1434 - droppdf1.droppdf.com/files/dxdhs/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 the year a magnificent...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1434TheYeara
MagnificentChineseFleetSailedtoItalyandIgnitedtheRenaissance
GavinMenzies
![Page 3: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Thisbookisdedicatedtomybelovedwife,Marcella,
whohastraveledwithmeonthejourneysrelatedinthisbook
andthroughlife
![Page 5: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Contents
Introduction
ISettingtheScene
1ALastVoyage2TheEmperor’sAmbassador3TheFleetsarePreparedfortheVoyagetotheBarbarians4ZhengHe’sNavigators’
![Page 6: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CalculationofLatitudeandLongitude5VoyagetotheRedSea6CairoandtheRedSea–nileCanal
IIChinaIgnitestheRenaissance
7TotheVeniceofNiccolòDaConti8PaoloToscanelli’sFlorence9ToscanelliMeetsthe
![Page 7: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ChineseAmbassador10Columbus’sandMagellan’sWorldMaps11TheWorldMapsofJohannesSchöner,MartinWaldseemüller,andAdmiralZhengHePhotographicInsert112Toscanelli’sNewastronomy13TheFlorentineMathematicians:
![Page 8: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Toscanelli,NicholasofCusa,andRegiomontanus14LeonBattistaAlbertiandLeonardoDaVinci15LeonardoDaVinciandChineseInventionsPhotographicInsert216Leonardo,DiGiorgio,Taccola,andAlberti17SilkandRice18GrandCanals:China
![Page 9: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
andLombardy19FirearmsandSteel20Printing21China’sContributiontotheRenaissance
IIIChina’sLegacy
22TragedyontheHighSeas:ZhengHe’sFleetDestroyedbyaTsunamiPhotographicInsert323TheConquistadores’Inheritance:OurLadyof
![Page 10: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Victory
AcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyPermissionsPhotographCreditsSearchableTermsAbouttheAuthorOtherBooksbyGavinMenziesCredits
![Page 11: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CopyrightAboutthePublisher
![Page 12: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
Onethingthatgreatlypuzzledmewhenwriting1421wasthelackofcuriosityamongmanyprofessionalhistorians.
Afterall,ChristopherColumbussupposedlydiscoveredAmericain1492.
![Page 13: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Yeteighteenyearsbeforehesetsail,ColumbushadamapoftheAmericas,whichhelateracknowledgedinhislogs.Indeed,evenbeforehisfirstvoyage,ColumbussignedacontractwiththekingandqueenofSpainthatappointedhimviceroyoftheAmericas.Hisfellowship’scaptainMartínAlonsoPinzón,whosailedwithhimin1492,hadtooseenamapoftheAmericas—inthe
![Page 14: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
pope’slibrary.
Howdoyoudiscoveraplaceforwhichyoualreadyhaveamap?
ThesamequestioncouldbeaskedofMagellan.ThestraitthatconnectstheAtlantictothePacificbearsthegreatPortugueseexplorer’sname.WhenMagellanreachedthatstraitin1520,hehadrunoutoffoodandhissailorswere
![Page 15: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
reducedtoeatingrats.Worse,theywereconvincedtheywerelost.EstebanGómezledamutiny,seizingtheSanAntoniowiththeintenttoleadpartoftheexpeditionbacktoSpain.Magellanquashedthemutinybyclaiminghewasnotatalllost.Amemberofthecrewwrote,“Weallbelievedthat[theStrait]wasacul-de-sac;butthecaptainknewthathehadtonavigatethrougha
![Page 16: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
verywell-concealedstrait,havingseenitinachartpreservedinthetreasuryofthekingofPortugal,andmadebyMartinofBohemia,amanofgreatparts.”1
WhywasthestraitnamedafterMagellanwhenMagellanhadseenitonachartbeforehesetsail?Itdoesn’tmakesense.
Theparadoxmightbe
![Page 17: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
explainedhadtherebeennomapsofthestraitorofthePacific—if,assomebelieve,Magellanwasbluffingabouthavingseenachart.Butthereweremaps.MartinWaldseemüllerpublishedhismapoftheAmericasandthePacificin1507,twelveyearsbeforeMagellansetsail.In1515,fouryearsbeforeMagellansailed,JohannesSchönerpublishedamapshowingthestraitMagellanis
![Page 18: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
saidtohave“discovered.”
Themysteryonlydeepenswhenweconsiderthetwocartographers,WaldseemüllerandSchöner.WerethesetwohoaryoldseacaptainswhohadmadeheroicvoyagesacrossthePacificbeforeMagellan?ShouldwerenamethestraitafterSchöner?Hardly.
Schönerneverwenttosea.
![Page 19: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
HeflunkedhisexamsattheUniversityofErfurt,leavingwithoutadegree.Hebecameanapprenticepriestin1515butforfailingtocelebratemass,wasrelegatedtoasmallvillage,wherehispunishmentwasofficiatingatearly-morningmass.SohowdidayoungmanfromruralGermanywithnomaritimetraditionproduceamapofthePacificwellbeforeMagellandiscoveredthatocean?
![Page 20: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
LikeSchöner,Waldseemüllerhadneverseenthesea.BorninWolfenweilernearFreibergin1475,hespenthisworkinglifeasacannonatSaint-DiéineasternFrance—aregionfamedforitsplumsbutcompletelydevoidofmaritimetradition.Waldseemüller,too,leftuniversitywithoutadegree.YethismapoftheAmericasshowedtheSierraMadreof
![Page 21: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
MexicoandtheSierraNevadaofNorthAmericabeforeMagellanreachedthePacificorBalboareacheditscoast.
ThesetworusticmapmakerswerenottheonlyEuropeanswithanuncannyprescienceaboutunseenlands.In1419,beforeEuropeanvoyagesofexplorationevenbegan,AlbertindiVirgapublishedamapoftheEastern
![Page 22: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
HemispherethatshowsnorthernAustralia.Itwasanother350yearsbeforeCaptainCook“discovered”thatcontinent.Similarly,BrazilappearedonPortuguesemapsbeforethefirstPortuguese,CabralandDias,setsailforBrazil.TheSouthShetlandIslandswereshownonthePiriReismapfourhundredyearsbeforeEuropeansreachedtheAntarctic.
![Page 23: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ThegreatEuropeanexplorerswerebraveanddeterminedmen.Buttheydiscoverednothing.Magellanwasnotthefirsttocircumnavigatetheglobe,norwasColumbusthefirsttodiscovertheAmericas.Sowhy,wemayask,dohistorianspersistinpropagatingthisfantasy?WhyisTheTimesAtlasofWorldExploration,whichdetailsthediscoveriesof
![Page 24: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Europeanexplorers,stilltaughtinschools?Whyaretheyoungsoinsistentlymisled?
After1421waspublished,wesetupourwebsite,www.1421.tv,whichhassincereceivedmillionsofvisitors.Additionallywehavereceivedhundredsofthousandsofe-mailsfromreadersof1421,manybringingnewevidencetoour
![Page 25: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
attention.Ofthecriticismwe’vereceived,themostfrequentcomplainthasconcernedmyfailuretodescribetheChinesefleets’visitstoEuropewhentheRenaissancewasjustgettingunderway.
Twoyearsago,aChineseCanadianscholar,TaiPengWang,discoveredChineseandItalianrecordsshowingbeyondadoubtthatChinese
![Page 26: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
delegationshadreachedItalyduringthereignsofZhuDi(1403–1424)andtheXuanDeemperor(1426–1435).Naturally,thiswasofthegreatestinteresttomeandtheresearchteam.
ShortlyafterTaiPengWang’s2005discovery,mywife,Marcella,andIsetoffwithfriendsforSpain.Foradecade,we’veenjoyedholidayswiththissamegroup
![Page 27: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
offriends,travelingtoseeminglyinaccessibleplaces—crossingtheAndes,Himalayas,Karakorams,andHinduKush,voyagingdowntheAmazon,journeyingtotheglaciersofPatagoniaandthehighAltiplanoofBolivia.In2005wewalkedtheViadelaPlatafromSeville,fromwheretheconquistadoressailedtotheNewWorld,northtotheirhomelandofExtremadura.Alongtheway,
![Page 28: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
wevisitedthetownsinwhichtheconquistadoreswerebornandraised.OneofthesewasToledo,paintedwithsuchbravurabyElGreco.Ofparticularinteresttomewerethemedievalpumpsbywhichthisfortifiedmountaintowndrewitswaterfromtheriverfarbelow.
Onalovelyautumnday,wewalkeduphilltothegreatcathedralthatdominates
![Page 29: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Toledoandthesurroundingcountryside.Wedumpedourbagsinasmallhotelbuiltintothecathedralwallsandsetofftoexplore.InaneighboringMoorishpalacetherewasanexhibitiondedicatedtoLeonardodaVinciandhisMadridcodices,focusingonhispumps,aqueducts,locks,andcanals—allhighlyrelevanttoToledo.
![Page 30: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Theexhibitcontainedthisnote:“Leonardoembarkeduponathoroughanalysisofwaterways.TheencounterwithFrancescodiGiorgioinPaviain1490wasadecisivemomentinLeonardo’straining,aturningpoint.Leonardoplannedtowriteatreatiseonwater.”Thispuzzledme.IhadbeentaughtthatLeonardohaddesignedthefirstEuropeancanalsandlocks,thathewasthefirstto
![Page 31: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
illustratepumpsandfountains.SowhatrelevanttraininghadhereceivedfromFrancescodiGiorgio,anamecompletelyunknowntome?
MyresearchrevealedthatLeonardohadownedacopyofdiGiorgio’streatiseoncivilandmilitarymachines.Inthetreatise,diGiorgiohadillustratedanddescribedarangeofastonishingmachines,manyofwhich
![Page 32: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Leonardosubsequentlyreproducedinthree-dimensionaldrawings.Theillustrationswerenotlimitedtocanals,locks,andpumps;theyincludedparachutes,submersibletanks,andmachinegunsaswellashundredsofothermachineswithcivilandmilitaryapplications.
Thiswasquiteashock.ItseemedLeonardowasmore
![Page 33: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
illustratorthaninventorandthatthegreatergeniusmayhaveresidedindiGiorgio.WasdiGiorgiotheoriginalinventorofthesefantasticmachines?Ordidhe,inturn,copythemfromanother?
IlearnedthatdiGiorgiohadinheritednotebooksandtreatisesfromanotherItalian,MarianodiJacopodittoTaccola(calledTaccola:“theCrow”).Taccolawasaclerk
![Page 34: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ofpublicworkslivinginSiena.Havingneverseentheseaorfoughtabattle,heneverthelessmanagedtodrawawidevarietyofnauticalmachines—paddle-wheeledboats,frogmen,andmachinesforliftingwrecks,togetherwitharangeofgunpowderweapons,evenanadvancedmethodofmakinggunpowderanddesigningahelicopter.ItseemsTaccolawasresponsiblefornearlyevery
![Page 35: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
technicalillustrationthatdiGiorgioandLeonardohadlaterimprovedupon.
So,onceagain,weconfrontourfamiliarpuzzle:HowdidaclerkinaremoteItalianhilltown,amanwhohadnevertraveledabroadorobtainedauniversityeducation,cometoproducetechnicalillustrationsofsuchamazingmachines?
Thisbookattemptsto
![Page 36: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
answerthatandafewrelatedriddles.Indoingso,westumbleuponthemapoftheAmericasthatTaccola’scontemporaryPaoloToscanellisenttobothChristopherColumbusandthekingofPortugal,inwhoselibraryMagellanencounteredit.
Like1421,thisbookisacollectiveendeavorthatneverwouldhavebeenwritten
![Page 37: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
withoutthehelpofthousandsofpeopleacrosstheworld.Idonotclaimdefinitiveanswerstoeveryriddle.Thisisaworkinprogress.Indeed,Ihopereaderswilljoinusinthesearchforanswersandsharethemwithus—assomanydidinresponseto1421.
However,beforewemeettheChinesesquadronuponitsarrivalinVeniceandthenFlorence,abitofbackground
![Page 38: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
isnecessaryontheaimsoftheXuanDeemperorforwhomGrandEunuchZhengHeservedasambassadortoEurope.AXuanDeimperialorderdatedJune29,1430,stated:
…EverythingisprosperousandrenewedbuttheForeignCountriesdistantlylocatedbeyondthesea,stillhadnotheardanddidnotknow.ForthisreasonGrandDirectors
![Page 39: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ZhengHe,WangJinghongandotherswerespeciallysent,bearingtheword,togoandinstructthemintodeferenceandsubmission…
ThefirstthreechaptersofthisbookdescribethetwoyearsofpreparationsinChinaandIndonesiatofulfillthatorder,whichrequiredlaunchingandprovisioningthegreatestfleettheworldhadeverseenforavoyage
![Page 40: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
acrosstheworld.Chapter4explainshowtheChinesecalculatedlongitudewithoutclocksandlatitudewithoutsextants—prerequisitesfordrawingaccuratemapsofnewlands.Chapters5and6describehowthefleetlefttheMalabarCoastofIndia,sailedtothecanallinkingtheNiletotheRedSea,thendowntheNileintotheMediterranean.SomehavearguedthatnoChineserecordsexistto
![Page 41: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
suggestthatZhengHe’sfleetseverlefttheIndianOcean.Chapters5and6documentthemanyrecordsinChina,Egypt,Dalmatia,Venice,Florence,andthePapalStatesdescribingthefleets’voyage.
Inchapter21Idiscusstheimmensetransferofknowledgethattookplacein1434betweenChinaandEurope.Thisknowledge
![Page 42: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
originatedwithapeoplewho,overathousandyears,hadcreatedanadvancedcivilizationinAsia;itwasgiventoEuropejustasshewasemergingfromamillenniumofstagnationfollowingthefalloftheRomanEmpire.
TheRenaissancehastraditionallybeenportrayedasarebirthoftheclassicalcivilizationsofGreeceand
![Page 43: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Rome.ItseemstomethetimehascometoreappraisethisEurocentricviewofhistory.WhiletheidealsofGreeceandRomeplayedanimportantroleintheRenaissance,IsubmitthatthetransferofChineseintellectualcapitaltoEuropewasthesparkthatsettheRenaissanceablaze.
Theinternethasrevolutionizedthehistorian’s
![Page 44: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
profession,andthoughitisnotnecessaryforreaderstovisitthe1434website,itdoescontainagreatdealofadditionalinformationaboutChina’sroleintheRenaissance.Onoccasioninthetext,Imakereferencetospecificsubjectsthatarediscussedingreaterdetailonthewebsite.Ibelievethatmanywillfindthisinteresting.The1421websitehasalsobecomeaforumfor
![Page 45: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
discussion,andIhopethesamewillbetruefor1434.Whenyouhavereadthebook,pleasetelluswhetheryouagreewithitsconclusions.
GavinMenziesNewYork
July17,2007
![Page 46: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
I
SettingtheScene
![Page 47: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
1
ALASTVOYAGE
Inthesummerof1421theemperorZhuDilostastupendousgamble.Indoingso,helostcontrolofChinaand,eventually,hislife.
![Page 48: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ZhuDi’sdreamsweresooutsizedthat,thoughChinaintheearlyfifteenthcenturywasthegreatestpoweronearth,itstillcouldnotsummonthemeanstorealizetheemperor’smonumentalambitions.HavingembarkedonthesimultaneousconstructionoftheForbiddenCity,theMingtombs,andtheTempleofHeaven,ChinawasalsobuildingtwothousandshipsforZheng
![Page 49: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
He’sfleets.Thesevastprojectshaddenudedthelandoftimber.Asaconsequence,eunuchsweresenttopillageVietnam.ButtheVietnameseleaderLeLoifoughttheChinesewithgreatskillandcourage,tyingdowntheChinesearmyathugefinancialandpsychologicalcost.ChinahadherVietnamsixhundredyearsbeforeFranceandAmericahad
![Page 50: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
theirs.1
China’sdebacleinVietnamgrewoutofthecostsofbuildingandmaintaininghertreasurefleets,throughwhichtheemperorsoughttobringtheentireworldintoConfucianharmonywithintheChinesetributesystem.Thefleetswereledbyeunuchs—bravesailorswhowereintenselyloyaltotheemperor,permanently
![Page 51: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
insecure,andreadytosacrificeall.However,theeunuchswerealsouneducatedandfrequentlycorrupt.Andtheywereloathedbythemandarins,theeducatedadministrativeclassthatbuttressedaConfuciansysteminwhicheverycitizenwasassignedaclearlydefinedplace.
Superbadministrators,themandarinsrecoiledfromrisk.
![Page 52: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Theydisapprovedoftheextravagantadventuresofthetreasurefleets,whosefar-flungexploitshadtheaddeddisadvantageofbringingthemintocontactwith“longnosedbarbarians.”IntheYuandynasty(1279–1368),mandarinswerethelowestclass.2However,intheMingdynasty,EmperorHongWu,ZhuDi’sfather,reversedtheclasssystemtofavor
![Page 53: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
mandarins.
ThemandarinsplannedHongWu’sattackonhissonZhuDi,thePrinceofYen,whomHonghadbanishedtoBeijing(NanjingthenbeingthecapitalofChina).TheeunuchssidedwithZhuDi,joininghisdrivesouthintoNanjing.Afterhisvictoryin1402,ZhuDiexpressedhisgratitudebyappointingeunuchstocommandthe
![Page 54: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
treasurefleets.
HenryTsaipaintsavividportraitofZhuDi,alsoknownastheYongleemperor:
Hewasanoverachiever.HeshouldbecreditedfortheconstructionoftheimposingForbiddenCityofBeijing,whichstillstandstodaytoamazecountlessvisitorsfromlandsafar.Heshouldbe
![Page 55: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
applaudedforsponsoringthelegendarymaritimeexpeditionsoftheMuslimeunuchAdmiralZhengHe,thelegacyofwhichstilllivesvividlyinthehistoricalconsciousnessofmanySoutheastAsiansandEastAfricans.HereinforcedthepowerstructureoftheabsolutistempirehisfathertheHongwuemperorfounded,andextendedthetentaclesofChinese
![Page 56: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
civilisationtoVietnam,Korea,Japan,amongothertributarystatesofMingChina.HesmoothedoutChina’srelationswiththeMongolsfromwhomEmperorHongwuhadrecoveredtheChineseempire.HemadepossiblethecompilationofvariousimportantChinesetexts,includingthemonumentalencyclopaediaYongledadian….
![Page 57: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Yongle[thealternativenameforZhuDi]wasalsoausurper,amanwhobathedhishandsinthebloodofnumerouspoliticalvictims.Andthebloodsheddidnotstopthere.Afterascendingthethrone,hebuiltawell-knitinformationnetworkstaffedbyeunuchswhomhisfatherhadspecificallyblockedfromthecoreofpolitics,tospyonscholarofficials[mandarins]who
![Page 58: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
mightchallengehislegitimacyandhisabsolutism.3
UnderZhuDi,themandarinswererelegatedtoorganizingthefinancesnecessarytobuildthefleet.ButforgenerationsofmandarinswhogovernedtheMingdynastyandcompiledalmostallChinesehistoricalsources,thevoyagesledbyZhengHewereadeviation
![Page 59: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
fromtheproperpath.ThemandarinsdidalltheycouldtobelittleZhengHe’sachievements.AsEdwardL.Dreyerpointsout,ZhengHe’sbiographyintheMing-Shi-luwasdeliberatelyplacedbeforeaseriesofchaptersoneunuchs“whoaregroupedwith‘flatterersanddeceivers,’‘treacherousministers,’‘rovingbandits’and‘allintrinsicallyevil
![Page 60: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
categoriesofpeople.’”4
Aslongasthevoyagesprospered,andtributeflowedbacktotheMiddleKingdomtofinancethefleet’sadventures,thesimmeringrivalrybetweenmandarinsandeunuchscouldbecontained.However,inthesummerof1421,ZhuDi’sreignwenthorriblywrong.First,theForbiddenCity,whichhadcostvastsumsto
![Page 61: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
build,wasburnedtoashesbyathunderbolt.Next,theemperorbecameimpotentandwastauntedbyhisconcubines.Inafinalindignity,hewasthrownfromhishorse,apresentfromTamburlaine’ssonShahRokh.5ItappearedthatZhuDihadlostheaven’sfavor.
InDecember1421,atatimewhenChinesefarmerswerereducedtoeatinggrass,Zhu
![Page 62: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Diembarkedonanotherextravaganza.HeledanenormousarmyintothenorthernsteppetofighttheMongolarmiesofAruqtai,whohadrefusedtopaytribute.6
ThiswastoomuchforXiaYuanji,theministeroffinance;herefusedtofundtheexpedition.ZhuDihadhisministerarrestedalongwiththeministerofjustice,
![Page 63: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
whohadalsoobjectedtotheadventure.FangBin,theministerofwar,committedsuicide.Withhisfinancesinruinsandhiscabinetinrevolt,theemperorrodeofftothesteppe,wherehewasoutwittedandoutmaneuveredbyAruqtai.OnAugust12,1424,ZhuDidied.7
ZhuGaozhi,ZhuDi’sson,tookoverasemperorandpromptlyreversedhisfather’s
![Page 64: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
policies.XiaYuanjiwasrestoredasministeroffinance,anddrasticfiscalmeasureswereadoptedtoreinininflation.ZhuGaozhi’sfirstedictonascendingthethroneonSeptember7,1424,laidthetreasurefleetlow:heorderedallvoyagesofthetreasureshipstobestopped.AllshipsmooredatTaicangwereorderedbacktoNanjing.8
![Page 65: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Themandarinswerebackincontrol.ThegreatZhengHewaspensionedoffalongwithhisadmiralsandcaptains.Treasureshipswerelefttorotattheirmoorings.Nanjing’sdrydockswerefloodedandplansforadditionaltreasureshipswereburned.
Thensuddenly,unexpectedly,onMay29,1425,ZhuGaozhidied.HewassucceededbyhissonZhu
![Page 66: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Zhanji,ZhuDi’sgrandson.
ZhuZhanjiseemeddestinedtobeoneofChina’sgreatestemperors.FarmorecautiousthanZhuDi,hewasnonethelessextremelyclever.HequicklyrealizedthatChina’sabdicationasQueenoftheSeaswouldhavedisastrousconsequences—notleastthatthebarbarianswouldceasepayingtribute.What’smore,thedreamofa
![Page 67: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
worldunitedinConfucianharmonywouldbedashedandthecolossalexpenditurethathadenabledChinatoacquirealliesandsettlementsthroughouttheworldwouldbewasted.
ZhuZhanjialsorealizedthattheeunuchsdisfavoredbyhisfatherhadtheirvirtues.Hesetupapalaceschooltoinstructthem9andappointedeunuchstoimportantmilitary
![Page 68: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
commands.Hereversedhisfather’splantomovethecapitalsouthtoNanjing,restoringittoBeijing,onceagainfacingtheMongols.YethealsobelievedintheConfucianvirtuesespousedbythemandarinsandcultivatedtheirfriendshipoverbottlesofwine.InmanywaysZhuZhanjicombinedthebestofhisfather,includinghisconcernforfarmers,withthatofhis
![Page 69: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
grandfather,whoseboldnessheemulatedinapproachingthebarbarians.
ThenewreignwouldbeknownasXuanDe,“propagatingvirtue.”ForZhengHeandtheeunuchs,itmarkedareturntocenterstage.Soonanothergreatsailingexpeditionwouldbelaunched,tobearthewordtothebarbarianstoinstructthemintodeferenceand
![Page 70: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
submission.
![Page 71: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
2
THEEMPEROR’SAMBASSADOR
In1430theyoungemperorempoweredAdmiralsZhengHeandWangJinghongtoactonhisbehalf,issuingthemaspeciallymintedbrass
![Page 72: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
medallion,inamixofzhuanshu1andkaishu2scripts,inscribedAUTHORISEDANDAWARDEDBYXUANDEOFTHEGREATMING.
TheemperorappointedZhengHeashisambassador.HereistheedictfromtheXuanzongShi-lu,datedJune29,1430:“EverythingwasprosperousandrenewedbuttheForeigncountries,
![Page 73: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
distantlylocatedbeyondthesea,stillhadnotheardanddidnotknow.ForthisreasonGrandDirectorsZhengHe,WangJinghongandotherswerespeciallysent,bearingtheword,togoandinstructthemintodeferenceandsubmission.”3
Thisvoyageto“instruct”theforeignerswasthezenithofAdmiralZhengHe’sgreatcareer.Beforedeparting,he
![Page 74: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
hadtwoinscriptionscarvedinstonetodocumenthisachievements.Thefirstinscription,datedMarch14,1431,wasplacednearthetempleoftheseagoddessatTaicang,downriverfromNanjingneartheestuaryoftheYangtze.
Fromthetimewhenwe,ChengHo[ZhengHe]andhiscompanionsatthebeginningoftheYungLoperiod[1403]
![Page 75: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
receivedtheImperialcommissionasenvoytothebarbarians,upuntilnow,sevenvoyageshavetakenplaceandeachtimewehavecommandedseveraltensofthousandsofgovernmentsoldiersandmorethanahundredoceangoingvessels.StartingfromTaiTs’angandtakingthesea,wehavebywayofthecountriesofChan-Ch’eng,Hsienlo,Quawa,K’ochih,andKuli[Calicut]
![Page 76: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
reachedHulumossu[Cairo]andothercountriesofthewesternregions,morethan3,000countriesinall.4
TheotherinscribedstonewasplacedfartherdowntheChinesecoastatthemouthoftheMinRiverinFujian.ItisdatedthesecondwintermonthofthesixthyearofXuanDe,whichmakesitbetweenDecember5,1431,andJanuary7,1432.Itis
![Page 77: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
calledtheChangLeepigraphy.
TheImperialMingdynastyinunifyingseasandcontinentssurpassingthethreedynastiesevengoesbeyondtheHanandTangdynasties.Thecountriesbeyondthehorizonandfromtheendsoftheearthhaveallbecomesubjectsandthemostwesternofthewesternorthemostnorthernofthenortherncountries
![Page 78: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
howeverfartheymaybe,thedistanceandtheroutesmaybecalculated.5
LiuGang,whoownsaChinesemapoftheworldfrom1418,acriticaldocumentthatwewillrevisitlater,hastranslatedtheChangLeepigraphyasitwouldhavebeenunderstoodintheearlyMingdynasty.Histranslationdiffersinsomekeyrespectsfromthemoderntranslation
![Page 79: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
producedabove.
TheImperialMingdynastyhasunifiedseasandtheuniverse,surpassingthefirstthreegenerations[ofMingemperors]aswellasoftheHanandTangdynasties.Noneofthesecountrieshadnotbecomesubjects,eventhoseattheremotestcornersinthewestofthewesternregionoftheImperialMingandthenorthofthe
![Page 80: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
northwardextensionfromtheImperialMingaresofaraway,however,thatthedistancetothemcanbecalculatedbymileage.6
Thefullimportofthedistinctionsbecomeapparentonceweunderstandwhattheterms“westernregionoftheImperialMing”and“northwardextensionfromtheImperialMing”meantatthetimethestoneswere
![Page 81: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
carved.“Theterm‘westernregion’originatedduringtheHandynastyandatthattimereferredtotheregionbetweenZhongLing(nowinthenorthernXianJiangautonomousregion)andDunHuang(attheedgeoftheTaklaMakanDesert),”LiuGangexplains.
BytheTangdynasty,theextentofthe“westernregion”hadbeenextendedtoNorth
![Page 82: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Africa.ThebookswrittenintheMingdynastydescribingtraveltothewesternregionadoptanevenbroaderdefinition:RecordsofJourneystotheWesternRegionandNotesontheBarbarians,bothbookspublishedduringZhengHe’sera,extendedthewesternregionmuchfurtherwestwards.ThisisreflectedintheTaicangstele,whichreferstoreaching“Hulumo
![Page 83: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Ssu(Cairo)andothercountriesofthewesternregions.”ThesecondsteleinFujianmentionsreaching“theremotestcornersinthewestofthewesternregion,”i.e.,farwestofCairo.”7
Thephrase“thenorthofthenorthwardextensionfromtheImperialMing”isevenmorepregnantwithmeaning.AsLiuGanghasexplained,inZhengHe’seratheChinese
![Page 84: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
hadnoconceptoftheNorthPoleasthehighestpointoftheearthlysphere.Accordingly,whentheytravelednorthfromChinatotheNorthAmericancontinent,traversingtheNorthPole(greatcircleroute),theybelievedthejourneywasalwaysnorthward.ThemoderngeographicunderstandingisthatthegreatcircleroutefromChinatoNorthAmerica
![Page 85: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
runsnorthtotheNorthPole,thensouthtoNorthAmerica.ThisconceptwasunknowntotheChinese.
TotheMingChinese,“inthenorthofthenorthwardextensionfromtheImperialMing”meansaplacebeyondtheNorthPole.Thisunderstandingisreflectedinthe1418worldmap,whichshowsapassagethroughthepolariceacrosstheNorth
![Page 86: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
PoleleadingtoAmerica.(AccordingtotheDutchmeteorologicaloffice,therewerethreeexceptionallywarmwintersinthe1420s,whichcouldhavemeltedtheArcticseaice.)8
Thus,ifwetakethetwostelesattheirword,itappearsthatZhengHe’sfleetshadalreadyreachedthreethousandcountriesaswellastheNorthPoleandNorth
![Page 87: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
AmericabeyondthePole.
Theemperor’sordertoZhengHetoinstructdistantlandsbeyondtheseastofollowthewayofheavennowseemsawesome.ZhengHeisbeingorderedtoreturntoallthreethousandcountrieshehadvisitedinhislifeatsea.Thetaskwouldrequireahugenumberofships—severalgreatfleetsreadiedforvoyagesacrosstheworld.
![Page 88: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Thisexplainsthelengthydelaybetweentheimperialedictandthefleets’actualdeparturefromChinesewaterssometwoyearslater.
Eachmonth,awealthofevidencecomestoourwebsitefromsourcesinabout120differentcountries.Takentogether,theevidence,whichincludesthewrecksofChinesejunksindistantwaters,hasconvincedmethat
![Page 89: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
myoriginalestimateofthesizeofZhengHe’sfleet—someonehundredships—wasfartoolow.
Overthepastthreeyears,tworesearchers,ProfessorXiLongfeiandDr.SallyChurch,havefoundreferencesintheMingShi-lutothenumberofjunksbuiltintheyears1403to1419.Thefiguresaresubjecttointerpretation,particularly
![Page 90: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
withregardtothenumberthatcanbeassignedspecificallytoZhengHe’sfleets.ButitseemsthelowestimateofthesizeofZhengHe’sfleetsisasfollows:249shipscompletedin1407“inpreparationforsendingembassiestotheWesternOceans”;plusfiveoceangoingshipsbuiltin1404,whichtheMingShi-luexplicitlystateswereorderedbecauseenvoyswouldsoon
![Page 91: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
besentabroad;plus48“Treasureships”builtin1408andanother41builtin1419.Thatmakesatotalof343shipsconstructedforZhengHe’svoyages.9
Amiddleestimatewouldinclude“converted”ships,thepurposeofwhichisunspecifiedintheMingShi-lu.Ofthese,therewere188in1403;80inearlyNovember1405;13inlate
![Page 92: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
November1407;33in1408;and61in1413.Addingtheseconvertedshipstothe343shipsdescribedabovewouldgiveZhengHeatotalof718ships.
Thehighestimateincludes1,180haizhou,orderedin1405,whosepurposeisunspecified,andtwoordersofhaifengchuan(oceanwindships)—61in1412andthesamenumberagainin1413.
![Page 93: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Alltogether,thatwouldmeanafleetof2,020shipsoutofatotalconstructionprogramof2,726.Evenatthishighestimate,ZhengHe’sfleetwouldstillhavebeensmallerthanKublaiKhan’s,thoughofbetterquality.
BasedonCamões’saccountoftheChinesefleetthatreachedCalicuteightyyearsbeforeVascodaGama,myguessisthatZhengHehadat
![Page 94: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
hisdisposalmorethan1,000ships.“MorethaneighthundredsailoflargeandsmallshipscametoIndiafromtheportsofMalaccaandChinaandtheLequeos(Ryuku)Islandswithpeopleofmanynationsandallladenwithmerchandiseofgreatvaluewhichtheybroughtforsale…theyweresonumerousthattheyfilledthecountryandsettledasdwellersinallofthetownsofthesea
![Page 95: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
coast.”10
Theemperor’smassiveship-buildingprogramwasaccompaniedbymajorimprovementsinthejunks’construction.ProfessorPanBiaooftheCollegeofWoodScienceandTechnologyofNanjingForestryUniversityhascarriedoutgroundbreakingworkintothetypesoftimberfoundintheNanjingshipyardswherethe
![Page 96: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
treasureshipswerebuilt.About80percentofthematerialwaspine,11percenthardwoodsotherthanteak,and5.5percentteak.
Thepine—soft,humidity-anddecay-resistant,andlongusedforbuildingbothhousesandships—waslargelyfromsouthChina.Teak,whichishard,heavy,andresistanttoinsectattack,isidealformainframes.However,itwas
![Page 97: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
foreigntoChinaandanewmaterialforChineseshipbuilders.
WhatastonishedProfessorPanBiaowasthevolumeofhardwoodandteakthatwasimported.“BeforeZhengHe,hardwoodhadneverleftitscountriesoforigininasinglestep,”hesaid.“ButduringZhengHe’svoyages,andintheoneortwohundredyearsfollowinghisvoyages,
![Page 98: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
hardwoodwasnotonlymassivelyusedinshipbuildingbutwasalsobroughtintoSoutheastAsiaandtransplantedthereforthefirsttime.”ProfessorPanBiaoarguesthatZhengHe’svoyagescontributedgreatlytolarge-scaleinternationaltradeinhardwoodandtotheremarkableprogressinSoutheastAsia’sshipbuildingindustry.11
![Page 99: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Ineachoftheyears1406,1408,1418,and1432,fleetsofahundredormoreChinesevesselsspentlengthyperiodsrefittingintheportsofEastJava.TheChinesewhosettledinJavaplayedamajorpartinthedevelopmentofJavaneseshipbuilding.ProfessorAnthonyReidsuggeststhatthefloweringofJavaneseshipbuildinginthefifteenthcenturywasdueto“creativemeldingofChinese
![Page 100: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
andJavanesemarinetechnologyinthewakeofZhengHe’sexpeditions.”12
ThenewbuildingprograminChina,aidedbybettertimberandthehugerefittingendeavorinJava,wouldgraduallyhaveimprovedthequalityofZhengHe’sfleets.WeknowfromdetailedresearchinitiatedbyKenzoHayashidathatKublaiKhan’sfleets,wreckedinTokushima
![Page 101: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
BayinJapanin1281,weredoomedasmuchbythepoorqualityoftheirconstructionasbythefuryofthekamikazewinds.
Withtheirsuperiorwoodandconstruction,ZhengHe’sshipswouldbecapableofcrossingthestormiestoceans.However,thescaleofthesevastfleetswouldhavecreatedenormouscommandandcontrolproblems,asIcan
![Page 102: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
attestfrompersonalexperience.
Inlate1968,beforetakingcommandofHMSRorqual,IwasappointedoperationsofficertothestaffofAdmiralGriffin,whothencommandedtheRoyalNavy’sFarEastFleet.Mydutiesweretheday-to-dayoperationofthefleet—anaircraftcarrier,fueltanker,supplyships,destroyers,
![Page 103: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
frigates,andsubmarines.13Iquicklylearnedjusthowdifficultitistocontrolafleetoftwentyships,notleastinthesuddensquallsoftheSouthChinaSea,whichcanreducevisibilitytoafewyards.Changesinvisibilityconstituteathreat,whichrequiresthatthefleetbecontinuouslyrepositioned.
ThisexperiencewasrepeatedwhenIwasin
![Page 104: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
commandofHMSRorqual.Bytradition,thefirstRoyalNavyvesselonthesceneofasunkensubmarinetakeschargeoftherecoveryoperation,irrespectiveoftheseniorityofhercaptain.WhenHMSOnslaughtwassimulatingasunkensubmarineontheseabed,theRorqualwasthefirstshipthere.14So,forabriefperiod,Iexercisedoperational
![Page 105: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
controloftheBritishFarEastFleet,ataskthatledmetogreatlyappreciatethevalueofwirelessandsatellitecommunications.
ZhengHe’sadmiralshadnosuchtechnology.Instead,theywouldhavereliedonbells,gongs,drums,carrierpigeons,andfireworkstocoordinatetheirmovements.Consequently,theywouldhavebeenunableeffectively
![Page 106: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
tocontrolmorethanperhapstwentyjunksofvarioustypesandcapabilities,suchastreasureshipssuppliedbywatercarriersandgrainshipsprotectedbyfightingships.Forashortperiod,incalmseaswithunchanginggoodvisibility,theymighthavebeenabletocontrolasmanyasfiftyships.Buttheseconditionsdonotlastlongatsea.Astheweatherchanges,sodoesthethreat.Capital
![Page 107: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
ships,suchasZhengHe’streasureships,areprotectedmorecloselyinshorethanintheopenocean.Likewise,thethreatofpiratesrequiresadifferentdispositionthanthatrequiredforlandingtroopsonanexposedbeach.
Withapproximatelyonethousandshipsunderhisoverallcommand,ZhengHeprobablywouldhaveappointedatleasttwenty,and
![Page 108: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
quitepossiblyfifty,rearadmirals.Onhisfinalvoyage,Ibelievetherewerefourfulladmirals(ZhengHe,WangJinghong,HongBao,andZhouMan),eightviceadmirals(WangHeng,HouXian,LiXing,WuZhong,YangZhen,ZhangDa,ZhuLiang,ZhuZhen),andanothertwelverearadmirals15incommandofatotaloftwenty-fourfleets,
![Page 109: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
whichistheminimumnumberoffleetsIwouldexpectgiventhenumberofships.
Inmyopinion,thecaseforbroad-basedleadershipofthefleetsisreflectedintheTaicangstele,whichusesthefirst-personpluraltodescribethecommandofmenandships.(“Eachtimewehavecommandedseveraltensofthousandsofgovernment
![Page 110: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
soldiersandmorethanahundredoceangoingvessels.”)TheimplicationisthatZhengHeisactinginconcertwithhisteamofadmirals.
Thescopeoftheshipbuildingprogram—morethan2,700ships—underminesthenotionthatZhengHecommandedjustonefleetofahundredoceangoingvessels.
![Page 111: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
However,asinglefleetofathousandjunkswouldhavebeenimpossibletocontrol.Chineserecordslistingdatesforoutboundandreturningvoyagesmakeitclearthatdifferentfleetsdepartedandreturnedunderdifferentcommandersoftenyearsapart.
Insum,thescaleofZhengHe’svoyageswouldhaverequiredmanyindependent
![Page 112: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
fleetstobesimultaneouslyatsea.Somefleetswerenodoubtcarriedoffbystormstounexpecteddestinations.Others,asevidenceI’llpresentinchapter22suggests,weresurelywrecked,sometimesinthemostspectacularfashion.Inanycase,itshouldcomeasnosurprisethatmany,perhapsevenamajority,ofdestinationsreachedbythefleetswereneverrecordedin
![Page 113: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
officialChineserecords.Seafaringinthefifteenthcenturywasanevenmorehazardousprofessionthanitistoday.Manyshipsneverreturnedhometotelltheirtales.Thelossoflifewasterrible,aswastheeconomicandintellectualdevastationofthewreckagearoundtheworld.
Thisvoyage,fromwhichfewjunksreturned,wasthe
![Page 114: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
mostambitiousofthemall.ZhengHe’sfleetsweresenttoeverycountryintheknownworld.Consequentlythepreparationswouldhavebeenawesome,asIcanvouchfrommyexperiencein1969onthestaffofAdmiralGriffin’sFarEastFleet.
ZhengHe’sfleetwasmultinationalandmultifaith,aswastheBritishfleetin1969.Ourshipshad
![Page 115: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Ethiopian,Iranian,IndianandPakistaniofficers,Maltesestewards,Goaneseengine-roomstokers,Chineselaundrymen,Tamilengineers,Christians,Muslims,Taoists,Hindus,Confucians,Zoroastrians,Buddhists,andJews.TheBritishAdmiraltytookgreatpainstoensurethatcaptainswouldknowofthereligion,history,culture,background,andcustomsofallthecrewaswellasofthe
![Page 116: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
countriesthefleetwouldvisit.InthesamewaytheXuanDeemperorandhispredecessor,ZhuDi,wouldalsohavebriefedZhengHeingreatdetail.Theyhadtheidealtoolwithwhichtodoso—theYongleDadian.16Thismassiveencyclopediawascompletedin1421andhousedinthenewlybuiltForbiddenCity.Threethousandscholarshadworked
![Page 117: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
foryearscompilingallChineseknowledgefromtheprevioustwothousandyears,in22,937passagesextractedfrommorethan7,000titles,aworkof50millioncharacters.TheencyclopediawasofascaleandscopeunparalleledinhistoryandtomymindZhuDi’smonumentallegacytohumankind.Itwascontainedin11,095books,each16incheshighand10incheswide,requiring600
![Page 118: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
yardsofshelfspace,5rowshighoronethirdofonedeckofhisflagship.Theencyclopediacoveredeverysubjectontheplanet:geographyandcartography,agriculture,civilandmilitaryengineering,warfare,healthandmedicalcare,buildingandtownplanning,steelandsteelproduction,ceramicsfiringandpainting,biochemistryincludingcross-fertilization,alcohol
![Page 119: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
production,silkmakingandweaving,gunpowdermaking,shipconstruction,evencodes,cyphers,andcryptography.Weknowthisfromthecontentspages,ofwhichtherearecopiesintheNationalLibrariesinBeijingandTaipei,theBritishLibraryinLondon,theBibliothèqueNationaleinParis,andtheAsianLibrariesofOxfordandCambridgeUniversities.
![Page 120: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Fortunately,onepartoftheYongleDadianremainsmoreorlesswholeatCambridgeUniversity,whereithasescapedtheravagesoftheBoxeruprisingandmorerecentlythelunacyofMao’sRedGuards,whoburnedanyintellectualbooktheycouldlaytheirhandson.TheCambridgebookisaboutmathematics.JosephNeedhamdescribesthetrulyamazingdepthofChinese
![Page 121: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
mathematicalknowledgeshowninthisbook,whichcontainsknowledgefromtheyearA.D.263onward.17
Therearechaptersgivingpracticaladviceonusingtrigonometrytodetermineheightsofbuildings,hills,trees,andtownsoncliffs,andthecircumferenceofwalledcities,thedepthofravines,andthebreadthofriverestuaries.
![Page 122: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Nofewerthanninety-fivemathematicaltreatisesoftheSongdynastyarementioned,someonsuchspecializedsubjectsastheChineseremaindertheorumandcryptoanalysis—theuseofmathematicstobreakcodes.Therearemathematicalmethodsforcalculatingtheareaandvolumeofcircles,spheres,cones,pyramids,cubes,andcylindersandfordeterminingmagicnumbers
![Page 123: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
andconstructingmagicsquares,andtheprinciplesofsquare-rootextractionandnegativenumbers.ItwasluckyZhengHehadaprodigiousmemory—hecouldrecitetheentireKoranbyheartinArabicattheageofeleven.
AsNeedhampointsout,thediscoveriesmadeonthevoyagesofZhengHe’sfleetwereincorporatedintothe
![Page 124: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
YongleDadian.OnecangofurtherandsaythatoneofZhuDi’sleadingobjectiveswastoacquireknowledgegainedfromthebarbarians.Thisisepitomizedintheinstructionsgiventothethreepreviouseunuchs,ZhengHe,JangMin,andLiQiin1403—tobedescribedinthenextchapter.18
Thebestwaytoacquireknowledge,ZhuDiknew,
![Page 125: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
wouldbetoshareit—toshowthebarbarianshowimmenselydeep,wide,andoldwasChineseknowledgeandChinesecivilization.ZhengHeandhiscaptainswerethuskeyplayersincompilingtheknowledgecontainedintheYongleDadian.Forthisofcoursetheyneededtohavecopiesoftheencyclopediaaboardtheirjunks,andtheyneededalsotobriefinterpretersaboutthe
![Page 126: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
contentssothemessagecouldbepropagated.ZhuDimadeenormousstridesinimprovingChineseprintingmethods,whichenabledpartsoftheYongleDadiantobereproduced.19
Even“Pascal’s”trianglewasincludedintheYongleDadian—centuriesbeforePascal.TheChinesehavealwaysbeenpractical.Mathematicswasappliedto
![Page 127: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
surveyingandcartography.BytheEasternHandynasty(A.D.25–A.D.220),Chinesesurveyorswereusingcompassandsquares,plumblinesandwaterlevels.Bythethirdcenturytheywereusingthetrigonometryofright-angletriangles,bythefourteenthcenturytheJacob’sstafftomeasureheightsanddistances.
Ch’inChiu-shaoinhisbook
![Page 128: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Shu-ShuChiu-Changof124720(includedintheYongleDadian)usedknowledgeofChinesemathematicsandChinesesurveyinginstrumentstocalculatetheareasofricefields,thevolumeofwaterrequiredtofloodthosefields,andhencethesizeandflowrateofdykesthatwouldberequired.Hegavedifferentmethodsofbuildingcanals
![Page 129: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
andthestrengthoflockgatesthatwouldbeneeded.
OnecouldcarryoutasimilarexerciseformilitarymachinesavailabletoZhengHeandhowthesehadbeendevelopedoverthecenturies.TheYongleDadianincludeddetailsonhowtobuildmortars,bazookas,cannons,rocket-propelledmissiles,flamethrowers,andallmannerofgunpowderbombs.
![Page 130: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
ThisvastencyclopediawasamassivecollectiveendeavortobringtogetherinoneplaceChineseknowledgegainedineveryfieldoverthousandsofyears.ZhengHehadtheimmensegoodfortunetosetsailwithpricelessintellectualknowledgeineverysphereofhumanactivity.Hecommandedamagnificentfleet—magnificentnotonlyinmilitaryandnavalcapabilitiesbutinitscargo—
![Page 131: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
intellectualgoodsofgreatvalueandsophistication.Thefleetwastherepositoryofhalftheworld’sknowledge.
Healsohadwell-educatedofficerswhothroughinterpreterscouldspeaktotheleadersofforeigncountriesinseventeendifferentlanguagesincludingArabic,Persian,Hindi,Tamil,Swahili,andLatin.21ZhengHe’sfleetresembledafloating
![Page 132: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
universityandprobablyhadmoreintellectualknowledgeinitslibrarythananyuniversityintheworldatthattime.
![Page 133: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
3
THEFLEETSAREPREPAREDFORTHEVOYAGETOTHEBARBARIANS
Inorderforthebarbarianstofollowthewayofheaven,
![Page 134: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
theywouldfirstneedtofindtheirwaytothewellspringofConfucianvirtue,theMiddleKingdom.Suchajourneywouldrequirebothmapsandtheabilitytoestablishpositionatsea.Thustheprovisionofaccuratechartsandaviablesystemofnavigationwasofparamountimportance—notonlytofacilitatethesafepassageofZhengHeandhisfleetsbutalsotoencouragethe
![Page 135: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
barbarianstoreturntributetothenewemperor.
ZhuDiandhisfather,HongWu,hadencouragedthedevelopmentofeveryaspectofnavigation.AhandbooktitledNotebookonSeaBottomCurrents,foundinQuanzhou,statesthat,afterannouncingtheascensionoftheYongleemperor(ZhuDi)tothethrone,ZhengHeandhisadmiralswereinstructed
![Page 136: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
tosearchfornavigationcharts,collectingalltheinformationaboutcurrents,islands,mountains,straits,andthepositionsofstars.Theyusedthisdatatorevisetheirnavigationcharts,includingcompasspointsandthecross-referencesofstars.
TheChinesecultivatedArabnavigatorsandastronomers,especiallyduringtheYuandynasty(1279–1368).
