natura 2000 in Azores Islands - a Case Study approach on ecosystem services provided by a Special Protected Area." Journal of Coastal Research: 1955-1959.

Other

Daim, M. S., A. F. Bakri, et al. (2012). Being Neighbor to a National Park: Are We Ready for Community Participation? Asean Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies. M. Y. Abbas, A. F. I. Bajunid and N. F. N. Azhari. 36: 211-220.


Daud, N. and S. A. Rahman (2011). Tourist Attitudes towards Sustainable Tourism: Empirical Evidence From Malaysian National Park, Taman Negara. E-Business, Management and Economics. S. Juan. 3: 254-258.


de los Angeles Somarriba-Chang, M. and Y. Gunnarsdotter (2012). "Local community participation in ecotourism and conservation issues in two nature reserves in Nicaragua." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20(8): 1025-1043.


Dhyani, S. and R. K. Maikhuri (2012). "Fodder banks can reduce women drudgery and anthropogenic pressure from forests of Western Himalaya." Current Science 103(7): 763-763.


Dikgang, J. and E. Muchapondwa (2012). "The valuation of biodiversity conservation by the South African Khomani San "bushmen" community." Ecological Economics 84: 7-14.


Dinnie, E., K. L. Blackstock, et al. (2012). "Landscapes of Challenge and Change: Contested Views of the Cairngorms National Park." Landscape Research 37(4): 451-466.

Qualitative data

Drabkova, A. (2012). Tourists in Protected Landscape Areas in the Czech Republic - a sociological survey. 2011 International Conference of Environment-Landscape-European Identity. I. PatruStupariu, M. Patroescu, C. I. Ioja and L. Rozylowicz. 14: 279-287.


Eagles, P. F. J., F. Romagosa, et al. (2013). "Good governance in protected areas: an evaluation of stakeholders' perceptions in British Columbia and Ontario Provincial Parks." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21(1): 60-79.


Eder, R. and A. Arnberger (2012). "The Influence of Place Attachment and Experience Use History on Perceived Depreciative Visitor Behavior and Crowding in an Urban National Park." Environmental Management 50(4): 566-580.


Fifanou, V. G., C. Ousmane, et al. (2011). "Traditional agroforestry systems and biodiversity conservation in Benin (West Africa)." Agroforestry Systems 82(1): 1-13.


Foerster, S., D. S. Wilkie, et al. (2012). "Correlates of Bushmeat Hunting among Remote Rural Households in Gabon, Central Africa." Conservation Biology 26(2): 335-344.


Gan, F., H. Du, et al. (2011). "Evaluation of the ecosystem values of aquatic wildlife reserves: a case of Chinese Sturgeon Natural Reserve in Yichang reaches of the Yangtze river." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27(2): 376-382.


Gandiwa, E. (2011). "Preliminary assessment of illegal hunting by communities adjacent to the northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe." Tropical Conservation Science 4(4): 445-467.


Gandiwa, E. (2012). "Local knowledge and perceptions of animal population abundances by communities adjacent to the northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe." Tropical Conservation Science 5(3): 255-269.


Gandiwa, E., I. M. A. Heitkonig, et al. (2013). "Illegal hunting and law enforcement during a period of economic decline in Zimbabwe: A case study of northern Gonarezhou National Park and adjacent areas." Journal for Nature Conservation 21(3): 133-142.


George, R. (2012). Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk The case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town.


Ghorbani, A., G. Langenberger, et al. (2011). "Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants utilised by Hani ethnicity in Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134(3): 651-667.


Ghorbani, A., G. Langenberger, et al. (2012a). "Diversity of Medicinal and Food Plants as Non-timber Forest Products in Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve (China): Implications for Livelihood Improvement and Biodiversity Conservation." Economic Botany 66(2): 178-191.


Ghorbani, A., G. Langenberger, et al. (2012b). "A comparison of the wild food plant use knowledge of ethnic minorities in Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve, Yunnan, SW China." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 8.


Glenk, K. (2011). "Using local knowledge to model asymmetric preference formation in willingness to pay for environmental services." Journal of Environmental Management 92(3): 531-541.


