ch 500 lecture 10 historitcal 1303 - 1648 lecture 10: historical developments 1303-1648 march 29,...

CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648

Lecture 10: Historical Developments 1303-1648March 29, 2011

Ann T. Orlando


Introduction

Historical Review The Troubled 14th C

Famine and Plague Avignon Papacy and Great Western Schism Hundred Year’s War

More Troubled 15th C Conciliar Movements Development of Nations Fall of Byzantium

Reformation in 16th C Germany: Luther Switzerland: Zwingli and Calvin Spain, Netherlands, Germany: Hapsburg Empire Peace of Augsburg Thirty Year’s War: Treaty of Westphalia

Beyond Europe: Voyages of Discovery Readings


Review: Middle Ages (Key changes in Reformation) 1. European Developments

Normans (Merged with France or England in this period) England (Consolidates holdings in Scotland, Ireland) France (King becomes more powerful than Dukes) Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Spain, Netherlands)

2. Pope-King relations summarized throughout this period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’ (Which King, Which Pope??)

3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy Land from the Muslims to guarantee safety of Christian pilgrimages (Crusades) (Western Europe barely able to defend itself from Ottoman Turks)

4. Eastern and Western Christianity become increasingly at odds with each other (Eastern Christian Roman Empire ceases to exist)


14th C: Famine and Plague

12th and 13th C were period of population growth; agriculture could not keep pace Severe Famine in early 14th C

Part of population increase led to significant move to cities Poor sanitation Concentration of fleas and rats

Increased trade led to less desirable imports Plague started in Asia; Spread to Europe in 1347 Approximately 1/3 of Asians, Indians, Europeans died in 14th C Young more susceptible than old Effected every country in Europe between 1347-1348; sporadic

outbursts throughout 14th C Search for a cause: “the Jews poisoned the wells”

The Pope tries (unsuccessfully) to protect Jews from persecution


14th C: Papal Status as of 1303 Pope Boniface VIII

Unam Sanctam Philip IV ignores Encyclical; Captures Boniface and humiliates him Boniface dies 1303

Boniface’s successor Tension between Roman families and French over who

should be Pope; political/economic driver is control over Papal States (from Pepin the Short in 750)

Clement V was elected through French influence and lived in France, beginning of Avignon Papacy


14th C: Avignon Papacy

During this period (1309-1377), Papacy dependent on France Some of Popes in this period were guilty of nepotism as well as

simony Catherine of Sienna (1347-1380)

Mystic who was very popular; educated by Dominicans Able to end warring family factions in Italy Pressured Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome, which he did in

1377 Declared a doctor of Church in 1970

Bridget of Sweden (1303-1373) Mother of Queen Catherine of Sweden After becoming a widow, moved to Rome, founded an order

(Brigitines) devoted to poor of Rome and politics of returning Pope to Rome


14th C: Great Western Schism Urban VI succeeded Gregory XI

Managed to alienate both French and Romans Cardinals who had elected Urban abandoned him and

elected a new pope, Clement VII who moves back to Avignon

Everyone in Western Europe chooses sides France, Scotland back Clement England and HRE (Germany and Spain) back Urban Italian city states changed sides frequently

Rival Popes needed funds Simony Sale of indulgences


15th C: Conciliar Movement In 1394 theologians at University of Paris suggest a council to

elect Pope Council gathers at Pisa in 1409, and both Popes are asked to

resign Takes steps against simony Elects Alexander V

Now there are three Popes: Rome, Avignon, Pisa Another Council at Constance in 1414-1418

Haec Sancta: Council of Bishops pre-eminent over Pope Elect Martin V, end of Great Schism

Council of Ferrara-Florence 1438-1445 Constantinople under threat from Ottoman Turks seeks help Formula for reunion of East and West Leads to enhanced stature of Pope Eugene IV in Rome


Popes of 15th and 16th Centuries Pius II (1458-1464) issues Execrabilis, that no council is over the

Pope, repudiates Council of Constance Alexander VI (1492-1503), most notorious Borgia Pope Julius II (1503-1513), leads armies in battle to solidify Papal States,

decides to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica; Old St Peter’s built by Constantine in very bad condition What had been largest church in Christendom now a mosque Donation of Constantine accepted as a forgery

Leo X (1513-1521), “Now that God has given us the Papacy, let us enjoy it.”