![Page 137: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
AccordingtoGongZhen,in1403,twoyearsbeforethefirstformalexpedition,ZhengHe,JangMin,andLiQiweresentbyZhuDitovisitcountriesofthewesternoceans.Theirmissionincludedrecruitingforeignnavigatorscapableofdeep-seanavigation.Forthisandmuchotherinformationinchapters35,and6,IamindebtedtoTaiPengWang’s
![Page 138: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
research.1
ThewriterYanCongjianstatedinShuyuZhouziLu(Compiledinformationabouttheremotestforeigncountries):
InthefirstyearofthereignoftheEmperorHongWuoftheMingdynasty(1368)theEmperorconvertedtheBureauofHistoryintotheBureauofAstronomy.He
![Page 139: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
alsoestablishedtheBureauoftheChineseIslamicAstronomy.Inthesecondyear(1369)theHongWuEmperorsummonedelevenChineseMuslimsincludingZhengAhLi,theChineseMuslimAstronomicalOfficer,tothecapital,Nanjing,“onamissiontoimproveontheIslamiccalendarsandtoobservetheastronomical-phenomena.Theywereeachconferred
![Page 140: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
uponwithgiftsandofficialtitlesaccordingly.
In1382theemperorsummonedagroupofscholars,includingtheIslamicobservatoryofficialHaiDaErandamasterofIslamnamedMaSaYiHei,tochoosethebestastronomybooksamongseveralhundredvolumesofXiyuShu(Booksfromthewesternregions)attheYuancourtinBeijing.
![Page 141: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Thenextyear,aChinesetranslationoftheselectedbooks,TianWenShu(Worksofastronomy),waspublished.
AccordingtotheMingtranslatorMaHa,theTianWenShuwasoriginallywrittenbyAbuHassanKoshiya(A.D.971–1029),aYuanmathematicianwhoplayedadominantroleinthedevelopmentofsphericaltrigonometry.MaHapraises
![Page 142: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Koshiyaas“oneofthegreatestscholarsofalltimeswhoexplainedtheultimatetheoriesofastronomyinallitsgreatprofundityandsimplicity.”
TheTianWenShuexplainedtheIslamicconceptsoflongitudeandlatitude.SoitisclearthatearlyChineseconceptsoflatitude,longitude,andaroundearthgobackatleastto
![Page 143: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
thisMingtranslationofIslamicgeographybooks.Inabout1270theArabastrologistJamalad-Dinhadmadeaterrestrialglobeoftheearththatcorrectlydepictedtheproportionsofland(30percent)andsea(70percent).HegavetheglobetoGuoShoujing,aswillbedescribedinlaterchapters.
ArelianceonIslamicnavigatorscontinuedin
![Page 144: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
ZhengHe’sera.ZhengHehimselfwasaMuslim,andgiventheadvancedstateofnavigationandastronomyintheIslamicworld,it’snowonderherecruitedotherMuslimstohisfleets.AccordingtoChenShuiyuan,aTaiwanesehistorian,manywerelocatedinQuanzhou,oneofthemostcosmopolitancitiesintheworldandhometospecialgraveyardsreservedforMuslimsailors.ZhengHe
![Page 145: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
andhisteamalsosearchedtheprovincesofFujian,Guangdong,andZhejiangforsuperiornavigators.
ForeignnavigatorsandastronomerswhovoyagedonChineseshipsweregivenChinesenames,suchasWangGui,WuZheng,andMaZheng.Whentheyreturnedafterasuccessfulmission,theywererewarded.In1407,forexample,foreigners
![Page 146: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
returningtoQuanzhoureceivednotesequivalenttofiftytaelesofsilveraswellasrollsofembroideredsilk.In1430,whenaforeignMuslimnamedShebanreturnedfromthefinalexpedition,theXuanDeEmperorpromotedhimtodeputybattalioncommander.
Inapapertitled“InstrumentsandObservationattheImperialAstronomicalBureauDuringtheMing
![Page 147: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Dynasty,”ProfessorThatcherE.Deanestates:
Aswiththedevelopmentofthecalendricsystems…weremostevidentatthebeginningofadynasty,lesssoatthebeginningofanindividualemperor’sreign,andalmostneveratanyothertimewhensuchexpenditureswerenotdirectinvestmentsinlegitimisingstateandruler.HongWuhadanurgentneed
![Page 148: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
toimprovethecalendricalsystembecausehewasthefirstofthedynasty;ZhuDiwasaccusedofusurpingthethronesohealsohadaverystrongneed.
GiftsforForeignRulers
ThisobsessivefocusonimprovingnavigationaltechniquesenabledZhengHe’sfleetstoreachforeigncountries,where,after
![Page 149: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
presentingtheircredentials,theChineseambassadorswouldsupplymapsandastronomicaltablestotherulers.ThegiftofknowledgewasintendedtomakeitpossibleforthemtoreturntributetotheMiddleKingdom.
WeknowfromrecentexcavationsattheJingdezhenkilns(wherethebulkoftheceramicscarriedinZheng
![Page 150: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
He’sfleetswerefired)andfromexcavationsinCairobesidetheRedSeaCanal,aswellasfromcollectionsinEurope,thatChinesedelegationsofferedpersonalgiftstoforeignleaders.CeramiccopiesofMamlukcandlesticksweregiventotheMamluksultans,alongwithblueandwhiteflasks,ewers,porcelaincups,andpenboxes.Aewercoverdecoratedwithanarmillary
![Page 151: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
sphereincobaltwasfiredforthekingofPortugal,aswereceramictilesforOttomansultans.
Giftsformoreordinaryfolkmadethejourneyaswell.Playingcards,chess,andmah-jonggsetsweregiventomerchants.Children’swhirligigtoys,kites,andhot-airballoonsweredispensed.
Thesaddestcargoofthe
![Page 152: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
greatfleetswerewomen.Traditionally,foreignrulerswereeachpresentedwithonehundredslavegirls.Whenthefleetsreturned,theXuanDeemperorobserved:“Tenthousandcountriesareourguests.”Thenumberofconcubinesandslavegirlsembarkedmusthavebeenstaggering.Inasubsequentchapter,we’llshowhow,aftertheChinesesquadronreachedVenice,femaleslaves
![Page 153: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
andtheiroffspringmadeasignificantimpactonthedomesticlifeandpopulationofVenice,Florence,andTuscany.
Finally,awordaboutthemostvaluablepartofthefleet—thesailors.
Liketheirmoderncounterparts,theirmostprizedpossessionsweremementoesoftheirloved
![Page 154: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
onesathome—drawings,locksofawife’sorchildren’shair,littlepresents,perhapsapetdog,atubofroses,oratame,flightlessbirdorpetduck.Chinesesailorswereavidgamblers;playingcardsanddicewerepartofeverydaylife,aswasmah-jongg.
Liketoday’ssailors,theywouldhavebeenkeentobetterthemselves.Asthe
![Page 155: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
voyageprogressedandboredomsetin,theywouldhaveputasidenovelsforprogressivelymoreseriousreading.ByZhengHe’sera,printedpopularbookswerewidelyavailableandallkindsofpocketencyclopediasweresold.Referencebooks(jihyungleishu)withillustrationsanddescriptionscoveredallmannerofpracticalsubjects:agriculture;saltandsugarmanufacture;
![Page 156: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
collectingceramicsandbronzes;shipandcartmaking;coalandfueluse;papermakingandprinting;weldingtechnology;alcoholfermentation;pearlandjadecollecting.
TheNungShu,apopularencyclopediafirstpublishedin1313,provideddescriptionsandillustrationsofagriculturalmachinery,includingtiltandtrip
![Page 157: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
hammers;rotarygrindingmills;winnowingfans;bellowspoweredbypistonrods,connectingrods,andhorizontalwaterwheels;flour-siftingmachinerydrawnbyawaterwheel;verticalwaterwheelsfordrivingtextilemachinery;windersorwindlasseswithcranksforcranes,wells,andmineshafts;saltmills;pearl-divingapparatus;scoopwheels;palletchainpumpsdrivenby
![Page 158: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
animals;chainpumpspoweredbyhorizontalwaterwheels;chainpumpsoperatedsolelybythecurrent;rotarygrindingmillsoperatedbyhorizontalwindmills;double-edgedrunnermillsoperatedbyhorizontalwaterwheels;rollermills;cottongins;andmillsforgrindingriceorcorn.(Seeexamplesonpagesinlaterchapters.)
Doubtlessthesedescriptions
![Page 159: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
ofhowtomakeawidevarietyofusefulfarmmachinerywouldhavehadvaluetofarmersinothercountries.OncetheChinesesailorswereashore,theycouldhavesupplementedtheirwagesbysellingthesebooks,justassailorsinmytimewouldsellcigaretterationstothelocalsorgivetheirrumtotstoprettygirls.
Anotherpocket
![Page 160: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
encyclopedia,theWu-chingTsung-yao,acollectionofthemostimportantmilitarytechniques,gavedetailedaccountsoftheconstructionandfunctionsofavastarrayofmilitarymachines.HereisProfessorJosephNeedham’stranslationofthetextnexttoaneleventh-centurydescriptionofhowtomakeaflamethrower:
Ontherightisthenaphtha
![Page 161: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
flamethrower(fangmenghuoyu).Thetankismadeofbrassandsupportedonfourlegs.Fromitsuppersurfacearisefourverticaltubesattachedtoahorizontalcylinderabove.Theyareallconnectedwiththetank.Theheadandtailofthecylinderarelarge,(themiddle)ofnarrowdiameter.Inthetailisasmallopeningthesizeofamilletgrain.Theheadendhastworoundopenings.
![Page 162: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Thedescriptioncontinuesforanothersixlinesbeforeinstructionsaregivenforloadingthemachine:
Beforeusethetankisfilledwithrathermorethanthreecattiesoftheoilwithaspoonthroughafilter(shalo).Atthesametimegunpowder(huoyao)isplacedintheignitionchamberatthehead.Whenthefireistobestartedoneappliesaheated
![Page 163: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
branding-iron(totheignitionchamber)andthepistonrodisforcedfullyintothecylinder.2
Subsequentinstructionsdescribehowtocopewithmisfiringorbreakdown.
Thereareequallydetaileddescriptionsofothermilitaryhardwareinthisremarkablebook.Themostformidableweapondescribedisawater-
![Page 164: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
wheeledbattleshipdatingfromtheSongdynasty(A.D.960–1279).Itdetailsatwenty-two-wheeledshipcommandedbyrebelsandanevenbiggeroneownedbythegovernment.“AgainstthepaddlewheelfightingshipofYangYao,thegovernmentforceusedlivebombsthrownfromtrebuchetcatapults.Forthesetheyusedpotterycontainerswithverythinwalls,withinwhichwere
![Page 165: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
placedpoisonousdrugs,limeandfragmentsofscrapiron.Whenthesewerehurledontotherebelshipsduringengagements,thelimefilledtheairlikesmokeorfogsothatsailorscouldnotopentheireyes.”3
Whatisextraordinaryisthatthismilitaryinformationseemstohavebeenunclassified—itcouldhavebeenacquiredbyanyone.It
![Page 166: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
musthavebeenofconsiderablevaluetorealmsthatlackedsophisticatedgunpowderweaponsinthe1430s,includingVeniceandFlorence.PerhapsChineseofficerssupplementedtheirincomesbysellingthesemilitarypocketencyclopedias.
WecanbeconfidentthatZhengHe’sfleetshadeveryweaponthenknowntothe
![Page 167: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Chinese:sea-skimmingrockets,machineguns,mines,mortars,bombardsforuseagainstshorebatteries,cannons,flame-throwers,grenades,andmuchmore.Hisfleetswerepowerfullyarmedandwellsuppliedbywatertankersandgrainandhorseships,whichenabledthemtostayatseaformonthsonend.Inaddition,theshipswererepositoriesofgreatwealth—bothmaterialand
![Page 168: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
intellectual.
Ofequalimportancewerethecalendarscarriedbythefleets.GiventheordertoinformdistantlandsofthecommencementofthenewreignofXuanDe,anerawhen“everythingshouldbeginanew,”acalendarwasessentialtoZhengHe’smission.
Today,calendarsarelittle
![Page 169: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
morethanholidaypresents—PirelliTirecalendars,featuringbeautifulwomen,gardeningcalendarsawashwithcolor,othersthatremindusofbankholidays,whentocelebrateEasterandfileourtaxreturns.Inthe1430s,Europeanshadnounifiedcalendar,fortheyhadnotyetagreedhowtomeasuretime.TheGregoriancalendardidnotcomeintouseuntilacenturylater.ToIslamic
![Page 170: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
people,however,aunifiedcalendarwasessential.TheMuslimcalendarwasbasedonlunarmonthsratherthanthesolaryear.Eachmonthhadadifferentpurpose,suchasthemonthtomakethehajj,thepilgrimagetoMecca,whichbeganonthefirstdayofthenewmoon.TheMuslimcalendaralsoprovidedthetimesofthefivedailyprayers.
![Page 171: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
ThecalendarwaslikewiseofgreatpoliticalandeconomicimportancetotheChinese,whoforthousandsofyearshadledtheworldincalendarmaking.InAncientChineseInventions,DengYinkedescribestheirmeticulousapproach.
In1276KublaiKhan,thefirstemperoroftheYuandynasty,assignedthetaskofcompilinganewcalendarto
![Page 172: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
astronomerGuoShouJingsothathisnewempirewouldhaveaunifiedcalendarfromnorthtosouthandtheerrorsinpreviouscalendarscouldbecorrected.Guowasascientistwithanexceptionaltalentanddedication.Ontakingoverthetask,Guosaid“agoodcalendarmustbebasedonobservationsandobservationsdependupongooddevices.”HewentontoexaminetheHunYi
![Page 173: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
(armillarysphere),theonlyinstrumentintheobservatoryofthecapitalDadu(Beijing),andfoundthattheNorthStarofitwassetat35°whichwasatthelatitudeofKaifengwheretheHunYiwasmade.ThismeantthattheinstrumenthadnotbeenadjustedwhenitwastransportedtoDadufromKaifeng….Guothusmadeitaprioritytodevelopnewdevices.Withinthreeyearsof
![Page 174: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
strenuouseffortsheworkedouttwelveastronomicaldeviceswhichwerefarbetterinfunctionandaccuracythanpreviousones.HealsomadeanumberofportableinstrumentsforuseinfieldstudiesoutsideDadu.
Aspartofthecalendarproject,Guopresidedoveranationwideprogrammeofastronomicalobservations.Heselectedtwenty-seven
![Page 175: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
sitesforastronomicalobservationthroughoutthecountry,whichcoveredawideareafromlatitude15°Nto65°Nandlongitude128°Etolongitude102°E.Theitemsofobservationincludedthelengthoftheshadowofthegnomon,theangleoftheNorthStarfromthegroundsurface,andthebeginningtimesofdayandnightonthevernalequinoxandtheautumnalequinox….Guo
![Page 176: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
alsoexaminednearlyninehundredyearsofastronomicalrecordsfrom462to1278andselectedsixfiguresfromtherecordsforcalculatingthedurationofthetropicalyear.Guo’sresultwas365.2425days,whichwasthesameasthatoftheGregoriancalendar,thecalendarnowwidelyusedacrosstheworld….
GuoShouJingandtheother
![Page 177: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
astronomersworkedforfouryearsandcompletedthecalendarin1280.Theymadenumerouscalculationsconvertingthedataoftheeclipticcoordinateandtheequatorialcoordinatesystems,andusedtwiceinterpolationstosolvethevariationsinthespeedofthesun’smovement,whichaffectedtheaccuracyofthecalendar.Thecalendarwasunprecedentedinaccuracy.It
![Page 178: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
adoptedthewintersolsticeoftheyear1280,theninthyearoftheYuandynasty,astheepoch,thepointofreferenceforthecalendar,andestablishedthedurationofatropicalyearof365.2425daysandthatofalunarmonth29.530593days.Theerrorbetweenthedurationofitstropicalyearandthatoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunwasonly26seconds.Thecalendarwas
![Page 179: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
namedtheShoushi,meaning“measuringtimeforthepublic.”
Issuingcalendarswastheprerogativeoftheemperoralone.Accuracywasnecessarytoenableastronomerstopredicteclipsesandcomets—asignthattheemperorenjoyedheaven’smandate.Ifpredictionsprovedincorrect,theastronomerresponsible
![Page 180: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
wasseverelypunished,oftenwithdeath.
TheShoushicalendarproducedbyGuoShoujingwasofficiallyadoptedbytheMingBureauofAstronomyin1384.ThisisthecalendarthatZhuDiandtheXuanDeemperorwouldhaveorderedZhengHetopresenttoforeignheadsofstate(discussedindetailinlaterchapters).
![Page 181: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
TheShoushicalendarcanbeviewedintheYuanshi-lu,theofficialhistoryoftheYuandynasty.However,copiesalsocameintothepossessionofEuropeans,notablythediaristSamuelPepysandthefamousscientistsRobertBoyleandRobertHooke.TheJapaneseandKoreansalsocopiedthecalendar,andtranslationsfromthoselanguagescanbeviewedonourwebsite.
![Page 182: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
ThecalendarcontainedthelengthofasolardayatthelatitudeofBeijing.Thisisthedurationfromthetimewhenthesunisatitsmaximumheight(altitude)intheskyfromonedaytothenext.Wetendtothinkofthisastwenty-fourhours.Itisnot.Theearthrotatesarounditsownaxiseverytwenty-threehoursandfifty-sixminuteswhilealsotravelingroundthesun.Thecombinationofthe
![Page 183: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
twomovementsmeansthattheearth’spositionrelativetothesun,comparedwithitspositionrelativetothestars,variesbyaboutfourminuteseachday.Moreover,theearth’strajectoryaroundthesunisnotacirclebutanellipse.Thesunisnotatthecenterofthisellipse,sothatastheearthnearsthesunitaccelerates.Astheearthrecedesfromthesun,onthelongerlegoftheellipse,it
![Page 184: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
decelerates.Itsrotationalsospeedsupapproachingthesunandslowsdownrecedingfromthesun.
Thus,thelengthofthesolardayvariesthroughouttheyear.Thedifferenceofthislengthiscalledtheequationoftimeofthesun.Topredictthelengthoftheyearat365.2425days,whichisaccuratetowithintensecondsayear,GuoShoujinghadto
![Page 185: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
takeintoaccountfourofthesemovements.Inordertoaccomplishthat,hemusthaveknownhowthesolarsystemworked,includingthefactsthattheearthtravelsaroundthesuninanellipseandisnotatthecenteroftheuniverseandthattheearthisattractedtothesun’smuchbiggermass.
![Page 186: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
Adiagramshowinghowtheearthtravelsinanellipse
aroundthesun.
GuoShoujing’scalculationsforthelunarmonthof
![Page 187: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
29.530593dayswereevenmoreimpressive,requiringamorecomplextrigonometry.Themoontravelsaroundtheearthastheearthismovinginanellipsearoundthesun.Thismeansthatastheearthapproachesthesun,themoon’sattractiontothesun’smassincreases,sothespeedatwhichthemoontravelsaroundtheearthaccelerates.Then,astheearthrecedesfromthesunonitselliptical
![Page 188: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
path,themoondecelerates.Hence,tomakehisextraordinarilyaccuratecalculations,Guohadtobeawarenotonlythattheearthtravelsaroundthesuninanellipsebutalsothatthemooncirclestheearth.Hehadtohaveunderstoodsphericaltrigonometryandtohaveemployedcalculusandhavehadanaccurateideaoftherespectivemassesofearth,sun,andmoon.
![Page 189: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
However,therearefurtherramificationstoGuoShoujing’sachievements.Theearth’strajectoryaroundthesunisnotconstant:itchangesovertheyears.Guoknewofthesechanges,whichhehadgatheredfromChineseobservationsstretchingbackeighthundredyears.ThegreatFrenchastronomerPierre-SimonLaplacecreditedGuoShoujingwithknowledgeofwhatLaplace
![Page 190: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
calledthe“diminutionoftheecliptic”—essentially,thefactthattheearth’seclipticpatharoundthesunhadgrownflatteroverthecenturies.
EvenfurtherrefinementsweretakenintoaccountbyGuoShoujing.Theearthisnotaperfectspherebutanoblatespheroidwithflattenedpoles.Itscenterofgravityissomewhatbelowthecenterofitsvolume.Thismeansthe
![Page 191: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
earthhasaslightwobble,whichcanbededucedbytheapparentpositionofthestars—inparticularbyPolaris,thePoleStar,whichapparentlymovesovera26,000-yearperiod.ThismovementhadbeencompensatedforbytheChinesebeforeGuoShoujing’sera.TemplateshadbeenmadetoadjustfortheapparentmovementofPolaris.
![Page 192: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
Finally,GuoShoujingknewoftheplanets’orbitsaroundthesun,andevenofJupiter’srotationanditscirclingmoons.TheAmericanwriterRosaMuiandcolleaguesPaulDongandZhouXinYanhavekindlyinformedmeoftheworkofProfessorXiZezong,aChineseastronomerbasedinBeijing,whohasfoundthatJupiter’ssatellitesormoonswerefirstdiscoveredtwothousand
![Page 193: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
yearsbeforeGalileobytheChineseastronomerGanDe.
SinceA.D.85,Chineseastronomershavemadeaccurateobservationsoftheperiodofplanetaryrevolutionsaroundthesun(synodicintervals).Theyarecorrecttowithinafewhours—Mercury115days,Venus584days,Mars779days,Jupiter398days,Saturn378days.(Inlaterchapters,we
![Page 194: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
provideevidencethatCopernicus,Galileo,Kepler,Hooke,andNewtonwereawareoftheChineseastronomers’work.)
Intheirpublishedpaperentitled“Calendars,Interpolation,GnomonsandArmillarySpheresintheWorksofGuoShoujing(1231–1314),”NgSayTiongandProfessorHelmerAslaksenoftheDepartment
![Page 195: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
ofMathematics,NationalUniversityofSingapore,notethattheinconsistentmotionsofthemoonandsunwerediscoveredintheEasternHanperiod(A.D.25–200),andduringtheNorthandSouthdynasty(A.D.386–589),respectively.ThemethodofinterpolationemployedbyA.D.554–610wastheequalintervalseconddifferencemethod.(Pleaserefertoour1434websiteforfurther
![Page 196: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
explanation.)GuoShoujingimprovedonthisbyusingathirddifferencemethodofinterpolation,whichenabledhimtodeterminetheequationoftimeofthesunandmoonandhencetopredicttheirpositions.GuoShoujinghaddevelopedtheforwarddistancemethodofinterpolationsubsequentlyfurtherdevelopedbyNewtonintocalculus.
![Page 197: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
TheShoushicalendar,whichZhengHe’sfleetspresentedtoheadsofstate,baseduponGuoShoujing’spioneeringwork,containedamassofastronomicaldatarunningtothousandsofobservations.Itenabledcometsandeclipsestobepredictedforyearsahead,aswellastimesofsunriseandsunset,moonriseandmoonset.Thepositionsofthesunandmoonrelativetothe
![Page 198: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
starsandtoeachotherwereincluded,aswerethepositionsoftheplanetsrelativetothestars,sun,andmoon.Adjustmentsenabledsunriseandsunset,andmoonriseandmoonset,tobecalculatedfordifferentplacesonearthforeverydayoftheyear.Asdescribedindetailinchapter4,thecalendarenabledlongitudetobecalculatedbyusingtheslipbetweensolarandsidereal
![Page 199: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
time,byeclipsesofthemoon,orbytheangulardistancebetweenthemoonandselectedstarsorplanets.Pleaserefertothe1434websiteandtotheendnotesforfurtherexplanation.
TaiPengWanghasfoundthespecificstarsbywhichZhengHe’sfleetnavigated.Wecansettheseuponthe“StarryNight”computerprogramforthedateswhen
![Page 200: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
ZhengHe’sfleetwastransitingtheIndianOceanenroutefortheMalabarCoastofIndiaandCairo.WecanalsocomparethesestarswiththoseincludedinZhengHe’snavigationaltablesandthealmanacfortheyear1408,nowinthePepysLibraryatCambridge.(The1408tablescontainsimilarastronomicalinformationasthatcontainedintheShoushicalendar.)
![Page 201: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
ThusZhengHewasabletoprovideEuropeanswithmaps,navigationaltools,andanastronomicalcalendarbeyondanythingtheyhadyetbeenabletoproduceontheirown.Suppliedwiththisrevolutionaryknowledge,thebarbarianswouldbeabletomaketheirwaytotheMiddleKingdom,appropriately“withdeference.”
![Page 202: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
4
ZHENGHE’SNAVIGATORS’
CALCULATIONOFLATITUDEANDLONGITUDE
Therearenosignpostsinthe
![Page 203: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
openocean.Theonlywayanavigatorcandeterminehispositionisbyusingthestars,planets,sun,andmoon.
Asafirststep,anavigatormusthaveasystemofprovidingmarkersacrosstheoceans.Thissystemofmarkers,adoptedbyallseafaringcivilizationsformillennia,islatitudeandlongitude.Itinvolvesdrawingimaginaryhorizontaland
![Page 204: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
verticallinesovertheglobe.Horizontallinesarecalledlatitudelines,andtheverticalarelongitudelines.
Latitudelinesareparallelwiththeequator;eachlongitudelinepassesthroughboththeNorthandSouthPoles.Soanavigator’sprecisepositioncanbefixedontheglobeusingacommonsystem.
![Page 205: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
Inordertohaveproducedanaccuratemapoftheworldby1418,theChinesefleetsmusthavehadsuchasystemtodeterminetheirpositionsatsea.Withoutanaccuratesystem,captainscouldnothaveknownthetruelocationsofnewlydiscoveredlands,andanymapderivedfromtheirdisparatecalculationswouldhavebeenanincoherentmess.
![Page 206: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
UnliketheEuropeans,whofollowedBabylonianastronomerswith360degreesoflongitude,theChineseemployed3651/4degrees.TheChineseusedlatitudedegreesbelowPolaris(at90°elevation).TheEuropeansusedlatitudeabovetheequator(Polaris0°elevation).Theresultsarethesameforbothsystems.
![Page 207: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
Diagramsshowingthelinesoflatitudeandlongitude
aroundaglobe.
Afterestablishingacommonsystemfortheearth,theChinesenexthadto
![Page 208: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
establishacommonmapoftheheavens.Eachnavigatorwouldhavehadtousethesamenameforthesamestaraswellasthesamestarmapfromwhichlongitudewouldhavebeendetermined.
HowtheChineseFixedtheStars’PositionsintheSky
Inthethirteenthcentury,theastronomerGuoShoujingfixedthepositionsofkey
![Page 209: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
starsrelativetoPolaris(thePoleStar).Polarisappearsonanextensionoftheearth’saxis,billionsofmilesawayabovetheNorthPole.Becauseoftheearth’srotation,theheavensappeartorotatearoundPolaris.Thefarthernorthonegoes,themoreoftheheavensonecansee.
![Page 210: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
DiagramshowingthepositionsofshipsAandBonaglobe.ShipAisat20°N20°W,ShipBisat0°N20°
![Page 211: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
E.
ShipsAandBdiscovering
![Page 212: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
newlandsatpointCwillhavethesamepositionforthe
newland:10°N0°E.
In1964IwasnavigatorofHMSNarwhal,asubmarineoperatingunderthepolaricecap.Nowandthenwewouldfindclear-water“lakes,”calledpolynyas,wherewewouldsurfaceinordertofixourpositionbythestars.Theheavensappearedlikeavastglobeaboveus.Aswe
![Page 213: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
approachedtheNorthPole,weseemedtobeinsideabowllookingatahemisphereofstarsspreadinginanarcdowntothehorizonallaroundus.
AttheNorthPole,theChinesecouldfixthepositionofeverystarintheNorthernHemisphererelativetoPolaris.Thestarsaresofarawaythattoanobserveronearththeyneverchangetheir
![Page 214: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
positionsrelativetooneanother.
TheChinesedividedtheskyintotwenty-eightsegmentsormansions.Pictureanorangewithitsskinsliced;thecutsstartwheretheorangewasfixedtoitstreeandcontinueverticallydownward.Theycalledeachmansionahsiu.Theyfixedthepositionofstarsatthetopofeachofthetwenty-eightmansions
![Page 215: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
relativetothePoleStar(ABC).
TheChinesefixedthepositionofstarsatthetopofeachofthe28lunarmansions
relativetothePoleStar.
![Page 216: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
Thentheyfixedstarsinthelowerpart(DEF)ofeachsegmentrelativetothoseintheupperpart(ABC).Becausestarsneverchangetheirpositionrelativetooneanother,eveniftheChinesewerenotneartheNorthPoleandhencecouldnotseethestarsinthelowerpartofeachsegment(becausethesestarswerebelowthehorizon),theyalwaysknewthestars’positions.Sotheycould
![Page 217: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
producestarmaps.
TheynotedtheverticalpositionsofeachstarbelowPolaris(nonecanbeabovePolaris)andthehorizontalpositionofeachhsiurelativetoNanjing(longitude).TheChinesecalledtheverticalheightofeachstarbelowPolaris“declination”anditspositionaroundtheequatorfromNanjing“rightascension.”Soforthestarsin
![Page 218: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
thesky,theChinesehadthesamesystemofmeasurementtheyusedtodeterminelatitudeandlongitude.Thissystemwascalledtheequatorialsystem—vastlysimplerthantheequinoctialsystem,usedinmedievaltimesbeforeGuoShoujing,whichreliedontheeclipticorthehorizon.After1434,EuropeansadoptedtheChinesesystem,whichremainsinusetoday.
![Page 219: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
Next,theChineseneededpreciseinstrumentstomeasureeachstar’sposition.GuoShoujingprovidedthetools.AsightingtubewasfirstpositionedbypointingitatPolarisatpreciselytheangleoftheobserver’slatitude—thatis,iftheobserverwasattheNorthPole,thesightingtubewouldbeat90°elevation.Onthisdiagram,theinstrumentisalignedtoPolarisat39°49'N,
![Page 220: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
thelatitudeofBeijing.Oncepositioned,theinstrumentwasbolteddown—becauseiftheanglechangedfromthelatitudeoftheobserver,itbecameuseless.
Theobserverthenselectedastar,lookingatitthroughanothertubeattachedtoacirclemarkedindegrees.ThemovementofthetubealongthecirclegavethenumberofdegreesbelowPolarisofthe
![Page 221: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
selectedstar(thearcy-z),whichisthestar’sdeclination.
Thehorizontalangle,theanglefromNanjing,wasfoundbyrotatingtheringaroundtheequatorialcircle,whichgavethehorizontalangleofthestarfromNanjing(itsrightascension).Thepositionofthestarthenwasenteredinthestartables.TheChineseentered1,461starsin
![Page 222: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
theirtables,aprocessthatrequiredmanyastronomersandhundredsofyears.
Tableswereprintedand,alongwithastarmap,giventoeachnavigator.Thusallnavigatorspossessedacommonsystemoflatitudeandlongitudetofixtheirpositionsontheglobe,andanidenticalmapoftheheavens,whichenabledthemtorecognizeeachstar.
![Page 223: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
Atorquetumbasedontheequatorialsystem,asusedbyZhengHe’snavigatorsandpioneeredbyGuoShoujing.
HowtheStarTables
![Page 224: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
AllowedLongitudetoBeCalculated
Forthefollowingdescription,IamindebtedtoProfessorRobertCribbs,whohastestedthemethoddescribedtoproveitsefficacy.ThismethodallowslongitudetobedeterminedonanycleardaywithoutwaitingforalunareclipseandwithoutsendingmessagesbacktotheobserverinBeijing.Itisa
![Page 225: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
muchmoreadvancedmethodthanthatdescribedinmybook1421(thatmethod,kindlyexplainedtomebyProfessorJohnOliverandMarshallPayn,isdependentoneclipsesofthemoon,whichdonothappenallthatfrequently).
ProfessorCribbs’smethodisbasedonthefactthattheearthnotonlyrotatesonitsownaxiseverytwenty-three
![Page 226: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
hoursandfifty-sixminutesbutalsotravelsinanellipsearoundthesun—somethingGuoShoujinghadworkedoutbackin1280.Thecombinationofthesetwomovementsmeansthereisaslipoffourminuteseachdaybetweenthetimewhentheearthisinthesamepositionrelativetothesun(solartime,twenty-fourhours)andthetimewhentheearthisinthesamepositionrelativetothe
![Page 227: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
stars(siderealtime,twenty-threehoursandfifty-sixminutes).Thisslipbetweensiderealtimeandsolartimeamountstoonedayevery1,461days,orfouryears.Theeffectisthateverymidnight,twelvehoursafterthesunhashititshighestpointinthesky,adifferentstarwillbeinlinewithPolaristhanthedaybefore.
![Page 228: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
ThisisatypicalstarmapasusedbyZhengHeandhis
navigators.
AstronomersinNanjingobservedthenightskyfor
![Page 229: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
everydayofthe1,461-daycycleandnotedthestarinlinewithPolarisatpreciselymidnight.Theyproducedatableof1,461days,whichwasdispensedtonavigators.The1408astronomicalcalendarcovers366daysofthatcycle.Acopyofapageofthe1408astronomicaltablesisreproducedlaterinthecolorinsertofthisbook.
Withthetablesinhand,a
![Page 230: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
navigatorin,say,theIndianOceanmustknowonlywhichdayofthecycleitis,whichhecalculatesbythenumberofsunsetsthathaveoccurredsinceheleftNanjing.IfheleftNanjingonday61ofthecycleandhasnotedeightysunsets,thenitisday141.Onthetables,hecanseethatAldebaranisinlinewithPolarisonday141(totheNanjingobserver).
![Page 231: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
However,intheIndianOceanheobservesanother,unrecognizedstarinlinewithPolaris.HeconsultshisstarmapandconfirmsfromthetablesthatitisBetelgeuse.Hecannowmakeoneoftwocalculations:hecannotethedifferenceinrightascensionbetweenAldebaranandBetelgeuse,whichwillequalthedifferenceinlongitudebetweentheobserverinBeijingandhimself;orhecan
![Page 232: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/232.jpg)
notethetimeittakesforAldebarantocomeintolinewithPolaris.Ifthisis,say,sixhours(onequarteroftwenty-fourhours),thenhislongitudedifferencefromBeijingis90degrees(onequarterof360°).
Forthecalculationtobeaccurate,boththeobserverinNanjingandthenavigatorintheIndianOceanmustbelookingduenorthatPolaris.
![Page 233: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
Iftheywishtousethesecondmethodtocalculatelongitude,bothmusthavepreciselythesamemidnight.Theydothisasfollows:Firsttheyuseaverticalsticktomeasurethesun’sshadow.Whentheshadowisshortest,thesunisatitsmaximumheightatmiddayandisduesouth.Bothobserversbuildatrenchrunningduenorth-south,atrenchthatcanbefloodedtoseethereflection
![Page 234: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
ofPolarisatnightandemptiedofwatertomeasurethesun’sshadowatmidday.
Thesun’sshadowwhenatitsshortestcanbemeasuredonthetrench.Togettheprecisesecond,theshadowissharpenedbyemployingapinholecameraatopapolecalledagnomon(describedonthewebsite).Byusingidenticalgnomonsandastandardizedpinholecamera,
![Page 235: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/235.jpg)
theobserversinNanjingandtheIndianOceancaneachdeterminethesameduesouth/northandthesameinstantwhenthesunisatitshighest—thatis,midday.Ourexperimentsdescribedonthe1434websitehaveshownthattheycancalculatethistowithintwoseconds.Theycannowuseastandardizedclocktocalculatemidnight,twelvehoursaftermidday.The1434websiteexplainshowthis
![Page 236: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/236.jpg)
Chineseclockworkedandhow,inZheng’sera,refinementswerebuilttocompensatefordifferenttemperaturesandairpressures,whichwouldotherwisehaveaffectedthenumberofdripscomingoutoftheclock.Thustimewasaccuratetowithintwoseconds.
Usingthewaterclock,theobserverinNanjingandthe
![Page 237: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/237.jpg)
observerintheIndianOceanestablishthesamemidnight.Aftersunsetthetrenchisfloodedandtwopolesareplacedoneithersideofthetrench;alineissuspendedhorizontallybetweenthepoles.AnotherlineishungverticallysotheobservercanseethereflectionoftheverticalstringinthewaterofthetrenchinlinewithPolaris.Attheinstantofmidnight,thenavigatorintheIndianOcean
![Page 238: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
looksatthestarinlinewithPolarisreflectedinthewater,whichisinlinewiththestring.(Inourexample,onday141thisstarisBetelgeuse.)Histablesforday141saythatinNanjingthestarisAldebaran.Fromthat,hecandeterminehislongitude.AccordingtoRobertCribbs,themethodisaccuratetowithintwoseconds,whichamountstoamaximumerrorofthree
![Page 239: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
degreesinlongitude,negligibleformappingtheworld.
Thismethodrequiresthenavigatortobeonland.However,ProfessorCribbshasalsodevelopedamethodofdetermininglongitudeatseabyusingtheequationoftimeofthemoonandtheangulardistancebetweenthemoonandaselectedstar.Todeploythismethod(see1434
![Page 240: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/240.jpg)
website)somecalculusisrequiredtoestablishthefuturepositionofthemoonforthe1,461-daycycle.By1280,GuoShoujinghadestablishedasystemverysimilartocalculus.Theresultsappearedinhistablesandcalendar,whichwereadoptedbytheMingin1384.Consequently,theywereavailabletoZhengHe’sfleets,asweretablesofdeclinationofthesun.
![Page 241: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/241.jpg)
ThankstoTaiPengWang,whobroughtthemattertomyattention,andtotheworkofXiFeilong,YangXi,andTangXiren,whohaverecentlydiscoveredthestarmapsofZhengHe’svoyages,weknowwhichstarsZhengHe’sfleetactuallyusedtodeterminelatitudeandlongitudeontheirpassagetoIndia.Theysailedwiththemonsoonwinds,startingacrosstheIndianOceanfrom
![Page 242: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/242.jpg)
thenorthwesttipofSumatraatPulauRondo,nowcalledBandaAtjeh,onOctober10,1432,determininglatitudeandlongitudeasfollows:“Gaugingtheverticalpositionsofthegivenstarsabovethehorizonintheeast,west,northandsouth,theyreachedSriLanka.”UsingVega,Sagittarius,Gemini,andPoseidon,theyarrivedatCalicut(11°N,76°E)onDecember10.SeetheTPW
![Page 243: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/243.jpg)
paper“ZhengHe’sdelegationtothePapalCourtatFlorence”onthe1434website.
Finally,howaccuratewereZhengHe’snavigators?Twoanswersproducethesameresult:theirmeasurementofdeclinationat22°23'30''(correcttowithintwomiles)andtheaccuracyoftheeye,whichcanbejudgedtowithinaquarterofadegree—thefull
![Page 244: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/244.jpg)
moonappearslargebutitsdiameterisunderhalfadegree(thirtymiles).
ItismysubmissionthatZhengHe’snavigatorswereabletocalculatelatitudetowithinhalfadegree,orthirtymiles,andlongitudetowithintwoseconds,orthreedegrees.WhenthefleetsarrivedinVeniceandFlorence,theirmethodsofcalculatinglatitudeandlongitudewere
![Page 245: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/245.jpg)
transferredtoEuropeans.Induecourse,ColumbusandVespucciusedthemtoreachtheNewWorld.
![Page 246: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/246.jpg)
5
VOYAGETOTHEREDSEA
OnJanuary19,1431,thefleetsleftNanjing,China.TheyinvariablysailedinJanuarybecauseofthefreepowerprovidedbythe
![Page 247: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/247.jpg)
monsoons,whichtothisdaydeterminesailingpatternsfromChinaacrosstheIndianOceantoIndiaandAfrica.1
MonsoonsarecausedbythedifferenceintemperaturebetweenthemassiveHimalayanplateauandthesea.InsummertheAsianlandmassbecomeshotterthantheocean,suckingwindsandwatervaporoffthesea.InAprilthesouthwestmonsoon
![Page 248: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/248.jpg)
isheraldedbywesterlywindsintheIndianOcean.ByMaythesouthwestmonsoonhitsIndochinatoreachitspeakandconstancyinJuly,bywhichtimewindsreachthirtyknotsintheSouthChinaSea.BynowIndiaisfloodedwithmonsoonrain.DuringSeptemberthetemperaturedrops,andbyNovember,whentheHimalayashavebecomebitterlycold,airisdrawnoffthemountainsby
![Page 249: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/249.jpg)
thewarmerseas.
ThenortheastmonsoonstartsinlateDecember,afterwhichthewindgraduallyabatesuntilApril,whenthecyclebeginsagain.ShipssailingbetweenChina,India,andAfricatookadvantageofthesemonsoonstosailbeforethewind,returningonthenextmonsoontotheirrespectivecountries.Theyawaitedthechangeof
![Page 250: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/250.jpg)
monsooninsomeshelteredharbor.Forexample,inSoutheastAsia,bythetimeIndianshipshadarrivedintheMalaccaStraitwiththesouthwestmonsoonwinds,Chinesejunkshadnotyetdepartedtheirhomeports.BythetimetheChinesearrived,theIndianshipsweregone.HencetheneedforharborsaroundtheIndianOceanwheregoodscouldbestoredfromonemonsoonseasonto
![Page 251: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/251.jpg)
thenext.TheChineseandArabsbuiltentrepôtportsinSoutheastAsiaandaroundtheIndianOceanwheregoodswerewarehousedenroutetotheirfinaldestinations.
Monsoonsweresopredictable—andimportant—thattheywereincorporatedintoArabcalendars,whichillustratedthehighlysynchronizedsystemof
![Page 252: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/252.jpg)
regularshippingbetweenEgypt,EastAfrica,India,andtheGulf.Forexample,onesuchcalendardescribesday68(March16):“EndofsailingofIndianshipsfromIndiatoAden:no-oneventuresafterthisday.”(SeeresearchofTaiPengWanginnotes).
ZhengHe’sfleetstookadvantageofthisIslamicnavigationalcalendar,joining
![Page 253: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/253.jpg)
theregularscheduleofshipping.AsthehistorianPaulLundepointsoutin“TheNavigatorAhmadIbnMajid,”onday100(April15)thelastfleetfromIndiawasscheduledtoarriveinAden.ThedeparturefromEgyptofthefirstshipsoftheconvoy,ownedbytheKarimimerchants,wastimedsotheconvoy’sarrivalcoincidedwiththeIndians’.Fourmonthslater,onAugust14
![Page 254: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/254.jpg)
(day220),thelastshipsfromEgyptarrivedinAden.Sixdayslater,shipsfromSriLankaandCoramandelsetoutontheirvoyagehome.ThelastdeparturefromAden,poweredbythemonsoon,wasonday250(September13).
InZhengHe’sera,oceantradewasdominatedbytheArabsandChinese.TheChinesemadegoodsthatthe
![Page 255: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/255.jpg)
restoftheworldcraved—principally,porcelainandsilk.ChinesejunkscarriedthesevaluablecargoestoMalacca,India,andCairo.MalaccawasvirtuallyaChinesecolony.InCalicut,ontheMalabarCoastofIndia,ChineseandArabtradersmetinequalnumbers.
RelationsbetweentheChineseandArabshadbeenfriendlyforcenturies.In
![Page 256: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/256.jpg)
CairotheChinesewereanestablishedminority.Likewise,therewasasubstantialArabquarterintheChineseportofQuanzhou.ManyArabnavigatorsandinterpretersjoinedZhengHe’sfleets.
Ineveryrespect—numbers,shipconstruction,cargocapacity,range,defense,communications,supplies,theabilitytonavigateinthe
![Page 257: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/257.jpg)
tracklessoceans,andtherepairandmaintenanceofshipsatseaformonthsonend—theChinesewerecenturiesaheadofEurope.ThemostpowerfulfleetafterChina’sbelongedtoVenice,whichpossessedaroundthreehundredgalleys—fast,light,shallowshipsrowedbyoarsmen.Venetiangalleys,thelargestofwhichcarriedaroundfiftytonsofcargo,weresuitableforcalm
![Page 258: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/258.jpg)
summerdaysintheMediterranean—butnotforanythinglikethetravailsoftheChinesefleets.
ZhengHe’streasureshipswereoceangoingmonsters,capableofsailingthroughstormsacrosstheoceansoftheworldforweeksatatime.Carryingmorethanathousandtonsofcargo,theycouldreachMalaccainfiveweeks,theStraitofHormuz
![Page 259: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/259.jpg)
intwelve.StateroomswereprovidedforambassadorsandtheirstaffsreturningtoIndia,thePersianGulf,andAfrica.Morethan180medicalofficerswereontheadmiral’sstaff;eachshiphadamedicalofficerforevery150men,andtheytookonsufficientcitrusandcoconutstoprotectthemfromscurvyfortwomonths.Caulkers,sailmakers,anchorrepairers,scaffolders,carpenters,andspecialistsin
![Page 260: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/260.jpg)
tungoilapplicationmaintainedtheshipsduringthevoyage.Inaddition,theshipscarriedinterpreterswhocouldcommunicatewithrulersinIndia,Africa,andEurope—inHindi,Swahili,Arabic,andRomancelanguages.AswithallChineseexpeditions,astrologistsandgeomancersaccompaniedthefleets.
WhileVenetiangalleys
![Page 261: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/261.jpg)
wereprimarilyprotectedbyarchers,Chineseshipswerearmedwithgunpowderweapons—bombards,fragmentationmortars,cannons,flamingarrows,evenshellsthatsprayedexcrementovertheirtargets.Withtheseawesomeweapons,AdmiralZhengHewouldhavenodifficultydestroyingpiratefleets.AcontestbetweenaChinesefleetandarivalnavywould
![Page 262: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/262.jpg)
resemblethatbetweenasharkandaminnow.Inhisfinalvoyage,ZhengHecommandedfleetsmorethantentimesthesizeofNelson’satTrafalgar.2
However,thereweretwomajordistinctionsbetweenthisfinalvoyageandprevioustrips.First,hugeimprovementsincartography,navigationtechniques,andshipconstructionmadethe
![Page 263: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/263.jpg)
voyagessaferandtheirdestinationsmorelikelytobereached.Second,theprincipalpurposeofthisvoyagewastopresentforeignrulerswiththeXuanDecalendarandwithchartsandnavigationalaidstoenableforeignrulerstoreturntributetoChina.WhenZhengHe’sjunksreturnedin1434,theXuanDeemperor,ZhuZhanji,wasabletoclaimthat“tenthousandcountries
![Page 264: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/264.jpg)
[are]ourguests.”3Intheyearsimmediatelythereafter,adozencountriespaidtributetotheemperor,includinganenormousdelegationfromEgypt.
ThankstotheresearchofTaiPengWang,weareabletofollowthepreciserouteofZhengHe’sandHongBao’sfleetstoCalicut.XiFeilong,YangXi,andTangXiren,intheirrecentdiscoveryand
![Page 265: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/265.jpg)
analysisofTheChartsofZhengHe’sVoyages,havereproducedZhengHe’srouteandidentifiedthespecificstarshisnavigatorsusedtodeterminelatitudeandlongitudeonthewaytoIndia.
SailingwiththemonsoonsacrosstheIndianOcean,theirpointofdepartureonOctober10,1432,wasPulauRondo(BandaAtjeh)onthenorthwesttipofSumatra
![Page 266: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/266.jpg)
(6°04'N,95°07'E).ZhengHe’sbookofchartsdescribeshowby“gaugingtheverticalpositionsofthegivenstarsabovethehorizonintheeast,west,north,andsouth(they)reachedSriLanka.”
Thechoiceofstars(moreaccuratelystargroups—somecontainmultipleandbinarystars)usedbyZhengHe’snavigatorsfortheirIndianOceancrossingatfirst
![Page 267: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/267.jpg)
appearsbaffling.Therightascensions(“longitudeintheheavens”)arePoseidon,twentyhours,Vega,eighteenhours,Sagittarius,nineteenhours,andGemini,sevenhours.SothepositionsobtainedfromtheirmeasurementswouldcorrespondtotheirrightascensionandthedistancesfromthestarsillustratedbythelinesCD,EF,GH,andIJonFig6onourwebsite.That
![Page 268: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/268.jpg)
is,anapproximatelineof015/195(sevenhours/nineteenhours).Whydoallthechosenstarshaveapproximatelythesamerightascensions?Whynotselectdifferentstarsfromdifferentpartsoftheheavens?
TheanswerbecomesclearwhenPolarisisconsidered.Polarisisat90°elevationattheNorthPoleand0°attheequator.Thustheheightof
![Page 269: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/269.jpg)
Polarisinthesky(altitude)equalslatitude—thelineAB,Fig6onourwebsite.BymeasuringPolaris’sheight,anavigatorcouldascertainhislatitude.ThebeststarstodeterminelongitudewouldbeatrightanglestoPolaris,thatis,starswithrightascensionsof90and270degrees(sixandeighteenhours).