Golden, C. D., B. J. R. Rasolofoniaina, et al. (2012). "Rainforest pharmacopeia in Madagascar provides high value for current local and prospective global uses." PloS one 7(7): e41221-e41221.


Gomez-Castro, H., F. Guevara-Hernandez, et al. (2012). "Analysis of Cattle Raising and Institutional Perspectives Regarding Collective Action in the El Ocote Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico." Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11(6): 831-840.


Granderson, A. A. (2011). "Enabling multi-faceted measures of success for protected area management in Trinidad and Tobago." Evaluation and Program Planning 34(3): 185-195.

Qualitative data

Hardin, R. (2011). "Concessionary Politics Property, Patronage, and Political Rivalry in Central African Forest Management." Current Anthropology 52: S113-S125.


Haukeland, J. V. (2011). "Tourism stakeholders' perceptions of national park management in Norway." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(2): 133-153.

Qualitative data

Haukeland, J. V., K. Veisten, et al. (2013). "Visitors' acceptance of negative ecological impacts in national parks: comparing the explanatory power of psychographic scales in a Norwegian mountain setting." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21(2): 291-313.


Hirschnitz-Garbers, M. and S. Stoll-Kleemann (2011). "Opportunities and barriers in the implementation of protected area management: a qualitative meta-analysis of case studies from European protected areas." Geographical Journal 177: 321-334.

Relevant Review

Hockings, K. J. and C. Sousa (2011). "Differential Utilisation of Cashew - a Low-Conflict Crop - by Sympatric Humans and Chimpanzees." Folia Primatologica 82(6): 360-360.


Houehanou, T. D., A. E. Assogbadjo, et al. (2011). "Valuation of local preferred uses and traditional ecological knowledge in relation to three multipurpose tree species in Benin (West Africa)." Forest Policy and Economics 13(7): 554-562.


Hoyos, D., P. Mariel, et al. (2012). "Valuing a Natura 2000 network site to inform land use options using a discrete choice experiment: An illustration from the Basque Country." Journal of Forest Economics 18(4): 329-344.


Htun, N. Z., N. Mizoue, et al. (2012). "Determinants of Local People's Perceptions and Attitudes Toward a Protected Area and Its Management: A Case Study From Popa Mountain Park, Central Myanmar." Society & Natural Resources 25(8): 743-758.


Izurieta, A., B. Sithole, et al. (2011). "Developing Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluating Joint Management Effectiveness in Protected Areas in the Northern Territory, Australia." Ecology and Society 16(3).

Qualitative data

Jipa, I. T. and C. I. Amariei (2012). "Oral health status of children aged 6-12 years from the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve." Oral health and dental management 11(1): 39-45.


Jones, N., J. R. A. Clark, et al. (2012a). "Local social capital and the acceptance of Lack of suitable comparator

Protected Area policies: An empirical study of two Ramsar river delta ecosystems in northern Greece." Journal of Environmental Management 96(1): 55-63.Kafyri, A., T. Hovardas, et al. (2012). "Determinants of Visitor Pro-Environmental Intentions on Two Small Greek Islands: Is Ecotourism Possible at Coastal Protected Areas?" Environmental Management 50(1): 64-76.


Kangalawe, R. Y. M. and C. Noe (2012). "Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in Namtumbo District, Tanzania." Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 162: 90-100.


Karanth, K. K. and R. DeFries (2011). "Nature-based tourism in Indian protected areas: New challenges for park management." Conservation Letters 4(2): 137-149.


Karanth, K. K. and S. K. Nepal (2012). "Local Residents Perception of Benefits and Losses From Protected Areas in India and Nepal." Environmental Management 49(2): 372-386.

Insufficient detail in methods

Karthaeuser, J. M., F. Filli, et al. (2011). "Perception of and attitudes towards a new Swiss biosphere reserve - a comparison of residents' and visitors' views." Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management 3(2): 5-12.


Katel, O. N. and D. Schmidt-Vogt (2011). "Use of Forest Resources by Residents of Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan Practices and Perceptions in a Context of Constraints." Mountain Research and Development 31(4): 325-333.

Other

Kendall, C. I. (2011). "The spatial and agricultural basis of crop raiding by the Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius around Ruaha National Park, Tanzania." Oryx 45(1): 28-34.


