Eastern Europe Eastern Europe 1648-17401648-1740

Aging: (HOP) HRE, Ottoman Aging: (HOP) HRE, Ottoman Empire, PolandEmpire, PolandEmerging (RAP): Russia, Austria, Emerging (RAP): Russia, Austria, PrussiaPrussia

3 Aging Empires3 Aging Empires Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire PolandPoland Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Ineffective & pushed aside by growth of Ineffective & pushed aside by growth of Prussia, Russia, AustriaPrussia, Russia, Austria

3 Aging Empires3 Aging Empires Central gov’ts weakCentral gov’ts weak Bad admin. & gov’tBad admin. & gov’t All pushed out w/ newer statesAll pushed out w/ newer states Gov’ts changed w/ whoever was in Gov’ts changed w/ whoever was in

chargecharge

Division by East and West Division by East and West In East:In East:

Towns smallerTowns smaller Labor less productiveLabor less productive Middle class less strongMiddle class less strong Peasants = mass loss of freedomPeasants = mass loss of freedom Landlords only significant political classLandlords only significant political class

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire No/little army, revenues, working gov’tNo/little army, revenues, working gov’t Voltaire: “it is neither holy, Roman, nor an Voltaire: “it is neither holy, Roman, nor an

empire.”empire.” ““Ruined” by ReformationRuined” by Reformation

Republic of PolandRepublic of Poland Very large = 1000 miles long = hard to Very large = 1000 miles long = hard to

administeradminister Aristocracy wouldn’t allow absolutismAristocracy wouldn’t allow absolutism But didn’t create effective const. or parliamentBut didn’t create effective const. or parliament Szlachta: Polish aristocracy = 89%Szlachta: Polish aristocracy = 89% Seen as form of democracy-leery of central Seen as form of democracy-leery of central

gov’tgov’t Gov’t in shamblesGov’t in shambles

King of Pol: no army, no courts, no officials, on King of Pol: no army, no courts, no officials, on income, nobility paid no taxesincome, nobility paid no taxes

Republic of Poland Cont.Republic of Poland Cont. 18th Cent. largest European state18th Cent. largest European state Old political structure failed to devel. Old political structure failed to devel.

modern form of gov’tmodern form of gov’t Deep anarchy & confusionDeep anarchy & confusion Hold Royal elections but internat’l Hold Royal elections but internat’l

interferenceinterference Poland Partitioned in 1772: Russia, Poland Partitioned in 1772: Russia,

Austria, & Prussia took slicesAustria, & Prussia took slices

Rise of AustriaRise of Austria Fall of PowersFall of Powers

HRE & Spain collapse after 30 Years’ WarHRE & Spain collapse after 30 Years’ War Austria now able to form own empireAustria now able to form own empire

Kingdoms of AustriaKingdoms of Austria Held together by Austrian Habsburg dynastyHeld together by Austrian Habsburg dynasty During 30 Yrs War pushed out Prot. & During 30 Yrs War pushed out Prot. &

reconquered & recatholicized Bohemiareconquered & recatholicized Bohemia Also conquered HungaryAlso conquered Hungary

Rise of Austria Cont.Rise of Austria Cont. TurksTurks

1526 Turks in Hungary & many yrs of fighting1526 Turks in Hungary & many yrs of fighting 1683 siege Vienna 1683 siege Vienna w/ aid from Pope Innocent XI turn Turks away led by w/ aid from Pope Innocent XI turn Turks away led by

Prince Eugene of SavoyPrince Eugene of Savoy Prince Eugene of SavoyPrince Eugene of Savoy

Founder of modern Austrian stateFounder of modern Austrian state Military & state commanderMilitary & state commander 1697 Turks out of Hungary = Peace of Karlowitz 1697 Turks out of Hungary = Peace of Karlowitz

1699 get most of Hungary1699 get most of Hungary

Rise of PrussiaRise of Prussia German StatesGerman States

$ Gone after the war$ Gone after the war Fell behind the rest of EuropeFell behind the rest of Europe Not much of a Burgher classNot much of a Burgher class Laws different throughout GermanyLaws different throughout Germany Calendar variedCalendar varied Science & learning non-existentScience & learning non-existent Art & Lit. Art & Lit. Each state had sovereignty w/ emperor over Each state had sovereignty w/ emperor over

themthem

300 States 300 States Some independenceSome independence Electors elect EmperorElectors elect Emperor Golden Bull 1356: 7 electors; wanted to preserve Golden Bull 1356: 7 electors; wanted to preserve

German libertiesGerman liberties Germanic liberties = state control over empire controlGermanic liberties = state control over empire control

After 30 Yrs’ War German states would After 30 Yrs’ War German states would notnot allow allow any authority of imperial diet (diet=power to raise any authority of imperial diet (diet=power to raise troops & taxes for whole empire)troops & taxes for whole empire) Religion: both Prot. & Cath. demand “right of setting Religion: both Prot. & Cath. demand “right of setting

apart” = chamberapart” = chamber Each religion had a veto in chamberEach religion had a veto in chamber