ThisdiscoveryofTaiPengWangandhiscolleagues
![Page 270: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/270.jpg)
enablesustorefinehowZhengHe’ssailorsdeterminedlatitudeandlongitude.Forlatitude,theyusedthesunatmidday(meridianpassage)andPolarisbynightinthenorth.Forlongitude,theyusedthosestarsintheephemeristablesthathadrightascensionsnearestsixoreighteenhoursor,alternatively,themoon.(Iwasasubmarinenavigatorforfouryearsandnever
![Page 271: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/271.jpg)
thoughtofsuchaningenioussolution.Onewouldhaveneededonlytwolooksthroughtheperiscope—whenonewasatmostrisk—oneatPolarisanotheratPollux.)
WangJinghong,anotheradmiral,wouldleadhisfleettothePersianGulf.
Inthischapter,wedescribethepassageofZhengHeandHongBao,thenfollowthe
![Page 272: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/272.jpg)
voyageofamuchsmallerdetachmentfromHongBao’sfleet,whichsaileduptheRedSeatoCairoandtheMediterranean—followinginthewakeofZhengHe’s1408voyagetotheMediterranean.
OnNovember18,1432,whenthefleetsweresouthofSriLanka,ZhengHeorderedHongBaotoleadthefleettoCalicut,theirnextportofcall.Acommander-in-chiefdoes
![Page 273: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/273.jpg)
notorderoneofhisflagofficerstoleadthefleetintoharborifhehimselfintendstobepresent.ThismeansthatZhengHewasdetachingpartofhisfleetunderthecommandofHongBao.4
WeknowfromthechartsofZhengHe’svoyagesthatHongBaoleftCalicutforDandiBandarfartherupthecoast(16°N,73°E),crossingtheArabianSeaonacourse
![Page 274: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/274.jpg)
ofapproximately330tomakelandfallatJebelKhamish(22°25'N,59°27'E).AfterafewdayshepushedontoBandar‘Abbas,arrivingonJanuary16,1433.HongBao’sfleetsreturnedtoCalicutonMarch25andsailedforChinaonApril9,reportingtherethesadnewsthatZhengHehad“passedaway.”
HowdidHongBaoknow
![Page 275: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/275.jpg)
thatZhengHehadpassedaway?AfterhisordertoHongBao,ZhengHeseemstohavevanished.Inmyview,forreasonstobedescribedinalaterbook,afterdetachingHongBao,ZhengHesailedforAfricaandNorthAmerica,settlingnearwhatisnowAsheville,NorthCarolina,wherehedied.
MaHuan,thehistorianaboardZhengHe’sfleet,5
![Page 276: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/276.jpg)
describesCalicutindetail.AlmostatenthofMaHuan’sbookisdevotedtothiscity-state,whichhadbecomeaveryimportantforwardbaseforZhengHe’sfleets.MaHuan,aMuslim,wasdelightedtofindthereweremorethantwentymosquesforaMuslimpopulationofthirtythousand.Hegivesadetailedaccountofhowtradewasconductedbetweenrepresentativesofthetreasure
![Page 277: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/277.jpg)
fleetandlocalmerchantsandbrokers.Afternegotiations,allpartieswouldclasphandsandswearthattheagreedpriceswouldneverberepudiated.
ThesefascinatingaccountsaremirroredinthoseofNiccolòdaConti,whohadreachedCalicutin1419.AsRichardHallpointsoutinEmpiresoftheMonsoon,MaHuanandNiccolòdaConti’s
![Page 278: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/278.jpg)
descriptionsarealmostthesamewordforword,6notleastinthedescriptionsoftheIndiantestforguilt(theaccused’sfingerwasdippedinboilingoil;ifthefingerwasburned,itsignifiedguilt).
NiccolòaccuratelydescribesconstructionoftheChinesejunks,soIamconfidentthatheboardedoneofZhengHe’sjunksin1421,whichwouldhavegivenhimthe
![Page 279: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/279.jpg)
idealopportunitytoacquireamap.Justsuchamap,asIwilldescribelater,turnedupinVenicebefore1428,andacopycanbeseentodayintheDoges’Palace.(AlthoughNiccolòdaContimaynothavereturnedtoVeniceuntil1434,inthe1420shehadentrustedhismailtoafriend,PieroTafur,whotookittoVeniceonhisbehalf.)
Onhis1432voyage,Hong
![Page 280: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/280.jpg)
BaodidnotstaylonginCalicut.Whenhearrived,CalicutmerchantswereabouttoleaveforTianfang(Egypt)intheirownfleet.HongBaoseizedtheopportunity,detachingtwojunksandsevenseniorofficersforatradedelegationladenwithsilksandporcelains,whichjoinedtheCalicutfleet.7
ThestoryistakenupbyIbnTagriBirdi,thecelebrated
![Page 281: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/281.jpg)
Egyptianhistorian,inhishistoryofEgypt,AlNujunAzZahiraFiMulekMisrWalKahira,whowritesin1432:
AreportcamefromMecca,thehonoured,thatanumberofjunkshadcomefromChinatotheseaportsofIndiaandthattwoofthemhadanchoredintheportofAden,thattheirgoods,chinaware,silks,muskandthelikewerenotdisposedoftherebecause
![Page 282: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/282.jpg)
ofthedisordersoftheStateofYemen….TheSultanwrotetothemtoletthemcometoJeddaandtoshowthemhonour.8
AsTaiPengWangpointsout,therewereverygoodreasonswhytheChineseenvoysshouldrushtoMecca—ZhengHeandmanyofhiseunuchcaptainswereMuslims.TheMingenvoyshadbeenorderedbythe
![Page 283: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/283.jpg)
emperortoannouncetheimperialedictoftheXuanDeemperortothekingdomsofMaijia(Mecca),QianLida(Baghdad),Wusili(Cairo),MulanpiKingdom(Morocco),andLumi(thePapalStates),toinformthemthattheywereallhissubjects.
AccordingtotheMingShi-lu(theofficialMinghistory),EgyptandMoroccowereamongthoseforeign
![Page 284: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/284.jpg)
countriesthatinZhuDi’sreign(1403–1424)hadalreadyreceivedtheChineseimperialedictandgifts(the1408visit—MingShi-lu)buthadfailedby1430toreturntributetoChina.However,theMingShi-lunotedthatthePapalStatesandBaghdadwereamongtheforeigncountriesthathadalreadysenttributetoMingChinaduringthereignoftheemperorZhuDi.
![Page 285: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/285.jpg)
In1432,MeccawaspartoftheMamlukkingdomofEgypt.TheMamluksruledbyfartherichestcountryintheWesternworldatthattime;Cairowastheworld’slargestportoutsideChina.TheshipsthatHongBaohaddispatchedtoMeccahadalsobeenorderedtoCairo,9whichlayfartheruptheRedSeathroughtheRedSea–Nilecanal.Evidenceofthe
![Page 286: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/286.jpg)
ChinesevisittoCairocomesfromthedescriptionofthePyramidsonthe1418ChinesemapandinothercontemporaryChineserecords.
WegetavividdescriptionofearlierChinesejunksfromIbnBattutahwhowroteoftheimmensesizeoftheships,theirpetroleumweapons,theluxuriousquartersformerchants,andthepoorslave
![Page 287: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/287.jpg)
girls.
DescriptionsoftheChineseVessels
TheChinesevesselsareofthreekinds:largeshipscalledjunks,middle-sizedonescalledzaws,andsmalleronescalledkakams.Thelargeshipshaveanythingfromtwelvedowntothreesailswhicharemadeofbamboorodsplaitedlikemats.They
![Page 288: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/288.jpg)
areneverlowered,buttheyturnthemaccordingtothedirectionofthewind;atanchortheyareleftfloatinginthewind.Ashipcarriesacomplementofathousandmen,sixhundredofwhomaresailorsandfourhundredmen-at-arms,includingarchers,menwithshieldsandarbalists,thatis,menwhothrownaphtha.Eachlargevesselisaccompaniedbythreesmallerones,thehalf,
![Page 289: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/289.jpg)
thethird,andthequarter.ThesevesselsarebuiltonlyinthetownofZaituninChinaorinSinKalanwhichisSinalSin[Canton]….Atthesideofthesebaulksaretheiroars,whichareaslargeasmasts,tenorfifteenmenjoiningtogethertoworkeachofthem,andtheyrowstandingontheirfeet.Inthevesseltheybuildfourdecks,[with]cabins,suitesandsalonsformerchants.Asetofrooms
![Page 290: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/290.jpg)
hasseveralroomsandalatrine:itcanbelockedbyitsoccupant,andhecantakealongwithhimslavegirlsandwives….SomeoftheChineseownlargenumbersofshipsonwhichtheirfactorsaresenttoforeigncountries.TherearenopeopleintheworldwealthierthantheChinese.10
IbnBattutahalsodescribedtheexchangeofslavesamong
![Page 291: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/291.jpg)
thepotentates:“TheKingofChinahassenttotheSultan[ofIndia]ahundredMamluksandslavegirls,fivehundredpiecesofvelvetcloth….[Thesultan]requitedthepresentwithanevenricherone…ahundredmaleslaves,ahundredHindusinginganddancinggirls.”11
TradedelegationsbetweenEgyptandChinahadbeencommonplacenotonly
![Page 292: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/292.jpg)
centuriesbeforeZhengHe’svoyagesbutalsocenturiesbeforeIbnBattutah’s.TheywereledbytheKarim,aformationofEgyptianJewishmerchantswhospecializedintradebetweenCairo,India,andChina.12AcertainBazaldeenKulamiKarimi,13bornin1149,wenttoChinafivetimes,amassingagreatfortunefromtheChineseceramicandsilktrade.
![Page 293: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/293.jpg)
Thirteenth-centurychroniclerZhaoRuquamentionsawealthyTazimerchantsojournerwhofinancedanArabcemeteryinthesoutheastquarteroftheChineseportofQuanzhou,sothatArabmerchantscouldbeburiedfacingMecca.14
ChinesemerchantsimportedhugequantitiesofArabicfrankincense.SongrecordsindicatethatChenXinLang,
![Page 294: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/294.jpg)
amerchant,importedfrankincensevaluedat300,000guan.KarimimerchantsinChinalivedinluxurioushousesandwerebigspenders,theenvyofallinthetradingport.Inconsequence,theemperorinstructedlocalofficialstowatchfor“untowardunrulybehaviour.”
TradebetweenCalicutandtheEgyptianMamluks
![Page 295: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/295.jpg)
flourishedinthe1420s.HistorianStanleyLanePooletellsusthatin1425,acaptainconvoyedfourteenvesselswithrichcargoestoJeddah.Thefollowingyear,nofewerthanfortyshipssailedfromIndiatoCairoandPersia,payingdutiestothevalueofseventythousanddinars.15
Reciprocalvisitswerenotrestrictedtomerchants.ThekingdomofMeccasenta
![Page 296: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/296.jpg)
delegationtopaytributetoChinaafterZhengHe’svisitin1414;thesultanhimselfappearedinpersonwithtributesofalionandaquilin(giraffe)tobepresentedtoZhuDi.In1433thesultansentadelegationledbyShuXiantoaccompanytheChinesedelegatesreturningtoChina.16
LiuGang,ownerofthe1418map,pointsoutavery
![Page 297: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/297.jpg)
interestingpatterninseveralChineserecords,includingtheCaptivatingViewsoftheOcean’sShores;NotesontheBarbariansintheWesternOceans;RecordsonTributesfromWesternOceans;andtheMingShi-luitself.17EachofthefourbooksprovidesadescriptionofHormuzthatcannotpossiblycorrespondtotheHormuzweknowtoday.Theydescribevegetationthat
![Page 298: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/298.jpg)
blossomsinspring,leavesthatfallinautumn,andwinterwithfrost,littlerain,andmuchdew.ThebooksalsostatethatHormuzisoneofthebiggestkingdomsinthewesternoceans,andthatbusinessmenfrombarbariancountriesarrivebyseaorroad.Hormuz,theyadd,isclosetotheseashoreattheendoftheWesternSea.Peoplearewhite-skinnedandtall.Societyishighly
![Page 299: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/299.jpg)
developedinliterature,medicalknowledge,astronomy,art,andtechnique—farsuperiortootherbarbarians.Indeed,theycomparethelevelofcivilizationtheretothatofZonghua(China).
NoneofthisisapplicabletoHormuz,whichweknowfrommanyfifteenth-centurymerchants’accountsasasmallislandintheStraitof
![Page 300: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/300.jpg)
Hormuz,betweenthePersianGulfandtheGulfofOman,withlittlevegetationandnofrost,atiny,inaccessibleplacesointolerablyhotitwasinhabitedonlythreemonthsayear.Civilization,includingastronomyandmedicaltechniques,washardlydevelopedatall.
Inmyview,the“Hormuz”describedbytheChinesebooksofthefifteenthcentury
![Page 301: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/301.jpg)
canonlymeanCairo.ThisissubstantiatedbytheMingShiWaiguaZhuan(ProfilesofforeigncountriesinMinghistory)compiledbyYouTonoftheQingdynasty.18ItstatesthatMosili(Cairo)wascalleduponbyChineseenvoys,includingZhengHe,butthatitfailedtoreciprocate.DescriptionsofChinesetradewithCairoproliferate.TheChinese
![Page 302: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/302.jpg)
scholarLiAnshan,inFeiizhouHualikoHuarem(AhistoryofChineseoverseasinAfrica)identifiestheMosilikingdomasEgyptandtheJiegantouKingdomastheportofAlexandria.MosiliwasagaindenotedasEgyptinthepioneeringresearchofZhangXingGangandHanZhenghua.TheyalsoidentifiedJiegentouasAlexandria,aChinesetransliterationoftheArabic
![Page 303: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/303.jpg)
nameZuilkarnain,whichwasusedbytheArabstorefertoAlexandertheGreat.InChineseReligionsandNationalMinorities,theChinesehistorianBaiShouyiwrites,“MiXien[contemporaryEgypt]hadallregularlysenttheirmerchantsandenvoystoChinaandChinasometimeswouldsenditsenvoysormerchantstothesecountries.”
![Page 304: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/304.jpg)
TheMingShi-lusays,“Year6[1408]ZhengHewenttoHormuzandothercountriesreturninghomeinYear8[1410].”FurthercorroborationthatZhengHe’sfleetsvisitedCairoisfoundinmaps.The1418maphasthisdescription:“Thereisahugecityherebuiltwithstone,thedimensionsofstonescanbecomparedtothoseusedintombsoftheQindynastyEmperor.”The
![Page 305: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/305.jpg)
volumeofEmperorQin’spyramidtombandthevolumeofthePharaohKhufu’spyramidatGizaareaboutthesame—Qin’shasalargerbasearea,whileKhufu’sishigher.TheMapofSouthwestMaritimeCountries,fromZhengHe’sera,alsodescribestheEgyptianPyramids.
SoEgyptwasnotanewfrontiertoZhengHe:his
![Page 306: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/306.jpg)
forebearshadbeentravelingthereforcenturies.TheyhadreachedCairothroughtheshallowRedSea–Nilecanal,whichZhengHe’ssmallerjunkswouldhaveusedaswell.FromCairo,theMediterranean—andsouthernEurope—werewellwithinreach.
![Page 307: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/307.jpg)
6
CAIROANDTHEREDSEA–NILE
CANAL
ThebestplacetounderstandtheimportanceoftheRiverNiletoCairoandEgyptis
![Page 308: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/308.jpg)
fromtheWindowsontheWorldonthe36thflooroftheRamsesHilton.EverytimeIvisitCairo,Imakeapointofquaffinglagertheresurroundedbyswiftsandswallowstwitteringatsunset.Tothewest,highlightedbythesettingsun,aretheplateauandthePyramids.TheMoqattamHillsaretotheeast.Northandsouth,thegreatriverstormsoutofAfrica,travelinginagreat
![Page 309: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/309.jpg)
curvepasttheHiltontothegreensmudgeofthedeltaupnorth.
BetweenthePyramidsandtheMoqattamHillsreststhelarge,widevalleyoverwhichmodernCairosprawls.Thisvalleywasoncemorethaneighthundredfeetbelowtheseaandsomethirtytofortymilesacross.Theenormousrivergraduallydriedupthousandsofyearsagoand
![Page 310: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/310.jpg)
becameheavilyforestedandrichingame—elephants,hippopotamus,antelope,andallmannerofdeerandbirds.Theriver,thenasnow,teemedwithfish.Beautifulsunshineformostoftheyearcoupledwiththeendlessflowofwatermadelifeeasyforhunters.1ThisiswhyEgypthasoneoftheoldestcivilizationsintheworld,comparabletothatofChina
![Page 311: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/311.jpg)
alongtheYangtzeandYellowRiversorMesopotamiabetweentheTigrisandEuphrates.
OverthecenturiesthesiltbroughtdownthroughAfricabythemightyriverhasgraduallybeendepositedontheeasternandwesternbanksofwhatisnowmodernCairo.Astherivernarrowed,theportshavemovedsteadilynorth.
![Page 312: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/312.jpg)
ThefirstEuropeansherewereGreeks,whobuiltacityatHeliopolis,aboutfourmilessouthoftheRamsesHiltonontheeastbankoftheNile.TheRomansbuiltBabylon,northofHeliopolis;theArabsbuiltAl-Fustat/Misr(Cairo)stillfarthernorth,andinthelateMiddleAgestheportmovednorthofwheretheHiltonstandsnow—firsttoMaksandthentoBulaq,whichis
![Page 313: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/313.jpg)
nowoppositeCairo’smainrailwaystation.Astheportsmigrated,sodidtheentrancetotheRedSea–Nilecanalfromtheriver.Bythe1420s,theentrancewasbelowwhatisnowtheHilton.LookingtothenortheastfromtheWindowsontheWorld,onecanstillseeitsoutline.Whenitwasfilledin1899,thewallsoneithersidewereleft,allowingittoretainwater.Todaythetramwaypasses
![Page 314: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/314.jpg)
rightoverthisforgottencanal—agreenpencillinestretchingfromtheHiltontotherailwaystation.2OnecantravelbesidethecanaltodayfromCairotoZagazig,asMarcellaandIdidin2006;itremainsaboutonehundredfeetwidetheentireway.
Toseehowtheriverhasgraduallynarrowed,youcantakeafeluccauptheNile,sailingwithagentlebreeze
![Page 315: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/315.jpg)
againstthecurrent,whichinautumnisabouthalfaknot.TheoldRomanfortressofBabylonisstillvisible,withaveryoldCopticchurchontopofit.AlittlegroupofCopticchurchesandasynagoguesurroundtheremainsoftheRomancity.HeretheEgyptianauthorities,haveerectedasignstating:thiswastheentrancetotheredseanilecanal.
![Page 316: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/316.jpg)
AmassofinformationexistsabouttheevolutionofthecanalfromthetimeofthePharaohNechoII(610–595B.C.).Herodotustellsus(Histories)thatfoursteleswereerectedbyDarius(522–486B.C.)tocommemoratethecanal’sconstruction.BerkeleyprofessorCarolA.Redmountin“TheWadiTumilatandtheCanalofthePharaohs”writesthatthesteleswereplacedon
![Page 317: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/317.jpg)
elevationssotheycouldbeseenbyboatsonthecanal.ThewesternmoststelewasdiscoveredatTellel-Maskhuta;theotherswerefoundalongthecanal,endingaboutsixkilometersnorthofSuez.Onefaceofeachstelefeatureshieroglyphs,theothercuneiform(inPersian,Elemite,andBabyloniancharacters).3
ProfessorRedmounttellsus
![Page 318: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/318.jpg)
thatHerodotus,whovisitedEgyptinthemid-fifthcenturyB.C.,wasthefirstclassicalauthortomentionexplicitlythecanalconnectingtheNiletotheRedSea.HesaidthecanalwasstartedbyNechoIIandcompletedbyDarius.Aristotle,writinginthefourthcenturyB.C.,citesSesostrisasthecanal’screator.PtolomyII,Philadelphus(reigned285–246B.C.),recordsthecuttingofthecanalthrough
![Page 319: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/319.jpg)
theWadiTumilat.HeisfollowedbyDiodorusSiculus,who,onavisittoEgyptin59B.C.,confirmedthatthewaterwaywasbegunbyNecho,continuedbyDarius,andfinallycompletedbyPtolemyII,whoprovidedalocktocompensatefortheriseandfalloftheNile.AccordingtoStrabo(64B.C.–A.D.24),thecanalwas46meterswideandofsufficientdepthto
![Page 320: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/320.jpg)
accommodatelargeships.InhisNaturalHistory,Plinystatesthatthecanalwas100feetwideand40feetdeepforadistanceof371/2RomanmilesuptotheBitterSprings.TheAlexandrianastronomerClaudiusPtolemaeus,orPtolemy,calledthecanal“theRiverofTrajan”andindicatedthatitstartedfromthemainNilestreamupriverfromBabylon—thatis,from
![Page 321: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/321.jpg)
Heliopolis.Lucien,anEgyptianofficialundertheAntonineemperors,inaboutA.D.170describedatravelerwhosailedthecanalfromAlexandriatoClysmaontheGulfofSuez:
ThencametheArabs.
[The]CaliphMuizhadinvestedafortuneofhisowntoconquerEgypt,soheobviouslywantedtogetback
![Page 322: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/322.jpg)
hisinvestmentasquicklyaspossible,andasalwaystheRedSeaCanalwastobeimplementofhiswealth.ThecustomsportofAlMaks,whichmeans“customstax,”layinthebendoftheriverwhichcamealmostuptothewallsofKahiraonthewestsidenearthecanal,andthisMu’izimmediatelytookoverandexpandedintoaproperdockyard,keepingitstaxcollectingcharacterbutalso
![Page 323: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/323.jpg)
layingthefoundationsthereforanewportofhisown,whichimmediatelytookawaymuchofthebusinessthatusuallywenttoFustat-Misr.
HereMu’izbuiltsixhundredshipsandabout77yearslater,whenNasirIbnKhusraucametoCairo[inthe11thcentury],sevenofhisshipswerestilllyingontheriverbank.“I,theauthorofthisnarrative,IbnKhusrau
![Page 324: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/324.jpg)
says:‘Ihaveseenthem’”.Theymeasuredthirtyerichbysixtyarech(275feetlongby110feetabeam).Theseshipswerenodoubtabrilliantinvestmentbecausetheycouldmovelargequantitiesofcargoatonetime,ratherlikethemodernmonstrousoiltankers.NothingthatcouldmakemoneyescapedMu’iz,andhereorganisedthewholetaxsystemintoacentralcollectingbodywhichdid
![Page 325: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/325.jpg)
awaywiththelocalcollectors,whousedtotakeaconsiderablerake-offoftheirown.Inonedayhecollectedover475,000USdollars(modernequivalent)intaxesfromFustat-Misralone.4
InAHistoryofEgyptintheMiddleAges,StanleyLanePooletellsus,Onehundredandtwentythousandlabourerswerekeptatworkwinterandsummerin
![Page 326: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/326.jpg)
maintainingandimprovingdamsandcanals.TheoldcanaltraditionallycalledtheAmnisTrajanusconnectingBabylon(Cairo)withtheRedSeawascleanedandreopenedinlessthanayearandcornwassenttoMedinabyshipinsteadofbycaravanasinthepreviousyear.5
Inshort,awealthofevidencefromGreek,Roman,andArabwritersstatesthat
![Page 327: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/327.jpg)
thecanalenabledshipstocarrygoodsfromtheNiletotheRedSeaandviceversa.GrainwastransportedfromthewheatfieldsoftheSudantoRome,Mecca,Arabia,andIndia.ChineseporcelainandsilkcouldbebroughttoRome,VenetianglasstoIndia.
In642,AmiribnAl-Asdredgedouttheoldcanal,whichwasfillingwithsilt
![Page 328: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/328.jpg)
broughtdownbytheNile.AcenturylatertherewasarebellioninMeccaandMedina,andin767theAbbasidAbuJa’faral-MansurblockedthecanaltostopcornsuppliesfromreachingMecca.Shortlyafterward,in780,duringthecaliphateofAlMahdithecanalwasreopened.Thenin870AhmadibnTulundredgedthecanalonceagain,andafurtherexpansiontook
![Page 329: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/329.jpg)
placein955.
ThenexthugeimprovementtothecanalwascaxrriedoutbySultanal-Malikan-Nasirin1337,whoassignednofewerthan100,000mentothejob.HealsobuilttheNilometeronthesouthofRodaisland,whichcanbeseentothisday.Itmeasuredtheheightoftheriverandthusservedasafloodwarning.
![Page 330: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/330.jpg)
ThisfinalcanalwideninganddredgingissummarizedbyhistorianJamesAldridgeinCairo:BiographyofaCity,basedondescriptionsbythefifteenth-centuryEgyptianhistorianal-Madkrizi:
ThelandwhichemergedroundElephantIslandwasmarshyandsoftandMakrizi,whotellsusallthis,saystheMamluksusedtopractisearcherythere.Butinthe
![Page 331: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/331.jpg)
middleofthefourteenthcenturyAlNazirjoinedtheRedSeacanaltothenewbankoftheriverthroughthisnewswampyland,thusdrainingit.ThisnewexitfortheoldcanalwascalledKhaligAlNasir,anditremainedtheexitoftheRedSeacanaluntilthiscentury,althoughitwaslaterdivertedagainandcalledtheIsmailiyaCanal.ItmettheriverwheretheEgyptianPharaonic
![Page 332: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/332.jpg)
Museumisnow,neartheNileHilton.ThisfinalversionofNazir’scanalwasonlyfilledinattheendofthenineteenthcenturytomakewhatisnowRamesesIIStreet,andanyonewithamomenttospareontopoftheNileHiltoncanlookdownonthisstreetandtracethelineoftheoldcanalrightuptothestationsquarewhichwasoncetheportofAlMaks.6
![Page 333: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/333.jpg)
Aswehavenoted,oneoftheChinesenamesforCairowasMisr,anamederivedfromthepharaonicnamefortheriverportinBabylon.Astimepassed,Al-FustatandMisrbecameinterchangeablenamesfortheportandthecityofCairo,“nodoubtbecausealltradewithEgyptwasdirectedeventuallytotheriverportofMisroritcamefromMisr,”Aldrichexplains.“Soitseemslogicalthat
![Page 334: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/334.jpg)
soonerorlateritwasallknownasFustat-Misr(whichiswhatal-Makrizioftencallsit)andthensimplyasMisr.Today,EgyptiansstillcallboththeircountryandCairosimplyMisr.”
OnNovember26,2004,theOrientalCeramicSocietyofFranceheldaconferenceinParisontradebetweenChinaandtheMediterraneanpriortothesixteenthcentury.The
![Page 335: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/335.jpg)
conferenceproducedawealthoffascinatingdetailabouttheexportofChineseceramicstoEgypt,theMiddleEast,andtheMediterranean.7
ExcavationsitesinthesouthernsuburbsofCairohaveproducedChineseceramicsdatingfromthetenthtothefourteenthcenturies.In“ChinesePorcelainfromFustat,”archaeologistR.L.Hobson
![Page 336: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/336.jpg)
describesthesignificanceoftheporcelainandceramicsfinds:
…TurningoverthepilesoffragmentsstoredatFustatandintheArabMuseuminCairo…werealisemostclearlytheextentandantiquityofthetradebetweenEgyptandtheFarEast.Thereare,forinstance,piecesofbuffstonewarewithcreamglazemottledwithgreenand
![Page 337: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/337.jpg)
brownishyellow,whichcamefromChinaintheTangdynasty;thereareseveralvarietiesofceladonporcelainwhichtellofSungtraders.AndthereareblueandwhiteporcelainsrangingfromtheYuantotheendoftheMingperiod….
ThetypicalLungch’uanandch’u-chouceladonsoftheSung,YuanandMingperiodsabound,bowlsanddishes
![Page 338: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/338.jpg)
withcarveddesignsorwithreliefsoffishesorrosettes,thingstoowellknowntocallfordetailednotice….
ItwasonlynaturalthatthevolumeoftradewithChinashouldincreaseintheMingdynasty….ThisisevidencedinEgyptbythelargequantityofblueandwhiteporcelain,ofwhichfragmentsaboundnotonlyatFustat,butallaroundCairo.
![Page 339: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/339.jpg)
…Amongtheearliestspecimensisthebottomofabowlwiththereign-markofYungLo(1403–1424)”—vizZhuDi.8
ThisextraordinarytradeinporcelainandceramicswaslubricatedbytheKarim.TheKarimhadtheirownwarehouses(fonduqs)stretchingfromCairotoIndiaandbeyond.Theybuilttheirownshipsandsometimes
![Page 340: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/340.jpg)
leasedthemtoothers.Theyalsooperatedasbankers,whichprovedtobetheirundoing.
In1398theKarimmadeamassiveloantotheMamluksultan,tofinanceanarmytohaltTamburlaine’smarchtowardCairo.Whentheloanswerecalled,thesultancameupshort.Al-AshrafBarsbaynationalizedtheNile–RedSeacanaltoreplenishhis
![Page 341: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/341.jpg)
coffers,settingthepricesatwhichgoodsbroughtthroughEgyptcouldbeboughtandsold.Withasinglestroke,thesecurityfortheKarim’sloans—tradethroughthecanal—unraveled.TheKarimwereruinedwithindecades.WhenChinawithdrewfromtheworldstageinthe1430s,afterZhengHe’sfinalvoyage,Chinesegoodscamenomore.
![Page 342: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/342.jpg)
Cairo:TheQuintessentialTimelessIslamicCity
Cairostandstodayjustasitdidin1433.Thefortifiedcityhaswithstoodinvadersforfivecenturies.DuringtheMongolwars,Saladin’sfortificationsprovidedarefugeforallofIslam,makingCairoahavennotonlyforthecaliphbutforphilosophers,artists,craftsmen,andteachersas
![Page 343: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/343.jpg)
wellashundredsofthousandsofordinarypeoplefleeingGenghisKhanandhissuccessors.Enormouswealthflowedintothecityandwasdeployedonasumptuousarrayofmosques,madrassahs,mausoleums,andhospitals.ThisisthedomedmedievalCairothatZhengHewouldhavefound.9
Atfirstsight,Islamictownsandcitiesappearchaoticto
![Page 344: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/344.jpg)
Westerneyes,withtheirelaborate,twistingstreetsleadinghiggledy-piggledyinalldirections.Theyhad,however,amasterplan.At“thecentreoftheIslamiccitystandstheFridayMosque;toitandfromiteverythingflowsasifitwereaheart.”10Nexttothemosquestandsthemadrassah,whereIslamiclawandtheologyaretaught,theforerunneroftheWestern
![Page 345: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/345.jpg)
university.Aroundmosqueandmadrassahsprawlsthebazaarwithitskhansandcaravanseraiswheremerchantsrest,feedtheircamels,andstoretheirgoodsinsafety.
TradeandreligiongohandinhandunderIslam,whichaffordsmerchantsgreatprestige(Muhammadwasone).Thestatusofthemerchantwasevidencedby
![Page 346: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/346.jpg)
thedistanceofhisshopfromtheFridaymosque:perfume,spice,andincenseshopswerenearest,followedbygoldmerchantsandsilversmiths.Cobblerswerefarthestaway.Mosqueandmarketwerebothwithineasyreachofthecaravanserais.
Thecentralsquareplayedhosttoallmannerofentertainment,resoundingwiththecriesofsnake
![Page 347: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/347.jpg)
charmers,bears,dancers,andstorytellers.Radiatingoutwardbeyondthebazaarwasajumbledassortmentofresidentialdistrictsdividedbyraceandreligion.Surroundingthemwasadefensivewall(inCairoitwasSaladin’s)tokeepoutMongolsandrobbers.
AtthecenterofmedievalCairowasthecity’sFridaymosque,Al-Azhar,founded
![Page 348: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/348.jpg)
in970,assoonastheenclosurewallsofAl-Qahirawerecompleted.Itisperhapsthemostprestigiousmosqueintheworldandisconnectedtotheworld’soldestuniversity.FormorethanathousandyearsAl-AzharUniversityhasprovidedMuslimstudentsfromaroundtheworldwithfreeboardandatheologicaleducationfocusedontheKoranandIslamiclaw,logic,grammar,
![Page 349: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/349.jpg)
rhetoric,astronomy,andscience.
Forcenturies,themosqueonFridayshasbeenpacked.Asitoverflows,menlaytheirmatsoutsideonthepavement.Theyprayinuniformlines,richandpoorsidebyside,oldmenandyoung,goldencloaksnexttodirtykashmaks.AllmenareequalinIslam;noboxesarereservedforthegentry.
![Page 350: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/350.jpg)
Inside,Al-AzharresemblesLondon’sSouthwarkCathedral,thoughitisnotquiteastallandrathermoreaustere.Gownedstudents,seatedbetweengraymarblecolumns,aretaughtbyawizenedimamperchedinahighchair.(ThegownsofOxfordandCambridgewerecopiedfromthosewornbyIslamicstudents,justasouruniversity“chair”isderivedfromtheimam’sperch.)
![Page 351: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/351.jpg)
TheAl-AzharcompeteswiththemosquesofSayyidHasan,al-Ghoury,andSultanal-AshrafBarsbay—allwithinastone’sthrow.TheEgyptianpresidentworshipsattheMosqueofAl-Azhar.Theirmuezzinscallthefaithfultoprayerfivetimesaday.Traditionally,muezzinsarechosenfromtheblind,whocannotseedownintothehouseswhereunveiledwomenaredressing.
![Page 352: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/352.jpg)
Inthesquare,Cairo’sfestivals,themoulids,areheldandtheSufibrotherhoodprayswithbannersanddrums;musicblastsallnightlong.VastcrowdscomeupfromthedeltafortheholidayofEid,congregatingatthecafésaroundthesquare,eachonefavoredbyaparticulardeltavillage.
OnecanreadilyunderstandwhyCairowouldhavebeena
![Page 353: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/353.jpg)
magnetforallpeoplesofIslam,includingZhengHeandhisfellowMuslimsreturningfromMecca.Inbroadterms,foreignerslivedinCairo,whitenativeEgyptians,thefellahin,livedonthedeltaandintheNileValley.Withtheholiestmosqueintheworldsituatednexttothelargestmarketintheworld,thecityhadeverything.HeretheycouldstudytheKoran,selltheir
![Page 354: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/354.jpg)
goods,andenjoythecity’sstoriedeveningdelights.
Today,asintheMiddleAges,Cairoisacityofgood-naturedpeoplelivinginclosequarters,bustlingandjostlingfromonecornertothenext.Tomotoristsandpedestriansmakingheadwaythroughthecrowds,afewhundredyardscanseemlikeamile.Cairo’spopulationispolyglot,fulloftheoffspringofSudanese,
![Page 355: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/355.jpg)
Armenian,Jewish,Georgian,Persian,NorthAfrican,andIndianmerchants.Indeed,Egyptiansintermarriedwiththedescendantsofconquerorsandmerchantstosuchanextentthattodayitisdifficulttofinda“pure”Egyptian.
ZhengHe’ssailorswouldhaveseen,alongsideAl-AzharMosque,twoimposingcomplexes:themadrassahandtheWikalaofal-Ghouri,
![Page 356: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/356.jpg)
namedafteroneofthelaterMamluksultans.WikalaistheEgyptiannameforacaravanserai.Bothcaravanseraiandmadrassahcomplementedthemosqueandwerefrequentlyfundedbyacharity,orwakf,setupbythesultanorawealthymerchant.
Cairo’smadrassah,typicalofanearlyIslamicuniversity,isalarge,rectangular
![Page 357: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/357.jpg)
buildingwithanopencourtyardatitscenter,surroundedbybroadcloisters.Inthecloisters,smallgroupsofstudentsdebatewithteachers;greatimportanceisplacedonmentalagility.WhileEuropestumbledthroughtheDarkAges,Cairosafeguardedtheworld’slargestlibrary.Here,thegreatbooksoftheancients,includingAristotleandPlato,werestoredbefore
![Page 358: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/358.jpg)
atlastbeingsummonedtoaidtheEnlightenment.
Inthecaravanseraiofal-Ghoury,merchantsfromChinaladenwithgold,silk,andceramicscouldrestinsimple,cleansurroundings,astone’sthrowfromthecoolmosque.InZhengHe’stime,therewereelevencaravanseraisinCairo,twenty-threemarketsforinternationaltrade,fifty
![Page 359: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/359.jpg)
smallermarkets(souks)forlocaltrade,andelevenracecourses.
Al-Madkrizigaveavividaccountoflifeinthecaravanseraisinthe1420s.Everysortofspicewasforsale,alongwithallmannerofsilksandmoremundanegoods—fruits,nuts,andjamsgalore.Merchantscarriedwiththemtheirchestsofgoldandsilver,alltheirworldly
![Page 360: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/360.jpg)
wealth.Theftwascommon.Thepunishment(stillenforcedinSaudiArabia)wasseveringoftherighthand.
InthelateMiddleAges,Cairowastheworld’sleadingemporiumforthreeofthemostimportantcommoditiesofinternationaltrade—gold,spice,andperfume.CairohadbecomebullioncapitaloftheworldasaresultofIslam’s
![Page 361: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/361.jpg)
expansion.Arabcaliphs,needingevermoregoldtolubricatetrade,initiallyadoptedByzantinecoins,overstampingthemwiththecaliph’shead.AfterArabarmiesoverranNorthAfrica,theycapturedthegoldtradefromMaliandGuinea,whichhadbyfarthelargestgoldseams.
Arabs’dominationofthegoldtradeledtothegold
![Page 362: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/362.jpg)
dinarbecomingthecurrencyofMediterraneantrade.TherulersofCastile,Aragon,andLeóncopiedAlmoraviddinars,whichtheycalledmorbetinos.
Cairo’sspicebazaar,theKhanel-Khalili,facestheAl-AzharMosque.ItwasbuiltbyawealthyMamlukofthatnamein1382andstillteemswithbusinesssixhundredyearslater.Themost
![Page 363: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/363.jpg)
prestigiouspartofthebazaar,nearestthemosque,iswherethefabledincenseisfound.BroughtfromthewadisofsouthernArabia,theseconcentratedessencesaresoldbytheounce,dilutedwithalcoholoneparttonineforperfume,onetotwentyforeaudetoilette,onetothirtyforeaudecologne.Cairo’sshopsstillmaintainthemedievaltraditionofsellingperfumesinlarge
![Page 364: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/364.jpg)
bottlesalongsideherbsandspices,andEgyptremainsasourceformanyoftheessencesusedbyFrenchcouturehouses.
IntheMiddleAgesperfumeandspicewereequallyvaluable.ThespicetradewiththeEast,transactedthroughCairo,wasthecornerstoneofVenetianwealth.
Europeansdevouredspices,
![Page 365: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/365.jpg)
thebettertomakepalatabletheirsaltedmeatanddriedfish.Inadditiontoenliveningfood,spiceswereextensivelyusedbyapothecaries.Purgeswereaccomplishedbycassiaorrhubarb;theriac,madeofanassortmentofherbsandspices,wasapanaceaforillsrangingfromconstipationtofeverandeventheplague.Gingerjamsweresaidtoencouragetheflowofurine.Cinnamonassisted
![Page 366: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/366.jpg)
menstruationandwasvaluableforwindycolic;nutmegrelievedcoughsandasthma.AsIrisOrigopointsoutinTheMerchantofPredo,therewashardlyanEasternspice,howeverrareorexpensive,thatdidnotreachthecookingpotsormedicinechestsofItalianbankersandmerchants.
Walkingoutwardfromthespicemarkettoday,one
![Page 367: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/367.jpg)
encountersthebrassandcopperwareshops,stackedwithArabcoffeepots,waterjugs,tabletops,coalscuttles,andtrays.Tinypiecesofmother-of-pearl,bone,andebonyareinlaidinintricatemosaicpatternsonwoodenboxes.AlthoughamberprayerbeadsareusedtocountthemerciesofAllah,muchasCatholicsuserosaries,amberappearslessvaluableinthemarketplace
![Page 368: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/368.jpg)
thancopper.
Fartherout,thereareleatherandclothingstalls.Egyptianmen,liketheirmedievalpredecessors,weargalabayas,collarlesstunicsresemblinglarge,floppynightshirts.(Caftansarethemorecolorfulversion,embroideredatthefrontandonthehems.)WomenseekdowrydressesmadebydesertBedouin.Themarket
![Page 369: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/369.jpg)
encompassesaworld.Remarkably,almosteverythingsoldheretodaywasavailabletoZhengHe’ssailorsandChinesemerchantsastheypassedthroughCairoin1433.ItisaneasypassagedownstreamfromCairowiththecurrent.JustnorthofCairotheNiledivides,theWesternRosettaChannelleadingtoAlexandria,linkedtotheNilebyacanal.InAlexandriathe
![Page 370: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/370.jpg)
Mamlukauthoritiesinsistedallpassingshipsdepositedmapstheyhadusedfortheirjourney.Thesewerecopiedandtheoriginalsreturned.Thatdone,theChinesedriftedintotheMediterranean.
![Page 371: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/371.jpg)
II
ChinaIgnitestheRenaissance
![Page 372: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/372.jpg)
7
TOTHEVENICEOFNICCOLÒDA
CONTI
IntheMiddleAges,seatrafficbetweenEgyptandEuropewasdeterminedby
![Page 373: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/373.jpg)
thegeographyoftheMediterranean.1SurroundingtheMediterraneanaremountainranges—inthesouthwesttheAtlasMountainsofMorocco,thenmovingclockwise,theSierraNevadainsouthernSpain;thePyrenees;theFrench,Italian,andYugoslavAlps;themountainsofGreece,Bulgaria,andTurkey;andfinallytheAnti-Lebanon
![Page 374: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/374.jpg)
RangebetweenLebanonandSyria.
ThesemountainsdictatetheMediterraneanclimate.BetweentheSeptemberandMarchequinoxes,ahighanticyclonebuildsovertheAzores,allowingAtlanticdepressionstorushthroughtheStraitofGibraltarandthenscurrywesttoeast,thelengthoftheMediterranean.Asthesewarm,wetwinds
![Page 375: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/375.jpg)
reachthecoldmountainsonthecoast,theycreateblusterywindsandrain.ThemistralinFranceisperhapsthebest-known,buteveryMediterraneanregionhasgustywetsquallsinwinterthatmakeseavoyageshazardous.
ThewholeMediterraneansharesacommonclimate;wetwinterisfollowedbycalm,hotsummer.Asregular
![Page 376: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/376.jpg)
asclockwork,thesunmovesnortheachyear,carryingwithittheanticycloneovertheAzoresuntilitstopsoppositetheStraitofGibraltar.ThewetAtlanticwindsarenowshutoutoftheMediterranean,andtheairisstill.ByJuly,thewholeseaisflatasglass,withoutabreathofwind.DrySaharanairmarchesnorth,theskiescleartoinfinity,andsearinghotsummerwinds—typicallytheterralinsouthern
![Page 377: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/377.jpg)
Spain—blowacrossthecoast.ThethreemajorseafaringpowersofEurope—Aragon,Genoa,andVenice,exploitedthisgeographytoconducttradewiththeeastthroughAlexandriaandCairo.VeniceandGenoawereentirelydependentontradefortheirhugewealth.TheVenetianceremonyofLaSensa,whichtakesplaceonAscensionDay,suggestsjusthowpassionatelyVenice
![Page 378: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/378.jpg)
embracedthesea.2
ThedogeembarksatSaintMark’sinhisgreatgildedship,theBucintoro.Perchedonagoldenthrone,hesitshighaboveacrewof150oarsmen,whorowacrossthelagoontotheLido.Thedoge’sgoldenrobesareembroideredwiththeLionofSaintMark’sandhewearsadiamond-studdedcap,larenza—thesamehatwornby
![Page 379: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/379.jpg)
ChineseadmiralsintheearlyMing.Silkstandardsflutterabovehishead.Afterashortservice,thedogecastsagoldenringintothelagoon.Asitsinksthroughtheazureseaheproclaims:“Mare,noitisposianoinsegnedelnostroveroperpetuadominio”(OSea,wewedtheeinsignofourtrueandeverlastingdominion).
By1434,themarriageritual
![Page 380: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/380.jpg)
wasalreadymorethanfourhundredyearsold.ItoriginatedwhenPopeAlexanderIIIgavethedogearingandtoldhim:“Receivethisringasthesymbolofyourempireoverthesea….Youandyoursuccessorsbemarriedtohereachyear,sothatsucceedinggenerationsmayknowthattheseaisyours,andbelongethtoyouasaspousetoahusband.”3
![Page 381: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/381.jpg)
Venice’swealthwasrootedinhercaptureofByzantium.In1204aCrusadehadbeenlaunchedtotakeJerusalem.FinancingfortheCrusadewashardtocomebyuntiltheDogeDandoloofferedsupport—providedtheCrusaderswouldcaptureZara(contemporaryZadarinCroatia)ontheirwaysouth.TheCrusadersagreed,becomingmercenariesintheprocess.
![Page 382: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/382.jpg)
ThetemptationtocaptureByzantiumforVenice,aswell,provedirresistibletotheCrusaders,whoinitiatedthesackoftheOrthodoxChristiancapitalbyanotherChristianstate.4WhenByzantiumfell,herempirewasdividedamongstthevictors.Venetianspoils,exemplifiedbythefourbronzehorsesandmarbleonthefaçadeofSaintMark’s
![Page 383: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/383.jpg)
Basilica,includedByzantineislandsandportsfromtheBlackSeathroughtheAegeantotheIonianSea.VenetiangalleysthushadfriendlyharborsallthewaytoByzantiumandAlexandria.
VenicenowcontrolledtheAdriatic.In1396,sixyearsaftershehaddefeatedGenoaandfourteenyearsaftertheCretanrevolt,sheacquiredCorfu.ToVenetians,Corfu
![Page 384: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/384.jpg)
wasofvitalimportanceduetoitsstrategiclocation.CorfubecamethefortifiedbasefromwhichVenetiangalleyspolicedthestraitleadingtotheAdriatic.
VenicebuiltlovelycolonialtownsontheseAdriaticislands.Herports,modeledinherownimage,eachwithitscampanile,cathedral,piazza,andeveningpromenade,linetheDalmatiancoast.From
![Page 385: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/385.jpg)
UlcinjinthesouthtoPiraninthenorth,theportsofBar,Dubrovnik,Korcula,Hvar,Split,Zadar,Rab,Krk,Pula,andPorecaresublimelegaciesofVenetianarchitecture.By1433theywerehavensforthearmadascarryingceramics,silk,andspicesfromAlexandriaandCairotothewarehousesofVenice.WhiletheSlavicchantsofOrthodoxchurchesresoundinthemountains,on
![Page 386: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/386.jpg)
thecoastSundaysarepunctuatedbybellssummoningCatholicstomass.5SaintJacob’sinSibenik,SaintMark’sinPiran,SaintLaurence’sinTrogir,andOurLady’sinRijecaaresuperbbyanystandard.TheyareamongthesightsthatgreetedZhengHe’sshipsontheirpassagefromAlexandriatoVenice.Evenwithfifteenmentoeach
![Page 387: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/387.jpg)
oaritwouldhavebeenaten-dayslogfromAlexandriatoCreteacrossanairlesssea.OnceintheAdriatictheywouldhavepickedupalighteveningbreezeblowingonshore.Whatareliefthatwouldhavebeen!
Iknowthoseislandswellfollowingavisitin1966.InDecember1965IhadmetMarcella;webecameengagedinJuneanddecided
![Page 388: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/388.jpg)
totakeaholidaytravelingthroughtheDalmatianislandstoMontenegroandSerbia.InthefouryearsbeforemeetingMarcellaIhadbeennavigatingofficerofHMSNarwhal,asubmarine.ItwastheeveofthecoldwarandourpatrolswerespentintheNorth.Wintersweredrabandcold;thesunshoneforanonlyhourorso,atmidday;mostofthetimeonelookedatice,sea,andskyin
![Page 389: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/389.jpg)
everlastingshadesofgray.