Knapp, E. J. (2012). "Why poaching pays: a summary of risks and benefits illegal hunters face in Western Serengeti, Tanzania." Tropical Conservation Science 5(4): 434-445.


Knezevic, R., R. G. Zikovic, et al. (2011). FACTORS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE OGULIN-PLASKI MICRO REGION. Tourism in South East Europe 2011. J. Peric. 1: 187-203.


Knight, A. T., H. S. Grantham, et al. (2011). "Land managers' willingness-to-sell defines conservation opportunity for protected area expansion." Biological Conservation 144(11): 2623-2630.


Lam, L. M. and S. Paul (2013). "Displacement and Erosion of Informal Risk-Sharing: Evidence from Nepal." World Development 43: 42-55.

Other

Liesch, M. (2011). "PARTNERSHIPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS: COMMUNITY CONCEPTIONS OF KEWEENAW NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK." Geographical Review 101(4): 497-517.

Qualitative data

Lima Constantino, P. d. A., H. S. Alberto Carlos, et al. (2012). "Empowering Local People through Community-based Resource Monitoring: a Comparison of Brazil and Namibia." Ecology and Society 17(4).


Liu, W., C. A. Vogt, et al. (2012). "Drivers and socioeconomic impacts of tourism participation in protected areas." PloS one 7(4): e35420-e35420.


Lopez-Toledo, L., C. Horn, et al. (2011). "Potential Management of Chamaedorea seifrizii (Palmae), a Non-timber Forest Product from the Tropical Forest of Calakmul, Southeast Mexico(1)." Economic Botany 65(4): 371-380.


Lu, C., G. Xie, et al. (2012). "Ecological Compensation and the Cost of Wildlife Conservation: Chang Tang Grasslands, Tibet." Journal of Resources and Ecology 3(1): 20-25.


Mackenzie, C. A. (2012a). "Accruing benefit or loss from a protected area: Location matters." Ecological Economics 76: 119-129.

Confounding variables

MacKenzie, C. A. (2012b). "Trenches like fences make good neighbours: Revenue sharing around Kibale National Park, Uganda." Journal for Nature Conservation 20(2): 92-100.


Mackenzie, C. A., C. A. Chapman, et al. (2012). "Spatial patterns of illegal resource extraction in Kibale National Park, Uganda." Environmental Conservation 39(1): 38-


50.Mangan, T., R. Brouwer, et al. (2013). "Estimating the recreational value of Pakistan's largest freshwater lake to support sustainable tourism management using a travel cost model." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21(3): 473-486.


Mbayngone, E. and A. Thiombiano (2011). "Degradation of protected areas through the use of plant resources: the case of the partial wildlife reserve of Pama, Burkina Faso (West Africa)." Fruits 66(3): 187-202.


Mehring, M. and S. Stoll-Kleemann (2011). "How Effective is the Buffer Zone? Linking Institutional Processes with Satellite Images from a Case Study in the Lore Lindu Forest Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia." Ecology and Society 16(4).


Mehring, M., C. Seeberg-Elverfeldt, et al. (2011). "Local institutions: Regulation and valuation of forest use-Evidence from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." Land Use Policy 28(4): 736-747.


Moswete, N. N., B. Thapa, et al. (2012). "Attitudes and opinions of local and national public sector stakeholders towards Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 19(1): 67-80.

Qualitative data

Motzke, I., T. C. Wanger, et al. (2012). "SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF FOREST BIODIVERSITY USE ALONG A TOWN-FOREST GRADIENT IN CAMBODIA." Raffles Bulletin of Zoology: 37-53.


Nyahongo, J. W. and E. Roskaft (2011). "Perception of people towards lions and other wildlife killing humans, around Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania." International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3(4): 110-115.


Olomi-Sola, M., F. Zorondo-Rodriguez, et al. (2012). "Local Residents' Knowledge about Protected Areas: A Case Study in Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, India." Society & Natural Resources 25(4): 410-420.


Owino, A. O., A. H. Jillo, et al. (2012). "Socio-economics and wildlife conservation of a peri-urban national park in central Kenya." Journal for Nature Conservation 20(6): 384-392.