300 States300 States States didn’t want empire to take away States didn’t want empire to take away

liberties but didn’t give ind. Rights w/in liberties but didn’t give ind. Rights w/in own states = almost oligarchyown states = almost oligarchy

After Peace of WestphaliaAfter Peace of Westphalia Absolute monarchies building over subjectsAbsolute monarchies building over subjects People gain high pol. positionPeople gain high pol. position ~ 1700 Prussia & Austria on own~ 1700 Prussia & Austria on own

Westernization of RussiaWesternization of Russia Not Part of Europeanization:Not Part of Europeanization: Greek Orthodox Church: Constantinople Greek Orthodox Church: Constantinople

influence not Romeinfluence not Rome Mongol invasions & conquests: 250 yrs Mongol invasions & conquests: 250 yrs

kept Asiatic influence until 1480 when kept Asiatic influence until 1480 when Ivan III defeated themIvan III defeated them

Geography: Very little warm water Geography: Very little warm water outlets; hard for communication & outlets; hard for communication & commercecommerce

Ivan the Terrible 1533-Ivan the Terrible 1533-15841584

1st grand duke of Muscovy 1st grand duke of Muscovy & 1st to take title of tsar& 1st to take title of tsar

Saw what was going on in Saw what was going on in Poland & didn’t want it to Poland & didn’t want it to happen in Russiahappen in Russia

After his death After his death Time of Time of Troubles 1598-1613 Troubles 1598-1613 because he left no heirbecause he left no heir

Time of Troubles 1598-Time of Troubles 1598-16131613

Nobles elected a # of tsars & wanted Nobles elected a # of tsars & wanted certain assurancescertain assurances

Country going through almost like 30 yrs Country going through almost like 30 yrs warwar

1613 nat’l assembly elected 16 yr old boy 1613 nat’l assembly elected 16 yr old boy to rule, hope no connection w/ warring to rule, hope no connection w/ warring partiesparties

Michael RomanovMichael Romanov Ivan Terrible’s Ivan Terrible’s

grandnephewgrandnephew Began Romanov dynasty Began Romanov dynasty

that lasted until 1917that lasted until 1917 Early on saw problems w/ Early on saw problems w/

elected monarchyelected monarchy Start repressing Start repressing

representing groups representing groups eventually to set up abs. eventually to set up abs. monarchiesmonarchies

Russian PeasantryRussian Peasantry Land abundant, labor shortageLand abundant, labor shortage People moving aroundPeople moving around Landlords wanted to make sure had labor forceLandlords wanted to make sure had labor force Serf’s tied to land=loss of freedom to moveSerf’s tied to land=loss of freedom to move Many rebellions – Many rebellions – see text for informationsee text for information Results of rebellions-tightened control on serfsResults of rebellions-tightened control on serfs

Peter the GreatPeter the Great Westernization of Russia social as well as Westernization of Russia social as well as

political change that occurred very quicklypolitical change that occurred very quickly Had relations w/ Europe for some timeHad relations w/ Europe for some time 1697-1698 went to Europe & recruited ~1000 1697-1698 went to Europe & recruited ~1000

experts for service in Russiaexperts for service in Russia Peters Master Plan:Peters Master Plan: wanted to create army that could wanted to create army that could

stand up to those of Weststand up to those of West Wanted to hold off Poles, Swedes, Turks, from coming Wanted to hold off Poles, Swedes, Turks, from coming

into Russiainto Russia Expand to get seaports: warm-water ports on Baltic & Expand to get seaports: warm-water ports on Baltic &

Black SeasBlack Seas

Peter the Great - Internal Peter the Great - Internal ChangesChanges Needed $ w/ many changesNeeded $ w/ many changes Taxes imposed on everything (land, hats, right to wear a Taxes imposed on everything (land, hats, right to wear a

beard & to marry)beard & to marry) Taxes fell on peasantsTaxes fell on peasants Mobility restricted more-againMobility restricted more-again Used Colbert’s ideas of mercantilismUsed Colbert’s ideas of mercantilism Encouraged exports, built fleet, & increased textile & Encouraged exports, built fleet, & increased textile &

metallurgymetallurgy Increased commercial companiesIncreased commercial companies Serfdom now industrial as well as agriculturalSerfdom now industrial as well as agricultural Economic system under tsar control - no private Economic system under tsar control - no private

enterpriseenterprise

Results of PeterResults of Peter

Set things up very quickly: some accepted, Set things up very quickly: some accepted, others rejected the ideasothers rejected the ideas

Put own son to death b/c going to slow down Put own son to death b/c going to slow down the changes he had madethe changes he had made

After his death some turmoilAfter his death some turmoil He did try to enforce a whole new (western) He did try to enforce a whole new (western)

culture on Russia – peasants not reachedculture on Russia – peasants not reached

Peter the GreatPeter the Great