InAugust1966,Marcella,myuncleEdward,andIboardedaferryinVeniceboundforDubrovnik,enroutewendingthroughtheDalmatianarchipelago.WepassedMarcoPolo’shomeonKorcula,Diocletian’svastpalaceatSplit,andhoney-coloredHvar.Thesearingcolorsofazureseaandskyemphasizedbythebrilliant
![Page 390: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/390.jpg)
whiteKarstofthecoastline,theredcampaniletowers,andtherussetandgoldofdryingtobaccoareetchedonmybrainandwillremainwithmeallmylife.
Wesleptontheupperdeckunderthestars,swamoffremotebeacheswatchedonlybyseagulls,andfeastedonlocalseafishwasheddownbyDingaz,arough,full-bodied,almostblackwine.
![Page 391: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/391.jpg)
ThesameidyllicscenewouldhavegreetedZhengHe’ssailorsandfemaleslavesashisjunksrowedslowlyupthecoast.Theywouldhaveseentheoutlinesofthesemini“Venices”frommilesouttosea,dottedalongthecoastallthewayfromDubrovniktoTriestetoVeniceitself.TheywouldhavenoticedDiocletian’senormouspalace,Hvar’sspectacularharbor,andthe
![Page 392: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/392.jpg)
glisteningwhitefortresswallsofDubrovnik,andwouldhavesurelycalledatsomeofthoseports.
SoinmyviewweshouldfindevidenceofZhengHe’sfleets’visitsinmuseumsalongtheDalmatiancoast.Overtheyears,MarcellaandIhavevisitedthemostlikelymuseums—theoldmaritimeschoolatPerast,theMatkofamilymuseumatOrebic,the
![Page 393: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/393.jpg)
Seamans’Guild(Museum)intheGulfofKotor,IvoVizin’sMuseumatPrcanj,andtheMaritimeMuseuminKotoritself.Wefoundnothing.
However,myinterestwasrenewedandsharpenedin2004aftermeetingDr.GunnarThompsoninSeattle.HehadbroughtAlbertindiVirga’sworldmaptomyattention.Thismaphadbeenfoundinasecondhand
![Page 394: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/394.jpg)
bookshopatSrebrenicaneartheDalmatiancoast.Itwasdatedtobetween1410and1419andshowedtheworldfromGreenlandtoAustralia,includingAfrica,accuratelydrawndecadesbeforeEuropeansknewAfrica’sshapeandcenturiesbeforetheyknewtheshapeandrelativepositionsofChina,Japan,andAustralia.ThemaphadbeenauthenticatedbyProfessorFranzVon
![Page 395: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/395.jpg)
Wieser,theleadingcartographerofhisday.Itmusthavebeencopiedfromanon-Europeanmap,andintheopinionofDr.Thompsonandme,itcouldonlybeacopyofaChinesemapthathadbeenpublishedbefore1419.Moreover,Dr.ThompsonhadfoundevidencethatshipsfromtheDalmatiancoasthadsailedtoNorthAmericainthe1440sandsettledneartheRoanokeRiverinVirginia—
![Page 396: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/396.jpg)
thefamous“Croatans.”6Inmyview,DalmatianshipswouldnothavevisitedAmericafiftyyearsbeforeColumbusunlesstheyhadmapsshowingtheway—onceagainpointingtoZhengHe’sfleetshavingvisitedDalmatiaandleavingmaps.By2005wehadsoldSerbo-Croatliteraryrightsto1421,whichIhopedwouldleadtonewevidenceofChinesevisits
![Page 397: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/397.jpg)
alongthecoast,butalas,noneemerged.
ThenoutoftheblueonOctober21,2007,Ireceivedtwoe-mailsfromDr.A.Z.Lovric,ageneticistwhoseoldfamilynamewasYoshamya(nameswereforciblychangedaftertheOttomaninvasionsinthesixteenthcentury).Dr.LovrictoldmethathisdistinguishedpredecessorProfessorMitjelYoshamya
![Page 398: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/398.jpg)
hadpublishedalengthypaper(ofnearlytwelvehundredpages)claimingthataDalmatianadmiral,HarvatyeMariakyr,hadsailedtheworldbeforeOttomaninvasions.HehaddonesohavingreceivedworldmapsfromaChineseadmiralwhohadvisitedtheDalmatiancoast.Copiesofthee-mailsareincludedonthe1434website.
![Page 399: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/399.jpg)
HereisasummaryofthepointsmadeinDr.Lovric’se-mail:
1. AlegendpersistsamongislandpeopleofftheAdriaticthatpriortotheOttomaninvasions(priorto1522)foreignsailingshipsmannedby“Oblique-eyedyellowEasterners”(inoldDalmatic:
![Page 400: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/400.jpg)
pashoglavizihodane)visitedtheAdriatic.
2. AftertheorientalnavalvisitsthemedievalDalmatianadmiralHarvatyeMariakyrwithsevenAdriaticshipsreciprocatedthevisitbysailingthroughtheIndianOcean(Khulap-Yndran)totheFarEasttoZihodaneinKhitay
![Page 401: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/401.jpg)
(Cathay).3. Onhisreturnfrom
theFarEast,AdmiralMariakyr,havinglearnedofanewlandintheWest,decidedtosailtherewithhisfleettoSemeraye(SouthAmerica);helosthislifeinmedievalParané(Patagonia).Thisvoyagewasrecordedinmedieval
![Page 402: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/402.jpg)
Glagoliticscript.4. RecentDNAstudies
haveconfirmedthatinsomeAdriaticislands(Hvar,Korcula)andontheadjacentcoasts(Makarska)certainfamilieshaveEastAsiangenotype.
5. UpuntilthetwentiethcenturysomeoftheseAdriaticislanders
![Page 403: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/403.jpg)
hadsurnamesofnon-Slavicandnon-Europeanorigin,forexample,Yoshamya,Yenda,Uresha,Shamana,Sayana,Sarana,andHayana.In1918whentheAustro-Hungariansweredefeated,theislanderswereobligedtoSlavicizesuchforeignsurnames,butthey
![Page 404: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/404.jpg)
persisttothisdayinnicknamesandaliases.
6. MedievalDalmatian-coloredsymbolsformapswerethesameasthoseusedbytheChinese:black=north,white=west,red=south,blueandgreen=east.
7. Adriaticislandershaveuntilrecentlyusedanon-European
![Page 405: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/405.jpg)
nomenclatureforAmericaandtheFarEastbasedontranslationsofChinesenomenclature.
8. Americancactuses(chieflyOpuntia)inmedievalDalmatia,atDubrovnikandelsewhere,weresaidtohavebeenbroughtbyearlyshipsfromtheFarEast.
![Page 406: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/406.jpg)
Dr.Lovric’se-mailreferredtoProfessorMitjelYoshamya’sresearchinCroatian,publishedinZagrebin2004.ThelengthypapercoversthespreadofoldDalmatiannamesacrossthePacificbeforetheSpanishexplorers;Sion-Kulap(Pacific):Skopye-Kulapne(Philippines),Sadritye-Polnebne(Melanesia),Sadritye-Zihodne(Micronesia),Skopye-
![Page 407: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/407.jpg)
Zihodne(Japan),Artazihod(Korea),andVelapolneb(NewZealand).GoawasthemainDalmatianbaseforFarEasttrade.(TheseoldDalmatiannameswereusedonGermanmapsofthePacificuntilGermanywasdefeatedinWorldWarII,afterwhichtheywereexpungedandreplacedbySpanish,French,andPortuguesenames).Ihopethatyoungscholarswill
![Page 408: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/408.jpg)
translatethewholeofProfessorYoshamya’smanuscriptintoEnglish,sinceonlyexcerptshaveyetbeentranslated.
AswillbeseenwhenwereachVenice,tensofthousandsofAsianslavegirlsandwomenwerebroughttoVenice.DoubtlessmanyofthesewouldhaveescapedasthefleetsberthedattheislandsenroutetoVenice,
![Page 409: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/409.jpg)
andthiswillbeshownupinthemitochondrialDNA.
ThefirststepinsettingupaDNAresearchprogramforVenetianandDalmatianpeoplewastoseewhatexistingDNAresearchhadalreadybeencarriedout.Dr.Lovric,whoworksintheDepartmentofMolecularGenetics,kindlyprovidedmewiththeinformation.TherewereadozenlocalDNA
![Page 410: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/410.jpg)
reportsofpeopleonAdriaticislands,whichwereallsummarizedinLovorkaBara,MarijanaPeriietal.,“YChromosomalHeritageofCroatianPopulationanditsIslandIsolates.”7Asmaybeseenintheabstract,ProfessorBaraetal.state:“InoneoftheSouthernIsland(Hvar)populations,wefoundarelativelyhighfrequency(14%)oflineagesbelonging
![Page 411: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/411.jpg)
toP*(xM173)cluster,whichisunusualforEuropeanpopulations.Interestingly,thesamepopulationalsoharbouredmitochondrialhaplogroupFthatisvirtuallyabsentinEuropeanpopulations—indicatingaconnectionwithcentralAsianpopulations,possiblytheAvars.”
Thenatparagraph3onoftheirreport:
![Page 412: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/412.jpg)
WorthyofnoteisthefindingofconsiderablefrequencyhaplogroupP*(xM173)inthepopulationoftheislandofHvar.AccordingtoWellsetal(44—seefootnotes)thislineagedisplaysamaximumincentralAsiawhilebeingrareinEurope,MiddleEastandEastAsia.ItspresenceinHvarrecapitulatesourfindingofMtDNAhaplogroupFontheislandofHvarandinmainlandCroatianpopulation
![Page 413: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/413.jpg)
thatisvirtuallyabsentinEuropebut,again,commoninpopulationsfromcentralandEasternAsia(51—seefootnotes).ThereareseveralpossibilitiesfortheoccurrenceoftheancestrallineageofM173.OneisthewelldocumentedallianceofAvars(aMongolpeople)andSlavs(Croatians)thatfollowedAvararrivaltotheEasternAdriaticin6thCenturyAD.Theotheristhe
![Page 414: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/414.jpg)
expansionoftheOttomanEmpirefromthe16thto18thCenturyADwhenrefugeesfromtheWesternBalkansfrequentlyimmigratedtotheislands.Lastly,theancientSilkRoadlinkingChinawithWesternAsiaandEuropecouldbeapossiblepathofP(xM173)lineagetoo.Anyofthesemigratorypatternscouldhaveintroducedthemutationtotheinvestigatedpopulation.
![Page 415: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/415.jpg)
Asmaybeseen,thedistinguishedprofessorsdonotincludeafourthpossibility:thattheinheritanceofChineseandAsian(Mongol)genescamebyseafromsailorsonshipssailingfromAlexandriatoVenice.Lookingatamaprevealsthisisbyfarthemostlikelymethod.TheAvarssettledneartheDravaRiverontheHungarianborder—whyshouldtheythendecide
![Page 416: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/416.jpg)
tomigratewestwardacrosssomeofthemostruggedmountainsontheplanettoreachHvar?Whychoosethemostextremeisland,thefarthestoutintheocean,onwhichtosettle?
Second,iftheyhadfollowedthisbizarreroute,theirgeneswouldbeseeninthepopulationsbetweenwheretheysettledontheDravaandHvar;theyarenot.
![Page 417: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/417.jpg)
ThesamecouldbesaidfortheOttomaninvasionsdowntheDanube.WhyshouldtheychoosearemoteplaceoutatseatosettlewhentheyhadthefertileDanubeplain?TheamountofAsianDNA,14percent,isremarkable;well-documentedDanishinvasionsofBritainrevealacomparable7percent.Also,inmyview,thefactthatbothAsianmen(Ychromosome)andwomen(mitochondrial)
![Page 418: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/418.jpg)
settledonHvarmeansmenandwomenfromAsiaarrivedtogether.MongolarmiesinvadingfromtheEastwouldhavetakenwomenwheretheyfoundthem.Theywouldnothavebroughttheirwivesandconcubinesalong.QuitetheoppositeprevailedonChinesejunks,wherefemaleslavesandsailorslivedsidebyside.
TherearenoDalmatian
![Page 419: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/419.jpg)
accountsofAsianpeopletrekkingoverlandacrosstheDinaricAlpstoHvar,buttherearelocalaccounts(collatedbyProfessorLovric)thatpriortothesixteenthcenturyOttomaninvasions,foreignsailingshipsmannedby“Oblique-eyedyellowEasterners”visitedthecoast.Hvar,asmaybeseenfromthemap,issmackonthedirectroutefromAlexandria(viaCorfu)toVenice.Inmy
![Page 420: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/420.jpg)
submission,theDNAresultsarepartofalogicalsequenceofevents.ZhengHe’ssquadronarrivesintheMediterraneaninlate1433orearly1434.OneormoreofhisshipsberthsatHvarwhensailorsandslavegirlsjumpship.TheothershipsproceedtoVenice,wheretheyunloadtheslaves.OfficersthentravelontoFlorence,wheretheymeetthepopein1434.Thesquadronreturnsvia
![Page 421: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/421.jpg)
Dalmatiainlate1434,whenaDalmatianfleetjoinsthemforpassagebackthroughtheRedSea–NilecanaltoChina.OnarrivalinChinatheChinesefleetisimpounded:AdmiralHarvatyeMariakyrtakeshissevenshipsintothePacificand“discovers”thirtyPacificislands,towhichhegivesDalmatiannames.Hebringshisfleetbackhomeinthelate1430s/early1440swithaChinesemapoftheAmericas
![Page 422: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/422.jpg)
andsailsforAmericaintheearly1440s.Ifthisscenarioiscorrect,theDNAofVenetiansshouldreflectthatofthepeopleofHvar,asshouldtheDNAofindigenousNativeAmericanswhereAdmiralMariakyr’sfleetvisited(andleftGlagoliticinscriptionsrecordingtheirvoyagesaroundNewEnglandandNovaScotia).
![Page 423: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/423.jpg)
ThisDNAresearchwillbepursued,andresultswillbepostedonourwebsite.WehopetheGlagoliticmanuscriptswillalsobetranslated.
NowtoreturntoZhengHe’ssquadronleavingHvarforVenice,afewdaysvoyagetothenorth.HeretheChinesewouldhavefoundexcellentrepairyards,whichwouldhavebeenofthe
![Page 424: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/424.jpg)
greatestimportancetothem,fortheirshipshadbynowbeenawayfromtheirhomebasesfornearlythreeyears.TheChinesewerelucky—Venicehadbeenbuildingandrepairinggalleysforhundredsofyears.
TodeveloptradebetweenAlexandria,Cairo,andVenice,Venicebuiltgalleysandmannedthemwithskilledseamen.TheArsenal,the
![Page 425: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/425.jpg)
greatestmedievaldockyardofEurope,wasthekeytoVenetianmaritimesupremacy.By1434,Venicecouldputthirty-fivelargegalleystoseaalongwiththreethousandsmallercraftmannedby25,000sailors.Atthebeginningofthefifteenthcentury,theshipworkers’guildhadmorethan6,000membersoutofatotalVenetianpopulationof170,000.TheSenatepassed
![Page 426: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/426.jpg)
stringentlawstocontrolshipbuilding.Thenumberofgalleysbuiltforexportwasrestricted.AnyforeignerwishingtoplaceanorderfirsthadtoobtainauthorizationfromtheGreatCouncil.
Galleyswerebuiltona“conveyorbelt”onwhichshipsweretowedpastasuccessionofstations,wheretheyacquiredropesandsails,armamentsanddry
![Page 427: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/427.jpg)
provisions.8WhenHenryIIIofFrancevisitedVenice,theArsenal’sshipwrightsassembledagalleyweighingsixthousandpoundsinthetimeittookthedogeandhisroyalvisitortoeattheirwaythroughastatebanquet.GalleyswerebuilttostandardspecificationssothatreplacementpartscouldbestoredinVenetianyardsdowntheAdriaticandacross
![Page 428: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/428.jpg)
theMediterranean.
FinancialincentivesweregiventoshipbuildersandownerstokeeptheArsenalproductivewithexperiencedshipwrightsonthejob.Bankerswerediscouragedfromchargingexorbitantinterest.Thepublicbankhadauthoritytograntsoftloans:intheeventthatitwasnecessarytoaccelerateconstruction,costscouldbe
![Page 429: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/429.jpg)
subsidized.AlmosteverycitizenhadastakeinmaritimecommercewiththeEast—eventhegalleyoarsmenhadtherighttotradeontheirpersonalaccounts.AsinglevoyagetoAlexandriaorCairocouldenrichavessel’sentirecompany.
Venicewasequallycommittedtotraininghernavalofficers,pilots,andratings.Theadmiralandfleet
![Page 430: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/430.jpg)
navigatorofVenetianarmadaswereusuallygraduatesoftheVenetiannavalcollegeatPerast,aportintheGulfofKotorinsouthernDalmatianearHvar.Theporthadaninternationalreputation9:CzarPetertheGreatofRussiasenthisfirstofficercadetsthere.Thearmadas’in-shorenavigationwashandledbyprofessionalpilots,trainedatPoreconthe
![Page 431: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/431.jpg)
northDalmatiacoast.Thecreamofthesemariners,thepedottigrandi,wouldsteeranarmadaintothelagoonattheendofitsjourneyfromAlexandria.
ForcenturiesDalmatiahasbeenrenownedforherseafarers.Thenamesofherillustriousofficerscropuptimeandagainintalesofepicbattles—fromCoromandeltotheSpanishMain.Venetian
![Page 432: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/432.jpg)
galleyswerebuiltalmostentirelyfromDalmatianwood—pineforplanks,resinforcaulking,oakforrudders,keels,andstraits.RoughlyhalfthecrewofeachgalleywouldbeDalmatian.
Venicebrilliantlyexploitedhermaritimeassets.WiththeacquisitionofportsontheDalmatiancoast,shegainedabundanttimber.Centuriesofhistoryandtraditionhadbred
![Page 433: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/433.jpg)
skillfulandhardyseamen.JourneyingnorthfromAlexandria,ZhengHe’sfleetswouldhavefoundnumerousports,firstinCrete,thenacrosstheIonianSeatotheAdriatic.Itwasaneasyjourney,eveninthecalmsofsummerwhentheChineseoarsmen—fifteentoanoar—wouldeatupthemiles.TheChinesecouldhaveexpectedtobeguidedbyexperiencedlocalpilots.
![Page 434: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/434.jpg)
Cairo’scontactwithEuropewasthroughVenice,whichhadenteredacommercialtreatywiththeMamluksgivingthemexclusivetradingrights.Thetwocitieswerejoinedbytheirpursuitofamonopolyoneast-westtrade.
ThelinkwithCairoopenedupadditionalpossibilitiesoftradewithChinaandnewwaysofreachingthatdistantland.Astreamofmerchants
![Page 435: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/435.jpg)
andFranciscanmissionariesleftVeniceforChina.OrientaladventureswererelayedviachroniclersincludingthePolos;GiovannidaPiandelCarpineinhisHistoriaMongalorum(1247);WilliamofRubruckwhowroteItinerarium(1255);RabanSauma(1287)andOdoricofPordenone(1330);andJordandeSévérac’sMirabilia(c.1329).TheJewshadtheirowntraveling
![Page 436: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/436.jpg)
merchants,notablyJacobofAnconapriortoMarcoPolo.VenicewasintimatelyacquaintedwithChina.Hermerchants,thePolosinparticular,madefortunestradingexoticChinesesilksanddrappitartareschi.PopesandemperorswereburiedwrappedinChinesesilk.
Smallwonder,giventheircenturiesoftradewithChina,thatVenetianswerethefirst
![Page 437: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/437.jpg)
Europeanstoobtainworldmapsfromtheirtradingpartner.DiVirga’smapoftheEasternHemispherewaspublishedin1419,andPizzigano’smapoftheCaribbeanappearedin1424.Today,youcanseeonthewalloftheDoges’Palaceaworldmappublishedpriorto1428thatincludesNorthAmerica.Astheroundelsonthewallstestify,thismapwascreatedfromevidence
![Page 438: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/438.jpg)
broughtbackfromChinabyMarcoPoloandNiccolòdaConti.TheinscriptionrelatingtodaContisays:“ORIENTALISINDIASHACTABULAEXPRESSUSPEREGRATIONIBUSETSCRIPTISILLUSTRAUNTENNARATISMERCANTORIAMADJIUVIERESAECOLOXVNICOLAUSDECOMITIBUS.EDITO
![Page 439: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/439.jpg)
ITENERARIOLUSITANEPOSTMODUMVERSONOVAMLUCEMNAUTISALLATURO.”Mytranslation:“OrientalIndia[vizChinaandtheIndiesinfifteenth-centuryterminology]asdrawninthiswayisclearlyaresultoftheforeigntravelsandillustratedwritingsnotleastthenarrativesofthemerchantofthefifteenthcentury,NiccolòdaConti.Publicationofthis
![Page 440: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/440.jpg)
itineraryshedsnewlightonthe[travelsof]mariners.”
Thismapwasprobablycompletedbefore1428(inaugurationofDoges’Palace)butdestroyedbyfirein1486;theoriginalmaps(ofwhichacopywasgiventoDomPedro)werehungonthewalls.AccordingtoLorenzetti,themapwasrepaintedbyRamusioin1540afterthefire—thesame
![Page 441: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/441.jpg)
RamusiowhohadsaidthatFraMauro’sworldmapwascopiedfromoneintheCamolodensianMonasteryonthe(current)IslandoftheDeadinthelagoon.GiovanniForlani’smapshowsOregonandtheBeringStraitsbeforeBeringorVancouver.Zatta’smapshowsVancouverIslandalsobeforeCookorVancouverandplacesonit“ColoniadeiChinesi”(ChineseColony).
![Page 442: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/442.jpg)
By1418VenicehadbecomethericheststateinEurope.Thecity’smulecaravanscouldtrampunmolestedthroughVenetianterritorytotheBrennerPass.10AstheseaportnearesttheheartofEurope,VeniceexploitedheraccesstoLakeConstance,whichwastheprincipaltradingcenterformerchantsfromFrance,Germany,Austria,Poland,
![Page 443: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/443.jpg)
andRussia.
Formorethan150yearsbeforeZhengHeappeared,Venetianbankershadbeenusingacashlessgirosystem,creditingonemerchantanddebitinganother.11ItalianbankersledbytheBardisandPeruzzispioneeredinternationalbankingthelengthandbreadthofEurope.AlmosteverycitizenoftheVenetianRepublicwas
![Page 444: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/444.jpg)
involvedinsomeaspectoftrade12—shopkeepersinretailmarkets,portersandfishtradersinwholesalemarkets,dockerstoloadandunload,shipwrightsintheArsenal,oarsmeninthegalleys.Therewerefewbeggarsandhardlyanyunemployment.
EssentialtotheContis,thediVirgas,theCorrers(thefamilyofPopeEugeniusIV’smother),andtheContarinis
![Page 445: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/445.jpg)
werethegreatoaredgalleysthatlefttheRialtoforAlexandria,Beirut,Cairo,Flanders,andLondon.ThegalleyroutestoAlexandriaandtheEastresemblethespokesofavastspider’sweb.13TheMagistratesoftheWatersissueddetailedsailingorderswithwhichmerchantswererequiredtocomply.Thefollowingorder,issuedtoagalleydepartingforAigues-
![Page 446: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/446.jpg)
MortesinProvence,underscorestheimportanceofthesilktrade.
ThegalleywillloadclothsandspicesofVeniceuptothe13thofJanuarynext;sheistoleaveVeniceonthe15thofthesamemonth.Thesetermsmaynotbeextended,suspendedorbrokenunderpenaltyofafineof500ducats.Nosilkengoodsmaybeloadedorshippedonthis
![Page 447: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/447.jpg)
galley,anywhereintheGulfofVeniceoroutsideit,apartfromveils,taffetasandSaracencloth.Ifthemasterofthegalleyloadsorpermitstheloadingofanysilkengoods,hewillbesuspendedforaperiodoffiveyearsduringwhichtimehemaynotcommandanyofthegalleysofthestateorprivatepersons.14
TheMagistrateofthe
![Page 448: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/448.jpg)
Waterstightlycontrolledthemovementofshipsandwheretheywerepermittedtoloadandunload.Eachtypeofgoodhaditsdesignatedloadingwharf—stonebargesattheIncurabile,timbershipsattheMisericordiaandtheFondamenteNuove.ZhengHe’sjunksfromAlexandriawouldhavetiedupattheRivadegliSchiavoni.Venetianmerchantssubmittedtothisdiscipline
![Page 449: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/449.jpg)
knowingthatitbenefitedall.ThedominantfamiliesappointedagentsinCrete,Alexandria,Cairo,andeveryimportantharbortofacilitatetheirinternationaltrade.
Today,theareaaroundSaintMark’sBasilicastillswarmswithboatsunloadingpassengers,vegetables,fruit,andwine.IhavebeentoVeniceinnumerabletimessincefirstvisitingasayoung
![Page 450: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/450.jpg)
officerontheHMSDiamondfiftyyearsago.MymostvividmemorywasasultryAugusteveningtwentyyearsago,afterMarcellaandIhadattendedvespersatSaintMark’s,thefinestByzantinebuildingintheworld,theepitomeofmedievalChristianart,andthesymbolofVenice’stradewithAlexandriaandtheEast.
Formorethanonethousand
![Page 451: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/451.jpg)
yearsthisgloriouscathedralhasbeenthemostimportantbuildinginVenice.HereCrusadeswereblessed,includingtheonefinancedbytheblindolddogeDandolo,whoimploredSaintMarktodeliverByzantiumtoVenice.HereVenetiansmettoprayfordeliveranceintimesofdangerortothankGodinvictory.GenerationaftergenerationofVenetianmerchantshavepouredtheir
![Page 452: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/452.jpg)
wealthintothecity’sfabulouscathedral.15
BuiltintheshapeofaGreekcross,thecathedraloverlooksthelagoon,allowingonetoenjoytheviewfromeitherlandorsea,inchanginglightasthedayprogresses.Thefinestartistshaveendowedtheexteriorandinteriorwithmasterpiecesofmarbleandmosaics.Thewestfaçadeisablazeofgreen,purple,gold,
![Page 453: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/453.jpg)
andbluemarblecollectedfromacrosstheVenetianempire.
Within,worshippersseetheresidueofwealthinthegoldceilings.Thebasilicaisatitsbestbycandlelightatvespers,fromapewbeneaththecentraldome.FromhereJesusappearstoascendtoheaven,carriedbyfourangelssurroundedbytheapostlesandtheVirgin.Everyinchof
![Page 454: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/454.jpg)
thevastceiling,walls,andfloorsisencasedinmosaics.Treasuresliesprawledbeforeone.Analtarofsolidgoldisstuddedwithrubiesandemeralds.PanelsdepictscenesfromthelivesofChristandSaintMark.Chinesesilkandceramics,Byzantinereliquaries,cutPersianglass,crystalgoblets,andsilverswordsfromTartaryfillthemuseum.Allofthisresultedfromcenturies
![Page 455: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/455.jpg)
ofseabornetrade.
Thewealthoffifteenth-centuryVeniceiscapturedinthespeechdeliveredbythedyingdogeTommasoMocenigo:
Thiscitynowstandsoutinthewayofbusinesstodifferentpartsoftheworld.Tenmillionsofducatswereearnedyearlybyshipsandgalleysandtheprofitisnot
![Page 456: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/456.jpg)
lessthantwomillionducatsayear.Inthiscitytherearethreethousandvesselsofone,twohundredamaforewithseventeenthousandseamen.Therearethreehundredlargeshipswitheightthousandsailors.Everyyeartheregotoseaforty-fivegalleyswitheleventhousandsailorsandtherearethreethousandshipcarpentersandthreethousandcaulkers.Therearethreethousandweaversofsilkand
![Page 457: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/457.jpg)
sixteenthousandweaversofcommoncloth.Housesareestimatedtobeworthsevenmillionfivehundredthousandducats.Therentsarefivehundredthousandducats.Thereareonethousandnoblemenwhoseincomeisfromsevenhundredtofourthousandducats.16
Venicepridedherselfonwealthbutalsoonarepublicangovernment
![Page 458: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/458.jpg)
enshrinedinawrittenconstitutionrepletewithcomplexchecksandbalances.Althoughthedogewasheadofstate,hewasconstrainedbyvariouscommitteesandcouncils.WhenGenoawasdefeatedin1380,theItaliancity-statesofVerona,Vicenza,andMantuawillinglyacceptedthePaxVenetica.TheirgoverningbodieswereaddedtotheGreatCouncil.By1418,
![Page 459: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/459.jpg)
VenicehadoutmaneuveredtheHolyRomanEmperorandexpandedherterritoriessouthward.RepresentativesofIstria,Friuli,andDalmatiafurtherswelledtheGreatCouncil.GentiledaFabriano,AntonioVeneziano,andJacobelódelFiorewereretainedbytheprocuratorsofSaintMarktoadornthewallsoftheGreatCouncilChamberwithpaintingsoftheglorioushistoryofthe
![Page 460: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/460.jpg)
Serenissima.Roberticarvedhiswonderfulmarblecapitals,whichadornthefaçade.In1419,Pisanello’sfrescoeswereunveiled.
TheDoges’Palacewasdesignedfordifferentfunctions.Atthefront,overlookingthelagoon,istheGreatCouncilChamber.Atthefarend,nexttoSaintMark’s,thedoge’squartersarelinkedtothelegislative
![Page 461: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/461.jpg)
areasbygoldenstaircases.AttheheartoftheDoges’Palaceisthemaproom—thebiggestinhisquarters.
ThemaproommightwellbedescribedastheheartoftheVenetianEmpire.Herethedogewouldreceivevisitingheadsofstate,includingChinesedelegations.Thetwolongwallsoftheroomarecoveredwithelevenpaintedmapsof
![Page 462: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/462.jpg)
theworld.FacingthevisitorisamapoftheVenetianEmpireintheeasternMediterraneanshowingtheroutetoChinaandtheEast.TotheleftistheVenetianEmpireinthewesternMediterranean.Neitherofthesemapsshowslatitudeorlongitude.Theycoverthesameareaasmapsontheoppositewallshowingtherestoftheworld.TheVenetianEmpireisthus
![Page 463: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/463.jpg)
shownfarlargerthanitwas.
TheoppositewallisdividedbythedoorintotheSaladelFilosofi.TotheleftofthedoorisamapofcentralAsiafromCretetoTibet—theformertradingempireofByzantium.TotherightisamapoftheworldfromArabiaacrossthePacifictoCalifornia.IndiaandtheIndies,China,Japan,thePacific,andNorthAmerica
![Page 464: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/464.jpg)
fromAlaskatoCaliforniaaredepictedwithgeneralaccuracy.OthermapsshowtheNortheastPassagefromtheFaeroestotheriversofSiberia;NorthandSouthAmerica;theRedSeaandArabia;theAtlanticcoastofNorthAmericato55°N,andcentralAsia.ThewholeworldistheresaveforsouthernAustralia.
Ofgreatestinterestisthe
![Page 465: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/465.jpg)
worldmapshowingthePacificandNorthAmerica.Therearetworoundelsonthismap:onedescribesthepartthatMarcoPoloplayedingatheringtheinformation;theotherrecountstheroleplayedbyNiccolòdaConti.ThesearetheworldmapsthatDomPedrowasgivenduringhisstatevisittoVenicebetweenthefifthandtwenty-secondofApril1428.AhostofVenetianrecordsdescribes
![Page 466: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/466.jpg)
thatvisit:LesChroniqueVenetienne:TheDiariesofAntonioMorosonefrom1416–1433;themanuscriptZorsidelfine.AnextensivebibliographyexistsinF.M.Rogers’smarvelousbookTheTravelsoftheInfante,DomPedroofPortugal.
Therearenomaterialdifferencesamongthevariousaccounts,whichProfessorRogerssummarizes:“In
![Page 467: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/467.jpg)
Marchof1428,MarioDandolo,theVenetianAmbassadortotheKingofHungary,reportedthattheInfanteDonPedrohadleftforVenice.TheDoge(FrancescoFoscari)andtheCouncildecidedtoreceivethePortugueseprinceandhiscompanionsinregalfashionastheirguestsandattheirexpense….theDogereceivedDomPedroonboardtheBucintoro(royalbarge).”
![Page 468: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/468.jpg)
OfthegiftsbestoweduponDomPedroduringhisvisittoVenice,ProfessorRogerscitesseveralaccounts,17thefirstbythecelebratedhistorianAntonioGalvão:
Intheyear1428itiswrittenthatDomPeter[Pedro],theKingofPortugal’seldestson,wasagreattraveller.HewentintoEngland,France,Alamaine,fromthenceintotheHolyLandandtoother
![Page 469: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/469.jpg)
places;andcamehomebyItaly,takingRomeandVeniceinhisway;fromwhencehebroughtamapoftheworldwhichhadallthepartsoftheworldandearthdescribed.Thestreight[sic]ofMagellanwascalledinittheDragon’sTail;theCapeofBonaSperanÇa[GoodHope],theforefrontofAfrikeandsoforthofotherplaces;bywhichmap,DomHenry,theKing’sthirdsonnewas
![Page 470: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/470.jpg)
muchhelpedandfurtheredintohisdiscoveries….
ItwastoldmebyFrancisdeSouzaTavaresthatintheyear1528DomFernando,theKing’ssonandheir,didshowhimamapwhichwasfoundinthestudyoftheAlcobazawhichhadbeenmadeonehundredandtwentyyearsbefore[1408]whichmapdidsetforthallthenavigationoftheEastIndieswiththeCape
![Page 471: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/471.jpg)
ofBoaEsperanzaasourlatermapshavedescribedit;wherebyitappeareththatinancienttimestherewasasmuchormorediscoveredthannowthereis.(TratadoDosDiversoseDesayadosCaminhos,Lisbon,1563).
FurthercorroborationisprovidedbyProfessorRogers:“Inearly1502inLisbonthefamousGermanprinterValentinFernandes
![Page 472: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/472.jpg)
publishedabeautifulvolumeoftheIndiesoftheEast[China]….HeincludedPortuguesetranslationsoftheIndiesbasedoninformationgatheredinFlorencefromNicolodaContianddelegatestotheCouncil[presidedoverbyEugeniusIV]andincludedinBookIVofhistreatiseDeVariaetateFortunae.”LaterProfessorRogerswrites:
Inthesecondpartofhis
![Page 473: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/473.jpg)
lengthyintroductiontoMarcoPolo,ValentinFernandesmakesthefollowingstatementpregnantwithmeaningfromseveralpointsofview:“ConcerningthismatterIheard…thattheVenetianshadhiddenthepresentbookformanyyearsintheirTreasureHouse.AndatthetimethattheInfanteDonPedroofgloriousmemory,youruncle,arrivedinVenice[1428]…offered
![Page 474: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/474.jpg)
himasaworthygiftthesaidbookaboutMarcoPolothathemightbeguidedbyitsincehewasdesirousofseeingandtravellingthroughtheworld.TheysaythisbookisintheTorredeTombo.”
ProfessorRogersalsosummarizedMarcoPolo’sanddaConti’scontributionstoworldmaps:
WiththeCape[GoodHope]
![Page 475: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/475.jpg)
rounded,theall-waterroutetoIndialayrevealed.ValentinFernandescouldthinkofnogreaterservicetohismonarchthanthepublicationinPortuguesetranslationthethreebestavailabledescriptionsoftheworldoverwhichKingManuelnowassumeddominion.OnewasthatofMarcoPolo;anotherwasthedescriptionoftheIndies(vizChina)writtenbyPogiothe
![Page 476: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/476.jpg)
Florentine,basedontheinformationsuppliedtohimbythedelegatestotheCouncilofFlorenceandbyNicolodaConti.”
ItseemstomebeyondargumentthattheworldmapondisplaytodayintheDoges’Palaceis,astheVenetiansclaim,basedoninformationthatreachedVenicefromMarcoPoloandNiccolòdaContiandthatthis
![Page 477: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/477.jpg)
wasthesameworldmaptakentoPortugalbyDomPedroin1428.Consequently,boththeVenetiansandthePortugueseknewthecontoursofthewholeworldbeforethePortuguesevoyagesofexplorationevenstarted.WeknowthatdaContiwasinCalicutthesametimeasZhengHe’sfleets,forhedescribesthejunksandhisdescriptiontallieswiththoseofMaHuan,ZhengHe’s
![Page 478: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/478.jpg)
historian,whowasinCalicutin1419.18
![Page 479: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/479.jpg)
![Page 480: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/480.jpg)
AsketchofMongolfacesbytheVeroneseartistPisanello,
1430s.
Asnoted,in1419,Pisanello(1395–1455)hadpaintedmuralsintheDoges’Palace.PisanellocamefromVerona,whichbythenhadjoinedthePaxVenetica—hergrandeeswereelectedtotheGreatCouncilofVenice.Inabout1436Pisanellopainted
![Page 481: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/481.jpg)
anotherfrescointhechurchofSaintAnastasiaatVeronaentitledSaintGeorgeandthePrincessofTrebizond.Intheleft-handsectionisagroupofhorsemen.SeatedonarichlycaparisonedhorseisaMongolgeneralwithfacialfeatures,clothes,andhatverysimilartothecarvingsofZhuDi’sgeneralsthatlinetheroadthatleadstoZhengHe’stombnorthofBeijing.TheMongoldignitarywearsrich
![Page 482: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/482.jpg)
silkclothes.Pisanello’ssketchesofthehard,powerfulMongolfacecanbeseenseparatelyintheLouvreinParis.ThesketchandpaintingaresovividthatitsseemstomeinescapablethatPisanellopaintedwhathesawinthelate1430s—aMongoliangeneralinVeniceorVerona,acaptainoradmiralofoneoftheChinesejunks.19(Seenote20forPisanello’sother
![Page 483: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/483.jpg)
sketchesofChinesevisitorstoVeniceinthe1430s).InmyviewPisanello’ssketchesdepicttheChineseAdmiralandhisseniorMandarinadvisorintheirformaldresswhentheymettheDoge.AscaptainofHMSRorqualIwouldwearmyceremonialswordwhencallingonlocaldignitariesatthestartofanofficialvisit.TheChineseadmiralwouldhavecarriedhisceremonialbow.
![Page 484: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/484.jpg)
TheChinesejunksberthedattheRivadegliSchiavoni,orQuayofSlaves,wouldhavecreatedlittlefuss—ChineseandArabshipswerethereasamatterofcourse.Theambassadorandthecaptainswouldhavepresentedtheircredentialstothedogeinhispalaceafewhundredyardsaway,togetherwiththeShoushiastronomicalcalendargivingdetailsoftheXuanDeemperor’s
![Page 485: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/485.jpg)
conceptionandbirth.Ceremonialgiftsofsilkandblue-and-whiteimperialporcelainwouldhavefollowed,andfinallymapsofthevoyagefromChina.Thebarbarianswouldnowbeabletoreturntribute.
Freshmeat,fruit,fish,vegetables,andwaterwouldbeembarked,paidforpartlyinVenetianducats(whichtheChinesewouldhaveacquired
![Page 486: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/486.jpg)
inCairo)andpartlyinrice.ZhengHe’sfleetswouldhavedisposedofthepoorconcubinesandslaveswhohadnotdiedintransitorbeengivenawayatapreviousport,dispatchingthemtotheslavemarketorshippingthemontoFlorence.
Adatewouldhavebeensetforaregulationtofixthepriceforthesaleoftheceramicsthatcrammedthe
![Page 487: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/487.jpg)
holds.Tampionswouldhavebeenplacedontheguns;thenthesailorscouldbegintheirshoreleave.WecanimagineChinesesailorspreparingtogoashoreinamannerverysimilartothatofmyfellowsailorsfiftyyearsagowhentheHMSDiamondberthedoppositetheRivadegliSchiavoni:wetrimmedourbeards,cutourlonghair,gaveourselvesagoodwash.FortheChinese,perhapsfirst
![Page 488: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/488.jpg)
aswimintheLidobeforedonningtheirbestclothes,havingadrink,andcollectingpresentstogiveouttothegirls.In1434thesewerelikelytohavebeenchildren’stoysorminiaturecarts,junksorwhirligigs,orperhapsoneofthepocketencyclopediassuchastheNungShu,showinghowtodesignfarmmachinery.
Onceashore,theChinese
![Page 489: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/489.jpg)
sailorscouldhavebeenexcusediftheythoughttheywerebackinQuanzhou—theirMongoliancounterpartswereeverywhere.VenicewasthegatewaytoTuscanyandthefunnelthroughwhichslavesreachedEurope.Lazariwrites:“ManyoftheslavegirlsdescribedintheRegistrodegliSchiavi,mostlyintheirteensweresoldinastateofpregnancyandlaterusedasnurses….Inthiswayalarge
![Page 490: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/490.jpg)
influxofAsiaticbloodpenetratedintotheTuscanpopulation.”
LynnWhitequotesLazari:“Lazari,whohasstudiedmostcarefullytherecordsoftheseunfortunatesinVenice,assuresusthatthelargestnumbercamefromtheregionsborderingTibetandChinainthenorth.‘Astheycameintheirthousandsandwererapidlyabsorbedbythe
![Page 491: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/491.jpg)
indigenouspopulation,acertainMongolianstraincouldnothavebeenrareinTuscanhomesandstreets.’”20
IrisOrigopaintsavividpictureoftheslaveswhoreachedFlorencefromVenice:
AtravellerarrivinginTuscanyatthistimemightwellhavebeenstartledbytheappearanceoftheserving-
![Page 492: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/492.jpg)
maidsandgroomsoftheFlorentineladies.Mostlysmallandsquat,withyellowskins,blackhair,highcheek-bonesanddarkslantingeyes…theycertainlyseemedtobelongtoadifferentracefromtheFlorentine…andifthetravellerhadfriendsinoneoftheFlorentinepalazziandwenttocall,hefoundseveralotherexoticfigurestheretoo:swarthyoryellowlittlegirlsofelevenor
![Page 493: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/493.jpg)
twelve…actingasnursemaidsorplaymatesforthelittleFlorentinemerchant-princes.
Allthesewereslaves:mostofthemTartars….
Evenanotary’swife,orasmallshopkeeper’s,wouldhaveatleastone,anditwasfarfromuncommontofindoneamongthepossessionsofapriestornun.Andaglimpseofthem—perhapsslightly
![Page 494: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/494.jpg)
romanticised—evenappearsinapopularsongdescribinglittleslavesshakingthecarpetsoutofthewindowsontheLungarno:
“LaschiavetteamoroseScotendolerobelamattinaFrescheegiorosecomefiordispina”*
[*“Thecharminglittleslave-girls—shakingouttheclothesinthemorning—as
![Page 495: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/495.jpg)
freshandjoyfulashawthornbuds.”]21
NowletusfollowtherichChineseambassadorandthepoorslavegirlsacrossthewoodedplainsofTuscanytoFlorence.
![Page 496: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/496.jpg)
8
PAOLOTOSCANELLI’SFLORENCE
ArrivinginFlorence,theChinesedelegationswouldhaveseentoweringabove
![Page 497: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/497.jpg)
themthemassivedomeoftheCathedralofSantaMariadelFiore,asymbolofreligiousfaithandatributetoFlorence’sbrilliantarchitectsandengineers.
Anargumentative,opinionatedgenius,FilippoBrunelleschi,wasthecathedral’sarchitect.Tobuildhiscreation,hehaddesignedalifttohoistupthefourmillionbricksthejob
![Page 498: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/498.jpg)
required.Anovelinvention,theliftcouldoperateattwospeeds,dependingontheload,andwascapableofreversingdirectionwithoutstoppingthebullocksthatsupplieditspower.Oncethebricksarrivedatthebaseofthecupola,giantcranes,anotheringeniousdesign,shiftedthemintoplace.
Thedomewasunique,resemblingalemonwiththe
![Page 499: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/499.jpg)
bottomslicedoff.Standingaslicedlemonupright,withtheseveredsectionasthebase,oneseesthecurveincreaseasthedomerises.Initially,thecathedralbricksrisevertically,thentheycurvemoreandmoreasthetiersgethigher,until,atthetop,theyarealmosthorizontal.Withoutinternalsupportstosecurethem,onewouldhaveexpectedthebrickstofallinward.ButBrunelleschi
![Page 500: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/500.jpg)
solvedthisproblembydeployingcomplex,three-dimensionalmathematicsapplicabletothevolumeofinvertedcones—anextraordinarysolutionhereachedwiththeassistanceofPaoloToscanelli.1
Brunelleschidesignedandorganizedeverythingconcernedwiththishugestructure,atthetimethelargestintheworldafter
![Page 501: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/501.jpg)
SantaSofiainByzantium.Hesupervisedthekilnswherethebricksweremade;hespecifiedtheproportionsoflimeandsodiumbicarbonateforthemortar;hedesignednewformsformoldingthebricks.Heevenbuilthisownships—articulatedtofacilitatesailingalongtheshallow,twistingArnoloadedwithmarblefromCarraraquarries.Hewasgrantedapatentforthisinvention,accompanied
![Page 502: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/502.jpg)
bytherighttoburnrivalboats!Forthreeyears,allmarblewascarriedinSignorBrunelleschi’sbarges.ItappearedthatBrunelleschi,likeLeonardodaVinci,neverwenttouniversityyethebecameageniuswhocouldturnhishandtoanything.
Thecitythatsprawledaroundthecathedralinthe1430swasonevastbuildingsite,afrenzyofcivicworks.2
![Page 503: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/503.jpg)
Thedomealonecreatedthousandsofjobs;bricklayers,masons,carpenters,blacksmiths,winchers,plasterers,andtoolsharpenerstoiledlikeworkerbees.Contractorsquarriedstonefromthesurroundinghills,providingmarblefromCarrara,Siena,Monsummano,andCampiglia.Florence’sleadfurnacesfiredfullblast;tileandbrickfactoriesin
![Page 504: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/504.jpg)
Castinno,Lastra,Campi,andImprunetaworkedinshiftsatfullcapacity.Farmersplantednewvines,sanknewwells,andraisedmorebarns.
BetweentheacquisitionoftheportofPisain1406andthatofLivornoin1421,Florencehadenjoyedacontinuouseconomicboom.Merchantsmadefortunesandpatronizedastreamofarchitects,sculptors,painters,
![Page 505: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/505.jpg)
andengineers.Inthisextraordinaryera,Florencereachedherapogee,“throwingupgeniuseswiththeeaseofajuggler.”3Orsoitseems.
Italyinthefourteenthcenturywasapatchworkofsmall,independentstatesofnegligiblepoliticalandmilitaryweight.Dialect,money,evenweightsandmeasuresvariedfromstateto
![Page 506: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/506.jpg)
state.Florenceitselfwasabackwater.Yetfrom1413to1470,Florenceproducedaseriesofworkssomajesticthatnearlysixcenturieslatertheycanstilltakeyourbreathaway.WhydidtheRenaissancesuddenlyexplodeinthissmallItaliantown?WhatcausedGothicarchitects,sculptors,andpainterstoadopttheradicalstylewecallRenaissance?Howdidsuchabountyof
![Page 507: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/507.jpg)
geniusemergefromobscurityinthespaceofafewyears?Whythere?Whythen?
OneexplanationbeginswiththefactthatNaturewasverykindtonorthernItaly.TheAlpssweepinadefensivesemicirclearoundhernorthernfrontiers;inspring,theirmeltingsnowsfeedthePoanditstributaries,whichmeanderacrosstheplainofLombardytotheAdriatic.
![Page 508: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/508.jpg)
Rainfallsthroughouttheyear;eveninhighsummerthehayfieldsarelushandgreen,thesweetcornninefeethigh.Threeorfourcropsprovidewinterfodderforanimals.Brilliantsunshine,abundantwater,andrichalluvialsoilproducecropsofeverydescription:walnutsandchestnutsinthemountains;apples,pears,grapes,andpeachesinthefoothills;ontheRiviera,
![Page 509: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/509.jpg)
oranges,lemons,andpersimmons.FromAlexandriatoMantuastretchmileupongoldenmileofricefields.FourthousandsquaremilesofintensivelycultivatedlandinthePoValleyprovideplentifulfoodforeveryone.
Italyenjoyedotherblessings,aswell.ThroughouttheMiddleAges,lifetheredifferedfromlifeinthebarbariannorth.4The
![Page 510: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/510.jpg)
urbanlifecreatedbytheRomanssurvivedtheOstrogothandHuninvasions.AfterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,Italians(unlikethebrutishEnglish)werenotdrivenbackintoforests.Feudalismdidnottakeroot(ItalyprovidedfewwarriorsfortheCrusades).