Palomo, I., B. Martin-Lopez, et al. (2011). "Participatory Scenario Planning for Protected Areas Management under the Ecosystem Services Framework: the Donana Social-Ecological System in Southwestern Spain." Ecology and Society 16(1).


Parker, P. and B. Thapa (2012). "Natural Resource Dependency and Decentralized Conservation Within Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Project, Nepal." Environmental Management 49(2): 435-444.


Pechacek, P., G. Li, et al. (2013). "Compensation Payments for Downsides Generated by Protected Areas." Ambio 42(1): 90-99.


Petrova, S., M. Cihar, et al. (2011). "Local nuances in the perception of nature protection and place attachment: a tale of two parks." Area 43(3): 327-335.


Petrzelka, P. and S. Marquart-Pyatt (2013). ""With the Stroke of a Pen": Designation of the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument and the Impact on Trust." Human Ecology 41(2): 285-297.


Petursson, J. G., P. Vedeld, et al. (2011). "Transboundary Biodiversity Management: Institutions, Local Stakeholders, and Protected Areas: A Case Study From Mt. Elgon, Uganda and Kenya." Society & Natural Resources 24(12): 1304-1321.


Pietrzyk-Kaszynska, A., J. Cent, et al. (2012). "Factors influencing perception of protected areas-The case of Natura 2000 in Polish Carpathian communities." Journal for Nature Conservation 20(5): 284-292.


Plumb, S. T., E. A. Nielsen, et al. (2012). "Challenges of Opportunity Cost Analysis in Planning REDD+: A Honduran Case Study of Social and Cultural Values Associated with Indigenous Forest Uses." Forests 3(2): 244-264.


Radel, C. A. (2012). "Outcomes of Conservation Alliances with Women's Community-Based Organizations in Southern Mexico." Society & Natural Resources 25(1-3): 52-70.


Ramkissoon, H., L. D. G. Smith, et al. (2013). "Relationships between place Population is not in same

attachment, place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21(3): 434-457.

country as PA

Richnau, G., P. Angelstam, et al. (2013). "Multifaceted Value Profiles of Forest Owner Categories in South Sweden: The River Helge a Catchment as a Case Study." Ambio 42(2): 188-200.


Rico Garcia-Amado, L., M. Ruiz Perez, et al. (2012). "Building ties: social capital network analysis of a forest community in a biosphere reserve in Chiapas, Mexico." Ecology and Society 17(3).


Robinson, L. W., N. Bennett, et al. (2012). ""We Want Our Children to Grow Up to See These Animals:" Values and Protected Areas Governance in Canada, Ghana and Tanzania." Human Ecology 40(4): 571-581.

Qualitative data

Rodriguez-Rodriguez, D. (2012). "Perception, use and valuation of protected areas by local populations in an economic crisis context." Environmental Conservation 39(2): 162-171.


Sandbrook, C. and W. M. Adams (2012). "Accessing the Impenetrable: The Nature and Distribution of Tourism Benefits at a Ugandan National Park." Society & Natural Resources 25(9): 915-932.


Santana-Medina, N., S. Franco-Maass, et al. (2013). "Participatory generation of sustainability indicators in a natural protected area of Mexico." Ecological Indicators 25: 1-9.

Qualitative data

Sarrasin, B. (2013). "Ecotourism, Poverty and Resources Management in Ranomafana, Madagascar." Tourism Geographies 15(1): 3-24.

Qualitative data

Satyanarayana, B., P. Bhanderi, et al. (2012). "A Socio-Ecological Assessment Aiming at Improved Forest Resource Management and Sustainable Ecotourism Development in the Mangroves of Tanbi Wetland National Park, The Gambia, West Africa." Ambio 41(5): 513-526.


Schmitz, M. F., D. G. G. Matos, et al. (2012). "Effects of a protected area on land-use dynamics and socioeconomic development of local populations." Biological Conservation 149(1): 122-135.


Schumann, K., R. Wittig, et al. (2011). "Impact of land-use type and harvesting on population structure of a non-timber forest product-providing tree in a semi-arid savanna, West Africa." Biological Conservation 144(9): 2369-2376.


Scoones, I., J. Chaumba, et al. (2012). "The new politics of Zimbabwe's lowveld: Struggles over land at the margins." African Affairs 111(445): 527-550.


