14. Economic Renewal and Wars of Religion, 1492-1648

✗ Reconquista of Spain✗ Age of Exploration & Colonization of the Americas✗ Commercial Revolution✗ Wars of Religion✗ The Dutch Republic

1492Columbus'

Voyage

1492Columbus'

Voyage

1492Expulsion of

Jews

1492Expulsion of

Jews

1492Reconquista

Complete

1492Reconquista

Complete

1524-1648 Wars of Religion1524-1648 Wars of Religion

1581-1715Dutch

Republic

1581-1715Dutch

Republic

1522Magellan's

Voyage

1522Magellan's

Voyage

16th-18th Centuries – Commercial Revolution

15th – 19th Centuries – Spanish Colonization

Reconquista

Reconquista5min02

1) Contrast Muslim Spain (Andalusia) with Northern Europe in THREE ways.2)Was El Cid a hero?3) Name THREE cultural things that survived Andalusia's fall to the “Christian” invaders.4) What techniques does the film maker use to make his point?

• Is this film thematic or persuasive?

La Reconquista

Expulsion of Jews from Spain, 1492

3min54

1. What was a “converso”?2. What was a “murano”?3. What does “Sephardic” mean?4. Where did the expelled Jews go?5. What is the long lasting legacy of Judaism in Spain?

Expulsion

Exploration of the New World

Spanish Conquest of the New World5min32

1. The Spanish colonization happened during what period?2. What was the Spanish reputation?3. How does one historian question the Spanish reputation?4. What was the English propaganda?5. What were TWO motives for Spanish colonization?6. Why did so many natives die of diseases?

Spanish Conquest

Encomienda System

Encomienda is…

● Labor system ● Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. ● Crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.

● instruct the natives ● Spanish language ● Catholic faith. ● Exact tribute from the natives

● labor● gold ● or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens.

Encomienda

Based on familiar Reconquista institution in which adelantados were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other peasants in areas they had conquered & resettled.

system differed from the Peninsular institution in that encomenderos did not own the land on which the natives lived.

Effects of Encomienda System

Decline of native populations brought on by hard labor

Increase in Catholicism in Western HemisphereStill dominates Latin

AmericaReaction to Protestant

Reformation

Encomienda could Encomienda could only be passed only be passed down one down one generationgeneration

Third generation Third generation sometimes reduced sometimes reduced to paupersto paupers

African slave laborAfrican slave labor

“Cristoforo Colon”

● 1492 first voyage● Motivations?● Methods?● Interpretations of his

discovery?● Funding?● Effects?

Ferdinand Magellan

● Portuguese explorer● in search of a westward route to the

"Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).

expedition of 1519–1522 ● first expedition to sail from the

Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean ● named "peaceful sea" by Magellan

● first to cross the Pacific● first circumnavigation of the Earth● Magellan himself did not complete

the entire voyage● killed during the Battle of Mactan in

the Philippines.

Columbian Exchange

Commercial Revolution

Recovery of European Trade

• Hanseatic League and Italian city-states

• Trade fairs and towns• commercial

revolution

Hanseatic League

• economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds

• dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe.

• stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c.13th–17th centuries).

Portuguese Spice Trade

• limited –ancient routes, ports, –Nations difficult to dominate

• First to attempt to circumnavigate Africa• Henry the Navigator• lucrative monopoly on a possible sea

route to the Indies.

Commercial Revolution

Commercial Revolution – 17th century

Causes

● Wealth through trade● Trade routes secure

enough● Demand for goods high

enough● Disposable income

available to upper classes & those aspiring to upper class

Effects

● Banking● Joint-stock companies● Insurance● Exotic goods and foods

exchanged across Eurasia

● Ideas – cultural diffusion● Mercantilism ● Contract enforcement

One reason for the success of the cities in the Hanseatic League and the Italian city-states was that both were accessible by water

Connections: Commercial Revolution and Age of Discovery

● Geopolitical factors● Fall of Constantinople

– Cut off access to east

● Reconquista– Spain = conquerors ready to roll on!

● Monetary factors● Europe getting low on silver & gold

– Used to pay for imports, so metals went out

● Technological factors● Shipbuilding and navigation inventions discussed in topic 13

Wars of Religion

Brief...

● Different countries, different times, different outcomes

● 1520s – 1648● North became mostly Protestant● South remained mostly Catholic

Wars of Religion3min3

1. What was the Edict of Nantes?2. How was politics intertwined in the religious wars?3. How was the conflict over religion related to colonization of the Americas?

Wars of Religion

Wars of Religion

Spain

● External – late 16th cen.

● Threat to England 1588

● Armada Destroyed

● Dutch revolt 1609 forms Netherlands, a republic

France

● Internal – late 16th cen.

● Huguenots● 7% of pop. But 40% of

nobility

● Civil war● Huguenots expelled● Edict of Nantes 1598

Effects of Wars of Religion

Spain

● Most populated, but bankrupt

● Philip II spent too much on war, next spent too much on his court

● Inefficient gov.● Outdated military● End of Spanish power●

France

● Edict of Nantes – temporary – revoked by Louis XIV

● Emigration

● Rise of absolutism● L’Etat c’est moi.

Holy Roman Empire – Religious War

Thirty Years WarPeace of Augsburg 1555

Recognized right of German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism

Problem: no recognition of Calvinism

Started out religious, ended up political

Everyone but England was in it at some point

Effects of Thirty Years War

• Germany destroyed

• Peace of Westphalia 1648

• Divided into over 300 states

• Not united again for 2 centuries

In brief…

• Europe = loosely united kingdoms & territories since Charlemagne (9th century)

• Crises sparked by Protestant Reformation & new economic / demographic forces, 16th-17th centuries

• Response to crises = unification and solidification of territorial boundaries and rise of national identity

The Dutch Republic

Why study this?

The exception to the rule. While other nations were forming more absolute, central regimes, Holland devised a Republic...

Dutch Republic, 1581

● Until 16th century, Low Countries under Holy Roman Empire.

● 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V unified Seventeen Provinces under his rule

● King Philip II of Spain● 1568 Netherlands, led by

William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II

– high taxes– persecution of Protestants– Philip's efforts to modernize – Eighty Years' War

Dutch Republic, 1581

● 1579 northern provinces Union of Utrecht

● promised to support each other in their defense against Spanish army.

Dutch Republic, 1581

● 1581 Act of Abjuration● declaration of independence of

provinces from Philip II.

● 1582 United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them - duke left Netherlands '83

● 1584 assassination of William of Orange

● Henry III of France & Elizabeth I of England declined offer of sovereignty. ● protectorate of England -

unsuccessful

Dutch Republic, 1581

● 1588 provinces = republic

● Republic of United Provinces -- officially recognized in Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Dutch Republic, 1581

● completely outperformed all expectations

● surprise to many that a nation not based on the church or on a single royal leader could be so successful

●"Dutch Golden Age"

● dominated world trade in the 17th century

● conquered a vast colonial empire

● operated the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation.

● was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world

●"Dutch Golden Age"

● free trade spirit ● development of modern,

effective stock market ● Netherlands = oldest stock

exchange in world ● founded 1602 by Dutch East India

Company

● banking system evolved in Low Countries● quickly incorporated by well-

connected English● stimulating English economic

output.

●"Dutch Golden Age"

● 1590-1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest navies in the world