NorthernItalyhadafarmoredensepopulationthanelsewhereinEurope.Urban
![Page 511: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/511.jpg)
wealthandcommercehadencouragedaninflowoflaborfromthecountryside,stimulatingfurthereconomicgrowth.OldRomanwalledcitiesaffordedprotection.Cities,ratherthanstatesorkings,dominatednorthernItaly’slife.Peoplewereborn,lived,fought,anddiedasindividuals.
Formillennia,VenicehadbeenthehubofEuropean
![Page 512: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/512.jpg)
trade,exchangingtherichesoftheEastforrawmaterialsfromthenorth.Venice’swealthspilledoverintotheVenetoandalongthevalleyofthePo.Genoese,Florentine,andVenetianmerchantssetupbusinessinAlexandria,Byzantium,andTrebizond.InnorthernEurope,bycontrast,generationsstruggledtoekeoutalivinginthecoldforestsandmarshessurrounding
![Page 513: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/513.jpg)
them.Therewaslittlesurpluslaborforcommerce.
Florence,nestledintheleeoftheApennines,enjoysahostofnaturaladvantages.AneasyjourneyfromVenice,sheisapproachedthroughlush,greenvalleys,theirgentle,undulatingslopescoveredwithoaks,sweetchestnuts,mountainash,andacacia.Despitecalamitousfloods,onbalancetheRiver
![Page 514: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/514.jpg)
Arnohasprofitedthecity,providinganabundanceoffishwhiletransportingsewageandbuildingmaterialsdownstream.Florencehasneverbeenmuchtroubledbythewatershortagesthatlimitedgrowthinthehilltowns.Almosteveryaspectofthewooltrade—separatingfleeces,tanninghides,washing,spinning,andfulling—requiredcopiousamountsofwater.
![Page 515: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/515.jpg)
Bythefourteenthcenturyanall-weatherroadhadbeenbuiltbesidetheArno.TrafficfromVeniceandtheLombardplainconvergedatBologna,fromwhichtheshortestroutetoRomelayacrosstheApennines.Florenceoccupiedbothtraderoutes—fromtheAdriatictotheMediterraneanandfromVenicetoRome.
Florence’saccesstoVenice
![Page 516: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/516.jpg)
enabledhertoreapsomeofthebenefitsofVenice’stradewiththeEast.ItalsoexposedthecitytoaninfluxofChineseandotherAsians,aswecanseefromperiodpaintingsandsculpture.“Aboutthistime,”explainedarthistorianBernardBerensoninEssaysintheStudyofSienesePainting,“theartsandcraftsofthecontemporaryorientwere
![Page 517: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/517.jpg)
beginningtoinvadeItaly.”5
AmbrogioLorenzetti,whoneverleftTuscany,paintedTheMartyrdomoftheFranciscanFriarsinthechurchofSanFrancescoSiena,depictingChinesemerchantswithconicalhats.Previously,orientaleyeshadappearedinfacespaintedbyGiottoandDuccio.AsLeonardoOlschkiwrotein“AsiaticExoticisminItalian
![Page 518: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/518.jpg)
ArtoftheEarlyRenaissance,”“theimpressionhasbeengiventhatTuscanywasalmostaneighbouringcountryofthegreatMongolianEmpireandthatMandarins,KhansandOrientaldignitarieswerealmostasmuchathomeinFlorenceandSienaasinPeking,TabrizandCalicut.”6
TherewasaverysubstantialChineseandMongolian
![Page 519: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/519.jpg)
populationinFlorenceinthedecadesafter1434,whichOlschkidescribeshere:
Bythis[slave]tradetheMongoliantypebecameveryfamiliarinNorthernItalyandespeciallyinFlorencewherethemostconspicuousfamiliessuchastheAdimari,Alberti,Cavalcanti,Medici,Strozzi,Vespucciandmanyothershadtheirservants“degenereTartarorum”andwere
![Page 520: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/520.jpg)
emulatedbynotaries,priests,physicians,merchantsandfinallycraftsmenandartists….AnancestorofAlessoBaldovinettiboughtthreeofthoseexoticgirlswhoseportraitshedrewonthemarginofhisstillunpublishedJournal….TheMongolianslavegirlsseemtohavebeenattractiveenoughtotheFlorentinemalefolktobecomeadisruptiveelementinthefamilylifeandgeneral
![Page 521: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/521.jpg)
moralityofthetown.ItissymptomaticthataladyoftherankofAlessandraMacinghiStrozziwrotejocosely,in1464,aboutagirlslaveflirtingwithhersonandbehavinglikealadyofhishousehold.Thereisevidenceenoughfortheimportantpartplayedbythesewomenintheamorouslifeofthetown.Figuresspeakanimpressivelanguage.Amongthe7534infantsdeliveredbetween
![Page 522: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/522.jpg)
1394and1485intheFlorentinefoundlinghospitalupto32percentwereillegitimatechildrenofthoseorientalslaves.
InthiswayalargeinfluxofAsiaticbloodpenetratedintotheTuscanpopulationduringthemostbrilliantepochofitsculturalandeconomicevolution.7
Florentinefamilieswere
![Page 523: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/523.jpg)
abletokeepAsianslavegirlsduetothewealthgeneratedbythewoolandsilktrade.ButthattradewouldneverhaveflourishedwithouttheinnovationsofItalianbanking.
Florenceproducedtwobankersofgenius:Giovannide’MediciandFrancescodiMarcoDatini.8From1398untilhisdeathin1410,Datinidevisedarangeofnew
![Page 524: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/524.jpg)
financialinstrumentsthatrevolutionizedEuropeanbanking.Giovannide’MedicitookoverwhereDatinileftoff,9leadinghisfamilytobecomethewealthiestinFlorenceandfarandawaythemostimportantpatronsofRenaissancelearningandart.TheMedicisfundedartists,astronomers,engineers,architects,andcartographersonagrandscale.
![Page 525: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/525.jpg)
Inadditiontoart,thefamilypurchasedpower,assiduouslycourtingthepapacy.Duringtheschismthatresultedintwocompetingpopes,oneinAvignonandtheotherinRome,apiraterejoicinginthenameofBaldassareCossawaselectedPopeJohnXXIII.TheMedicishadboughtBaldassarehiscardinal’shatwithaloanoftenthousandducats.WhenBaldassaribecamepope,theMedicis
![Page 526: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/526.jpg)
promptlybecameprincipalbankerstothepapacy.(ForashortperiodtheSpinisreplacedthem,butattheendof1420,theSpinibankbecameinsolventandtheMedicisacquiredtheirbusiness.)
In1421,forthestatutorytwo-monthperiod,Giovannide’Medicioccupiedtheofficeofgonfalonieri,theheadofFlorence.Withina
![Page 527: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/527.jpg)
fewyearsnotonlydidtheMedicibankbecamethemostsuccessfulcommercialenterpriseinItalybutthefamilybecamethemostprofitableinthewholeofEurope.Forthenext150years,MedicipowerandmoneyfiredtheRenaissance.
TheRenaissanceproducedanenormousappetitefortalent—engineers,astronomers,mathematicians,
![Page 528: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/528.jpg)
andartistswhoseindividualworksweresowidelyacclaimedthatotherswereinspiredtofollowwithconfidence.Inthis,Florenceonceagainhadanidealclimate.
WhiletheMedicisandotherwealthypatronsprovidedthefunds,substantialprojectswereoverseenbytheoperas,10committeescomprisingofacrosssection
![Page 529: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/529.jpg)
ofsociety.Artists,engineers,andbankerssatalongsidelawyers,astronomers,andaristocrats,justastheydidinthecity’sgoverningbody,theSignoria.Thisrelaxedcommunicationamongdifferentsocialclassestookplaceinasocietythatvalueddiversity.TheMediciscountedthepope,thechancellorofFlorence(LeonardoBruni),Toscanelli,Brunelleschi,LeonBattista
![Page 530: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/530.jpg)
Alberti,andNicholasofCusaamongtheirfriends.Theyate,drank,andprayedtogether,frequentlymeetingeveryday.Theyexaminedalmosteveryaspectofhumanendeavorwithacold,inquisitiveeye.Ifmancouldexplainthefundamentalworkingsoftheheavens,hecouldexpoundwithequalcomfortonsculpture,painting,drama,poetry,music,medicine,civilengineering,andwarfare.
![Page 531: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/531.jpg)
Averyimportanttradition,whichboundtheFlorentinehierarchytogether,wastheirprivategroupmeal,themensa,heldtwiceadayattheheadquartersoftheSignoriainthePalazzoVecchio.AsTimothyJ.McGeewrotein“DinnerMusicfortheFlorentineSignoria,1350–1450”:11“TheMensatookplaceinthecivicofficebuildingnowknownasthe
![Page 532: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/532.jpg)
PalazzoVecchiowhichhasservedastheseatofFlorentinegovernmentsinceitsconstructionin1300….TheSignoriawastheexecutivebranchofthecitygovernment….Presentatthemensaitselfwereafewseniormembersofthesignoriastaff(thefamiglia),occasionaldistinguishedvisitorsandguestsofthecity….”
![Page 533: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/533.jpg)
TheChinesedelegation,withtheirnewideas,fabulousinventions,anddepthofculture,wouldhavemadeaveryforcefulimpressiononFlorentineintellectualsmeetingforthemensa,includingPaoloToscanelli.FlorencewastheidealloamforChineseintellectualseeds.
Bypurechance,theChinesearrivedinFlorencejustastheMedicisreturnedfromexile.
![Page 534: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/534.jpg)
InSeptember1433theSignoriahadexiledCosimode’Medicialongwithmostofhisfamily.However,intheelectionsofSeptember1434,theconservativefactionintheSignoriawasrouted.TheStrozzis,opponentsoftheMedicis,wereexiledorbarredfromoffice.
FinanceforthewinningsidehadbeenprovidedbyCosimo,whohadbecome
![Page 535: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/535.jpg)
chiefexecutiveofthefamilybankin1420.Heprovedtobeabrilliantbanker.Profitsfortheyears1420–1435totaled186,382florinsandroseto290,791florinsbetween1435and1450.Itwasahugesum,morethantheincomeofsomeEuropeanstates.CosimoopenedbranchesinAncona,Pisa,Genoa,Lyons,Basel,Antwerp,Bruges,andLondon,becomingthefirst
![Page 536: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/536.jpg)
Europeaninternationalbank.HefinancedtheCouncilofFlorence(1438–1439)andprovidedthefundstotoppletheViscontisinMilan,Florence’soldrival.
AsMaryHollingsworthhasshown,Cosimotookadramaticturnafter1434,embarkingonanorgyofpatronage.Hefinancedexoticpalacesandchapels—SanLorenzo,SanMarco,andthe
![Page 537: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/537.jpg)
MediciPalace—fittingthemwithmagnificentlibraries.Hefinancedtheproductionofnewbooks,maps,andscientificinstrumentstofillthem.VespasianodaBisticci,aleadingFlorentinebookseller,describedCosimoemployingfifty-fivescribestocopytwohundredtexts—asmallundertakingbythestandardsofZhuDi’sencyclopediabutvastbyEuropeanstandards.(Henry
![Page 538: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/538.jpg)
VofEnglandownedtwentybookswhenhediedin1422.)
TheMedicifamilyspent663,755florinsonpatronagebetween1434and1471.RecipientsincludedPopeEugeniusIV,Toscanelli,Alberti,PoggioBracciolini,FriarMauro(fortheworldmapof1459),ChristopherColumbus(describedinchapter10),andtheyoungAmerigoVespucci.12
![Page 539: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/539.jpg)
ThefamilysupportedFlorentinehumanistssuchasToscanelliandAlberti,whoshowedanewapproachtotheworld,explainingitthroughreasonratherthanmysticism.Cosimofinancedartistswhousedperspectiveandproportionandscientistswhoarguedthattheearthwasaglobe,whocouldenvisionnewlandsfullofrichesthatcouldbereachedbysailingacrosstheseasandnever
![Page 540: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/540.jpg)
fallingofftheedge.Hesupportedandfinancedscientistswhocouldexplainman’splaceintheuniverse.
MaryHollingsworthcitesCosimoandhisbrotherLorenzo’sembellishmentofthesacristyatSanLorenzoasanotableinsertionofscienceintotheveryheartofthechurch:
Inthelittledomeabovethe
![Page 541: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/541.jpg)
altar,anastronomicalfrescodepictedthepositionofthesun,moonandstarsfor6July1439,theofficialdayofUnionbetweentheEasternandWesternChurchessignedattheCouncilofFlorence….Hischoiceofsuchanexplicitlymodernthemetocommemoratethiseventwassignificant.CeilingspaintedblueandstuddedwithgoldstarstorepresentHeavenwerecommoninmedieval
![Page 542: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/542.jpg)
churches.Butthisscientificallyaccuratedepictionofaparticularday’sskywasunfamiliar….13
Thepositionofthesun,moon,andstarsforJuly6,1439,asseeninFlorencemaybecheckedbysettingupthesoftwarepackage“StarryNight”forthatdayatlatitude43°48'N.Thepuzzlingquestionis,howdidCosimo’sartist—withoutthe
![Page 543: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/543.jpg)
benefitofcomputer-basedastronomicaltables—knowthepositionofthesun,moon,andstarsforthatday?
Myfirstthoughtonseeingthepaintedheavensonthebluedomeabovethealtarwasthattheartistmusthavehadsomesortofcameratophotographtheskysoaccurately.ThemysterydeepenedafterIstudiedcolorphotographsofthedome,
![Page 544: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/544.jpg)
whichdisplayeddetailedcelestialinformation.
Someoneknewtheprecisepositionsofthestarsrelativetooneanother,aswellasthepositionsofthesunandmoonrelativetoeachotherandtothestars.Whoeverpaintedthatfrescounderstoodthesolarsystem.AuthorPatriciaFortiniBrown,in“LaetenturCaeli:TheCouncilofFlorenceandthe
![Page 545: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/545.jpg)
AstronomicalFrescointheOldSacristy,”states:“Thisisnotjustanotherstar-patternedvault:withitscarefullydefinedcelestialmeridiansandgraduatedbandoftheecliptic,distinctlymarkedoffinmeasureddegrees,itrepresentsadatedandlocatedskywithapparent‘scientific’exactitude.”
![Page 546: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/546.jpg)
CanisMajorasdepictedinAlberti’snightskyintheSacristyofSanLorenzo.
Asdescribedinchapter4,theapparentpositionofthestarsrelativetosunandearth
![Page 547: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/547.jpg)
changesdailyovera1,461-daycycle.Becauseoftheastonishingaccuracyofthefresco,itispossibletodatethedayinthiscyclethatthefrescorepresents.Brownexplains:
TherecentdevelopmentofcomputerbasedastronomicaltableswhichaccordadegreeofaccuracyunavailabletoWarburg’sastronomer[apreviousattemptatdating]
![Page 548: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/548.jpg)
nowmakesitpossibletoascertainwithcertaintythedateindicatedbylunarandsolarpositionsintheoldSacristyfresco….ProfessorJohnHeilbronhasbeenabletoverifyindependentlythe6July1439datingfirstmentionedbyBingandtofixthetimeofdayatapproximately12noon.14
AtnoononJuly6,1439,amasscelebratedthetriumph
![Page 549: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/549.jpg)
ofPopeEugeniusIV,who,attheCouncilofFlorencethedaybefore,hadsealedtheunionofthewesternandeasternChristianchurches.(Withtheunionachieved,Venice’snavysubsequentlydefeatedtheOttomannavyandliftedtheblockadeofByzantium.)July6wasnamedapublicholiday,andtheCathedralofSantaMariadelFiorewaspreparedwiththronesfortheCatholicand
![Page 550: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/550.jpg)
Orthodoxbishops.PopeEugeniusIVcelebratedapontificalmassatnoonwiththeepistleandgospelreadinbothLatinandGreek.TheDecreeofUnionwasthenproclaimedinapapalbull,whichbegan,“Laetenturcaeli,”Lettheheavensrejoice.
Thedomewaslaterpaintedtodepictthemomentofheavenlyrejoicing.Buthow
![Page 551: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/551.jpg)
wasitpaintedwithsuchaccuracy,andbywhom?
Myfirstthoughtwasthatthepaintingwasdonebyobservationofthesky.Onexamination,Irealizedthiswasimpossible.Itwasbroaddaylight;althoughthestarswereindeedinthepositionsrevealedbythedome,theycouldnothavebeenseenatnoon.
![Page 552: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/552.jpg)
WhatiftheskyhadbeenobservedonthenightofJuly6,andthestarpositionsextrapolatedbackward?Thissuggestionfailsfortworeasons.First,thefrescoshowssun,moon,andstars,butthesun,ofcourse,isnotvisibleatnight.Second,anarmyofobserverswouldhavebeennecessarytomeasurepreciselytheanglesbetweenstarsandbetweenthestars,sun,andmoon—all
![Page 553: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/553.jpg)
atatimewhenthesunwasnotvisible.Florencein1439hadneitheranarmyofqualifiedobserversnorsufficientmeasuringinstruments.
Thiscomplexpaintingrequiredyearstoexecute,duringwhichthepositionofthestarsrelativetotheearthwouldhavechangedaccordingtothe1,461-daycycle.Thusitcouldnothave
![Page 554: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/554.jpg)
resultedfrompiecemealobservationsoverthecourseofthejob.Instead,theinescapableconclusionisthattheartisthadaccesstoaccurateastronomicaltables.
Fromthefinancialaccounts(quotedbyJamesBeck,listingpaymentstotheartistsinLeonBattistaAlbertiandtheNightSkyatSunLorenzo),15itappearsthatthepaintingwasstartedafterthe
![Page 555: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/555.jpg)
deathofGiovanniandhiswife,PiccardaBueri,inApril1433,possiblyhaltedduringtheMedicis’exile(October1433–October1434)andstartedagainin1435,laterpaymentsbeingmadeinMay1439andJanuaryandSeptember1440.Thepaintingthustookatleastsixyears.Theexplanationfortheastonishinglyaccuratedatingseemstomethattheconstellationswiththeir
![Page 556: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/556.jpg)
figures(themajorpartofthework)werepaintedoversixyearsupuntiltheUnionoftheChurches,afterwhichspecificstarswerepaintedinpositionstheywouldhaveoccupiedatnoononJuly6,1439—arelativelyminorandeasypieceofworkifthedeclinationandrightascensionsofthestarswereknown.
Beck,hasshownthatthe
![Page 557: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/557.jpg)
painterwasLeonBattistaAlberti,perhapsassistedbyhisfriendPaoloToscanelli.ThesetwowereFlorence’sleadingastronomersandmathematiciansin1439.Albertiin1434hadaccompaniedEugeniusIVtoFlorence,wherehemetToscanelli.
Asweshallshortlydiscover,themostlikelyexplanationofthefresco
![Page 558: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/558.jpg)
mysteryisthatAlberti,whoservedasthepope’snotary,mettheChinesedelegatesandobtainedacopyoftheastronomicalcalendarpresentedbytheChinesetoEugeniusIV.Thecalendarprovidedthenecessaryinformationofrightascensionsanddeclinationsofstarstodrawthenightskyforaparticulardayandhour.
![Page 559: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/559.jpg)
9
TOSCANELLIMEETSTHECHINESE
AMBASSADOR
HereisatranslationofPaoloToscanelli’sletter,
![Page 560: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/560.jpg)
writteninFlorenceonJune25,1474,toCanonFernanMartins(MartinezdeRoriz),KingAlfonsoofPortugal’sconfessoratthecourtinLisbon.
CanonofLisbon,Paulusthephysician[i.e.Toscanelli]ItpleasedmetohearofyourintimacyandfriendshipwithyourgreatandpowerfulKing.OftenbeforeIhavespokenofthesearoutefrom
![Page 561: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/561.jpg)
heretoIndia,thelandofspices:aroutewhichisshorterthanthatviaGuinea.YoutellmethatHisHighnesswishesmetoexplainthisingreaterdetailsothatitwillbeeasiertounderstandandtakethisroute.AlthoughIcouldshowthisonagloberepresentingtheearth,Ihavedecidedtodoitmoresimplyandclearlybydemonstratingthewayonanauticalchart.IthereforesendHisMajestya
![Page 562: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/562.jpg)
chartdrawnbymyownhand,onwhichIhaveindicatedthewesterncoastlinefromIrelandinthenorthtotheendofGuinea,andtheislandswhichlieuponthispath.Oppositethem,directlytothewest,IhaveindicatedthebeginningofIndia[i.e.,China,usingthenomenclatureofthe15thcentury],togetherwiththeislandsandplacesyouwillcometo:howfaryoushould
![Page 563: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/563.jpg)
keepfromtheArcticpoleandtheequator;andhowmanyleaguesyoumustcoverbeforeyoucometotheseplaces,whicharemostrichinallkindsofspices,gemsandpreciousstones.AndbenotamazedwhenIsaythatspicesgrowinlandstotheWest,eventhoughweusuallysaytotheEast:forhewhosailswestwillalwaysfindtheselands,inthewestandhewhotravelseastbylandwill
![Page 564: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/564.jpg)
alwaysfindthesamelandsintheeast.
Theuprightlinesonthischartshowthedistancefromeasttowest,whereasthecrosslinesshowthedistancefromnorthtosouth.ThechartalsoindicatesvariousplacesinIndiawhichmaybereachedifonemeetswithastormorheadwindoranyothermisfortune.
![Page 565: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/565.jpg)
Thatyoumayknowasmuchabouttheseplacesaspossible,youshouldknowthattheonlypeoplelivingonanyoftheseislandsaremerchantswhotradethere.
Therearesaidtobeasmanyships,marinersandgoodsthereasintherestoftheworldputtogetherespeciallyintheprincipalportcalledZaitonwheretheyloadandunloadonehundredgreat
![Page 566: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/566.jpg)
shipsofpeppereveryyear,nottomentionmanyothershipswithotherspices.Thatcountryhasmanyinhabitants,provinces,kingdomsandinnumerablecitiesallofwhichareruledbyaprinceknownastheGrandKhan,whichinourlanguagemeans“TheKingofKings,”whomainlyresidesintheProvinceofCathay.Hisforefathersgreatlydesiredtomakecontactwiththe
![Page 567: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/567.jpg)
Christianworld,andsometwohundredyearsagotheysentambassadorstothePope,askinghimtosendthemmanylearnedmenwhocouldinstructtheminourfaith;buttheseambassadors[thePolos]metwithdifficultiesontheway,andhadtoturnbackwithoutreachingRome.InthedaysofPopeEugenius[1431–1447],therecameanambassadortohim,whotoldhimoftheirgreatfeelingsof
![Page 568: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/568.jpg)
friendshiptoalltheChristians,andIhadalongconversationwiththeambassadoraboutmanythings:aboutthevastsizeoftheroyalbuildings,abouttheamazinglengthandbreadthoftheirrivers,andaboutthegreatnumberofcitiesontheirbanks—sogreatanumberthatalongoneriverthereweretwohundredcitieswithverylong,widebridgesofmarblethatwereadorned
![Page 569: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/569.jpg)
withmanypillars.Thiscountryisricherthananyotheryetdiscovered,notonlycoulditprovidegreatprofitandmanyvaluablethings,butalsopossessesgoldandsilverandpreciousstonesandallkindsofspiceinlargequantities—thingswhichdonotreachourcountriesatpresent.Andtherearealsomanyscholars,philosophers,astronomers,andothermenskilledinthenaturalsciences
![Page 570: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/570.jpg)
whogovernthatgreatkingdomandconductitswars.
FromthecityofLisbontothewest,thechartshowstwenty-sixsections,oftwohundredandfiftymileseach—altogethernearlyone-thirdoftheearth’scircumferencebeforereachingtheverylargeandmagnificentcityofKinsai.Thiscityisapproximatelyonehundred
![Page 571: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/571.jpg)
milesincircumferenceandpossessestenmarblebridgesanditsnamemeans“theHeavenlyCity”inourlanguage.Amazingthingshavebeenrelatedaboutitsvastbuildings,itsartistictreasures,anditsrevenues.ItliesintheProvinceofManji,neartheProvinceofCathay,wheretheKingchieflyresides.AndfromtheislandofAntilliawhichyoucall“theIslandoftheSeven
![Page 572: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/572.jpg)
Cities,”totheveryfamousislandCipanguaretensections,thatis,twothousandfivehundredmiles.Thatisland[Cipangu]isveryrichingold,pearlsandpreciousstonesanditstemplesandpalacesarecoveredingold.Butsincetheroutetothisplaceisnotyetknown,allthesethingsremainhiddenandsecret;andyetonemaygothereingreatsafety.
![Page 573: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/573.jpg)
Icouldstilltellofmanyotherthings,butasIhavealreadytoldyouoftheminperson,andasyouareamanofgoodjudgementIwilldilatenofurtheronthissubject.Itrytoansweryourquestionsaswellasthelackoftimeandmywork[would]havepermittedme,butIamalwayspreparedtoserveHisHighnessandanswerhisquestionsatgreaterlengthshouldhesowish.
![Page 574: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/574.jpg)
WritteninFlorenceonthetwenty-fifthofJune1474.1
PopeEugeniusIVwasbornGabrieleCondulmerin1383inVenice.2HewaspopefromMarch3,1431,untilhisdeathonFebruary23,1447.Hismother’ssidewasarichmerchantfamily,theCorrers,whosemagnificentpalacescanbeseenalongsidetheGrandCanalinVenicetothis
![Page 575: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/575.jpg)
day.3HewascrownedpopeatSaintPeter’sinRomeonMarch11,1431.AfterJune1434,hespenthispontificateinFlorenceuntilhemovedtoFerrarain1438.
AshortwhileafterhislettertoCanonMartins,ToscanelliwrotetoChristopherColumbus:
Paul,thePhysiciantoChristopherColumbus,
![Page 576: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/576.jpg)
greeting.Ireceivedyourletterswiththethingsyousentme,andwiththemreceivedgreatsatisfaction.IperceiveyourmagnificentandgranddesiretonavigatefrompartsoftheEasttotheWest[i.e.,tosailwestwardtoChina]inthewaythatwassetforthintheletterthatIsentyou[acopyofthelettertoCanonMartinez]andwhichwillbedemonstratedbetteronaroundsphere.Itpleases
![Page 577: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/577.jpg)
memuchthatIshouldbewellunderstood:forthevoyageisnotonlypossibleitistrue,andcertaintobehonourableandtoyieldincalculableprofit,andaverygreatfameamongallChristians.ButyoucannotknowthisperfectlysavethroughexperienceandpracticeasIhavehadintheformofthemostcopiousandgoodandtrueinformationfromdistinguishedmenof
![Page 578: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/578.jpg)
greatlearningwhohavecomehereintheCourtofRome[i.e.,Florenceatthattime]fromthesaidparts[China]andfromothersbeingmerchants,whohavehadbusinessforalongtimeinthoseparts,menofhighauthority.Thuswhenthatvoyageshallbemadeitwillbetopowerfulkingdomsandcitiesandmostnobleprovinces,veryrichinallmannerofthingsingreat
![Page 579: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/579.jpg)
abundanceandverynecessarytous,suchasallsortsofspicesingreatquantityandjewelsingreatestabundance.4
InthesetwolettersToscanellitellsCanonMartinsandChristopherColumbusthattheearthisasphereandthatChinacanbereachedbysailingwestfromSpain.ToscanelliwritesthatEugeniusIVreceivedan
![Page 580: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/580.jpg)
ambassadorfromChinaandthathe,Toscanelli,obtainedthisinformationfromhimandfrommenofgreatlearningwhocametoFlorenceinthetimeofEugeniusIV(1434orlater).
Yetin1474,whenToscanelliwrotetheseletters,EuropeanshadnotreachedsouthernAfrica,anditwasanothereighteenyearsbeforeColumbussetsailforthe
![Page 581: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/581.jpg)
Americas.SohowdidToscanelliknowChinacouldbereached,notonlyviatheeastaroundAfrica,butviathewest?
Toscanelli’sclaimstoColumbusaboutthemaporglobeseemextraordinary.5Heassertsthatthechartshowsthatthedistance,sailingwestward,fromLisbontoKinsaiinChinaisonlyone-thirdoftheearth’s
![Page 582: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/582.jpg)
circumferenceandthatfromAntilia(IslandoftheSevenCities)tothe“veryfamousislandCipangu”isadistanceof2,500miles.HeimpliesinhislettertoColumbusthattheinformationisonaroundsphereandthatthelandsofspicescanbereachedbysailingwestward.
ThefamousislandCipanguisJapan.SoToscanelli’sclaimthatitisonly2,500
![Page 583: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/583.jpg)
milesfromJapantoAntilia,intheCaribbean,seemsabsurd.SodoeshisclaimthatthemapshowsthedistancefromLisbonwestwardtoChinaisone-thirdoftheearth’scircumference;infact,itisnearertwo-thirds.IfToscanelli’saccountistrue,itmusthavebeenaverydistinctivemap.
Ihavesearchedforthismapfortwelveyears,startingwith
![Page 584: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/584.jpg)
aninvestigationintothemapsofToscanelli’sfriendRegiomontanus.Asdescribedinlaterchapters,RegiomontanusworkedcloselywithToscanelli.Somehistorians,notablyErnstZinner,theleadingauthorityonRegiomontanus,andGustavoUzielli,believethemapToscanellisenttoColumbuswasdrawnupwithhelpfromRegiomontanus.6
![Page 585: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/585.jpg)
HereisZinner:
Toscanelliwasfamousforhis1474letterstoColumbusandCanonMartinsinwhichheadvisedthemaboutreachingtheIndiesbycrossingtheworldoceanandsuggestedamapforthejourney.ItispossiblethattherewasaprototypeofthismapinoneofBessarions’snauticalchartswhichcontainedislandssimilartothosefound
![Page 586: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/586.jpg)
byColumbus;thiswasreportedbyMarcoParentiinMarch1493.NowBessarion[backerofRegiomontanusandfriendofthepope]diedin1472,soUzielliwhodescribedToscanelli’sworktookthepositionthatthemaphadbeendesignedbyRegiomontanuswithToscanelli’sassistance.Suchacollaborativeworkisnotimpossiblefor…thetwomen
![Page 587: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/587.jpg)
wereincorrespondence.7
Atfirstthisseemedafruitfullineofenquiry.In1471,RegiomontanusreceivedpermissiontomakeNuremberghishome,andthenextyearhesetupaprintingpresstoprintdocuments.In1472hestatedhisintentiontopublishmaps:“etfietdescriptiototiushabilitatisnotequamvulgoappellantMappamMundCeteru
![Page 588: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/588.jpg)
germanieparticularistabula;iteItali;Hispanie:gallieuniverse;Greciq.”(Mytranslation:“tomakeadescriptionoftheentirehabitableworldcommonlycalledamappamundi.Germanyisdescribedindetail,likewiseItaly,Spain,Gaul,andGreece.”)
ForthenextthreeyearsRegiomontanuswaspreoccupiedwithephemeris
![Page 589: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/589.jpg)
tablesandcalendars.In1475thepopesummonedhimtoRome,whereRegiomontanusdied,probablyoftheplague.Henevergotaroundtopublishinghisworldmap.Zinner,inhislengthybookonRegiomontanus,doesnotmentionpublicationofaworldmap.Sothatlineofenquiryendedinacul-de-sac.
Then,outoftheblue,inApril2007Ireceivedane-
![Page 590: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/590.jpg)
mailfromMr.A.G.Self,afriendofourwebsite,whoattachedtenpagesfromabookonMagellanbyF.H.H.Guillemard.8
Inthebook,GuillemardexhibitedglobesthatJohannesSchönerpublishedin1515and1520.9TheauthorwishedtodemonstratethatbeforeMagellansetsail,Europeanglobeshadbeenpublishedshowingthestrait
![Page 591: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/591.jpg)
leadingfromtheAtlantictothePacific,whichwenowcalltheStraitofMagellan.TheglobesalsoshowedthePacificandChina.TheauthenticityofSchöner’sglobesof1515,1520,and1523hasneverbeenchallenged.
IstudiedSchöner’s1515globewiththegreatestinterest.Itwasvirtuallyidenticaltothecopyofa
![Page 592: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/592.jpg)
globeshownonWaldseemüller’s1507worldmap.Bothareshowninthesecondcolorinsertofthisbook.
Thenthelightningboltstruck.Schöner’s1515globecorrespondedexactlywiththedescriptionoftheglobeinthelettersToscanellisenttothekingofPortugalandColumbus.ItisasifToscanellihadSchöner’s
![Page 593: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/593.jpg)
globeinfrontofhimwhenwritingtheletters.BelowIhavequotedToscanelli(Q)andfollowedwithmyremarks(R).PleasehaveSchöner’sglobestohand.
1. Q:“OftenbeforeIhavespokenofthesearoutefromheretoIndia,thelandofspices,aroutewhichisshorterthanthatofGuinea.”R:Thisis
![Page 594: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/594.jpg)
whatSchöner’s1515and1520globesshow.
2. Q:“AlthoughIcouldshowthisonagloberepresentingtheearth,Ihavedecidedtodoitmoresimplyandclearlybydemonstratingthemaponanauticalchart[i.e.,Toscanelli,likeSchöner,iscopying
![Page 595: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/595.jpg)
fromaglobe,puttingthecopyonachart].”
3. Q:“IthereforesendHisMajestyachartdrawnbymyownhand.”R:Schöner’s1515and1520maps(orcharts)arecopiesofaglobe.
4. Q:“onwhichIhaveincludedthewesterncoastlinefromIrelandinthenorth
![Page 596: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/596.jpg)
totheendofGuinea,andtheislandswhichlieuponthispath.”R:Thispartisshownonthe1515globe’seasternhemisphere.
5. Q:“Oppositethem,directedtothewest,IhaveincludedthebeginningofIndia.”R:Chinaisshownas“India,”“IndiaSuperior,”and“IndiaMeridconalis”by
![Page 597: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/597.jpg)
Schöner.6. Q:“Theuprightlines
onthischartshowthedistancefromeasttowest,whereasthecrosslinesshowthedistancefromnorthtosouth.”R:TherearemoreuprightandcrosslinesonSchöner’s1520globe,butbothofSchöner’shavethese.
![Page 598: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/598.jpg)
7. Q:“FromtheCityofLisbontothewest,thechartshows26sectionsof250miles[6,500miles]each—altogethernearlyonethirdoftheearth’scircumferencebeforereachingtheverylargeandmagnificentcityofKinsai.”R:TheCanaries(FortunateIslands)
![Page 599: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/599.jpg)
areshown120degreeseastofQuisaya[Kinsai];thereforeLisbonis125degreesfromQuisaya,approximatelyone-thirdoftheearth’scircumference(earth’scircumferenceis360×60miles,viz21,600miles;one-thirdis7,200miles).
![Page 600: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/600.jpg)
8. Q:“It[Kinsai]liesintheProvinceofManji.”R:QuisayaisshowninManjiprovincebySchöner.
9. Q:“neartheProvinceofCathay.”R:Thisiswhatthe1515globeshows:“QuisayaManjiwhichisshowninManjiprovinceandshownaboveManji
![Page 601: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/601.jpg)
is“Chatay”[Cathay].10. Q:“andfromthe
islandofAntiliawhichyoucall‘theIslandoftheSevenCities,’totheveryfamousislandofCipanguaretensections,thatis,twothousandfivehundredmiles.”R:Antiliaisshownonthe1520chartat335°andZipanguat
![Page 602: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/602.jpg)
265°,adifferenceof120degrees,whichatlatitude15°Nisapproximately2,500miles(one-thirdofearth’scircumferenceatthatlatitude).
Insum,Schöner’s1515and1520globesaccordcompletelywithToscanelli’sdescriptionssenttothekingofPortugalandto
![Page 603: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/603.jpg)
ChristopherColumbus.ToscanelliandSchönermusthavebeencopyingfromthesameglobe,aglobethathadexistedbefore1474(whenToscanelliwrotetoColumbus).ItappearsToscanelliwastellingthetruth.InthenexttwochapterswediscoverhowSchönergottheglobethathecopied.
![Page 604: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/604.jpg)
10
COLUMBUS’SANDMAGELLAN’SWORLDMAPS
BeforediscussinghowSchönerobtainedtheglobethatservedasthemodelfor
![Page 605: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/605.jpg)
his1515and1520globes,weshouldconsidersomeotherpossiblerecipients:first,thekingofPortugal1;second,Columbus2;third,thepope3;andfourth,Regiomontanus,whoappearstohaveassistedToscanelli.4
LetusconsiderthekingofPortugal.
Inmybook1421IgaveabriefdescriptionofMagellan
![Page 606: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/606.jpg)
quashingamutinybyclaimingtohaveseenamapinthekingofPortugal’slibrary.Thisstoryisnowfleshedout.(IdonotdisparageMagellan,whoinmyeyesstandsheadandshouldersabovealltheearlyEuropeanexplorers—honest,brave,clever,determined,butabovealldecentandfair,notleasttopeoplewhocouldnotprotectthemselves.)
![Page 607: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/607.jpg)
Magellan’sexpeditionwaswellprovisionedandfittedout(equippedwithPortuguesemaps)5eventhoughhewasundertheauspicesofSpainwhenhesailedfromSanlúcardeBarramedaontheestuaryoftheGuadalquivironSeptember20,1519.6BythetimeheandhiscrewreachedthecoastofPatagonia,inSouthAmerica,theyhad
![Page 608: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/608.jpg)
finishedtheirhardtack(biscuits)andwerereducedtoeatingrats7(whichthesailorscaughtandsold),thepriceofwhichhadtrebled.Magellanwasindesperatetrouble.Hewashalfwaythroughthestrait,surroundedbymountains,withnosignofthePacific.
Amutinybrokeout,andEstebanGómezseizedcontrolofoneofMagellan’s
![Page 609: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/609.jpg)
fiveships,theSanAntonio.Pigafetta,thehistorianaboardMagellan’sflagship,tellsuswhathappenednext:“Weallbelievedthatit[thestrait]wasacul-de-sac;butthecaptainknewthathehadtonavigatethroughaverywell-concealedstrait,havingseenitinachartpreservedinthetreasuryoftheKingofPortugal,andmadebyMartinofBohemia,amanofgreatparts.”AsIhavebeen
![Page 610: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/610.jpg)
accusedofinventingthistranslation,hereistheoriginal:“Senonfossestatoilsaperedelcapitano-generale,nonsisarebbepassatoperquellostretto,perchétutticredevamochefossechiuso;maeglisapeadidovernavigareperunostrettomoltonascosto,avendociòvedutoinunacartaserbatanellatesoreriadelRediPortogallo,efattadaMartinodiBoemia,uomo
![Page 611: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/611.jpg)
excellentissimo.”8
Whenwriting1421,IhadtriedtofindMartinofBohemia’schartbuthadbeenunableto;itseemstohavebeendestroyedorlost.Becausethecharthasneverbeenfound,somehaveassumedthatMagellanwasbluffing,pretendingheknewwherehewassoastoquellthemutiny.
![Page 612: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/612.jpg)
However,therearefourpiecesofconvincingcorroborativeevidencethatMagellandidhaveachartthatshowednotonlythestraitbutalsothewayacrossthePacific.
Thefirstisdescribedin1421.MagellanshowedthekingofLima-sawainthePhilippinesamapthat,Magellansaid,showedhowhehadreachedthe
![Page 613: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/613.jpg)
PhilippinesacrossthePacific.9
ThesecondistheaccountofthecelebratedPortuguesehistorianAntonioGalvão(alsoquotedin1421),whowrotethatthekingofPortugalhadamapshowingtheStraitofMagellan:
Intheyeere1428itiswrittenthatDonPeter[DomPedro]theKingofPortugal’seldest
![Page 614: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/614.jpg)
sonne,wasagreattraveller.HewentintoEngland,France,Al-maine,andfromthenceintotheHolyLand,andtootherplaces;andcamehomebyItalie,takingRomeandVeniceinhisway:fromwhencehebroughtamapoftheworldwhichhadallthepartsoftheworldandearthdescribed.TheStreightofMagelanwascalledinittheDragon’staile.10
![Page 615: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/615.jpg)
Third,thestraitwasmentionedduringtheexaminationofMagellanbyKingCharlesV’sministersbeforeMagellansetsail.Aglobewasproducedinwhichthestraitwashighlighted:“deindustriadexòelestrechoenblanco.”
Magellanstresseditwasasecretstrait:“estrechodemarnoconocidohastaentoncesdeningunapersona”(“a
![Page 616: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/616.jpg)
straitthatwasknowntonobodyuntilnow/then”11
Finally,thecapitulación,thecontractbetweenthekingofSpainandMagellansignedonMarch22,1518,usesthephrase“parabuscarelestrechodeaquéllasmares”—togoinsearchofthestrait.12
Sobefore1421waspublishedIsoughtamapthat
![Page 617: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/617.jpg)
wouldhavebeenpublishedbeforeMagellansetsailbutstillhavedepictedthestrait.Therewereseveralcandidates.IntheVenetianDoges’Palacethereisanearly-fifteenth-centurymapshowingAsiaandthePacific(describedinchapter7).Thismaphastworoundels,whichstatehowitwascomposedfrominformationbroughthometoVenicebyMarcoPoloandNiccolòdaConti.
![Page 618: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/618.jpg)
MarcoPoloreturnedin1295andNiccolòdaContiby1434,possiblyasearlyas1424.
DespiteshowingthePacificandAmerica,thedoge’smapdoesnotshowthesouthernpartoftheAmericas.ThereisanothermapinthemaproomthatdoesshowSouthAmericaandaroutefromAtlantictoPacific,butunfortunatelyitisundated.
![Page 619: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/619.jpg)
Waldseemüller’s1507worldmap(seecolorinsert2)showsSouthAmericaandthePacificwithremarkableaccuracy,butitiscenterdon20°Nandstopsat45°S.Thestrait,whichisat52°40'S,ismissing.However,WaldseemüllersaidinhisCosmographiaeIntroductiothattheAmericas“havebeenfoundtobesurroundedonallsidesbysea.”13So
![Page 620: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/620.jpg)
WaldseemüllermusthaveknownthattherewasawayfromtheAtlantictothePacific.
TheoneEuropeanmappublishedbeforeMagellansetsailthatdoesshowastraitleadingfromtheAtlantictothePacificisJohannesSchöner’s1515globe.ThiswaspublishedbeforeMagellan’sexaminationbyCharlesV’sministersand
![Page 621: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/621.jpg)
beforethecapitulaciónbetweenMagellanandthekingofSpain.Itisthusconsistentwithalltheevidence.TheauthenticityofSchöner’sglobeshasneverbeenchallenged.In1520,beforeMagellan’sexpeditionreturned,Schönerpublishedasecondcopyofaglobe,whichshowsasimilarstrait.
IfweassumeforthemomentthatSchöner’s1515
![Page 622: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/622.jpg)
globewasthesameasthatwhichToscanellicopiedforColumbus,wefacetwoquestions:First,whatwouldColumbus’sreactionhavebeen?Second,isthereasimilarmapthatcanbepositivelyidentifiedashavingbeenreceivedandacteduponbyColumbus?
ColumbusknewthePortuguesewerepushingdownthecoastofAfricato
![Page 623: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/623.jpg)
exploittheeasterntraderoutestotheIndianOceanandbeyond.ItseemsclearfromToscanelli’slettertoColumbusthatColumbuswasinterestedinfindingawesternroutetoChina:“Iperceivedyourmagnificentandgranddesiretonavigatefrompartsoftheeasttothewest[i.e.,tosailwestwardtoChina],”Toscanelliwrote,“inthewaythatwassetforthintheletterthatIsentyou[a
![Page 624: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/624.jpg)
copyofthelettertoCanonMartinez]andwhichwillbedemonstratedbetteronaroundsphere.”Inshort,ToscanelliisclearlyhelpingColumbusachievehisaimofreachingChinabysailingwest.
ColumbusthenreceivedthemapfromToscanelli(chapter9,note1),whichindeedshowsthewaywestwardtoChinaasToscanellidescribed
![Page 625: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/625.jpg)
it.However,italsoshowsanunknowncontinent(America)betweenPortugalandChina.WhatwouldColumbushavemadeofthisnewcontinent?Verylikelyhewouldhavedonehisbesttogethishandsonit.Hewasagreedyman,asweknowfromhislawsuitwiththekingofSpain(PleitosdeColón.)14
Inthe“PrivilegesandPrerogatives”thatColumbus
![Page 626: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/626.jpg)
signedwithKingFerdinandandQueenIsabellaeighteenyearslater,beforehis“firstvoyage”totheAmericas,ColumbushadabandonedanythoughtofgoingtoChina.HewasafterthelandthathadbeendiscoveredonthewesternsideoftheAtlanticOcean.
PRIVILEGESANDPREROGRATIVESGRANTEDBYTHEIRCATHOLIC
![Page 627: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/627.jpg)
MAJESTIESTOCHRISTOPHERCOLUMBUS:1492.FERDINANDANDISABELLABYTHEGRACEOFGOD,KINGANDQUEENOFCASTILE,OFLEON,OFARAGON,OFSICILY,OFGRANADA,OFTOLEDO,OFVALENCIA,OFGALICIA,OFMAJORCA,OFMINORCA,OFSEVILLE,OFSARDINIA,OFJAEN,OFALGARVE,OFALGEZIRA,OFGIBRALTAR,OFTHECANARYISLANDS,COUNTANDCOUNTESSOFBARCELONA,LORDANDLADYOFBISCAY
![Page 628: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/628.jpg)
ANDMOLINA,DUKEANDDUCHESSOFATHENSANDNEOPATRIA,COUNTANDCOUNTESSOFROUSILLIONANDCERDAIGNE,MARQUESSANDMARCHIONESSOFORISTANANDGOCIANOetc.
Forasmuchasyou,ChristopherColumbus,aregoingbyourcommand,withsomeofourvesselsandmen,todiscoverandsubduesomeislandsandContinentinthe
![Page 629: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/629.jpg)
ocean,anditishopedthatbyGod’sassistancesomeofthesaidislandsandContinentintheoceanwillbediscoveredandconqueredbyyourmeansandconduct,thereforeitisbutjustandreasonablethatsinceyouexposeyourselftosuchdangertoserveus,youshouldberewardedforit.AndwebeingwillingtohonourandfavourYouforthereasonsaforesaid;Ourwillis,thatyou,Christopher
![Page 630: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/630.jpg)
Columbus,afterdiscoveringandconqueringthesaidislandsandContinentinthesaidocean,oranyofthem,shallbeourAdmiralofthesaidislandsandContinentyousoshalldiscoverandconquer;andthatyoubeourAdmiral,Viceroy,andGovernorinthemandthatforthefutureyoumaycallandstyleyourselfD[Don]ChristopherColumbusandthatyoursonsandsuccessors
![Page 631: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/631.jpg)
inthesaidemploymentmaycallthemselvesDons,Admirals,ViceroysandGovernorsofthem;andthatyoumayexercisetheofficeofAdmiral,withthechargeofViceroyandGovernorofthesaidislandsandContinent….
GivenatGranadaonthe30thofAprilintheyearofourLord1492,ItheQueen,ItheKing,bytheirMajesties
![Page 632: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/632.jpg)
Command,JohnColoma,SecretarytotheKingandQueen.15
Columbus’sdiariesshowthathesailedwithmapsofthewesternAtlantic.16ThelogentryforWednesday,October,4,1492,whenhewasapproachingtheCaribbean,17saysthis:“Ishouldsteerwestsouthwesttogothere[thatis,toreach
![Page 633: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/633.jpg)
theislandsheisseeking]andinthesphereswhichIhaveseenandinthedrawingsofMappaeMundiitisinthisregion.”18
IsthereamapwecantietoColumbusbeforehesetsail?
MarcelDestombesdescribedtwomapsthathehadstudiedintheBibliotecaEstenseUniversitarianowinModena.IquoteArthur
![Page 634: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/634.jpg)
Davies’descriptionofDestombes’sdiscovery:
OnewasachartoftheAtlanticandborderinglandslistedasCGA5A.Thismaporiginallyextendedfurthernorth,westandsouthbuthadbeencutsothatitnowextendsfromNormandytoSierraLeoneandeastwardstoNaplesandTunis.Destombesconcludedfrom[whatDestombescalls]Rhumb
![Page 635: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/635.jpg)
linesthatthemapwasdesignedtoextendwestasfarasthelegendaryislandsofAntiliaandSatanaxia(PuertoRicoandGuadeloupe).He[Destombes]assignedhismapwithouthesitationtoBartholomewColumbusonthebasisofhisexcellentletteringanditsGenoesestyleofcartography.19
Inhighexcitement,MarcellaandIsetoffforModena.Dr.