Scriven, J. (2012). "Developing REDD plus policies and measures from the bottom-up for the buffer zones of Amazonian protected areas." Environment Development and Sustainability 14(5): 745-765.


Selby, A., L. Petajisto, et al. (2011). "The realisation of tourism business opportunities adjacent to three national parks in southern Finland: entrepreneurs and local decision-makers matter." Forest Policy and Economics 13(6): 446-455.


Sharma, V. R. (2013). "Forest proximity and residential land values." Journal of Forest Economics 19(1): 78-86.


Sirivongs, K. and T. Tsuchiya (2012). "Relationship between local residents' perceptions, attitudes and participation towards national protected areas: A case study of Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area, central Lao PDR." Forest Policy and Economics 21: 92-100.


Sivalioglu, P. and L. Berkoz (2012). Perceptual Evaluation of the National Park Users. Ace-Bs 2012 Bangkok. M. Y. Abbas, A. F. I. Bajunid and N. F. N. Azhari. 50: 928-940.


Sladonja, B., K. Brscic, et al. (2012). "Introduction of Participatory Conservation in Croatia, Residents' Perceptions: A Case Study from the Istrian Peninsula." Environmental Management 49(6): 1115-1129.


Sofia Gonzalez-Insuasti, M., A. Casas, et al. (2011). "Intra-cultural Differences in the Importance of Plant Resources and Their Impact on Management Intensification in


the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico." Human Ecology 39(2): 191-202.Solomon, J., S. K. Jacobson, et al. (2012). "Fishing for a solution: can collaborative resource management reduce poverty and support conservation?" Environmental Conservation 39(1): 51-61.


Strickland-Munro, J. and S. Moore (2013). "Indigenous involvement and benefits from tourism in protected areas: a study of Purnululu National Park and Warmun Community, Australia." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21(1): 26-41.

Qualitative data

Swemmer, L. K. and S. Taljaard (2011). "SANParks, people and adaptive management: Understanding a diverse field of practice during changing times." Koedoe 53(2).


Tang, Q., Y. Bao, et al. (2012). "Farmer's Adaptive Strategies on Land Competition between Societal Outcomes and Agroecosystem Conservation in the Purple-soiled Hilly Region, Southwestern China." Journal of Mountain Science 9(1): 77-86.


Thondhlana, G., S. Shackleton, et al. (2011). "Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and its land claimants: a pre- and post-land claim conservation and development history." Environmental Research Letters 6(2).


Tibuhwa, D. D. (2012). "Folk taxonomy and use of mushrooms in communities around Ngorongoro and Serengeti National Park, Tanzania." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 8.


Tieguhong, J. C. and E. M. Nkamgnia (2012). "Household dependence on forests around lobeke National Park, Cameroon." International Forestry Review 14(2): 196-212.


van Riper, C. J., G. T. Kyle, et al. (2012). "Mapping outdoor recreationists' perceived social values for ecosystem services at Hinchinbrook Island National Park, Australia." Applied Geography 35(1-2): 164-173.


Vedeld, P., A. Jumane, et al. (2012). "Protected areas, poverty and conflicts A livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania." Forest Policy and Economics 21: 20-31.


Wall-Reinius, S. (2012). "Wilderness and Culture: Tourist Views and Experiences in the Laponian World Heritage Area." Society & Natural Resources 25(7): 621-632.

Qualitative data

Wang, P.-W. and J.-B. Jia (2012). "Tourists' willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation and environment protection, Dalai Lake protected area: Implications for entrance fee and sustainable management." Ocean & Coastal Management 62: 24-33.


Weaver, D. B. and L. J. Lawton (2011). "Visitor Loyalty at a Private South Carolina Protected Area." Journal of Travel Research 50(3): 335-346.


Zia, A., P. Hirsch, et al. (2011). "Cross-Scale Value Trade-Offs in Managing Social-Ecological Systems: The Politics of Scale in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania." Ecology and Society 16(4).


Zommers, Z. and D. W. MacDonald (2012). "Protected Areas as Frontiers for Human Migration." Conservation Biology 26(3): 547-556.


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