Popular joke is ROMA = Radix Omnia Malorum Avaritia (Avarice the Root of All Evil)

Note, however, that these same Popes were also patrons for some of the most important artists of Renaissance and Baroque

These same Popes were champions of learning and encouraged establishment of major libraries, including Vatican library


14th – 16th C Political Situation: France Philip IV (Fair) 1285-1314

Enemy of Boniface VIII Strengthen French throne

Hundred’s Year War Between England and France 1339-1453 Continuation of dispute over who is proper successor to French

throne Joan of Arc, 1412-1431

Rallied French behind Charles VII; crowned in Rheims Captured and burned as a heretic by English Inquisition

Francois I 1515-1547 At war with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V over southern

France and eastern France French-German wars lasted until 20th C


14th – 16th C Political Situation: England Edward I 1272-1307

Annexed Wales and Scotland Edward III 1327-1377

Starts 100 Years War with France Henry V, Battle of Agincourt 1415 War of Roses (civil war) 1455-1485

Henry VII and House of Tudor finally successful Henry VIII 1491-1547


14th – 16th C Political Situation: Holy Roman Empire 14th C period of weakened HRE (German monarchy), elected by duchies

(Bohemia, Saxony, Luxemburg, Bavaria, Moravia, Austria) Three families vie for power, Bohemia, Luxemburg, Hapsburg Sigismund last of Luxemburg’s to rule all of Germany; called Council of

Constance Eventually Hapsburg rule dominates

Maximilian I (Hapsburg) 1493-1519 Son marries Spanish heiress (Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand

and Isabella) Their son in Charles V

Charles V reigns 1516-1556 King of Spain starting in 1516; HRE in 1519, but only after making

significant concessions to Fredrick the Wise of Saxony Abdicates in 1556; son Phillip II rules Spain and Netherlands; and

brother Ferdinand I becomes HRE, rules Germany and Austria


14th – 16th C Political Situation: Spain Throughout 14th C and 15th C Christian

kingdoms of northern Spain fight against Muslims

Queen Isabel of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon succeed in expelling Muslims from Spain in 1492

Charles V (their grandson) becomes king of Spain in 1516

15-16th C Political Situation: Italy Dominated by Medici Family

Florentine family International bankers

Opposed by Pazzi Family in Florence: Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 Pazzi’s took Vatican banking business away from Medici Pazzi allies including Sextus IV and the Archbishop of Pisa formed a

conspiracy to kill Lorenzo (the Magnificent) and his brother Giuliano in Pazzi Chapel at Easter Mass

Giuliano was murdered, but crowd rises up against Archbishop, hangs him in his vestments

Pope Sextus IV forced to reconcile with Lorenzo 16th C Medici Popes: Leo X and Clement VII Machiavelli (1469-1527), The Prince, written with Caesar Borgia,

illegitimate and tyrannical son of Pope Alexander VI as modelCH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal

1303 - 1648


14th – 16th C Political Situation: Eastern Mediterranean Mongol expansion in 13th and 14th C in Asia pushes Ottomon

Turks Westward Ottomon succeed Seljuk Turks for control of Persia, Syria, Egypt

Mohammed II captures Constantinople 1453 Other than a few priests, West sent no aid to Constantinople after

Council of Florence Day before final battle, Eastern Church repudiates Council of

Florence Mohammed II renames Constantinople Istanbul; Hagia Sophia

becomes a mosque Suleyman Magnificent becomes sultan 1520 Ottoman expansion is checked at Battle of Vienna 1533 and by

Spanish at Battle of Lepanto 1571


Recap: Situation Early 16th C Byzantine Empire destroyed; Constantinople renamed Istanbul Powerful Ottoman Turks in control of Eastern and Southern

Mediterranean Spain newly unified after expulsion of Muslims France and England in uneasy truce France and HRE in occasional battles over eastern France Strong National Rulers

Francois I of France Charles V HRE (Spain, Germany, Netherlands) Henry VIII in England

Popes in very weakened political situation after Avignon papacy; reliant on sale of indulgences and simony for funds


Europe in 1519www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/maps/1519eur.jpg


German Reformation

How it started: 1517, Albrecht of Mainz wants to be Archbishop Albrecht buys his archbishopric from Rome (Leo X); Rome needs

the money in part to help pay for rebuilding of St. Peters Rome authorizes the preaching of a special indulgence in

Germany, with the money to go to Albrecht to repay him Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Responds to this situation with 95 Thesis Go far beyond denouncing sin of simony and corruption;

fundamentally calls into question Rome’s primacy and theology of indulgences; denounces scholasticism

German princes, especially Fredrick the Wise of Saxony, support Luther against Rome and against HRE Charles V