![Page 636: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/636.jpg)
AurelioAghemowasmostcourteousandhelpfulandenabledmetohaveaphotooftwoversions20ofCGA5,acopyofwhichisreproducedincolorinsert2.Asmaybeseen,thetwomapshavebeentorninhalfandthelefthalves,whichcouldshowtheAmericas,havebeendestroyed.Wecansayforsurethistearisdeliberate,forthecoastofWestAfrica
![Page 637: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/637.jpg)
downtoCapeBlanco(21°N)isshown,asistheGulfofGuineafarthersouth.Thebitofcoastbetweenthetwo,thatis,thecoastalongthe“bulge”ofAfrica,ismissing.Someonedoesnotwantpeopletoknowwhatwasoriginallyontheleft-handportionofthosetwomaps.Sowhatgivesusaleadastowhatthemissingpartonceshowed?
![Page 638: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/638.jpg)
ClearlyitshowedtheAtlantic—buthowmuchofitandhowfarwest?DidthemaporiginallygoasfarwestasProfessorDestombesthought?DiditshowtheAmericas,andifso,howmuch?
ProfessorDestombesusedwhathecalledrhumblinestosupporthissupposition.Iinitiallytriedadifferentapproachbyanalyzingwhat
![Page 639: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/639.jpg)
wasdepictedonCGA5A,whichfromnowwewillcalltheColumbusmapbecauseofBartholomewColumbus’swritingonit.Themaphasseveraldistinctivefeatures,notleastamassofnamesaroundtheBightofBenin,southofthe“bulge”ofAfrica.Myfirststepwastoseeifthosenamescorrespondedwiththenamesonothermapsdrawnaround1480–1485,themostlikely
![Page 640: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/640.jpg)
dateoftheColumbusmap(ProfessorDaviesindicatesthatColumbushadhismapbefore1492).
IquicklyfoundthattheWaldseemüller(1507)andtheColumbusmapsharedcommonnamesinGuinea,fromRiodeLagotoCapodiMonte,thoughtheColumbusmapshowedmorenamesandmuchmoredetail.IthenreducedtheColumbusmap
![Page 641: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/641.jpg)
andtheWaldseemüllertothesamescaleandcutoutWestAfricafromtheColumbusmap,placingitontopoftheWaldseemüller,sonamescommontobothwereinthesameplace.FinallyIprojectedtherhumblinesfromtheColumbusmapontotheWaldseemüller.FivesetsterminatedpreciselyandneatlyonCubaandSouthAmericafromtheWaldseemüller(usingthe
![Page 642: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/642.jpg)
Canariesas0°W,asWaldseemüllerdid)—seecolorinsert2.
Destombeswasquiteright—therhumblinesextendedtoAntiliaandSatanazesandfarther—tothePacificcoastofSouthAmerica.Itcannotbeacoincidencethatalltheendsoftherhumblinesfallonacircle.Inmysubmission,thisistheevidencethattheColumbusbrothershadamap
![Page 643: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/643.jpg)
thatshowedtheAmericas.ColumbushimselfacknowledgedinhislogsthathehadseenCaribbeanislandsonaworldmap.Hewasalsocontractedtobecomeviceroyoflandacrosstheocean.ThishypothesisisfurthersupportedbySchöner’s1515copyofaglobe,whichshowstheAmericas,andaccordspreciselywithToscanelli’sdescription.
![Page 644: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/644.jpg)
Moreover,aswewillseeinthenextchapter,theColumbusmap,Schöner’sglobe,andtheWaldseemüllerareallderivedfromthesamesource.
Let’sturnnowtoJohannesSchöner,whomusthavebeenarecipientoftheoriginalglobebecausehisdrawingmatchesToscanelli’sdescription.SchönercertainlycouldnothavemetToscanelli
![Page 645: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/645.jpg)
ortheChineseambassador.HewasnotbornuntilJanuary16,1477,inKarlsstadt,inwhatisnowtheGermanprovinceofThuringen.HeattendedschoolnearbyatErfurt.Thearea,asIknowwell,isapleasantwoodedcountrysidefamousforitsplums.ItisaboutasfarfromtheseaasispossibleinEurope,withnonauticaltraditionwhatsoever.
![Page 646: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/646.jpg)
Johannesdoesnotappeartohavebeenarenownedscholar;heleftschooltostudyattheUniversityofErfurtbutseemstohaveflunkedhisexams—heleftwithnodegree.Hewasordainedapriestin1515andbecameaprebend,anapprentice,atthechurchofSaintJacobBamberg.Hewaspunishedforfailingtocelebratemassandrelegatedtothesmallvillageof
![Page 647: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/647.jpg)
Kirchenbach,wherehewasdetailedtoofficiateatearly-morningmass.21How,onemaywonder,didthispriestproducenotonlymapsofSouthAmericaandtheAntarcticbeforeMagellansetsail,butalsoelaboratestarglobesoftheSouthernHemisphere?22
Therearenoprizesforguessingtheobviousanswer:hemusthavecopiedthem.
![Page 648: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/648.jpg)
Butfromwhom?
InJanuary1472,Toscanelli’sfriendRegiomontanushadaprintingpressinstalledinNuremberg,asearlierdescribed.WhenRegiomontanusdiedin1475,hispressrevertedtoBernardWalther,whohadprovidedthefinanceforit.InalettertoafriendonJuly4,1471,Regiomontanuswrote:
![Page 649: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/649.jpg)
QuiterecentlyIhavemadeobservationsinthecityofNuremberg…forIhavechosenitasmypermanenthomenotonlyonaccountoftheavailabilityofinstruments,particularlytheastronomicalinstrumentsonwhichtheentirescienceisbased,butalsoonaccountofthegreateaseofallsortsofcommunicationwithlearnedmenlivingeverywhere,sincetheplaceisregardedasthe
![Page 650: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/650.jpg)
centreofEuropebecauseofthejourneysofthemerchants.23
In1495,JohannesSchöneralsomovedtoNuremberg,wherehestudiedpracticalastronomyunderthesameBernardWaltherwhohadfinancedRegiomontanusandtakenbackhisprintingpress.WhenWaltherdied,SchönerinheritedRegiomontanus’slibraryandprintingpressas
![Page 651: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/651.jpg)
wellasRegiomontanus’snauticalinstruments,globes,andtreatises;SchönerpublishedRegiomontanus’sTabulaandhisbookonsphericaltriangles.AlloftheselegaciesarenowintheAustrianNationalLibraryinVienna.24
Regiomontanushadintendedtopublishhisownworldmapbutdiedbeforedoingso.25Schönerinherited
![Page 652: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/652.jpg)
thisunpublishedmapandpublisheditunderhisownname.Hencehis1515and1520copies.AfterMagellanreturned,Schönerpublishedhis1523globe,whichhemaintaineddidnotimproveuponhis1515and1520(pre-Magellan)maps.26The1523globedid,however,correctthewidthofthePacificacrosswhichMagellanhadbythen(1523)sailed.
![Page 653: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/653.jpg)
Finally,isthereanycorroborativeevidencethatPopeEugeniusIVorhissuccessorsobtainedaworldmapshowingtheAmericasbeforeColumbussetsailfortheAmericas?
AfterColumbus’sdeath,hisfamilyinstitutedlegalproceedingsagainsttheSpanishmonarchy,thePleitosdeColón(PleadingsofColumbus).Evidencewas
![Page 654: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/654.jpg)
givenattheseproceedingsonbehalfofMartínAlonsoPinzón,Columbus’sflagcaptain.Pinzón’ssonstatedthathisfatherhadseenacopyofamapoftheAmericasatthepapalcourtinRomeandhadbasedhisownexpeditiontotheAmericasuponit.27However,hisfatherhaddecidedtojoinColumbus’sexpeditioninstead.
![Page 655: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/655.jpg)
FromSchöner,Magellan,Columbus,Regiomontanus,andPinzón,wenowhaveevidencecorroboratingtheexistence,notedbyToscanelliinhisletters,ofaworldmapshowingtheAmericas.Toscanellitoldthetruth.HehadmettheChineseambassador,whohadgivenhimaglobeormapshowingthewaytotheAmericasandaroundtheworld.Wemustnowfindtheoriginalthat
![Page 656: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/656.jpg)
Toscanellicopied.
![Page 657: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/657.jpg)
11
THEWORLDMAPSOFJOHANNESSCHÖNER,MARTIN
WALDSEEMÜLLER,ANDADMIRAL
![Page 658: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/658.jpg)
ZHENGHE
In1507JohannesSchönerboundthedifferentsheetsofWaldseemüller’s1507worldmaptogetherandplacedtheminsideacover.ThisisthesetpreservedattheLibraryofCongressinWashington,D.C.Waldseemüller’sworldmapshowsSouthAmerica
![Page 659: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/659.jpg)
andthePacific.Thefirstquestionis,howdidWaldseemüllerknowoftheAmericasandthePacificbeforeMagellansetsail?Thesecondis,howdidSchönergetacopyofWaldseemüller’ssheetsinordertobindthem?
MartinWaldseemüllerwasbornatWolfenweilernearFreibergin1475,twoyearsbeforeSchöner.His
![Page 660: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/660.jpg)
birthplaceisabout250milesfromSchöner’sbirthplace.WaldseemüllerspenthisworkinglifeasacanonatSaint-Dié.In1487heenteredtheUniversityofFreibergtostudytheology.ThereisnoevidencethatWaldseemüllerwasaparticularlycleverstudentoreventhatheobtainedadegree.In1514,asaclerkofthedioceseofConstance,heappliedforacanonryatSaint-Diéand
![Page 661: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/661.jpg)
obtainedthepost.Hediedtherein1522.
Waldseemüllerhadaboutathousandcopiesofhis1507mapprinted.InadditiontothecopyownedbytheU.S.LibraryofCongress,acutoutset(readytobemadeupintoaglobe)isownedbytheJamesFordBellLibraryinMinneapolis.Athirdcopywasacquiredin2003bythewell-knownmapdealer
![Page 662: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/662.jpg)
CharlesFrodsham,fromChristie’sauctionhouse.
Inthesummerof2004IcarefullyexaminedWaldseemüller’s1507map.Itssignificance,ofcourse,isthatitshowedthePacific,SouthAmerica,theAndes,andtheRockyMountainsbeforeeitherMagellansetsailorBalboa“discovered”thePacific.Soitappearedsomeonehadbeeninthe
![Page 663: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/663.jpg)
PacificbeforeMagellanandhadmapped23,000milesofAmericancoastline.
Onthemap,theAmericaslooknothinglikethecontinents;theyappearmorelikeanelongatedsnake.Waldseemüllerhadusedthemostextraordinarymethodtomakehismap.1Itwasprojectedfromaglobeontoaflatpieceofpaperusingaheart-shapedprojection.Asa
![Page 664: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/664.jpg)
consequence,adegreeoflongitudeneartheequatorwassometentimeswhatitwasnearthePolesand,conversely,adegreeoflatitudenearthePoleswassometentimeswhatitwasneartheequator.Evenmorecurious,longitudescalesvariedfromonepartofthemaptotheotheratthesamelatitude,andSouthAfricapokedoutofthebottomfornoapparentreasonatall.(See
![Page 665: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/665.jpg)
colorinsert2andthe1421websiteforapictureofthemap.)
ForseveralmonthsItriedtomakesenseofthis.HowcouldIconvertwhatWaldseemüllerhaddrawnintoamapthatwewouldallunderstand?
Then,atdawnonalovelysummer’sday,aheronarrivedforhisbreakfastand
![Page 666: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/666.jpg)
perchedverynearthegazeboinwhichIwasworking.Iwatchedhim,admiringhispatienceashisneckcranedovertheNewRiver,whichrunsatthebackofourgarden.Afterhepounced,hisneckswelled.Anelectricshockwentthroughmybody,anditdawnedonmethatifIreversedWaldseemüller’sprocess—putbackontoaglobewhathehadlaidoutonaflatpieceofpaper,andthen
![Page 667: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/667.jpg)
photographedit—Imighthaveamapinaformthatwouldmakesensetoustoday.
Irushedintothebasementthatservesasour1421officesandphotocopiedWaldseemüller’smapintoblackandwhite,usingbluelinestoemphasizelongitudeandredforlatitude(seecolorinsert2).ThenIwentdownthecoastofSouthAmerica
![Page 668: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/668.jpg)
andmarkedpointsa,b,c,andsooneverytendegreesoflongitude(yellowpoints).OnaseparatepieceofpaperIwrotethelatitudesandlongitudesofeachyellowpoint.IrepeatedtheprocessforthePacificcoastofSouthAmericaandNorthAmerica,thenconcludedwiththeAtlanticcoastofNorthAmerica.Next,Itransposedthesepointsa,b,c,andsoonontoaglobe,connectingthe
![Page 669: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/669.jpg)
points.ThenIphotographedtheglobe(seecolorinsert2).
ThereontheglobewastheworldthatWaldseemüllerhadoriginallycopied:anextraordinarylikenessofNorthandSouthAmerica,whichwewouldrecognizetoday,withthecorrectlandmass,shape,andpositionrelativetoAfrica.BeforeMagellansetsail,Waldseemüllerhadproduced
![Page 670: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/670.jpg)
awonderfulmapoftheAmericasfromaglobe.
Sohowdidthisclerkinholyorderswithnoknownknowledgeofmapcollectingorcartography,workinginwhatwasthenthelandlockedbackwaterofSaint-Dié,managetoproduceaglobewiththefirstaccuratedescriptionoftheAmericas?
Waldseemüllerinitiallysaid
![Page 671: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/671.jpg)
hehegothisinformationfromAmerigoVespucci.AssumingthatVespuccireached45°S,andthatWaldseemüllerhadreceivedhisreports,WaldseemüllercouldhaveobtainedfromhimtheinformationnecessarytodrawtheAtlanticcoastofSouthAmerica.VespucciwasanexcellentnavigatorandhadRegiomotanus’sephemeristables,whichenabledhimtocalculate
![Page 672: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/672.jpg)
latitudeandlongitude.YetVespuccineverclaimedtohavereachedthePacific.HespecificallytoldtheFlorentineambassadorthathehadfailedtofindthepassagethatledfromtheAtlantictothePacific,thepassagewenowcalltheStraitofMagellan.
Waldseemüller’smapshowsthePacific,theAndesuptoEcuador,andthentheSierra
![Page 673: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/673.jpg)
MadreofMexicoandtheSierraNevadaofCalifornia.SoforhimtohavecreditedVespucciforhisdepictionofPacificAmerica(acredithelaterwithdrew)isnonsense.Waldseemüllermusthavecopiedhismap—butfromwhoseglobe,andwhen?
ThereisahostofevidencesuggestingthatWaldseemüllergothisinformationfromthesame
![Page 674: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/674.jpg)
sourceasSchöner.
First,Schöner’sglobeof1515andtheglobeshownonWaldseemüller’smapof1507arethesame.
![Page 675: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/675.jpg)
PhotographicInsert1
![Page 676: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/676.jpg)
![Page 677: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/677.jpg)
AdmiralZhengHe,apioneerofglobalexploration,whowasingreatpartresponsibleforthisremarkableadventure.
![Page 678: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/678.jpg)
TheLiuGang1418/1763map—atributetoZhengHe’s
courageousvoyagesofdiscovery.
![Page 679: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/679.jpg)
BronzeChineselionfigureattheentrancetotheEmperor’sSummerPalace,Beijing.
![Page 680: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/680.jpg)
VisitorsattheSummer
![Page 681: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/681.jpg)
Palace,Beijing,c.1902.
![Page 682: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/682.jpg)
AviewofthemagnificentForbiddenCity,Beijing,
whoseconstructionflourishedunderthegreatemperorsof
theMingdynasty.
![Page 683: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/683.jpg)
Adelicatepieceofbeautiful
![Page 684: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/684.jpg)
Mingporcelain,astradedaroundtheworldbythe
Treasurefleet.
![Page 685: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/685.jpg)
![Page 686: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/686.jpg)
AviewoftheGreatWallofChinasnakingalongtheruggedmountainridgeat
Simatai.
![Page 687: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/687.jpg)
AvastfleetofChinesejunks
![Page 688: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/688.jpg)
couldcarryaconsiderableamountmorethanacaravan
ofcamels!
![Page 689: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/689.jpg)
![Page 690: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/690.jpg)
![Page 691: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/691.jpg)
ThefleetjourneyednorthwardupthecrystallineRedSeawaters,throughtothebustlingsouksofCairo,
andbeyond.
![Page 692: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/692.jpg)
12
TOSCANELLI’SNEWASTRONOMY
RelationsbetweenChinaandtheWestbeganlongbefore1434.TheCatholicEncyclopediapresentsaconcisesummary:
![Page 693: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/693.jpg)
SomecommentatorshavefoundChinainthispassageofIsaias(xlix,12):“thesefromthelandofSinim.”PtolomydividesEasternAsiaintothecountryofSinaeandSerice…withitschiefcitySera.Strabo,Virgil,Horace,PomponiusMela,Pliny,andAmmianusspeakoftheSeres,andtheyarementionedbyFlorenceamongthenationswhichsentspecialembassiestoRomeatthe
![Page 694: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/694.jpg)
timeofAugustus.TheChinesecalledtheeasternpartoftheRomanEmpireTaTs’in(Syria,Egypt,andAsiaMinor),Fu-linduringtheMiddleAges.ThemonkCosmoshadacorrectideaofthepositionofChina(sixthcentury).TheByzantinewriter,TheophylactisSimocatta(seventhcentury)gaveanaccountofChinaunderthenameTaugas.ThereisaChineserecordofa
![Page 695: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/695.jpg)
RomanEmbassyinA.D.166.1
TaiPengWangkindlyprovidedChinesedescriptionsofpapalenvoys.2TheambassadorwhoreachedFlorencein1434wasbynomeansthefirst.AccordingtoYuLizi,YuanChinacalledthePapalStates“thecountryofFarang”andthePapalStatesasawhole“Fulin”or“Farang.”3TheofficialMing
![Page 696: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/696.jpg)
historystatesthatdiplomaticexchangesbetweenthePapalStatesandMingChinabeganasearlyas1371,whenHongWu,ZhuDi’sfather,assignedaforeignerfromFulinorFarangcalledNeiKulan(Nicholas?)astheChineseambassadortothePapalStatestoinformthepopeofthedynasticchangeinChina.Lateron,HongWuappointedadelegationledbyPula(Paul?),whobroughtgifts
![Page 697: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/697.jpg)
andtributetoFarang.
After1371,diplomacybetweenChinaandEuropewasatwo-waystreet,withthePapalStatesandChinaexchangingambassadors.YanCongjianinvolume11oftheShuyuZhouziLudescribedthevisitoftheChineseambassadortothePapalStatesinthereignofZhuDi.
![Page 698: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/698.jpg)
YanCongjianstartsbycommentingthatItaly’sclimatewasrathercold,thencontinues:
UnlikeChina,thehousesherearemadeofcementbutwithoutrooftiles.Thepeoplemakewinewithgrapes.Theirmusicalinstrumentsincludeclarinet,violin,drumandsoon.TheKing[thepope]wearsredandyellowshirts.Hewrapshisheadwith
![Page 699: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/699.jpg)
goldenthreadwovensilk.InMarcheveryyearthePopewillgotothechurchtoperformhisEasterservices.Asarulehewillbesittingonared-colouredcarriercarriedbymentothechurch.Allhisprominentministers[cardinals]dressliketheKing[thepope]eitheringreenorbeigeorpinkordarkpurpleandwraptheirheads.Theyridehorseswhengoingout….Minoroffencesareusually
![Page 700: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/700.jpg)
punisheduptotwohundredtimes.Capitaloffences,however,arepunishablewithdeathusuallydrowningtheoffendersinthesea.These[Papal]statesarepeace-loving.Asisoftenthecasewhenaminordisputeorrivalryarose,thedisputingstatesonlywagedawarofwordsintheexchangeofdiplomaticdespatches.Butiftherewereaseriousconflicterupted,theywereprepared
![Page 701: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/701.jpg)
togoasfaraswar.Theymadegoldandsilvercoinageastheirmonetarycurrencies.ButunliketheChinesecoinage,whichcanbestringedasaunittocount,therearenoholesintheircoinageforsuchpurpose.Onthebackofthemoneyisthefaceoftheking[thepope]bearinghistitleandname.Thelawforbidsanymonetarycoinagemadeprivately.ThelandofFulinproducesgold,
![Page 702: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/702.jpg)
silver,pearls,westerncloth,horses,camels,olives,datesandgrapes.4
YanCongjian’sdescriptionsarereflectedinaPinturicchiofrescoofAeneasSylviusPiccolomini,thefuturePopePiusII.5Bornin1405toadistinguishedSienesefamily,AeneaswaseducatedattheuniversitiesofSienaandFlorence.Between1431and1445,heopposedEugenius
![Page 703: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/703.jpg)
IV.In1445hesuddenlychangedsides.Hetookordersin1456,becameabishopin1450andacardinalin1456,andwasnamedpopeuponthedeathofCalixtusIIIin1458.
PinturicchiopaintsPiusIIbeingcarriedonathroneintotheBasilicaofSaintJohnLateran,Rome(wherePisanellowasalsosketching).Thepopewearsared-linedcloak,andhishatiswrapped
![Page 704: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/704.jpg)
withgoldenthread.Beforehimarehiscardinalsingreen,beige,pink,andblue,theirheadscoveredinwhitetricornhats.(Seecolourinsert3.)
AMingdynastybook,ProfilesofForeignCountries,atteststocontinueddiplomaticexchangesbetweenMingChinaandtheCatholicChurchinItaly.6This
![Page 705: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/705.jpg)
Chineseprimarysourceincludes“Lumi”amongtheforeignnationsthatpaidChinaanofficialvisitandrenderedtributeduringZhuDi’sreign(1403–1424).LumiisRome.ThenameisderivedfromLumei,whichiswhattheSongauthorZhaoRuqua(1170–1228)calledRome.Inhis1225bookZhufanZhi(Descriptionofvariousbarbarians),Zhaowrotethat“allmenare
![Page 706: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/706.jpg)
wearingturbansastheirheadwear.Inwintertheywillbewearingcolouredfurorleathercoatstokeepwarm.Oneoftheirstaplefoodsisthedishofspaghettiwithasauceofmeat.Theytoohavesilverandgoldcurrenciesusedasmoney.Therearefortythousandweaverhouseholdsinthecountrylivingonweavingbrocades.”7Clearly,theChinesewerenot
![Page 707: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/707.jpg)
strangerstothePapalStates.
NowforsomedetectiveworktoseewhatPopeEugeniusIV,Toscanelli,andhisfriendsRegiomontanus,Alberti,andNicholasofCusalearnedfromZhengHe’sdelegatebesidesobtainingworldmaps.
AftertheChineseambassadorhadpresentedhispowerofattorney
![Page 708: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/708.jpg)
(representedbythebrassmedalliondescribedinchapter2)toEugeniusIV,hewouldhaveformallypresentedtheXuanDeastronomicalcalendar,whichwouldhaveestablishedtheprecisedateoftheinaugurationoftheemperor—“wheneverythingwouldstartanew.”
ZhengHeandthefleethadspenttwoyearspreparingto
![Page 709: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/709.jpg)
leaveChinaandnearlythreeyearsreachingFlorence.Bythetimetheyarrivedin1434atthecourtofEugeniusIV,ithadbeennineyearssincetheemperor’sinauguration.Foreignrulersalsohadtoknowthedateoftheemperor’sbirth,whichwascalculatedfromconception.InthecaseofZhuZhanji,thiswouldhavebeen1398.Sothecalendarhadtogobackthirty-sixyears.Tocertify
![Page 710: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/710.jpg)
thattheemperorhadcontinuedtoholdthemandateofheavenduringthatperiod,thecalendarwouldalsoneedtoshowthatthepredictionofsolarandlunareclipses,comets,positionsofplanetsandstarsanduntowardlunarconjunctions(themoonwithMercury)hadbeenaccuratethroughoutthosethirty-sixyears—thousandsofpiecesofastronomicaldatahadtobe
![Page 711: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/711.jpg)
included.
OneofPisanello’ssketchesshowingaMongolface.
![Page 712: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/712.jpg)
However,thecalendaralsohadtopredictthefuture.Thisrequiredthatitcontainastronomicalcalculationsoftheaccuratepositionsofsunandmoon,tablesofthefiveplanets,thepositionsofstarsandcomets,datesofsolsticesandequinoxes,andamethodofadaptingthosedatesandtimestothelatitudeofFlorence.WeknowfromtheYuanShi-lu,theofficialhistoryofYuandynasty,that
![Page 713: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/713.jpg)
thisastronomicaldatawasincludedintheShoushicalendar,andonecanseeacopyofthe1408calendarinthePepysMuseuminCambridge,England.Twopagesareshownonour1434website.
WhentheChinesevisitedFlorencein1434,Toscanelliwasinhisprime,thirty-sevenyearsold.Sincegraduatingfromuniversitytwentyyears
![Page 714: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/714.jpg)
earlier,hehadworkedwithBrunelleschi,amathematicalgenius,andotherleadingintellectualsoftheday.Inparticular,ToscanelliandBrunelleschihad,forthepreviousthirteenyears,beencollaboratingonthecomplexsphericaltrigonometryrequiredtobuildFlorence’sgreatdomeoverSantaMariadelFiore.Toscanellithushadampleopportunitytoobserveandaccuratelymapthe
![Page 715: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/715.jpg)
heavensindetailbeforetheChinesevisit,butneitherhenoranyotherofhiscircledidso.Toscanelliwasasecretivebachelorwholivedwithhisparentsuntiltheydied,afterwhichhelivedwithhisbrother’sfamily.Althoughhenevercitedaparticularinfluenceorsourcefortheprodigiousmathematicalandastronomicalskillshedisplayedafter1434,hedidbequeathaconsiderable
![Page 716: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/716.jpg)
collectionofbooks,researchpapers,astronomicalinstruments,andworldmapstohismonastery.Allbutoneofthesehavedisappeared.Asidefromthatoneremainingrecord—amanuscripthousedattheBibliotecaNazionaleCentraleinFlorence—weareleftprimarilywithadmiringreferencestohiminlettersamonghisfriends.Butwedoknowabitabouthisactions.
![Page 717: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/717.jpg)
Didhebehavedifferentlyafter1434?Ifso,how?
JaneJervis,in“Toscanelli’sCometaryObservations:SomeNewEvidence”8examinedToscanelli’ssurvivingmanuscript,acollectionoffolios.ShecomparedthewritingonthefolioswiththatonthelettersfromToscanellitoColumbusandCanonMartinsandconcludedthatallbutthreeof
![Page 718: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/718.jpg)
thefolioswerewrittenbyToscanelli.JervisthencomparedToscanelli’sstudyoftwocomets—onein1433,beforetheChinesevisit,andanotherin1456,afterthevisit.Folios246and248describethe1433comet;folios246,252,and257describethe1456comet.
ThefirstcometpasswasonSunday,October4,1433,inthefirsthourofthenight.
![Page 719: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/719.jpg)
Toscanelli’sobservationsconsistofafreehanddrawing.Hedidnotalignthecomet’spositionswithanystarsorplanets.Notimesarelisted,norarerightascensionsordeclinationsofthestarsorcomets.
ThisisinstarkcontrastwithToscanelli’streatment,twenty-threeyearslater,ofthe1456comet.Folios246randv,252,and257containa
![Page 720: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/720.jpg)
wealthofevidence.Forthe1456comet,heusesaJacob’sstafftogivethecomet’saltitude(declination)andlongitude(rightascension)towithintenminutesofarc.9Timesarenowgiven,asarethedeclinationandrightascensionsofthestars(Chinesemethods).Toachievethisradicalimprovementintechnique,Toscanellimusthavehada
![Page 721: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/721.jpg)
clock,anaccuratemeasuringdevice,astronomicaltables,andaninstrumenttoshowthepositionofthecometrelativetostarsandplanets.
Iftrue,JamesBeck’sdeductionthatAlbertiwasassistedbyToscanelliindrawingtheprecisepositionsofstars,moon,andsunatnoononJuly6,1439onthedomeintheSacristyofSanLorenzosimilarlysuggestsa
![Page 722: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/722.jpg)
greatleapinToscanelli’sscientificcapabilities.Formanyyearspriorto1434,ToscanellihadtheopportunitytousethedomeofSantaMariadelFioreforastronomicalobservations.Yetheneverdid.
By1475,ToscanellihadadoptedaChinesetypeofcameraobscura,aslitoflightandabronzina(bronzecasting),whichheinsertedin
![Page 723: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/723.jpg)
thelanternofthedomeoftheFlorencecathedral.Thepinholecamerahasseveraladvantageswhenmeasuringobjectsilluminatedbythesun.Theedgesofthecirclereceivelessexposurethanthecenter.Sincethefocallengthofanobject’sedgesisgreaterthanthatofitscenter,thecenteris“zoomedin.”Shadowscastbythesun,orvisionofthesunitself,thusappearsharper,thinner,and
![Page 724: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/724.jpg)
clearer.
BytheearlyMingdynasty,ZhengHe’sastronomershadrefinedthiscameraobscuraanduseditinconjunctionwithanimprovedgnomontoenablemeasurementofthemiddleoftheshadowofthesunwithinone-hundredthofaninch.ToscanelliusedtheChinesemethodinamostingeniousway,adaptingthedomeofSantaMariadeFiore
![Page 725: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/725.jpg)
asasolarobservatory.
BetweenMay20andJuly20thesunatnoonshinesthroughthewindowsofthelanternonthetopofthedome.Toscanellihadthelanternwindowscoveredinfabricwithasmallslittoallowsunlightthroughatnoon.Afterpassingthroughtheslit,thesunlightbecameabeam.Abronzinawaspositionedsothatthebeam
![Page 726: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/726.jpg)
landedonit,andinthecenterofthebronzinawasahole.Asthebeamstruckthebronzina,theholewouldchannelitdowntothemarblefloorthreehundredfeetbelow.Onthefloor,Toscanellidrewanorth-southmeridianline,withincisionstonotethepositionofthesunatthesummersolstice.Regiomontanussaidthatusingthemeridianline,Toscanellicouldmeasurethe
![Page 727: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/727.jpg)
sun’saltitude(andhencedeclination)towithintwosecondsofarc.
In1754aSicilianJesuitpriest,LeonardoXiménes,experimentedwithToscanelli’sinstrument.XimenescompareddatafromthesolsticesinToscanelli’seratohisownmeasurementsof1756.HefoundthatToscanelliwasabletodeterminenotonlytheheight
![Page 728: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/728.jpg)
ofthesunatthesummersolsticebutalsothechangeinheightovertheyears,whichresultedfromthechangeintheshapeoftheearth’sellipticalpassagearoundthesun.
Theminutedifferencesinthesun’saltitudefromoneyeartoanotherpreoccupiedRegiomontanusaswell,ashesaid:
![Page 729: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/729.jpg)
Mostastronomersconsideredthemaximumdeclinationofthesuninourdaysis24degreesand2minutesbutmyteacherPeurbachandIhaveascertainedwithinstrumentsthatitis23degreesand28minutesasIhaveoftenheardMasterPaolotheFlorentine[Toscanelli]andBattistaAlbertisaythatbydiligentobservationtheyfound23degrees30minutes,thefigureIhavedecidedtoregisterin
![Page 730: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/730.jpg)
ourtable.10
WhatissoimportanttoToscanelliandRegiomontanusabouttheprecisedeclinationofthesun?WhenIfirstjoinedtheRoyalNavyin1953,sailorstroopedtotheFarEastbypassengerlinerratherthanbyaircraft.Eachdayatnoon,theship’snavigator,captain,andofficerofthewatchwouldmarchresplendentinwhite
![Page 731: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/731.jpg)
uniformsontotheopenbridgeandstandsidebysidelookingatthesun.Shortlybeforenoontheywouldstarttakingthealtitudeofthesunwiththeirsextants.Justbeforeitwasatitshighesttheywouldcry,“Now!now!now!”UponthefinalNow!theywouldreadoutthesun’smaximumaltitudetakenfromtheirsextants.Theywouldthendeclarethedistancetraveledfromtheprevious
![Page 732: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/732.jpg)
noon.Theluckysweepstakeswinnerwouldbeannouncedovertheship’saddresssystemandwouldbeexpectedtobuydrinksallaround.
Distancefromonedaytothenextwascalculatedbythedifferenceintheship’slatitude.Thereisasimpleformula:Latitudeequals90—sun’smaxaltitude±declination.Declination
![Page 733: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/733.jpg)
tablesofthesunareissuedforeachdayoftheyear,sowiththesun’saltitude,thenavigatorcandeterminelatitude.It’sthatsimple.
However,thiswasnotwhatRegiomontanus,Toscanelli,andAlbertiwereafter.Afewmiles’difference(between23°28'and23°30')wasinitselfcompletelyunimportanttoToscanelli.Instead,he,Alberti,andRegiomontanus
![Page 734: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/734.jpg)
wereinterestedinthechangeinthesun’sdeclination.AcopyofthatchangecanbeseeninNeedham’sgraph,bykindpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.Itshowsthechangeinthesun’sdeclinationfrom2000B.C.tothepresentday,determinedbyGreekandChineseastronomersfortheearliermeasurementsandbyEuropeanastronomersforthelaterones,endingwith
![Page 735: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/735.jpg)
Cassini.
Fromthisgraph,wecanseethatToscanelli’sfigure—23°30'—wasrecordedbythegreatIslamicastronomerUlughBeghalsoused23°30'inhismassivestudycompletedinSamarkandin1421—somefiftyyearsbeforeToscanelli’smeasurement.(Regiomontanus’sfigureof23°28'wasdeterminedby
![Page 736: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/736.jpg)
CassinitwohundredyearsafterToscanelli,soitwouldhavebeeninaccuratehadRegiomontanususedit.)
Thisisnotsomemathematicalquibble.Ifthesuncircledtheearth,therewouldbenochangeindeclination.Arecognitionofthechange—theflattertheearth’strajectory,thesmallerthedeclination—istantamounttorecognitionthat
![Page 737: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/737.jpg)
theearthrevolvesaroundthesuninanellipse.
TheirobsessionwithmeasuringthechangeindeclinationisevidencethatToscanelli,Alberti,andRegiomontanusunderstoodthatAristotleandPtolomy,whobelievedthesunrevolvedinacirclearoundtheearth,werewrong.Consequently,EuropeanswhofollowedToscanelliand
![Page 738: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/738.jpg)
RegiomontanuswerebasingtheirastronomyonaChinese,ratherthanaGreek,foundation.ThisfoundationalsoenabledRegiomontanustoproducetablestodeterminelatitudeindifferentpartsoftheworld,whichhepublishedin1474.ColumbusandVespucciusedthem,asdescribedinchapter21.
TheexercisesatSantaMariadelFiorecouldbe
![Page 739: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/739.jpg)
duplicatedtoobservethemovementofthemoonandproduceequationsoftimeofthemoon.These,inturn,couldbeusedincombinationwiththepositionsofstarstodeterminelongitude(seechapter4).Regiomontanusproducedsuchtables,andColumbusandVespucciusedthemtocalculatelongitudeintheNewWorld.DiasusedthemtodeterminethelatitudeoftheCapeofGoodHope.
![Page 740: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/740.jpg)
EachoftheinstrumentsToscanelliusedinhisobservationsatSantaMariadelFiore—cameraobscura,gnomon,andclock—wasusedbyZhengHe’snavigators,asweretheinstrumentsToscanelliusedtodeterminethepassageofthe1456comet—Jacob’sstaff,clock,andtorquetum.AllofToscanelli’sdiscoveries—declinationofthesun,obliquityofthe
![Page 741: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/741.jpg)
ecliptic,passageofcomets,ephemeristablesofthestarsandplanets—werecontainedinthe1408Shoushiastronomicalcalendarpresentedtothepope.TheywerecopiedandpublishedinEuropebyRegiomontanusin1474.
InhislettertoColumbus,Toscanellisaidhehadreceived“themostcopiousandgoodandtrue
![Page 742: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/742.jpg)
informationfromdistinguishedmenofgreatlearningwhohavecomehereintheCourtofRome[Florence]fromthesaidparts[China].”InhislettertoCanonMartins,ToscanellidescribedhislongconversationwiththeambassadorfromChinawhohadvisitedthepope,andhecitedthe“manyscholars,philosophers,astronomersandothermenskilledinthe
![Page 743: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/743.jpg)
naturalsciences”whothengovernedChina.
Inmysubmission,Toscanellimusthaveobtainedhiscopiousnewknowledgeofastronomyfromthe“distinguishedmenofgreatlearning”whohadarrivedinFlorencefromChina.
Resipsaloquitur!“Thethingspeaksforitself.”
![Page 744: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/744.jpg)
13
THEFLORENTINEMATHEMATICIANS:
TOSCANELLI,ALBERTI,
NICHOLASOFCUSA,AND
REGIOMONTANUS
![Page 745: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/745.jpg)
BeforeToscanellimettheChineseambassador,Europe’sknowledgeoftheuniversewasbasedonPtolomy.1Ptolomyheldthattheplanetswereborneinrevolvingcrystallinespheresthatrotatedinperfectcirclesaroundtheearth,whichwasatthecenteroftheuniverse.However,manyEuropeanastronomersrealizedthisdidnotsquarewiththeir
![Page 746: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/746.jpg)
observationsthatplanetshaveirregularpaths.Toresolvethisconflict,medievalEuropeanastronomersintroducedthenotionsofequants,deferants,andepicycles.Applyingthesepeculiarexplanationsofplanetarymotionenabledastronomerstoaccountfortheirregularmotionoftheplanetswhileholdingfasttothebeliefthattheheavensrotatedaroundtheearth.
![Page 747: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/747.jpg)
Tobelieve,ontheotherhand,thattheearthwasmerelyoneplanetamongmanyrevolvingroundthesunrequiredaradicalchangeinthought.ThisintellectualrevolutionwasledbyNicholasofCusa.2Nicholaswasbornin1401ontheRiverMoselle.HediedinUmbriain1464.Hisfather,JohannCryfts,wasaboatman.In1416Nicholas
![Page 748: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/748.jpg)
matriculatedattheUniversityofHeidelberg,andayearlaterheleftforPadua,wherehegraduatedin1424withadoctorateincanonlaw.HealsostudiedLatin,Greek,Hebrew,and,inhislateryears,Arabic.
WhileatPadua,NicholasbecameaclosefriendofToscanelli,whowasalsoastudentthere.Throughouthislife,heremainedadevoted
![Page 749: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/749.jpg)
followerofToscanelli,withwhomhefrequentlycollaboratedonnewideas.Attheheightofhisfame,NicholasdedicatedhistreatiseDeGeometricistransmutationibustoToscanelliandwroteintheflyleaf,“AdpavlummagistridominiciphysicumFlorentinum”(TotheMasterScientist,theFlorentineDoctorPaolo).3
![Page 750: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/750.jpg)
Nicholashadahugeandindependentintellect.Hepublishedadozenmathematicalandscientifictreatises;hiscollectedworkswerecontainedintheIncunabula,publishedbefore1476andsadly,nowlost.Inhislaterlifehebelievedthattheearthwasnotthecenteroftheuniverseandwasnotatrest.Celestialbodieswerenotstrictlyspherical,norweretheirorbitscircular.To
![Page 751: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/751.jpg)
Nicholas,thedifferencebetweentheoryandappearancewasexplainedbyrelativemotion.NicholaswasprimeministerinRomewithgreatinfluence.
By1444,NicholaspossessedoneofthetwoknowntorquetumsbasedupontheChineseequatorialsystem.4Ineffect,thiswasananalogcomputer.Bymeasuringtheangular
![Page 752: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/752.jpg)
distancebetweenthemoonandaselectedstarthatcrossedthelocalmeridian,andbyknowingtheequationoftimeofthemoonandthedeclinationandrightascensionoftheselectedstar,onecouldcalculatelongitude.
DuringNicholas’sera,theAlfonsinetablesbasedonPtolomywerethestandardworkonthepositionsofthesun,moon,andplanets.
![Page 753: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/753.jpg)
Nicholasrealizedthesetableswerehighlyinaccurate,afindinghepublishedin1436inhisReparatiocalendarii.5Thisrealizationledhimtohisrevolutionarytheorythattheearthwasnotatthecenteroftheuniverse,wasnotatrest,andhadunfixedpoles.HisworkhadahugeinfluenceonRegiomontanus—notleastinsaying,“theearthwhichcannotbeatthecentre,
![Page 754: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/754.jpg)
cannotlackallmotion.”
Regiomontanus
JohannMüllerwasbornin1436inKönigsberg,whichmeans“king’smountain”—JohannadoptedtheLatinversionofthename,Regiomontanus.6Thesonofamiller,hewasrecognizedasamathematicalandastronomicalgeniuswhenyoung.Heenteredthe
![Page 755: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/755.jpg)
UniversityofLeipzigatageeleven,studyingtherefrom1447until1450.InApril1450heenteredtheUniversityofVienna,wherehebecameapupilofthecelebratedastronomerandmathematicianPeurbach.7Hewasawardedhismaster’sdegreein1457.PeurbachandRegiomontanuscollaboratedtomakedetailedobservationsofMars,whichshowedthat
![Page 756: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/756.jpg)
theAlfonsinetables(basedupontheearthbeingatthecenteroftheuniverse)wereseriouslyinerror.Thiswasconfirmedwhenthetwoobservedaneclipseofthemoonthatwaslaterthanthetablespredicted.Fromthattime,RegiomontanusrealizedasNicholasofCusahaddonethattheoldPtolemaicsystemsofpredictingthecoursesofthemoonandplanetsdidnotstandupto
![Page 757: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/757.jpg)
seriousinvestigation.Fromhisearlylife,againlikeNicholasofCusa,hestartedcollectinginstrumentssuchasatorquetumforhisobservations.AlthoughRegiomontanuswassomefortyyearsyoungerthanToscanelli,NicholasofCusa,andAlberti,hebecamepartoftheirgroupinthelate1450sandearly1460s,whentheyusedtomeetatNicholas’shouseinRome.
![Page 758: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/758.jpg)
TherearenumerousreferencesinRegiomontanus’swritingtotheinfluenceToscanelliandNicholasofCusahadonhiswork.8Someofthesewillbequotedaswegoalong.
In1457,atagetwenty-one,RegiomontanuswasappointedtotheartsfacilityoftheUniversityofVienna.Thefollowingyearhegaveatalkonperspective.Hewas
![Page 759: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/759.jpg)
nowworkingonmath,astronomy,andconstructinginstruments.Between1461and1465hewasmostlyinRome;thefollowingtwoyearsheseemstohavedisappeared—nobodyknowswherehewent.In1467hepublishedpartofhisworkonsinetablesandsphericaltrigonometry,andin1471hehadconstructedinstrumentsandwrittenscripta.In1472hepublishedANewTheoryof
![Page 760: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/760.jpg)
Planets(byPeurbach),andthenin1474hisownCalendarumandEphemeridesabAnnotables.9Thesetwowerehislegacy—ofmonumentalimportanceinenablingEuropeanmarinerstodeterminelatitudeandlongitudeandtheirpositionatsea.HediedinRomeonJuly6,1476,andanumberofhisworkswerepublishedafterhisdeath.
![Page 761: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/761.jpg)
Regiomontanus’soutputafterhismasterPeurbachdiedin1461(whenRegiomontanuswastwenty-five)upuntilhisowndeathin1476,atforty,wasprodigiousandmind-blowing.Hewasanintellectualgiant,theequivalentofNewtonorGuoShoujing.Hadhelivedanotherthirtyyears,IbelievehewouldhaverivaledoreclipsedNewton.Ihavethegreatesttrepidationin
![Page 762: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/762.jpg)
attemptingtodohimjustice,andhavespentmanysleeplessnightstryingtowritethischapter—notleastbecauseIamnotamathematician.
Wecanreasonablystartwithhisachievements,thengoontoconsiderthepossiblesourcesheusedandfinallyattempttosummarizehislegacy.Doubtlesscriticswillmakethepointthatitis
![Page 763: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/763.jpg)
arrogantofmetoevenattempttoevaluatetheachievementsofsuchabrilliantfigure—thatsuchataskshouldbelefttoprofessionalmathematicians.Thisisafairpoint.Indefense,IofferthatIhavespentyearsinpracticalastronavigation,usingthemoon,planets,andstarstofindourpositionatsea,andshouldbequalifiedtorecognizethehugestrides
![Page 764: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/764.jpg)
Regiomontanusmadeinthisscience.
Soheregoes.InthecourseoffifteenyearsfollowingPeurbach’sdeath,Regiomontanusprovidedfirstandforemostephemeristables—thatis,tablesofthepositionsofmoon,sun,planets,andstarsthatwereofsufficientaccuracytoenablecaptainsandnavigatorstopredictwheneclipseswould
![Page 765: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/765.jpg)
occur,timesofsunrise,sunset,moonrise,andmoonset,thepositionsofplanetsrelativetooneanotherandtothemoon.Soaccuratewerethesetables—forthirtyyearsfrom1475—thatnavigatorscouldcalculatetheirlatitudeandlongitudeatseawithoutusingclocks.Theycould,therefore,forthefirsttime,findtheirwaytotheNewWorld,accuratelychartwhattheyhadfound,
![Page 766: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/766.jpg)
andreturnhomeinsafety.WiththisandtheChineseworldmaps,Europeanexplorationcouldnowstartinearnest.Anditdid.Dias,forexample,calculatedthetruelatitudeoftheCapeofGoodHopeusingRegiomontanus’stables.10HereportedthistothekingofPortugal,whoknewforthefirsttimehowfarthecaptainshadtotravelsouthtogettotheIndian
![Page 767: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/767.jpg)
Ocean.Regiomontanus’sephemeristableswere800pageslongandcontained300,000calculations.Regiomontanuscouldbesaidtohavebeenawalkingcomputeronthataccountalone.
Hehadtheenergyandskilltodeviseandmakeawholerangeofnauticalandmathematicalinstruments,thetwomostfundamentally
![Page 768: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/768.jpg)
importantbeingtheclock(whichwassmashedonhisdeath)andtheequatorialtorquetum.11Regiomontanus’storquetumhasbeendescribedinchapter4—itenabledhimtotransferstarswhosecoordinateshadbeenfixedbytheArabeclipticmethodorbytheByzantineandGreekhorizonmethodintoChinesecoordinatesofdeclinationand
![Page 769: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/769.jpg)
rightascension,thesystemuseddowntoourpresentday.
OfRegiomontanus’sdesigns,hisobservatory12andprintingpress13standoutfortheirpracticaluse.Ephemeristablescouldnothavebeenproducedtogiveaccurateresultshadtheynotbeenprinted.Similarly,Regiomontanusneededhisobservatorytocheckontheaccuracyofthepredictionsin
![Page 770: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/770.jpg)
histables.Hemadetelescopestoseethestars;astrolabestomeasureanglesbetweenstars,planets,andmoon;portablesundialsforgatheringinformationonthesun’sheightatdifferenttimesofdayandfordifferenttimesoftheyear—eventablestoenablebellringerstoforecasttimesofsunsetandhenceannouncevespers.
Themostastonishing
![Page 771: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/771.jpg)
discoverywasRegiomontanus’srevolutionaryidea(enlargingonNicholasofCusa’s)thattheearthwasnotatthecenteroftheuniverse,thesunwas.Andfurther,thattheearthandplanetscircledthesun.Thisstatementwillperhapscreateanuproar;soIpresentheremyevidence.
Firstofall,Regiomontanusknewthattheplanetary
![Page 772: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/772.jpg)
systemthathadbeeninuseinEuropesincethetimeofPtolomy—inwhichtheearthwasinthecenterandsunandplanetsrotatedaroundit—didnotwork.TheresultsofthePtolemaicsystemwerecontainedintheAlfonsinetables,whichheandPeurbachhadstudiedforyears.Thepredictionscontainedinthesetableswereinaccurate.Addingequants,deferents,andotherweird
![Page 773: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/773.jpg)
correctionsfailedtocorrecttheerrors.
Second,thereisnodoubtthatRegiomontanusknewofNicholasofCusa’swork.Nicholassuggestedthatthesunwasatthecenteroftheuniverseandtheearthandplanetsrotatedaroundit.Regiomontanusdescribesplanetaryorbits:“Whatwillyousayaboutthelongitudinalmotionof
![Page 774: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/774.jpg)
Venus?ItischainedtotheSunwhichisnotthecaseforthethreesuperiorplanets(Mars,Jupiter,Saturn).Thereforeithasalongitudinalmotiondifferentfromthosethreeplanets.Furthermore,thesuperiorplanetsaretiedtotheSunviaepicyclicmotions,whichisnottrueforVenus.”14
Regiomontanus’sopinionthatthesunisatthecenterof
![Page 775: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/775.jpg)
theuniverseisclearlyexpressedinfolio47v:“BecausetheSunisthesourceofheatandlight,itmustbeatthecentreoftheplanets,liketheKinginhisKingdom,liketheheartinthebody.”15
Regiomontanusalsohadviewsontheorbitalvelocityofplanetsaroundthesun:“MoreovertheassumptionthatVenusandMercury
![Page 776: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/776.jpg)
wouldmovemorerapidlyiftheywerebelowtheSunisuntenable.Onthecontrary,attimestheymovefasterintheirorbits,attimesslower.”ThisforeshadowsKepler.
Regiomontanusrealizedthatthestarswereatanalmostinfinitedistancefromthesolarsystem:“Naturemaywellhaveassignedsomeunknownmotiontothestars;itisnowandwillhenceforth
![Page 777: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/777.jpg)
beverydifficulttodeterminetheamountofthismotionduetoitssmallsize.”
Helaterrefinedthis:“ItisnecessarytoalterthemotionofthestarsalittlebecauseoftheEarth’smotion”(Zinner).
Theonlypossiblemotionoftheearthrelativetothestarsisthataroundthesun,itcannotbydefinitionrefertothecircularmotionofthe
![Page 778: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/778.jpg)
eartharounditsownaxis.ThisinmyviewiscorroboratedbyRegiomontanus’swrittencommentalongsideArchimedes’accountofAristarchus’assumptionthattheearthcirclesaroundanimmobilesun,whichisatthecenterofafixedstellarsphere.Regiomontanuswrote:
“AristarchusSamius”
![Page 779: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/779.jpg)
(HeroicAristarchus)16
Unfortunately,Regiomontanus’sworksafterthedateofthiscommentaremissing.
ItseemstomethatRegiomontanus’snearobsessionwithmeasuringthechangeinthedeclinationofthesuncanonlybeunderstoodifhehadappreciatedthattheearth
![Page 780: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/780.jpg)
traveledinanellipsearoundthesunandthattheshapeofthisellipsewaschangingwithtime.Hewrote:“Itwillbebeautifultopreservethevariationsinplanetarymotionsbymeansofconcentriccircles.Wehavealreadymadeawayforthesunandthemoon;fortherestthecornerstonehasbeenlaid,fromwhichonecanobtaintheequationsforthese
![Page 781: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/781.jpg)
planetsbythistable.”17
BeforediscussingRegiomontanus’smasterpiece,hisephemeristables,weshouldattempttoaddressthe$100,000question—fromwheredidhegethisknowledge?UndoubtedlyRegiomontanusstudiedGreekandRomanworksextensively—Ptolomyforyearsandyears,andhecopiedoutArchimedes’and
![Page 782: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/782.jpg)
Eutocius’workoncylinders,measurementsofthecircle,onspheresandspheroids.RegiomontanuscouldreadandwriteGreekandLatinfluently.HecouldalsoreadArabic.HehadmasteredawiderangeofArabicwork,notleastofwhichwasal-Bitruji’splanetarytheory.However,RegiomontanusadoptedtheChineseequatorialsystemofplanetandstarcoordinates;he
![Page 783: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/783.jpg)
rejectedtheArabic,Greek,andByzantinecoordinatesystems.HeborrowedheavilyfromToscanelli,includinghisandAlberti’scalculationsoftheearth’schangingellipsearoundthesun,andheadoptedToscanelliandtheChinesemeasurementofthedeclinationofthesun.HisworkonsphericaltriangleshadbeenforeshadowedbyGuoShoujing’s.IfUzielliis
![Page 784: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/784.jpg)
correct,RegiomontanuscollaboratedwithToscanelliondrawingthemapoftheworldthatwassenttothekingofPortugal—amapcopiedfromtheChinese,somethingRegiomontanusmusthaveknown.
RegiomontanusrepeatedlyreferstoToscanelli’swork—onsphericaltrigonometry,declinationtables,instruments,andcomets.
![Page 785: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/785.jpg)
Whendoingso,hemusthaveknownofToscanelli’smeetingswiththeChinese—andoftheenormoustransferofknowledgefromthem.
RegiomontanusalsohadintimateknowledgeofChinesemathematicalwork,whichheacquireddirectlyorthroughToscanelli.AmongthatknowledgewastheChineseremaindertheorem.
![Page 786: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/786.jpg)
Regiomontanus’sKnowledgeofChineseMathematics
RegiomontanuscorrespondedonaregularbasiswithItalianastronomerFrancescoBianchini.18In1463hesetBianchinithisproblem:“Iaskforanumberthatwhendividedby17leavesaremainderof15;thesamenumberwhendividedby13leavesaremainderof11;the
![Page 787: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/787.jpg)
samenumberdividedby10leavestheremainderof3.Iaskyouwhatisthatnumber”(GMtranslationofLatin).
Bianchinireplied:“Tothisproblemmanysolutionscanbegivenwithdifferentnumbers—suchas1,103,3313andmanyothers.HoweverIdonotwanttobeputtothetroubleoffindingtheothernumbers.”
![Page 788: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/788.jpg)
Regiomontanusanswered:“YouhaverightlygiventhesmallestnumberIaskedforas1,103andthesecond3,313.Thisisenoughbecausesuchnumbersofwhichthesmallestis1,103areinfinite.Ifweshouldaddanumbermadeupbymultiplyingthethreedivisions,namely,17,13,10,weshouldarriveatthesecondnumber,3,313,byaddingthisnumberagain[viz2210]weshouldgetthethird
![Page 789: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/789.jpg)
[whichwouldbe5,523].”
Regiomontanusthendrewinthemargin:
ItisobviousfromBianchini’sreplythathedidnotunderstandtheChinese
![Page 790: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/790.jpg)
remaindertheorem(ifhehad,hewouldhaverealizedhoweasythesolutionwasandnotsaid,“Idonotwanttobeputtothetroubleoffindingtheothernumbers.”
Ontheotherhand,itisobviousthatRegiomontanushadthecompletesolutiontotheproblem—asthemathematicianCurtzesummarizes:19
![Page 791: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/791.jpg)
“[Regiomontanus]knewthoroughlytheremainderproblem,thetayenruleoftheChinese.”
TheTa-YenruleiscontainedintheShu-shuChiu-changofCh’inChiu-shao,publishedin1247.20
ItfollowsthatRegiomontanusmusthavebeenawareofthisChinesebookof1247unlesshehad
![Page 792: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/792.jpg)
quiteindependentlythoughtuptheTa-Yenrule,whichheneverclaimedtohavedone.
Regiomontanus’sknowledgeoftheShu-shuChiu-changwouldexplainalot.NeedhamtellsusthatthefirstsectionofthisbookisconcernedwithindeterminateanalysessuchastheTa-Yenrule.21Inthelaterstagesofthebookcomesanexplanationofhowto
![Page 793: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/793.jpg)
calculatecomplexareasandvolumessuchasthediameterandcircumferenceofacircularwalledcity,problemsofallocationofirrigationwater,andtheflowrateofdykes.Thebookcontainsmethodsofresolvingthedepthofraininvarioustypesandshapesofraingauge—allproblemsrelevanttocartographicsurveying,inwhichweknowRegiomontanustookadeep
![Page 794: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/794.jpg)
interest.
TheimplicationsofRegiomontanusknowingofthismassivebook,whichwasthefruitoftheworkofthirtyChineseschoolsofmathematics,couldbeofgreatimportance.Itisasubjectbeyondthecapacityofapersonofmyage.Ihopeyoungmathematicianswilltakeupthechallenge.Itmayleadtoamajorrevisionof
![Page 795: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/795.jpg)
ErnstZinner’smajesticworkonRegiomontanus.
ItseemstomewemayobtainasnapshotofapartofwhatRegiomontanusinheritedfromtheChinesethroughToscanelli(ratherthanthroughGreekandArabastronomers)bycomparingZhengHe’sephemeristables22withRegiomontanus’sephemeristables.23
![Page 796: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/796.jpg)
Regiomontanus’stablesaredoublepagesforeachmonthwithahorizontallineforeachday.ZhengHe’shaveonedoublepageforeachmonthwithaverticallineforeachday.Ontheleft-handsideofeachofRegiomontanus’spagesarethetruepositionsofthesun,moon,andtheplanetsSaturn,Jupiter,Mars,Venus,andMercury,andthelunarnodeswherethemoon
![Page 797: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/797.jpg)
crossestheecliptic.Ontheright-handsidearepositionsofthesunrelativetothemoon,timesoffullandnewmoon,positionsofthemoonrelativetotheplanets,andpositionsofplanetsrelativetooneanother.Feastdaysaregiven,asareotherimportantdaysinthemedievalEuropeancalendar.
ZhengHe’s1408tableshaveanaverageoftwenty-
![Page 798: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/798.jpg)
eightcolumnsofinformationforeachday(asopposedtoRegiomontanus’seightcolumns).ZhengHe’stableshavethesameplanetaryinformationasRegiomontanus’s—forSaturn,Jupiter,Mars,Venus,andMercury,andalso,likeRegiomontanus’s,positionsofthesunandmoon.ThedifferencebetweenthetwoisthatZhengHe’sgaveauspiciousdaysforplanting
![Page 799: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/799.jpg)
seed,visitingGrandmother,andsoon,ratherthanreligiousfeastdays.ZhengHe’shavedoubletheamountofinformation.Theastonishingsimilaritybetweenthetwocouldbeacoincidence—butthe1408tablescamefirst,printedbeforeGutenberg.
ZinnerandothersclaimthatRegiomontanus’stableswith300,000numbersovera
![Page 800: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/800.jpg)
thirty-one-yearperiodweretheresultofusingtheAlfonsine(Greek/Arabic)tablesamendedbyobservation.IfRegiomontanus’stableswerebasedontheAlfonsinetables,theywouldhavebeenuselessforpredictingpositionsofsun,moon,andplanetswithsufficientaccuracytopredicteclipsesandhencelongitude,astheAlfonsinetableswerebasedonawhollyfaulty
![Page 801: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/801.jpg)
structureoftheuniverse,withtheearthasitscenterandplanetsrevolvingroundit.
Furthermore,RegiomontanuswellknewthatusingtheoldAlfonsinetableswouldbeuseless.Inhiscalendarfor1475–1531hepointedoutthatinthirtyofthefifty-sixyearsbetween1475and1531,thedateofEaster(themostimportantdayintheCatholicChurch)
![Page 802: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/802.jpg)
waswrongintheAlfonsinetables.(BecauseofthesensitivityofthisinformationitwasomittedfromtheGermaneditionofRegiomontanus’scalendar.)Tobasehisephemerisontablesheknewtobeinaccuratewouldhavebeencompletelyillogical.Regiomontanushadtouseanewsource.
ZhengHe’sephemeris
![Page 803: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/803.jpg)
tables,ontheotherhand,werebasedonGuoShoujing—whichreliedonatrueunderstandingoftheearth’sandplanets’rotationaroundthesunasthecenterofthesolarsystem.Inmysubmission,Zinner’sclaimthatRegiomontanus’stableswerebaseduponhispersonalobservationsalsobreaksdownbecausehedidnothavetimetomakethenecessaryobservations.Regiomontanus
![Page 804: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/804.jpg)
diedin1475.Histablescontinuedforanotherfifty-sixyears;onecanseehisamendmentsinredinthetables,andthesecoveronlyfiveofthefifty-sixyears.
IhopetheaccuracyofZhengHe’sandRegiomontanus’sephemeristableswillbesubjectedtoatestbythe“StarryNight”computerprogramandcomparedwiththeAlmagest
![Page 805: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/805.jpg)
ephemeriscalculator(basedontheAlfonsinetables),butthismaynotoccuruntilthetablesaretranslatedandbeforethisbookgoestopress.InthemeantimeweneedacheckintotheaccuracyofRegiomontanus’stablesincalculatingeclipses,planetarypositions,andlongitude.IfbaseduponZhengHe’s,theywouldwork;ifupontheAlfonsinetables,theywouldnot.
![Page 806: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/806.jpg)
Fortunately,Columbus,Vespucci,andothersdiduseRegiomontanus’sephemeristablestopredicteclipses,latitude,andlongitudeforyearsafterRegiomontanusdied.
DiasusedthetablescorrectlytocarefullycalculatethelatitudeoftheCapeofGoodHopeat34°22'onhisvoyageof1487.24ChristopherColumbusand
![Page 807: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/807.jpg)
hisbrotherBartholomewwerepresentwhenDiasreturnedandpresentedhiscalculationstothekingofPortugal.25
ColumbususedRegiomontanus’sephemeristables,asweknowfromtablesthattodayareinSevilleCathedralwithColumbus’swritingonthem.26ColumbusreferredtotheephemerisentryforJanuary17,1493,
![Page 808: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/808.jpg)
whenJupiterwouldbeinoppositiontothesunandmoon;heknewofRegiomontanus’sexplanationofhowtocalculatelongitudefromalunareclipse.HisbrotherBartholomewwrote:“Almanachpasadoenephemeredes.JodemonteRegio[Regiomontanus]abanno1482usquead1506.”27
Columbus’sfirstknowncalculationoflongitudeusing
![Page 809: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/809.jpg)
Regiomontanus’smethodofobservinglunareclipses(whosetimesColumbusobtainedfromtheephemeristables)wasonSeptember14,1494,twentyyearsafterRegiomontanushadenteredthefiguresinthetables.28ColumbuswasontheislandofSaya,tothewestofPuertoRico.(“Saya”onPizzigano’s1424chart.)Regiomontanusexplainshowtocalculate
![Page 810: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/810.jpg)
longitudebylunareclipsesatthefrontofthetables.
Usingthisexplanation,throughnofaultofhisown,Columbususedthewrongprimemeridian(Cadiz)inhiscalculationsratherthanNuremberg,whichwasRegiomontanus’sprimemeridian.InhisintroductiontotheephemeristablesRegiomontanusdoesnotmentionthis—onehastogo
![Page 811: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/811.jpg)
tonearthebackofeighthundredpagestofindthisout.ColumbushadanothergoonFebruary29,1504,usingthetablestopredictasolareclipseinJamaicaandtocalculatelongitude.29Hemadethesameunderstandablemistakeagain.Schroeter’stablesenableustoknowtheaccuracyofRegiomontanus’stableswhenpredictingtheseeclipseson
![Page 812: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/812.jpg)
September14,1494,andFebruary29,1504—delaysofthirtyminutesandelevenminutesrespectively,andthattwentyandthirtyyearsafterRegiomontanushadenteredthefigures—fantasticaccuracy,whichinmyviewdemolishesthecasethatRegiomontanus’sephemeridescanhavebeenbasedupontheAlfonsinetables,whichgotthedateofEasterwrongthirtytimes
![Page 813: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/813.jpg)
between1475and1531.RegiomontanusmusthavegottenhisinformationfromToscanelli.
VespucciusedRegiomontanus’sephemeristablestocalculatelongitudeonAugust23,1499,whenthetablesstatedthemoonwouldcrossMarsbetweenmidnightand1A.M.Vespucciobservedthatat“11/2hoursaftersundownthemoonwas
![Page 814: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/814.jpg)
slightlyoveronedegreeeastofMarsandbymidnighthadmovedto51/2degreesfromMarsratherthaninlinewithMarsatmidnightatNuremberg.”30HeincorrectlycalculatedthelunarmotioncomparedtoMarsandalsousedthewrongmeridian—againRegiomontanushadnotmadethisclear.Indoingsoheplacedthewronglongitudeforwherehewas
![Page 815: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/815.jpg)
(theRiverAmazon).Usingthecorrectfigures,inmyview,demolishestheargumentthatRegiomontanus’stableswerebasedupontheAlfonsinetables.LikewiseColumbus’slongitudeerrorsalmostdisappearifhehadusedthecorrectzeropoint.
FromthepublicationofRegiomontanus’sephemeristablesin1474,Europeans
![Page 816: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/816.jpg)
couldforthefirsttimecalculatelatitudeandlongitude,knowtheirpositionatsea,gettotheNewWorld,accuratelychartit,andreturnhomeinsafety—arevolutioninexploration.
Regiomontanus’stableswereimproveduponbyNevilMaskelyne.Thesewerepublishedin1767andremainedinusebyRoyalNavycaptainsandnavigators
![Page 817: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/817.jpg)
wellafterHarrison’schronometerwasintroduced.31
ThegreatCaptainCookobservedandcalculatedmorethansixhundredlunardistancestoobtainthelongitudeofStripCoveinNewZealand,andin1777hemadeonethousandlunarobservationstodeterminethelongitudeofTonga.32Maskelyne’stableswere
![Page 818: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/818.jpg)
absorbedintotheNauticalAlmanacinwhichlunar-distancetableswereincorporateduntilbeingphasedoutin1907.(TheywerestillinthelibraryatDartmouthwhenIlearnednavigationtherein1954.)Withaccurateinstruments,thetablesproducedastonishinglygoodresults.WilliamLambertreports(observationsJanuary21,1793)thatwithoutusing
![Page 819: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/819.jpg)
clocksthelongitudeoftheCapitolinWashington,D.C.,was76°46'byusingthemoonandAldebaran;76°54'onOctober20,1804,byusingthePleiadesandthemoon;77°01'onSeptember17,1811,byusinganeclipseofthesun;76°57'onJanuary12,1813byusingTaurusandthemoon.33Thetruefigureis77°00'W.34Hencefivedifferentmethods,which
![Page 820: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/820.jpg)
couldhavebeenemployedusingRegiomontanus’sephemeristablesbydifferentpeople,gaveamaximumerrorof14'—aroundeightnauticalmileswithoutusingclocksorchronometers.Harrison’schronometerwasusefulbutnotessentialinmappingtheworld.
Maps
OnceRegiomontanuswas
![Page 821: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/821.jpg)
abletocalculatelatitudeandlongitude,hecouldconstructmaps.HeproducedthefirstEuropeanmapwithaccuratelatitudesandlongitudesin1450.ItsaccuracyrivaledtheChinesemapof1137whichshowedChinamappedaccuratelywithlatitudeandlongitudeandisheldintheBritishMuseum(Needham).
Regiomontanuswasfullyawarethathewasremaking
![Page 822: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/822.jpg)
Europeanastronomy.ZinnerciteshisdrivetobanishtheerrorsofPtolomyandcenturiesofmisunderstanding:
Hehadinmind,ashislife’sgoal,theimprovementoftheplanetarytheoryandplanetarytables;heknewoftheirdefectsonlytoowell.Hewantedtohavethebestandmosterror-freeeditionsofancientmanuscriptsatthe
![Page 823: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/823.jpg)
disposalofhiscontemporaries,soheintendedtocomposealmanacswhichrepresentedcelestialeventsinanerrorlessmannerandwhichwouldbeimportantaidsforpredictionsanddeterminationofpositions….Hespokeofthesunasthekingamongtheplanets.Heconnectedthethreeouterplanetswiththesunbymeansofepicyclicmotion,whereasVenuswas
![Page 824: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/824.jpg)
linkedtothesuninotherways.Hencethespecialpositionofthesunwascleartohim,inthosedays.
Inaddition,therecametherealisationthattheplanetarytableswereunsatisfactory.Lateron,inhisletterstoBianchiniin1463–64,hewasquiteclearaboutthefactthatmanyofPtolomy’sassumptionscouldnotbecorrect,notonlyaboutthe
![Page 825: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/825.jpg)
obliquityoftheeclipticbutalsoaboutthepathsoftheplanetsthemselves.Iftheplanetsreallydidmovealongepicycles,thentheirapparentdiameterswouldhavetochangeinawaythatiscompletelycontrarytoobservations.35
JustastheAristotelian/Ptolomeicparadigmoftheuniversewasshelvedafter1434,sowere
![Page 826: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/826.jpg)
Arabicmethodsofastronomyandastronavigation.TheArabsystem,withitsazimuthstarcoordinatesystemandrelianceontheecliptic,hadbeenbroughttoBeijingbyJamalad-Dinin1269.Itlastedonlynineyears.AfterGuoShoujingwascommissionedtoproducetheShoushicalendarin1276,hejettisonedtheArabeclipticcoordinatesandbuiltthesimplifiedequatorial
![Page 827: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/827.jpg)
torquetumlaterusedbyNicholasofCusaandRegiomontanus.36
AfterthetorquetumwasintroducedtoEurope,astrolabes,onwhichArabicandEuropeanastronomershadlavishedalltheirmathematicalart,passedoutoffavor.GuoShoujing’storquetum—forerunnerofmodernEuropeaninstrumentssuchastheastrocompass—
![Page 828: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/828.jpg)
livedon.
Fromthereon,EuropeanastronomersfollowedChinesemethods.
![Page 829: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/829.jpg)
14
LEONBATTISTAALBERTIANDLEONARDODA
VINCI
LeonBattistaAlberti(February14,1404–April25,
![Page 830: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/830.jpg)
1472)hasbeenheraldedasthe“universalman”oftheearlyRenaissanceanddescribedas“theprophetofthenewgrandstyleinart”inauguratedbyLeonardodaVinci.1Hisrangeofabilitieswasastounding.
AlbertiwasborninGenoa,thesonofawealthyFlorentinebanker,LorenzoAlberti.Hismother,BiancaFieschl,wasawidowfrom
![Page 831: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/831.jpg)
Bologna.WhenhewasveryyoungthefamilymovedtoVenice,wherehisfatherranthefamilybank.Aban(acommonpoliticaloccurrenceinthosedays)onthefamilywasliftedin1428,leavingtheyoungAlbertifreetoreturntoFlorence.
Hebenefitedfromthefinesteducationavailable.From1414to1418hestudiedclassicsatthefamousschool
![Page 832: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/832.jpg)
ofGasparinoBarzizzainPaduaandlaterattainedhismaster’sinlawattheUniversityofBologna.In1430hemovedtoRome,wherehepreparedlegalbriefsforPopeEugeniusIVandmetNicholasofCusawhowasprimeminister.InJune1434,EugeniusIVwasforcedtoleaveRomeforFlorencebecauseofadisagreementwiththeChurchCouncil.Albertijoinedhim
![Page 833: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/833.jpg)
andwasappointedcanonofSantaMariadelFiorewhenthecathedralwasnearcompletion.InFlorence,hewasintroducedtobothFilippoBrunelleschi(1377–1446)andPaoloToscanelli,whohadassistedBrunelleschiwiththemathematicsforthecathedraldome.Albertibecamelifelongfriendswithbothandpartofthegroupoffriendsandadmirers
![Page 834: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/834.jpg)
surroundingToscanelli.2
BeforemovingtoFlorence,Albertihadwrittentreatisesontheuseanddisadvantagesofthestudyofletters;twodialogues,DeiphiraandEcatonfilea(lovescenes);athesis,Intercenale;abookaboutthefamily,Dellafamiglia;andalifeofSaintPotitus,VitasPotiti.
After1434,however,he
![Page 835: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/835.jpg)
beganproducingarangeofworksinmathematics,astronomy,architecture,andcryptography.3HisbiographerJoanGadoldescribesAlberti’sinfluence:
[Mostastronomersconsidered]“themaximumdeclinationofthesuninourdaysis24degreesand2minutes,butmyteachers[Peurbach]andIhaveascertainedwithinstruments
![Page 836: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/836.jpg)
thatitis23degreesand28minutesandIhaveoftenheardMagisterPaolotheFlorentineandBattistaAlbertisaythatbydiligentobservationtheyfoundthatitdidnotexceed23degreesand30minutes,thefigureIhavedecidedtoregisterinourtable.”4
Thisdescriptionissignificantforseveralreasons.First,Regiomontanus,discipleof
![Page 837: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/837.jpg)
Toscanelliandaveryaccomplishedastronomer,creditsAlbertiasone,aswell.Second,hedepictstheastronomersarguingabouttwominutesofdeclination,whichmeanstheymusthavehadveryaccurateinstrumentstodeterminethealtitudeofthesunatitsmeridianpassageatnoon.Third,itsuggeststheyhadsolvedthedeclinationproblemwithallthatimplies.Finally,and
![Page 838: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/838.jpg)
mostimportantofall,ittellsusthattheyareworkingontheobliquityoftheecliptic.
GadolconsideredthatAlberti’sentirelynewknowledgeoftheuniverse,whichhehadgainedfromToscanelli,enabledhimtodevelopmanyofhisideasbyusinganastrolabe—inarchitecture,inperspective,evenincryptography.
![Page 839: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/839.jpg)
AtleastadecadebeforeAlberti’sgreatworksonpaintingandsculpture,Depictura(1435),whichhetranslatedintoanItalianversion,Dellapittura,thefollowingyear,andDestatua(ca.1446),Florentineartistshadbeenexperimentingwithperspective.However,thecurrentconsensusseemstobethatBrunelleschi,Masaccio,andDonatellowereintuitivegeniuseswhodevelopedthe
![Page 840: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/840.jpg)
costruzionelegittima,amethodofdeterminingperspectivewiththeuseofpinholecamerasandmirrors,butdidnotknowthemathematicsofthecostruzioneabbreviatadevelopedlaterbyAlberti.
BeforeconsideringAlberti’sgreatworks,perhapsoneshouldconsiderhowsomanybrilliantpeopleappearedontheEuropeanstageatthe
![Page 841: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/841.jpg)
sametime.Toscanelli,Regiomontanus,Alberti,FrancescodiGiorgio,andLeonardodaVincirevolutionizedEuropeanthought—inknowledgeoftheuniverseandthesolarsystem,inastronomy,mathematics,physics,architecture,cartography,surveying,townplanning,sculpture,painting,evencryptography.HowdidtheyallappearinthesamesmallareaofnorthernItaly?
![Page 842: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/842.jpg)
DidGodwaveamagicwandoverTuscany?
Undoubtedly,onereasonwasmoney.Inthe1430sVenicewasthewealthiestcityinEurope,followedbyParisandNuremburg.VenetianwealthspilledintoFlorence.TheMedicisweretherichestfamilyinEurope.Theymadetheirmoneyfrombanking,apartofwhichinvolvedlendingoutmoney
![Page 843: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/843.jpg)
andcharginginterestfordoingso—usuryintheeyesoftheChurch.Toatonefortheirsins,theMedicissponsoredawholerangeofreligiousworks—buildingandembellishingfirstchapelsandlaterhospitalsandlibraries.Theyengagedthebestartiststopaintfrescoesofthestarsandplanets.Theyemployedpeopletosearchoutbooksandmapsandscholarstotranslatebooksof
![Page 844: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/844.jpg)
theancients.
Thereweremanyscholarstoemploy.ItalyboastedsomeoftheoldestEuropeanuniversities—BolognawasnearlyasoldasParis—andthereweremanyofthem.Tuscanyprobablyhadahigherproportionofpostgraduates(touseamodernterm)thananywhereelseonearth.Tothosewhocouldnotaffordauniversity
![Page 845: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/845.jpg)
education,theChurchofferedafreealternative.Thereligiousorders,firstBenedictines,thenCistercians,Franciscans,Dominicans,andJesuits,offerednotonlyafirst-classreligioustrainingbutapracticalonefordailylife.Benedictinesnotonlyprayedbutranhighlysuccessfulandprofitablefarmspioneeringresearchintoanimalhusbandry,crop
![Page 846: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/846.jpg)
improvements,honeyproduction,fishandpoultrybreeding,evengeneticengineering.Benedictinesintimebecamebankerstosmallfarms,soimprovingagriculture.Asonereligiousorderfollowedanother,thequalityofeducationcontinuouslyimproved,culminatinginthesuperbeducationthattheJesuitsbroughttopeoplesoftheNewWorld.Benedictines,
![Page 847: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/847.jpg)
Cistercians,Franciscans,andDominicansallhadtheirprincipalbasesinBurgundyandnorthernItaly.
ThiswastheloaminwhichtheseedsofChineseideasandinventionswerepropagated.Weshouldnotunderestimatethepollinationofideasthatresultedfromthecontinuousintellectualinterchangeamongthesegeniuses.Toscanelliand
![Page 848: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/848.jpg)
Regiomontanuscollaboratedonworldmaps;determiningthedeclinationofthesun;changesintheobliquityoftheecliptic;comets;sphericaltrigonometry;torquetums;andastronomicalinstruments.Albertiexchangedideasonastronomy,mathematics,andtrigonometrywithRegiomontanusandToscanelli,onlocksandcanalswithFrancescodiGiorgio,andonraising
![Page 849: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/849.jpg)
sunkenshipswithFrancescoandTaccola.NicholasofCusadiscussedastronomywithToscanelli,Alberti,andRegiomontanus.Membersofthegroupdedicatedtheirbookstooneanother.
Theyprayedatthesamecathedral,SantaMariadelFiore,ateatthemensainFlorence’sPalazzoVecchio,anddinedwiththeMedicis.NicholasofCusa’shomein
![Page 850: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/850.jpg)
Romewasthegatheringplaceformenofinfluenceandscience—includingBruni,Alberti,Regiomontanus,andToscanelli.TherewereseveraloccasionsatwhichAlbertiandNicholasofCusametovertheyears;duringtheCouncilofFlorence—AlbertiwasatFerrarawithEugeniusIV,aswasNicholasofCusa.ThehistorianGiovanniSantinellodrawsanumberofparallelsbetweenAlberti’s
![Page 851: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/851.jpg)
writingsonbeauty,art,andperspectiveandNicholasofCusa’s.5
DePictura
Alberti’smasterpiece,Depictura,isgenerallyacceptedbyarthistoriansoftheRenaissanceasthemostimportantbookonpaintingeverwritten.LeonardodaVincirepeatedlyreferstoit,sometimesquotingitword
![Page 852: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/852.jpg)
forword.ItseemsappropriatetoanalyzehowAlberticametowritethebook,notleastbecauseofitsimpactonthedevelopmentofLeonardo’sgeniusandthebook’sinfluenceonthefuturecourseoftheRenaissance.Inmyopinion,AlbertiwouldhaverealizedfromhisandToscanelli’sstudyoftheShoushiastronomicalcalendarthattheearthtraveledinanellipsearound
![Page 853: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/853.jpg)
thesunwhilerotatingonitsaxisandthattheplanetsalsorotatedroundthesuninellipses,andthiswouldhavebeenaseismicshock.ThatAlbertiknewhowthesolarsystemworkedisevidencedbyhispaintingintheSanLorenzoBaptistryoftheheavensofthesun,moon,andstarsonJuly6,1439,atnoon.NotonlydidthisnewknowledgeoverturntheauthorityofPtolomyand
![Page 854: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/854.jpg)
Aristotle,butitknockedovertheentirehierarchicalorderoftheuniverseandreplaceditwithaconceptionofaharmoniousand,aboveall,mathematicalworldorder.Mathematicsbroughtsystematicorderintotheplanoftheheavensandrevealedaconnectionbetweenastronomicaldataandphysicalresearch—quiteliterallyashatteringrevelation.Iftheworkings
![Page 855: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/855.jpg)
andmotionsoftheheavenscouldbeexplainedinamathematicalratherthanareligiouscontext,thensurelyarchitecture,engineering,painting,evencryptographycouldalsobeexplainedbymathematics—henceDepictura,whichgivesthefirstrationalandsystematicexpositionoftherulesforperspective.ToquoteJoanGadolagain:
![Page 856: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/856.jpg)
[Alberti’s]majoraccomplishmentofthisFlorentineperiod(1434–1436)wastheoretical.Bybringinghishumanisticandmathematicallearningtobearuponthepracticeofpaintingandsculpture,Albertifatheredthenew,mathematicallyinspiredtechniquesoftheseartsanddevelopedtheaestheticimplicationsofthisrenascentartisticrelianceupon
![Page 857: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/857.jpg)
geometry.
ThesculpturalcounterparttothetheoryofperspectiveappearedsomewhatlaterinDellaStatua.Treatingthestatueasanotherkindofgeometricimitationofnature,hedevisedanequallyingeniousmethodofmensurationforthesculptorandworkedoutthefirstRenaissancecanonofproportions.6
![Page 858: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/858.jpg)
Alberti,asJoanGadolsosuccinctlywrites,wentbeyondtheboundsofastronomytodetermineitsrelationwithmathematicsandthenmathematicstodeveloppaintingandarchitecture,cartographyandsurveying—evenengineeringdesign.
LeonardodaVincimadegreatuseofDellapittura[theItaliantranslationofDepictura]inhisowntreatiseon
![Page 859: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/859.jpg)
painting,usingthesameterms,andideas,evensomeofAlberti’sphrases.Forexample,Leonardosaystheperspectivepictureistolookasifitweredrawn“onaglassthroughwhichtheobjectsareseen”(Gadol),whichwasatermusedbyAlberti;andthenagainwhendefiningpainter’sperspectiveas“asortofvisualgeometry.”LeonardofollowsAlberti’stheoryandprinciplesinevery
![Page 860: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/860.jpg)
detail:“Thescienceshavenocertaintyexceptwhenoneappliesoneofthemathematicalsciences”…andagain,toquoteLeonardo,“paintingmustbefoundedonsoundtheoryandtothisperspectiveistheguideandgateway.”JakobBurckhardtportrayedAlbertiinTheCivilizationoftheRenaissanceinItalyasatrulyuniversalgeniusandconsideredLeonardodaVinci
![Page 861: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/861.jpg)
wastoAlbertiasfinishertothebeginner.
Leonardo’suseofperspectivetocreatesublimepaintingsandarchitecture,andtoillustratehismechanicaldrawings,ishislegacytomankind.
Alberti’sintellectualachievementsweretrulyawesome.AsGraysonarthistorianofmedievalItaly,so
![Page 862: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/862.jpg)
clearlyexplains,heintroducedtheconceptofthepictureplaneasawindowonwhichtheobservercanseethescenelyingbeyonditandthuslaidthefoundationsoflinearperspective.Albertithencodifiedthebasicgeometrysothatlinearperspectivebecamemathematicallycoherent.
Hewroteaten-volumearchitecturaltreatisecovering
![Page 863: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/863.jpg)
allaspectsofRenaissancearchitecture—townplanning,buildingdesigns,waterandsewagetreatment,publicspaces,methodsofconstruction.Dereaedificatoria(Ontheartofbuilding)becameastandardreferencebookthatspreadRenaissancebuildingtechniquesthroughoutItaly.
HedrewthestarsontheceilingoftheSanLorenzo
![Page 864: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/864.jpg)
BaptistryastheywereseenonJuly6,1439,probablyassistedbyhisfriendToscanelli.HecollaboratedwithToscanelliandRegiomontanusinhelpingdetermineRegiomontanus’sdeclinationofthesun,theobliquityoftheecliptic,andthechangeinitsobliquity.HecomposedthefirstEuropeantreatiseoncryptography,“Decomponendiscifris.”
![Page 865: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/865.jpg)
Couldonemanreallycoversuchavastarrayofsubjectmatterrangingfromtheinventionofpolyalphabeticsubstitutesandthecrypticcodetonewmathematicalmodelsfortreatingperspective?
Albertiwas,likeRegiomontanus,Toscanelli,DiGiorgio,andTaccola,remarkablyreticentincreditingothersforthesource
![Page 866: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/866.jpg)
ofhisinspiration.OfobviousinteresttomewasanypossiblelinkbetweenAlbertiandZhengHe’sdelegation’svisittoFlorencein1434,notleastbecauseAlbertiasnotarytoPopeEugeniusIVwouldhaveattendedmeetingsbetweenthepopeandtheChinese.Moreover,Alberti’swritingsbefore1434wereondomesticthemes—hisexplosionofastronomical,mathematical,
![Page 867: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/867.jpg)
andcartographicworksallcameafter1434.
IstartedmysearchbylookingintoAlberti’sworkoncryptography,inparticularChinesecryptographyoftheearlyfifteenthcentury.ZhengHewouldhavebeenlikelytohaveusedcryptographyfortransmittingintelligencereportstotheemperorandtohisadmiralsandcaptains.Icouldfindnotranslated
![Page 868: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/868.jpg)
works.
Then,whenresearchingRegiomontanus’slifeandworks,asrecountedinthepreviouschapter,IcameuponthecuriousfactthatRegiomontanushadmasteredtheChineseremaindertheorem,uniquetoChinaatthetime.Hissourceforthis(asfarasIknow,theuniquesource)wastheShu-shuChiu-changofCh’inChiu-
![Page 869: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/869.jpg)
shao,publishedin1247,whichcontainsadetailedexplanationoftheTa-Yenrule.
TheShu-shuChiu-changisamassivebook,theChineseequivalenttoAlberti’sDereaedificatoria,butpublishedtwocenturiesearlier.WithfeverishexcitementIhurriedofftotheBritishLibraryandreadNeedham’sdescriptionofthiswork—abombshell;as
![Page 870: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/870.jpg)
farasIcouldsee,thegenesisofAlberti’sworkinrelationtoperspectivecontainedinLudimatematiciisintheChinesebook.ItiscleartomethatbothAlbertiandhisfriendRegiomontanusmayhavehadaccesstothisbook,whichcontainednotonlyrulesforperspectiveandtheChineseremaindertheorem(forcryptographicanalysis)butallaspectsoftownplanning.Onour1434
![Page 871: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/871.jpg)
websitearepicturestakenfromAlberti’sLudimatematiciandCh’inChiu-shao’sbooksidebyside,describingwaysofmeasuringheight,depth,distance,andweightbymathematicalandgeometricmeans.
LetusstartwiththebasicstagesofAlberti’sworkonperspective,thebuildingblocksforhisworksDestatuaandDepictura.
![Page 872: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/872.jpg)
Asafirststage:Albertidrawsalargerectanglelikeawindowframe,throughwhichhecanseethesubjecthewishestopaintorcreate.Forthesecondstage,heselectsthelargesthumanhewishestopaintseenthroughthepictureframe.Theheightofthispersonisdividedintothreeequalparts,whichformthebasicunitofmeasurement,calledabraccia.
![Page 873: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/873.jpg)
![Page 874: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/874.jpg)
TheChinese,andlatertheSieneseengineers,usedvery
similarmethodsforconstructingtowersandmeasuringtheirheights.
![Page 875: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/875.jpg)
Inthethirdstage,hemakesthecenterpointofthepictureframe,whichshouldbenohigherthanthreebracciaabovetheground.
Inthefourthstage,hedividesthebaselineintobraccia.
Inthefifthstage:Hedrawsstraightlinesfromthiscenterpointtoeachofthebracciaonthebaseline.
![Page 876: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/876.jpg)
Forillustrationsoftheabove,pleasevisitourwebsite.
NowtocomparewhereAlbertihasgottenwiththeChinesemethodillustratedintheShu-shuChiu-chang.
Thefirstcomparisonisillustratedbythemethodforfindingtheheightofatower(asexplainedinAlberti’sLudimatematici,ca.1450):
![Page 877: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/877.jpg)
Stickanarroworarodintotheground(c-d)soastoformastraightperpendicularlinealongwhichtotakesightingstothetower(a-b).Marktherodwithwaxwherethelineofsighttothetopofthetowercrossesit(f).Thetriangleformedbythearrow,groundandeyeisthegeometriccounterpartofthetriangleformedbythetower,groundandeye(abc)henceitcanbeusedtofindtheheight
![Page 878: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/878.jpg)
ofthetower(ab).abdividedbybcequalsfcdividedbyce.
ThisishowAlberti“discovered”therulesofprojection,whichsincethenhaveformedthebasisofperspectiveforsculptorsandpainters.
However,Albertihadnotmadeanoriginaldiscovery.ThesameexplanationfromLiuHuiinthethirdcenturyis
![Page 879: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/879.jpg)
illustratedintheShu-shuChiu-chang.Inthisbookthecalculationsarecalled“themethodofdoubledifferences,”thatis,thepropertiesofright-angledtriangles.Thereareillustrationsdepictingmethodsforcalculatingtheheightsofislandsseenfromthesea;theheightofatreeonahill;thesizeofadistantwalledcity;thedepthofaravine;theheightofatower;
![Page 880: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/880.jpg)
thebreadthofarivermouth;thedepthofatransparentpool.ThistrigonometrywasinventedbyEuclid,andAlberticouldhaveobtainedhisideasfromhimaswellasfromtheChinese—heneveracknowledgedhissources.
However,thelinksbetweenChinesesourcesandAlbertigomuchfurtherthantrigonometry.Albertiusedthesameinstrumentsas
![Page 881: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/881.jpg)
Toscanelliandadoptedsimilarmathematics.Alberti’smethodofperspectivewasbrilliant.Herealizedthatperspectivewasdeterminednotonlybythesizeoftheobjectviewedanditsdistancefromthebeholderbutalsobytheheightoftheobserverrelativetotheviewedobjectandtheanglefromwhichtheviewerwaslookingattheobject.Inshort,eachfigureinacrowdwhen
![Page 882: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/882.jpg)
thecrowdisviewedindepthwouldneedadifferentruleofperspective.
BynowIwasbeginningtofeeluncomfortableabouttheamountofknowledgethatitseemedFlorentinemathematicianshadcopiedfromtheChinese—Taccola,FrancescodiGiorgio,andAlbertifromtheShu-shuChiu-changformathematics,surveying,perspective
![Page 883: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/883.jpg)
cartography,andcryptography;RegiomontanusfromGuoShoujing’sworkonsphericaltrigonometry,ToscanelliandNicholasofCusaforGuoShoujing’sworkonastronomy.IcouldexplainoneortwoChinesemanualscomingintothehandsofVenetiansandFlorentines—butthismany,insomanydifferentfields?Itseemedtoomuchofacoincidence—too
![Page 884: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/884.jpg)
goodtobetrue!Ontheotherhand,therewasToscanelli’sevidenceaboutthetransferofknowledgethatwasunquestionablytrue—evidencedbymaps,whichdonotlie.
ItseemedsensibleatthisstagetoseetheoriginalbooksinChina,notonlyNeedham’saccounts.Couldthesehavebeentakenoutofcontextinsomeway?Perhapsthere
![Page 885: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/885.jpg)
werealsomanyChineseinventionsthathadneverbeencopiedbyEuropeans.Perhapsthosethatwerewasjustahugecoincidence.IanHudson,whohasbeeninchargeofourresearchteamandwebsiteforfiveyears,volunteeredtogotoChinatoinspecttheoriginalbooksthatIbelievedEuropeanshadcopied—byvisitinglibrariesinmainlandChinaandHongKong.
![Page 886: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/886.jpg)
Hefoundtherewere,asfaraswecansee,noanomalies—firstitseemedeverythingthatTaccola,diGiorgio,Regiomontanus,Alberti,andLeonardodaVincihad“invented”wasalreadythereinChinesebooks,notablyephemeristables,maps,mathematicaltreatises,andtheproductionofcivilandmilitarymachines.Sohowwasthetransfereffected?Ihadmanysleeplessnightsof
![Page 887: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/887.jpg)
worrybeforethepennydropped—allofthesebookswerereproducedinpartsoftheYongleDadian,whichZhengHewouldhavecarried.ZhengHe’srepresentativeswouldhaveundoubtedlytoldthepopeandToscanelliabouttheYongleDadian—asevidencedbyToscanelli’scomment,Chinawasindeedruledby“astronomersandmathematiciansofgreat
![Page 888: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/888.jpg)
learning.”
Albertialsoappliedhismathematicalabilitytosurveying,andiscitedbymanyasbeingthefatherofmodernsurveying.Hereagain,hemakesacompletebreakwiththepast.HismapofRomebearsalmostnorelationtoPtolemy’ssystemofmapping.HerejectsPtolemy’srectangularcoordinatesandusesthe
![Page 889: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/889.jpg)
astrolabetofindtherelativepositionsofpointsontheground,justasanavigatorwould—hetakessightingsfrommorethanonevantagepoint.AsJoanGadolsays,“HefirstsetforththeseideasinDescriptiourbisRomae,thebriefLatintreatisewritteninthe1440s.”GadolbelievesAlberti’sDescriptiourbisRomaeandLudimatematiciwereamongtheearliestworksinsurveyinglandareas
![Page 890: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/890.jpg)
bysightingsandmappingbyscalepictures.HebelievesRegiomontanus,Schöner,andWaldseemüllerfollowedAlberti’swork.
Leonardo’smapofPisaandthemouthoftheArnoisthoughttobethefirstmodernmaptoshowcontoursoflandbyusingdifferentshadesofcolor.LeonardofollowedAlbertiintheprinciplesusedinsurveying,ashedidin
![Page 891: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/891.jpg)
rulesofperspective.
![Page 892: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/892.jpg)
15
LEONARDODAVINCIANDCHINESE
INVENTIONS
Inmyyouth,LeonardodaVinciseemedthegreatest
![Page 893: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/893.jpg)
geniusofalltime.Anextraordinaryinventorofeverysortofmachine,amagnificentsculptor,oneoftheworld’sgreatestpainters,andthefinestillustratoranddraftsmanwhoeverlived.Whenourdaughterswereyoung,MarcellaandImadeapointoftakingthemtoasmanyexhibitionsofLeonardo’sworkaswecould—inLondon,Paris,Rome,Milan,LeClosLucé,and
![Page 894: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/894.jpg)
Amboise.
Then,asmyknowledgeofChineseinventionsslowlyexpanded,particularlywithinformationprovidedbyfriendsofourwebsite,Ibegantowonder.MoreandmoreofLeonardo’sinventionsappeartohavebeeninventedpreviouslybytheChinese.Ibegantoquestionwhethertheremightbeaconnection—did
![Page 895: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/895.jpg)
LeonardolearnfromtheChinese?The1421teamandIexaminedthesubjectforyearsbutcametonoconclusions.
Leonardodrewalltheessentialcomponentsofmachineswithextraordinaryclarity—showinghowtoothedwheels,gearwheels,andpinionswereusedinmills,liftingmachines,andmachinetools.Hedescribed
![Page 896: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/896.jpg)
howandwhyteethcouldtransferpower,theefficacyofantifrictionteeth,thetransmissionofpowerfromoneplanetoanother,andcontinuousrotarymotion.Hedrewanddescribedratchets,pins,axles,cams,andcamshafts.Pulleyswereanintegralpartofmanyofhismechanisms;heproduceddifferentsystemsandapplicationsforthem.
![Page 897: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/897.jpg)
SomeoftheearliestknownexamplesofgearwheelsinChinahavebeendatedtoca.
50B.C.
![Page 898: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/898.jpg)
Atoothedgearwheel,asdrawnbyLeonardointhe
MadridCodices.
![Page 899: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/899.jpg)
AllthesedeviceshadbeenusedinChinaforaverylongtime.IntheTsoChuanareillustrationsofbronzeratchetsandgearwheelsfromasearlyas200B.C.thathavebeendiscoveredinChina.
AxlesfromthethirdandfourthcenturiesB.C.havebeenexcavatedfromtheroyaltombsatHuiHsien.BythesecondcenturyB.C.,intheHandynasty,complexforms
![Page 900: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/900.jpg)
ofcam-shapedrockingleversforthetriggersofcrossbowswereinuse.TheHsunIHsiangFaYao,writteninaboutA.D.1090,illustratesachaindrive.BytheeleventhcenturyA.D.flywheelswereusedinChinaforgrinding.TheearliestarchaeologicalevidenceofapulleyisadrawwellrepresentingapulleysystemoftheHandynasty.