Political Response Pope Leo X did not want to cross Fredrick the Wise

Check on Charles V power Wanted Germans to take up arms against Turks

Luther appears before Diet of Worms, 1521 Luther is condemned by Charles V ‘Kidnapped’ by Fredrick the Wise and taken to Warburg Castle to prevent capture

by Charles V Peasants Revolt in Germany in 1525, violently suppressed by Lutherans Charles uses Lutheran troops to attack Pope and sack Rome in 1527 Schmalkalden League formed in 1531 by German nobles opposed to

Charles V Sporadic Battles between them and Charles V until… Peace of Augsburg, 1555

Cuius regio, eius religio, “whose reign, his religion” Only valid for Lutheran and Catholic princes Answer to who’s in charge

Thirty Years War, 1618-1638, continued armed struggles in Europe along political and religious lines (France and Sweden against Protestant German duchies)

Peace of Westphalia confirmed Peace of Augsburg, but now included Calvinists


Swiss Reformation

Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) A priest, Zwingli becomes member of Zurich city council Preaches against Catholic liturgical practice Upholds sovereignty of Swiss cantons But sovereignty in combination of religion and civil rule based on

Bible Dies in battle in 1531

Calvin (1509 - 1564) born in France, studied law Theological heir of Zwingli Moves to Switzerland to be away from Catholic France Established a ‘holy’ city in Geneva Very influential on development of Puritanism in England and

Presbyterianism in Scotland


Reformation in England

Henry VIII initially opposes Luther, remains faithful to Rome Henry married Catherine of Spain in 1509 (daughter of Ferdinand

and Isabella, aunt of Charles V) Marriage yields no male heir Pope Clement VII refuses to annul marriage Note the request comes in 1527, just after Charles V had sacked

Rome and Clement not eager to further provoke Charles Henry declares himself head of Church in England 1532 Thomas More and other executed 1535 Very little doctrinal disagreement between Henry VIII and Rome


Religious Map of Europe c. 1560


Expansion of Spanish and Portuguese Culture 16th C Voyages of discovery

Driven by economics Religion followed economics

Jesuits and Franciscans were primary Catholic missionary orders

Many saw colonization of new world (Western Hemisphere) as a way to escape turmoil of old world


European Voyages of Discovery Driven by economics,

Reduce time and cost of overland spice trade with Orient Reduce interactions with Ottoman Turks Ottoman is an Arab corruption of the name Osman, a 13th C

turkish ruler who rebelled against Seljik rule) In 16th C Spain and Portugal leading European ‘super powers’

Most other Western European countries preoccupied with wars and Reformation

Renewed strength after expulsion of Muslims from Portugal and Spain

Spanish dominance ends with defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588 No educated person in Europe thought the earth was flat (see ST

Ia Q1 a1) Real question was how to sail all the way to China from Europe


Portuguese Voyages of Discovery Prince Henry the Navigator (d. 1460)

Encourages exploration of West Africa Significantly improves navigation instruments

Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487 Portuguese explore much of southern Africa, especially

Congo and Angola Early 16th C Portuguese voyages to India, Japan

China Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe 1519 -

1522


Spanish Voyages of Discovery Columbus’ First Voyage of Discovery October 1492 to Caribbean

Second voyage he takes Jesuits with him to convert ‘Indians’ Cortez conquers Mexico, 1519-1521 Pizarro conquers Peru 1532 By 1600 Spanish had

Established footholds in much of North America (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida)

Thriving large communities throughout Mexico, Central and South America

Santa Fe, New Mexico is oldest capitol city in U.S. By comparison,

Jamestown founded 1607 Quebec founded 1608 Plymouth founded 1620 Montreal founded 1642


Map of Voyages 1340-1600www.jcg.jersey.sch.uk/subjects/history/discovery.html


Role of Church: Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI (Borgia)

Divides ‘world’ between Spain and Portugal down Atlantic in 1493

Known as Line of Demarcation


Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan 1519-1522 Magellan, although Portuguese, surmised that the

Line of Demarcation if completed around the world meant that most of the Spice Islands would belong to Spain Charles V eager to claim these lands for Spain

Entered into Spanish service to claim lands in the East (i.e. Spice Islands and Philippines) for Spain

Magellan killed in Philippines during the voyage Comparable to Apollo program in 1960s

Tremendous national pride in being the first to circumnavigate the globe

Something that only the wealthiest country could reasonable undertake


Readings

Lengthy reading from Vidmar; 154-241 We will discuss theological development next

week 95 Theses found at

http://www.luther.de/en/95thesen.html Primary readings are relatively short

ch 500 lecture 10 historitcal 1303 - 1648 lecture 10: historical developments 1303-1648 march 29,...

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