OneofLeonardo’sbest-
![Page 901: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/901.jpg)
knowninventionswasthepaddle-wheelboat.Thepaddle-wheelmechanismwasfundamentaltoChina’searlynavalsupremacy.Thesightofaboattravelingforwardatgreatspeedseeminglywithoutoarsorsailswasterrifyingtothoseinitspath.Thefirstrecordoftheexistenceofpaddle-wheelboatsoccursinaChineseaccountofanavalactionunderthecommandofWang
![Page 902: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/902.jpg)
Chen-o,anadmiraloftheLiuSungdynastyinA.D.418.1“Thesevesselslaterreachedenormousproportions:onemonsterfromtheSouthernSungdynastywassaidtohavebeen300feetlong.Itwascrewedby1000menandpoweredbythirty-twopaddlewheels.”2
![Page 903: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/903.jpg)
Theoldestknownillustrationofanendlesspower-
transmittingchaindrivefrom
![Page 904: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/904.jpg)
SuSung’sHsunIHsiangFaYaochdrawninA.D.1090.
LeonardodaVinci’sillustrationofachaindrive
(MadridCodices).
Leonardoisrenownedfor
![Page 905: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/905.jpg)
hisdrawingsofdifferentformsofmannedflight,notablyhishelicopterandparachutesandhisattemptsatwings.ByLeonardo’sday,thekitehadbeeninuseforhundredsofyears.“Chinaisthehomelandofthekite…theoldestheavier-than-aircraftthatgainsliftfromthewind.Itisbelievedthatthekitewasinventedsome3000yearsagobyLuBan…c.507–444bcaChinesemastercarpenter
![Page 906: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/906.jpg)
oftheLuStateintheSpringandAutumnperiod.ItwassaidthatLuBanmadeamagpieoutofbamboopieces,whichcouldfly.Themastercarpenterwasalsothefirsttousethekiteinmilitaryreconnaissance.”3
![Page 907: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/907.jpg)
DrawingofaSungpaddle-wheelwarship.
![Page 908: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/908.jpg)
AlongwiththeotherRenaissanceengineers
Leonardopennedhisown
![Page 909: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/909.jpg)
versionofthepaddleboat.
ParachuteswereinuseinChinafifteenhundredyearsbeforeLeonardo.
AccordingtothehistoricalrecordsbySimaQianoftheWesternHandynasty,Shun,alegendarymonarchinancientChinawasdeeplyhatedbyhisfather,ablindoldman.WhenShunwasworkingontopofahigh
![Page 910: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/910.jpg)
granary,hisfathersetfiretothegranaryfrombelow,intendingtokillShun.Holdingtwocone-shapedbamboohatsinhishands,Shunflewdownandlandedsafely.Thisbookalsodescribeshowmorerecently(in1214)athiefmanagedtostealthelegofastatuefromthetopofamosque.Whencaughtheadmittedtousingtwoumbrellasasaparachutetosavehimselffrominjury
![Page 911: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/911.jpg)
onhisdescent.4
Theparachuteisasmall
![Page 912: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/912.jpg)
detailonafolioofthelargestcollectionofdaVinci’snotebooks,theCodex
Atlanticus.
Hot-airballoonswereknowninthesecondcenturyA.D.inChina.Thecontentsofaneggwereremovedfromtheshell,thenalittlemug-worttinderwasignitedinsidetheholesoastocauseastrongaircurrent.Theeggroseupintheairandflew
![Page 913: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/913.jpg)
away.”5
TheChinesehadmadeuseoftheessentialprincipleofthehelicopterrotorfromthefourthcenturyA.D.,afactnotedbythephilosopherandalchemistKoHung.Bythen,helicoptertoys,likewhirligigs,werepopularinChina,acommonnamebeing“bamboodragonfly.”Thetoywasabamboowithacordwoundarounditandwith
![Page 914: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/914.jpg)
bladesstickingoutfromthebambooatanangle.Whenthecordwaspulled,thebambooandbladesrotatedandthetoyascendedastheairwaspusheddownwards.Needhamdescribesanumberofexamplesofrotatingbladesbeingusedforflight,oftenintheformofflyingcars.6
Leonardodevotedmuchtimetothepossibilitiesof
![Page 915: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/915.jpg)
mannedflight.TheearliestChinesedescriptionoftheconceptoccurredintheaccountsoftheshort-livedandobscureNorthernChidynasty(ninthcenturyB.C.),whentheemperorKaoYang“causedmanyprisonerscondemnedtodeathtobebroughtforward,hadthemharnessedwithgreatbamboomatsaswings,andorderedthemtoflytothegroundfromthetopofthetower….
![Page 916: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/916.jpg)
Alltheprisonersdiedbuttheemperorcontemplatedthespectaclewithenjoymentandmuchlaughter.”7
![Page 917: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/917.jpg)
Apictorialversionoftheaerialcar,fromtheShanHaiChingKuangChu.“Theskill
![Page 918: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/918.jpg)
oftheChi-Kungpeopleistrulymarvellous;bystudyingthewindstheycreatedandbuiltflyingwheels,with
whichtheycanridealongthepathsofthewhirlwinds….”“Theartistherehasdrawntheaerialcarwithtwowheels,butbothseemtobeintendedtorepresentscrew-bladedrotors….”(Textofthe-2ndcentury,orearlier,plus17th-
centurycommentary).
![Page 919: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/919.jpg)
AlaterdescriptioncomesfromMarcoPolointheZmanuscript.
Andsowewilltellyouhowwhenanyshipmustgoonavoyage,theyprovewhetherherbusinesswillgowellorill.Themenoftheshipwillhaveabundleoragratingofwillowstemandateachcornerandsideofthisframeworkwillbetiedacordandtheywillallbetiedatthe
![Page 920: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/920.jpg)
endofalongrope.Nexttheywillfindsomefoolordrunkardandwillbindhimonthehurdle,sinceno-oneinhisrightmindorwithhiswitsabouthimwouldexposehimselftothatperil.Andthisisdonewhenastrongwindprevails.Thentheframeworkbeingsetupoppositethewind,thewindliftsitandcarriesitupintothesky,whilethemenholdonbythelongrope.And,ifwhilethis
![Page 921: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/921.jpg)
isintheair,thehurdleleanstowardsthewayofthewind,theypulltheropetothemalittlesothatitissetagainupright,afterwhichtheyletoutsomemoreropeanditriseshigher.Andifagainittips,oncemoretheypullontheropeuntiltheframeisuprightandclimbing,andthentheyyieldropeagain,sothatinthismanneritwouldrisesohighthatitcouldnotbeseen,ifonlytheropewere
![Page 922: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/922.jpg)
longenough.Theaugurytheyinterpretthus:ifthehurdlegoingstraightupmakesfortheskytheysaytheshipforwhichthetesthasbeenmadewillhaveaquickandprosperousvoyage….Butifthehurdlehasnotbeenabletogoup,nomerchantwillbewillingtoentertheship.8
![Page 923: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/923.jpg)
Theideaofamanusingwingsforflightexistedin
![Page 924: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/924.jpg)
ChineselegendhundredsofyearsbeforethisfifteenthcenturySieneseflyingman.
![Page 925: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/925.jpg)
OneofthemanyweaponsmasteredbyChinabeforeEuropewasthecannon.
ThedismountablecannonappearsindaVinci’s
notebookandinthoseof
![Page 926: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/926.jpg)
manyotherRenaissanceengineers.
Leonardodrewanarrayofgunpowderweapons,includingthreevariationsofthemachinegun,whichcanbeseeninthefirelancesusedinChinasinceA.D.950.
TheGeniusofChinastates:
Firelanceswithseveralbarrelswerefrequentlyused
![Page 927: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/927.jpg)
andtheywerebuiltsothatwhenonefire-tubehadexhausteditself,afuseignitedthenext,andsoon.Onetriplebarrelledfirelancewascalledthe“tripleresister”andanotherwascalled“thethreeeyedlanceofthebeginningofthedynasty…”Onecuriousweaponwasthe“thunderfirewhip”afirelanceintheshapeofasword,threefeettwoincheslongtaperingintoamuzzle.It
![Page 928: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/928.jpg)
dischargedthreeleadballsthesizeofcoins….Therewerealsohugebatteriesoffirelanceswhichcouldbefiredsimultaneouslyfrommobileracks…agreatframewithseveralwheelswouldholdmanylayersofsixteenfirelancesoneaftertheother….Whentheenemyapproachesthegate,alltheweaponsarefiredinasinglemoment,givingthenoiselikeagreatpealofthunder,so
![Page 929: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/929.jpg)
thathismenandhorsesareallblowntopieces.Youcanthenopenthecitygatesandrelaxing,talkandlaughasifnothinghadhappened;thisistheverybestdevicefortheguardingofcities.9
![Page 930: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/930.jpg)
Leonardo’smultibarreledmachinegunwasessentially
![Page 931: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/931.jpg)
areworkingofaconceptthathadbeenusedbytheChineseforcenturiesbeforehand.
Leonardoalsodrewdifferenttypesofcannons,mortars,andbombards.TheChineseuseofbombardsiswellcataloguedthroughouttheages.10
Leonardodesignedmanydifferenttypesofbridges,includingsuspensionbridges.
![Page 932: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/932.jpg)
Thefirstmentionofasuspensionbridgewithcablesandplankingappearsin25B.C.“Travellersgostepbystephere,claspingeachotherforsafetyandropesuspensionbridgesarestretchedacrossthechasmsfromsidetoside.”11
BytheseventhcenturyChinahadsegmentalarchbridges.ThePonteVecchioinFlorenceisacopyofa
![Page 933: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/933.jpg)
bridgeinQuanzhou.
Leonardowasextremelycuriousaboutprinting.Hewaseagertoreproducehisdrawingsfaithfullywhilesavingtimeandlaborthroughincreasedautomation.TheprintingpressbyhistimewasinusealloverChina.Moveabletype,however,wasarelativelyrecentdevelopment;weshallreturntothisinlaterchapters.
![Page 934: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/934.jpg)
ComparisonsofthemachinesofLeonardowithearliermachinesfromChinarevealclosesimilaritiesintoothedwheelsandgearwheels,ratchets,pins,andaxles,camsandcam-shapedrockinglevers,flywheels,crankshaftsystems,ballsandchains,spokewheels,wellpulleys,chaindevices,suspensionbridges,segmentedarchbridges,contourmaps,parachutes,
![Page 935: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/935.jpg)
hot-airballoons,“helicopters,”multibarreledmachineguns,dismountablecannons,armoredcars,catapults,barragecannonsandbombards,paddle-wheelboats,swingbridges,printingpresses,odometers,compassesanddividers,canalsandlocks.
EventhemostdevotedsupporterofLeonardo(likemyfamilyandI!)mustsurely
![Page 936: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/936.jpg)
wonderwhetherhiswork’samazingsimilaritytoChineseengineeringcouldbetheproductofcoincidence.
Arevolving-typetable
![Page 937: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/937.jpg)
printingpressfoundintheNungShu,1313.TheNungShuwasprintedusinga
similardevice.
WasthereanyconnectionbetweentheChinesevisitof1434andLeonardo’sdesignssixtyyearslater?FormanyyearsIsearchedforcluesinLeonardo’slifebutcouldfindnone.Hewasextraordinarilyobservantandinquisitiveandcertainlywasfascinatedby
![Page 938: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/938.jpg)
GreekandRomanartandarchitecture,literature,andscience,includingtheworksofAristotleandPtolomy.HeissaidtohavesleptwithcopiesofVitruvius’sworksbeneathhispillow.ButillustratedexamplesoftheGreeksandRomansdidnotaccountforaquarterofLeonardo’sengineeringdevicesshownonthe1434website.
![Page 939: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/939.jpg)
Moreover,whetherLeonardoappreciateditornot,hewassurroundedbyevidenceoftheChineseimpactontheRenaissance,suchasAlberti’sbooksonperspectiveinpaintingandarchitecture.ThebasisofAlberti’sworkwasthemathematicshehadacquiredfromtheChineseexplanationofthesolarsystem.ReplacingtheeclipticcoordinatesystemusedbytheArabs,Greeks,
![Page 940: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/940.jpg)
andRomanswiththeChineseequatorialsystemwasafundamentalbreakwiththeoldworld,overturningtheauthorityofAristotleandPtolomy.
However,thatisafarcryfromclaimingthatLeonardocopiedexistingChineseinventions.Onethingwecanbesureof:LeonardodidnotmeetanyonefromZhengHe’sfleetswhentheyvisited
![Page 941: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/941.jpg)
Florencein1434.Soitappearedthatthesimilaritiesnotedabovewereduetoanextraordinaryseriesofcoincidences.Yearsofresearchbythe1421teamhadapparentlybeenfruitless.
![Page 942: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/942.jpg)
PhotographicInsert2
![Page 943: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/943.jpg)
Venice,theheartofRenaissanceEurope’s
![Page 944: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/944.jpg)
maritimeempire.
![Page 945: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/945.jpg)
ThismapintheDoge’sPalaceclearlydepictsthe
northwestcoastlineofCanadaandNorthAmericaset
“upsidedown”—withnorthatthebottom,aswasthepracticeofChinese
cartographers.Theroundels
![Page 946: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/946.jpg)
describethesourcesoftheinformationusedtodrawit:MarcoPoloandNiccolòda
Conti.
![Page 947: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/947.jpg)
![Page 948: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/948.jpg)
Detailedworkingshowstheconversionof
![Page 949: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/949.jpg)
Waldseemüeller’smapintoaglobewithstrikingresults.
![Page 950: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/950.jpg)
![Page 951: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/951.jpg)
![Page 952: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/952.jpg)
Schöener’sglobesof1515and1520clearlydepictNorthandSouthAmerica,andthedesolateStraitsofMagellansupposedly“firstdiscovered”afterthemapshadalready
beendrawn.
![Page 953: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/953.jpg)
UniversalisCosmographiae,Waldseemüeller’smapof1507,andhisgreenglobeof1505/06clearlydepicttheAmericaswithremarkableaccuracyforthetime,and
corroborateToscanelli’sstoryofmeetingtheChinese
![Page 954: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/954.jpg)
delegationinFlorence.
![Page 955: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/955.jpg)
![Page 956: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/956.jpg)
TheColumbusmap,CGA5A,talliesupwiththe
Waldseemüellermap,showingcurious“rhumb”
![Page 957: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/957.jpg)
linesthatextendoutacrosstheAtlantic,allendingona
circle.
![Page 958: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/958.jpg)
16
LEONARDO,DIGIORGIO,
TACCOLA,ANDALBERTI
ThenIhadastrokeofluck.WhileonholidayinToledoin
![Page 959: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/959.jpg)
2005,MarcellaandIhappeneduponawonderfulexhibitionaboutLeonardodaVinci.ItwasherethatIwasfirstintroducedtothegreatworksofFrancescodiGiorgioMartiniandtheprofoundinfluencethatthesehadonLeonardo.
Inmyignorance,IhadneverheardofFrancescodiGiorgio.Yetitwasobviousthathewasimportant;hehad
![Page 960: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/960.jpg)
taughtLeonardoaboutwaterways.IdecidedtofindoutmoreonourreturntoLondon.
InthewonderfulBritishLibraryIfoundfirstthatFrancescoseemedtohaveinventedtheparachutebeforeLeonardo.ForwhatfollowsIamindebtedtoLynnWhite,Jr.,authorof“TheInventionoftheParachute”inTechnologyandCulture.Dr.
![Page 961: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/961.jpg)
Whitewrote:
ThefirstknownEuropeanparachutehasbeenthatsketchedbyLeonardointheCodexAtlanticusonFolio381v,thatCarloPedrettidatescirca1485….However,BritishMuseumAdditionalManuscript34113,folio200v.showsaparachutewhichmaybeinasomewhatindependenttraditionsinceitisconical.
![Page 962: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/962.jpg)
Thisrichandmassivevolume[intheBritishLibrary]seemstohavebeenunnoticedbyhistoriansoftechnology.Canitbedatedandplaced?
TheManuscript[34113],aquartoof261foliosofpaper,waspurchasedbytheBritishMuseumin1891….Folios21r.to250v.[are]atreatiseonmechanics,hydraulics,etc.withamultitudeof
![Page 963: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/963.jpg)
drawings….
Folios22r.to53v.arenearlyidenticalincontentandsequencewithFlorence,BibliotecaNazionaleManuscriptPalatinum766,anautographofthefamousSieneseengineerMarianodettoilTaccola(whodiedinthe1450’s),thatwasdatedbyhim(onfolio45v)to19Jan.1433.MostoftheremainingmaterialinBritishMuseum
![Page 964: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/964.jpg)
AdditionalManuscript34113asfarasfolio250v.[theparachutedrawingsareinfolio200v.and189v.]isthesortofthingwehavecometoassociatewithmanuscriptslongcreditedtoFrancescodiGiorgioofSiena(1439–1501).Indeedfolio129r.[beforeparachutedrawings]isentitled“DellaprovidentiadellachuerrasicondoMaestroFrancescodaSiena,”andonfolio194v.[afterparachute
![Page 965: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/965.jpg)
drawing],nexttothepictureofalargefile,iswritten“LimasordasichondoildettoMaestroFrancescodiGiorgiodaSiena.”1
Dr.Whiteanalyzedthewatermarksofthepaperonwhichtheparachutedrawingsappear.Heconcluded:
![Page 966: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/966.jpg)
ProbablydrawnbydiGiorgio,thisparachutediffers
![Page 967: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/967.jpg)
inshapefromthatofLeonardo’s.
Consequentlythedrawingonfolio200v.[parachute]maybeplacedreasonablyinthe1470’sornotmuchlater,ifwearetobelievethewatermarks….
Ournewparachuteis,therefore,atthelatest,contemporarywithandprobablyslightlyearlierthan
![Page 968: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/968.jpg)
thatofLeonardo….ItisindicativeofLeonardo’sperceptivenessthathepickedupthisideasoquicklyandthathebegantomakeitmoresophisticated.
SoitseemsLeonardolearnednotonlyaboutcanalsandaqueductsfromFrancescodiGiorgiobutalsoaboutparachutes.Whatelse?BacktotheBritishLibrary!
![Page 969: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/969.jpg)
Dr.LadislaoReti,anexpertonLeonardo,hasthistosayaboutFrancescodiGiorgioMartini’s“TreatiseonEngineeringandItsPlagiarists”:
FrancescodiGiorgioMartini(1439–1501)thegreatSienesepainter,sculptorandarchitect,wasalsointerestedaswereseveralofhiscontemporaryfellowcraftsmen,inthestudyand
![Page 970: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/970.jpg)
developmentofmechanicaldevices.ThiswasinaccordancewiththestillflourishingVitruviantradition.Hisengineeringtreatise,stilllittleknown,ismainlydedicatedtocivilandmilitaryarchitectureandcontainshundredofsmallbutperfectlydrawnillustrationsshowingwarmachinesofeverykind,aswellascranes,mills,pumpsetc….Althoughanumberofstudieshave
![Page 971: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/971.jpg)
beenpublishedabouttheartisticandarchitecturalworkofFrancescodiGiorgio,hisworkintechnologyhasonlyoccasionallybeennoticed.2
Dr.RetithenliststhelibrariesandmuseumsinwhichFrancesco’sTrattatodiarchitetturacivileemilitareisheldandcontinued:3
Thereisalsoanincompletemanuscript3thatonce
![Page 972: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/972.jpg)
belongedtoLeonardodaVinci.ThislatterisofparticularinterestbecauseLeonardoaddedmarginalnotesandsketches;themanuscriptisnowintheLaurenzianaLibraryinFlorence(CodexMediceoLaurenziano361formerlyAshb.361[293]).InadditionseveraloldcopiesofthetreatiseoritsdrawingsaretobefoundinotherItalianlibraries,reflectingtheearly
![Page 973: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/973.jpg)
interestarousedbyFrancesco’swork.
TheseTrattatomanuscripts,especiallythosepartsdealingwithmechanicalengineeringandtechnology,haveneverbeenadequatelystudiedorfullypublished.AfairlyaccuratepictureofFrancescodiGiorgioMartini’sworkwasfirstmadeavailabletoscholarsin1841whenCarloPromis,usingtheCodex
![Page 974: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/974.jpg)
ownedbySaluzzo,publishedtheTrattatoforthefirsttime(TrattatodiArchitetturaCivileeMilitareeditedbyCarloPromis(2vol.,Turin,1841)….
FurtherconfusionwascausedbythefactthattheCodexSaluzziano[quotedabove]andtheCodexLaurenziano[theoneownedbyLeonardodaVinci]inspiteofbeingwrittenbythe
![Page 975: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/975.jpg)
samehand,andcontainingalmostidenticaldrawings,were,foralongtime,notattributedtothesameauthor[FrancescodiGiorgio].EarlyinterestwasarousedbytheLaurenzianaCodexbecauseofthemarginaliaaddedbyLeonardo.
Dr.RetithenliststhecontentsoftheTrattato:
Inthesefolioswecanidentify
![Page 976: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/976.jpg)
nolessthan50differenttypesofflourandrollermillsincludinghorizontalwindmills…sawmills,piledrivers,weighttransportingmachines,aswellasallkindsofwinchesandcranes;roller-bearingsandantifrictiondevices;mechanicalcars…agreatnumberofpumpsandwaterliftingdevices….andanextremelyinterestingwaterormud-liftingmachinethatmustbecharacterizedas
![Page 977: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/977.jpg)
theprototypeofthecentrifugalpump….[Francesco]describedoriginalwarmachinesoffensiveanddefensive,includingthehydraulicrecoilsystemforguns.TherearealsodevicesfordivingandswimmingalmostidenticalwiththosedrawnbyLeonardodaVinciinhisManuscriptB.
ComparisonsofFrancesco
![Page 978: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/978.jpg)
diGiorgio’sandLeonardo’smachinesareavailableonour1434website.
Leonardo’sHelicopterandParachutes
ApartfromcopyingdiGiorgio’sparachute,Leonardo’shelicopterwasnotoriginal.Hisproposedhelicopterisshownonthecoverofthisbook.In“HelicoptersandWhirligigs,”
![Page 979: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/979.jpg)
Dr.Retiarguesthatamodelhelicopterintheformofachildren’swhirligigtoyappearedinItalycirca1440fromChinaandprovidedthetheoreticalbasisforLeonardo’sfamoushelicopterproject.4
Dr.Reticontendsthatitwasfirstdrawnin1438intheMunichmanuscriptofMarianoTaccola(see1434website).
![Page 980: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/980.jpg)
Clearly,FrancescodiGiorgiowasanastonishinglyinnovativedesignerandengineer.HisTrattatodiarchitetturastillexistsinseveralversions.MarcellaandIhaveexaminedthecopyinFlorenceonceownedandannotatedbyLeonardo.Wewereastoundedbytherangeofhisdrawings;itseemedtousthatLeonardowasaconsummatethree-dimensionaldraftsmanwho
![Page 981: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/981.jpg)
hadtakenFrancesco’sdrawingsofhismachinesandmadeevenbetterdrawingsofthem.Leonardo’srole,inoureyes,waschanged;hewasasuperbillustratorratherthantheinventor.Forasfaraswecouldsee,almostallofhismachineshadbeenpreviouslyinventedbyFrancescodiGiorgio.
Thiswasquiteashock.Wedecidedtounwindinanearby
![Page 982: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/982.jpg)
mountainvillage,Collevald’Elsa,5thebirthplaceofArnolfodiCambio,thegeniuswhodesignedRenaissanceFlorence.Hishomewasoncethepalaceofsilkmerchants,theSalvestrinis.Todayitisahotelwherewehadthegoodfortunetostayinaroomwithwallsthreefeetthick,whichhadoncebeenArnolfo’sbedroom.Wehadaviewofa
![Page 983: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/983.jpg)
classicTuscanvalley—thehillsrollingawaylikelonggreenoceanswells;thecrestsofthewaves;thestonefarmhousessurroundedbyvineyardsandolivegroves.Thecrowingofcockerels,thebrayofadonkey,andthelaughterofdistantunseenchildrenfloatedacrossthesunlitland.Wehadapanoramicviewofthevalleyfarbelow.AroundushuddledthetowninwhichArnolfo
![Page 984: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/984.jpg)
grewup—amassoffortifiedtowerswithintheprotectionofsturdystonewalls,averitablefortress.
Wehaddinneralfrescointhesquare,thewallsandflagstonefloorstillpulsatingwithheat.AfterasplendidbottleofDolcetto,adarkred,dry,sparklingwine,weaskedlocalpeoplewhattheyknewofFrancescodiGiorgio.Heappearedtobeasfamousas
![Page 985: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/985.jpg)
LeonardoorMarianoTaccola.Thiswasanothersurprise—whowasMarianoTaccola,knownas“theCrow”or“theJackdaw”?WashecalledJackdawbecauseofhisbeakorbecausehe“jackdawed”theworkofothers?
Atdawn,weleftforSienaandFlorencetoviewTaccola’sdrawings.Thetripyieldedanotherbombshell:
![Page 986: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/986.jpg)
TaccolaseemedtohaveinventedeverythingthatFrancescodiGiorgiolaterdrew;diGiorgiohadobviouslycopiedTaccola.
MarianodiJacopodittoTaccolawaschristenedinSiena,nearFlorence,onFebruary4,1382.6Hisfatherwasawinedealer.HissisterFrancescahadmarriedintothecomfortablefamilyofasilktrader.
![Page 987: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/987.jpg)
Siena7hadbeenbuiltonahillforprotection.Thelandbeneathwasswamp.Obtainingcleanfreshwateranddrainingtheswampswereconstantnecessities.Henceitwasnaturalforawell-educatedyoungmantobeacquaintedwithaqueducts,fountains,watermains,andpumps,aswellasthemedievalweaponsdeployedtoprotectthetown—
![Page 988: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/988.jpg)
trebuchetsandthelike.
AprosperoustownthreatenedbyRomefromthesouthandFlorencefromthenorth,Sienawasa“freecity”oftheHolyRomanEmpire,butSigismund,theemperor,8wastooweaktoprotecther.(InTaccola’stimetheemperorwaspreoccupiedwiththeHussitewars.)
In1408,Taccolamarried
![Page 989: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/989.jpg)
MadonnaNanna,thedaughterofaleathermerchant,whichenabledhimtomoveupthesocialscale.In1410,hewasnominatedforentryintotheSieneseGuildofJudgesandNotaries,wherehisapprenticeshiplastedsixorsevenyears.Heseemedtohavehadapenchantforfailinghisexams.In1424,Taccolabecamesecretaryofaprestigiouscharitable
![Page 990: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/990.jpg)
institution,theCasadiMisericordia,anappointmentheheldfortenyears.Assuch,hewouldhavebecomeacquaintedwithinfluentialvisitorstoSiena—suchasPopeEugeniusIV,GiovanniBattisaAlberti(in1443),andtheFlorentinesBrunellschiandToscanelli.
In1427,Taccolabegantokeeptechnicalnotebooks,containingknowledgehehad
![Page 991: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/991.jpg)
acquired“withlonglabour.”AsPragerandScagliaexplain,Taccola’searlyentriesinhisnotebookareaboutthedefenseofSienaandtheoperationofharbors.9
Between1430andhisdeathin1454,Taccolaproducedaseriesofamazingdrawingsthatwerepublishedintwovolumes,Deingeneis10(Offourbooks)andDe
![Page 992: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/992.jpg)
machinis,11andanaddendum.Therangeofhissubjectsisquiteextraordinary.Book1ofDeingeneiscontainsharbors,bucketpumps,mountedgunners,bellowsforfurnaces,underwaterdivers,fullingmills,andsiphons.Book2featurescisterns,pistonpumps,dragons,amphibiousmachineswithsoldiers,andox-poweredginmills.Book3
![Page 993: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/993.jpg)
includeschainpumps,tidemills,variable-speedhoists,winches,quarryingmachines,flotationmachinestorecoversunkencolumns,builders’cranes,mechanicalladders,sailingcarts,andamphibiousvehicles.InBook4hetacklestrigonometricalsurveying,tunneling,machinesforextractingposts,treasure-huntingtools,windmillsandwatermills,picturesofmonkeys,camels,and
![Page 994: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/994.jpg)
elephants,trebuchets,armoredships,paddleboats,roof-beamjoists,andreflectivemirrors.Deingeneiswasfollowed(ca.1438)byDemachinis,avolumeofdrawingsofmostlymilitarymachines(describedinchapter19).
![Page 995: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/995.jpg)
Anarticulatedsiegeladderasfeaturedinthegeneral
collectionofChineseClassicsofScienceandTechnology.
![Page 996: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/996.jpg)
Taccola’sarticulatedsiegeladderisoneofmanymilitaryinventionsthatbearastriking
resemblancetoChinese
![Page 997: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/997.jpg)
versions.
PragerandScagliadescribeTaccolaasapivotalfigureinthedevelopmentofEuropeantechnology.Intheirview,TaccolaensuredthatthelongstagnationofmanytechnicalpracticesoftheMiddleAgescametoanend.HisDeingeneisbecamethestartingpointforalonglineofcopybooks.
![Page 998: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/998.jpg)
Sohowdidaclerkofworksofasmallmountaintownsuddenlyproducebooksofdrawingsofsuchahugerangeofinventions,includingahelicopterandmilitarymachinesthatwereatthattimeunknowninSiena?
WecouldprofitablystartwiththedatesofTaccola’sbooks.PragerandScaglia,inmyopiniontheleadingauthoritiesonTaccola,put
![Page 999: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/999.jpg)
publicationofbooks1and2ofhisDeingeneisataround1429–1433.Taccolabeganbooks3and4around1434or1438andcontinuedworkingonthemuntilhisdeathin1454;Demachiniswasbegunafter1438andtheaddendadrawingsaround1435.
AccordingtoPragerandScaglia,theaddendadrawings,whichwereinsertedinallfourbooksafter
![Page 1000: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1000.jpg)
about1435,representasignificantchangeforTaccola.Thenewtechniqueisverycharacteristicofsoldiersandenginesinsmallscale,thesketchesinsertedandannotatedwithsmallhandwritinginthelasttwobooksandinthesequel.Sketchesofengines,mainlymilitaryinfunction,maybeseenonalmostallpagesofbooks1and2;theyalwayssurroundprimarydrawings,
![Page 1001: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1001.jpg)
oftenincopiousarray.Thisparagraphseemstometomeanthatanotherauthor(FrancescodiGiorgio)hadbeguntoannotateTaccola’sdrawingsinbooks1and2.
Taccola’sdrawingswerecertainlyaddedtobyFrancescoafter1435.InhismarvelousbookTheArtofInvention:LeonardoandtheRenaissanceEngineers,PaoloGalluzziwrites:
![Page 1002: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1002.jpg)
ThefinalpagesofTaccola’sautographmanuscriptsDeIngeneisI-IIcarriesaseriesofnotesanddrawingsinthehandofFrancescodiGiorgio(fig.26).NodocumentbetterexpressesthecontinuityoftheSienesetraditionofengineeringstudies.Theyofferusasnapshot,sotospeak,oftheactualmomentwhentheheritagewaspassedonfromTaccolatoFrancesco
![Page 1003: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1003.jpg)
di-Giorgio.11
AreproductionofthissnapshotofhistoryisshownbykindpermissionoftheIstitutoeMuseodiStoriadellaScienza,Florence,onour1434website.SowecansayatthisstageLeonardohaddiGiorgio’sbookofMachines,whichwereadaptationsofTaccola’sdrawings.
![Page 1004: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1004.jpg)
FrancescodiGiorgioPillagesTaccola’sWork
DiGiorgiowasawholesaleplagiarizer.HereareeightexamplesofhispillagingofTaccola’swork,whichheneveracknowledged.
Francesco’spictureofacollapsingtowerisalmostidenticaltoTaccola’s;FrancescosimilarlycopiesTaccola’sunderwater
![Page 1005: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1005.jpg)
swimmersandfloatingridersonhorseback(seethe1434website).
Chinesewater-poweredverticalandhorizontalrice
grindingmills.
![Page 1006: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1006.jpg)
DiGiorgio’sdesignshowsasimilarmethodofconvertingverticalenergytohorizontal.
![Page 1007: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1007.jpg)
Francesco,whosedrawingsweremadeafterTaccola’s,employsthesamedistinctivetrebuchetasTaccola.Hishoistsandmills,whichtransformverticalpowertohorizontal,andpaddle-wheelboatscopyTaccola’s,asdohisdevicesformeasuringdistances,hisweight-drivenwheels,andhisox-drawnpumps.Severalexamplesareshownonour1434website.
![Page 1008: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1008.jpg)
FrancescodiGiorgioImprovesonTaccola
Francescowasaverygooddraftsman.HeimprovedonTaccola—ascanbeseeninalmosteverydrawingshown.Furthermore,headdsdetailstoimprovethequalityoftheillustration.Galluzziwrites:12
Manyofthe1,200odddrawingsandpracticallyallthenotes[ofdiGiorgio’s
![Page 1009: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1009.jpg)
Codicetto]areinfactderivedfromTaccola’smanuscripts.Buthardlyanyofthedrawingsornotesareslavishcopies….ThedrawingsareobviouslymodeledonTaccolabutFrancescooftenaddsoromitsdetailsandinsomecasesintroducessignificantchanges….Otherpeople’sideasandprocedureswereshamelesslyplunderedevenbyartistslikeFrancesco….[He]never
![Page 1010: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1010.jpg)
mentionedthenameofhissourceintheworkshelaterauthored.(p36)
Fromthe…smallmanuscript[Codicetto]onward,intheseriesofdrawingsandnotesbasedonTaccola’smanuscripts,wefindanincreasinglyfrequentrecurrenceofdevicesnotdealtwithbyTaccola.Thedrawingsarecarefullydraftedwithoutannotationsand
![Page 1011: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1011.jpg)
clearlyfocusonfourtopics:machinesforshiftingandliftingweights,devicesforraisingwater,millsandwagonswithcomplextransmissionsystems….ThereissomethingillogicalandincomprehensibleabouttheabruptswitchesbetweentheseriesoffaithfulreproductionsfromTaccolaandthepresentationofamultitudeofinnovativeprojects.Forthesearenot
![Page 1012: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1012.jpg)
only“new”machinesbutdevicesoffarmoreadvancedmechanicaldesignthanTaccola’s….hisdevicesfeaturecomplexgearmechanismswhosecarefulandhighlyvariedarrangementsarecalculatedtotransmittoanylevelandatanydesiredvelocitythemotionproducedbyanysource.AsweknowofnoprecedentsthatcouldhaveinspiredFrancesco,weare
![Page 1013: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1013.jpg)
ledtoassumethattheyarehisoriginalcontribution.13
Galluzzithenaddsthisnote:“Scaglia,whodescribestheseprojectsasa‘machinecomplex’or‘gearpumpandmillcomplexes’doubtstheycanbeattributedtoFrancesco.InherviewFrancescoprobablycompiledmanyofthesedesigns,alreadydevelopedbythelate1460’s‘inworkshopbooklets
![Page 1014: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1014.jpg)
preparedbycarpentersandmillwrights.’”14
GalluzziisclearlypuzzledbyFrancesco’simprovementsonTaccola,which,knowingofnoprecedents,heattributestoFrancesco’sgenius.Butweretherenoprecedents?Scagliabelieveshecompiledhisdesignsfromworkshopbooklets.Whatworkshopbookletswereavailable?
![Page 1015: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1015.jpg)
MyfirstthoughtwasRomanorGreekbooklets.TheRenaissance,afterall,issaidtohavebeenarebirthofRomanandGreekideas.LeonardowassaidtohavesleptwithallninevolumesofVitruvius’sDearchitetturaunderhispillow.TaccoladescribedhimselfastheArchimedesofSiena.
OurresearchteamspentweeksintheBritishLibrary
![Page 1016: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1016.jpg)
investigatingwhetherTaccolaandFrancescocouldhavecopiedtheirarrayofmachinesandinventionsfromGreeksandRomans.Vitruviuswasquicklyruledout—heshowednodrawingsofmachines.OurteamnextsearchedArchimedes,Vegetius,Dinocrates,Ctesibus,Hero,Athanaeus,andApollodorusofDamascusbutdrewablank.Scaglia,too,foundfew
![Page 1017: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1017.jpg)
classicalsourcesforTaccola’swork.“HedoesnotseemtohavehaddirectaccesstothewritingsofArchimedes,Hero,Euclid,VitruviusandTheMechanicalProblems,”sheconcludes.
AnumberofTaccola’sdrawingsanddiGiorgio’scopieswereofgunpowderweapons,which,ofcourse,wereunknowntoGreeceand
![Page 1018: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1018.jpg)
Rome.ThissuggestedaChinesesource.Iftherewassuchasource,couldwefinditinordertocompareitwithTaccolaanddiGiorgio?Thiswasournextlineofinquiry.Ittookmonths.
IfsuchaChinesebookhadexistedinFlorenceinTaccola’stime,itmusthavebeenaprintedcopy—itwouldhavebeeninconceivableforZhengHe’s
![Page 1019: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1019.jpg)
fleetstohavecartedtheoriginalbookofdrawingsaroundtheoceans.LiketheastronomicalcalendarandephemeristablesgiventoToscanelliandthepope,itseemedlikelythatthedrawingsofmachineswouldalsobeprinted.
WelookedforprintedbooksofmachineswidelyavailableinChinaatthetimeofZhengHe’svoyages.TheBritish
![Page 1020: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1020.jpg)
Library’selectronicdatabasehasanumberofarticlesonMingprinting.TheHarvardJournalofAsiaticStudiesprovidesagoodsummary:15
Comingdownthecenturieswehavedefinitiveproofofthemanufactureandapplicationofwoodentypeearlyinthefourteenthcentury,asrecordedbyWangChen,amagistrateofChing-teinAnhwei,from1285to
![Page 1021: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1021.jpg)
1301.Atthisplace,Wangwaswritingwhatwastobehisgreatwork,theNung-shuorWritingsonAgriculture,anearlyandverythoroughmanualontheartsofhusbandry.Becauseofthelargenumberofcharacterstobeemployed,Wangconceivedtheideaofusingmovabletypeinsteadoftheordinaryblocks,therebyreducinglaborandexpense.InhisexperimentsWang
![Page 1022: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1022.jpg)
mademorethan60,000separatetypes,thecuttingofwhichentailednolessthantwoyears….
Inordertorecordforposterityhisexperimentsinthemanufactureofwoodenmovabletype,heincludedadetailedaccountoftheminhisblock-printedition,theprefaceofwhichwasdated1313.
![Page 1023: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1023.jpg)
AlthoughperhapsnotindaVinci’shand,thisdrawingofaprintingpressappearsinhis
![Page 1024: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1024.jpg)
notebooks.
TheSourceofTaccolaandFrancesco’sInventions:theNungShu16
Soin1313,theworldsawitsfirstmass-producedbook:theNungShu.(Needhamimpliesitbecameabestseller.)
AlthoughMao’sRedGuardsmadebonfiresoftheseNungShubooks,
![Page 1025: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1025.jpg)
GrahamHuttoftheBritishLibrarykindlyhelpedusfindcopies.WithmountinganticipationIputaweekendasidetostudyacopyoftheNungShuandanydrawingsitmightcontain.
Openingthebookwasoneofthemostthrillingmomentsinmyseventeenyearsofresearch.Thefirstdrawingwasoftwohorsespullingamilltogrindcorn,justas
![Page 1026: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1026.jpg)
Taccola17anddiGiorgio18haddepicted.WithfeverishexcitementIturnedthepages—itwasobviousthatwehadfoundthesourcefortheirmachines.
NeedhamorganizesthemachinesillustratedintheNungShuundervariousrubrics:
TheNungShu,ontheotherhand,showsusnolessthan
![Page 1027: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1027.jpg)
265diagramsandillustrationsofagriculturalimplementsandmachines….HisNungShuisthegreatest,thoughnotthelargest,ofallworksonagricultureandagriculturalengineeringinChina,holdingauniquepositiononaccountofitsdate[1313].
Andhenceitsfreedomfromoccidentalinfluences.”19
AsfarasIcansee,every
![Page 1028: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1028.jpg)
variationofshafts,wheels,andcranks“invented”anddrawnbyTaccolaandFrancescoisillustratedintheNungShu.Thisisepitomizedinthehorizontalwater-poweredturbineusedintheblastfurnace.20Thiscomplexandsophisticatedmachinehasahorizontalwater-drivewheeltowhichisattachedadrivebelt.Thedrivebeltpowersasubsidiaryshaft
![Page 1029: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1029.jpg)
attachedbyapulleytoaneccentriccranklinkedbyacrankjointandpushes(throughrockingrollersandapistonrod)afanbellows,whichpumpsairintothefurnace.AsNeedhamsays:“Wehavehereaconversionofrotarytolongitudinalreciprocatingmotioninaheavydutymachinebytheclassicalmethodlatercharacteristicofthesteamengine,transmissionofpower
![Page 1030: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1030.jpg)
takingplace,howeverinthereversedirection.Thusthegreathistoricalsignificanceofthismechanismliesinitsmorphologicalpaternityofsteampower.”
AsfarasIcandetermine,everytypeofpoweredtransmissiondescribedbyTaccolaanddiGiorgioisshownintheNungShu.Thereareseveralexamplesshownonthe1434website.
![Page 1031: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1031.jpg)
IndiGiorgio’scolumnhoist21theenmeshinggearwheels,right-anglegearing,pinwheel,andpindrumareemployed.
Inhisillustrationofcartswithsteeringgear22(Codicetto)heshowsacrankarmfittedwithconnectingrods,andenmeshinggearwheelstransformhorizontaltoverticalpower.
![Page 1032: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1032.jpg)
AChinesebucketpump.
![Page 1033: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1033.jpg)
SomanyofTaccola’sideas,includingthebucketpump
andwaterwheel,areuncannilysimilartotheNung
![Page 1034: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1034.jpg)
Shuillustrations.
Taccola’sdrawingsofreversiblehoists23(Deingeneis)showflatteethwithenmeshinggearwheelstransferringhorizontaltoverticalpower,togetherwithadifferentialwindlassandcounterweight.Taccolashowsthesame.
The“verticalwaterwheelwithvanes”24illustrates
![Page 1035: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1035.jpg)
verticalpowerbeingtransferredtohorizontalbyenmeshinggearwheels,cranksandconnectingrods,camandcamfollowers,andright-anglegears.
DiGiorgio’schainpumpactivatedbyanimal-poweredhorizontalwheel25hasscoopwheelsonspokes,eccentriclugs,bucketpumps,andcontinuousdrivebelts.
![Page 1036: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1036.jpg)
ThatdiGiorgioplagiarizedbothTaccolaandtheNungShuis,inmyopinion,supportedbythefollowingpassagefromGalluzzi:
![Page 1037: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1037.jpg)
AChineseanimal-poweredchainpump.
![Page 1038: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1038.jpg)
Taccola’sillustrationofananimal-poweredchainpumpisstrikinglysimilartothe
Chineseversion.
![Page 1039: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1039.jpg)
Beastsofburdenmademuchbetterworkersthanhumans
forsomejobs!
![Page 1040: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1040.jpg)
Santini’sdesignmimicsandthendevelopstheprocess
somewhat.
![Page 1041: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1041.jpg)
Theverticalwaterwheelisshowntohavemany
applicationsintheNungShu.
![Page 1042: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1042.jpg)
AsimilarverticalwaterwheelisfoundinTaccola’streatise
onmachines.
![Page 1043: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1043.jpg)
ThefourbasiccategoriesofFrancesco’smachinesexhibitsomeinterestingnewfeatures.Firsttheinclusionofwrittencommentariesenhancesthegraphicrepresentationsofthedeviceswithlexicalinformationofmajorinterest,dataonmaterialsanddimensions,specialconstructionhints,andspecificapplications[theNungShucontainswrittencommentaries]….Insome
![Page 1044: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1044.jpg)
drawingsofmillsheintroducesquantitativeanalysisontherelationshipsbetweenteeth,wheel,andpiniondiameters.
Theauthorwasclearlyintent,however,ondefiningcriteriatoorganisehismaterial—aconcernvirtuallyabsentnotonlyfromTaccola’sworkandFrancesco’searlywritingsbutalsofromallpriorbooks
![Page 1045: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1045.jpg)
aboutmachines[theNungShuisorganizedbycriteria]….
Thesectiononmillswasmostheavilyexpandedreaching58separateitems….ThechapteronpumpswassimilarlyexpandedintheTrattatoI,whichdiscussesavastrangeofthiskindofdevice.Converselythesectiononcartsand“pullingandliftingdevices”was
![Page 1046: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1046.jpg)
reduced….Inparticularthenumberofmachinesforliftingandmovingcolumnsandobeliskswasdrasticallycut.Thetendencytonarrowthediscussiontobasicexamplesofeachmachinetypegatheredconsiderablemomentuminthesocalledseconddraftofthework(TrattatoII)….Onlytenillustrationsofmillssurvived,butnowtheywerestrictlyarrangedbyenergysource:
![Page 1047: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1047.jpg)
overshotbucketwaterwheel,horizontalpaddle(aritrecine)wheel,horizontalaxiswindmill,crankshaft(afrucatoio)millwithaflywheelbearingmetalspheres,human-poweredandanimalpoweredmills(threedesignswithdifferenttransmissionsystems)andlastlythehorse-poweredtreadwheel(twodesigns;oneinwhichtheanimalmovesthewheelfromtheinside,the
![Page 1048: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1048.jpg)
otherinwhichtheanimalappliespressureontheouterrim).[AllthesemillsillustratedbyFrancescoappearintheNungShu.]26
Galluzzicontinues:
ThesuccessivedraftsoftheTrattatothereforecharttheevolutionofFrancesco’stechnologicalmethodfromapotentiallyinfiniteseriesofexamplatothedefinitionofa
![Page 1049: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1049.jpg)
limitednumberof“types.”Eachoftheseembodiedthebasicprinciplesofaspecifictechnicalsystemwhichcouldthenvaryadinfinitumtosuitthecraftsman’sneeds.[AsdiGiorgiohimselfconfirmsinTrattatoII:]“andwiththeseweconcludethesectiononinstrumentsforpullingweightsinconstructionwork,sincefromtheseonecaneasilyderivetheothers.”27
![Page 1050: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1050.jpg)
AChinesechainpumpfromtheNungShu.
![Page 1051: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1051.jpg)
DiGiorgio’schainpumpisacopyofTaccola’sandalmost
identicaltotheChinese
![Page 1052: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1052.jpg)
illustration.
InmyopiniondiGiorgiostartedwiththeanimal-poweredmachinesshownintheNungShu,whichhecopied.HethencopiedfromNungShuthebasicChinesewater-poweredmachinesusinghorizontalandverticalwaterwheels.NextheadaptedthehorizontalandverticalwaterwheelsoftheNungShutopowerawholerangeof
![Page 1053: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1053.jpg)
millsandpumps—justasGalluzzidescribes.
HedidthisbyusingthebasicprinciplesshownintheNungShu,thatis,convertingwaterpowerfromhorizontaltoverticalthroughenmeshinggearwheels.Francescochangedpowerratiosthroughdifferentsizesofgearwheelsandalsochangeddirectionthroughcamshaftsandrockerbearingssoasto
![Page 1054: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1054.jpg)
deviseanarrayofwater-andanimal-poweredsawmillsandallmannerofpumpingsystems.28
GalluzzisuccessfullysummarizesFrancesco’sadaptations;Francescohimselfsays,“Fromthesewecaneasilyderivetheothers.”
LeonardodaVinciDevelopsFrancescodiGiorgio’sMachines
![Page 1055: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1055.jpg)
InTheArtofInventionGalluzzireevaluatesLeonardo’splaceinlightoftheearlierworkofTaccolaanddiGiorgio:
“Leonardoceasestobeavisionaryprophetinthedesert.Ratherheappearsasthemanwhomosteloquentlyexpressed—bothwithwordsandaboveallimages—theutopianvisionaboutthepracticalpotentialof
![Page 1056: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1056.jpg)
technologythatwereenthusiasticallysharedbymany‘artistengineers’ofthefifteenthcentury.”29
Leonardonolongerappearsastheiconic,singulargenius.Instead,asGalluzziwrites,he“emergesastheculmination,asthemostmatureandoriginalproductofacollectivedevelopmentlastingseveraldecadestowhichmanyhighlytalented
![Page 1057: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1057.jpg)
figuresmadesizablecontributions.”30
IbelieveLeonardo’smachinesweresuperblyillustratedcopiesandimprovementsofdiGiorgio’s.Hebroughthisbrilliantandincisivemindtopenetratetheessentialsofthesemachines,whichheregardednotasmagiccreationsdepositedfromheavenbutasassemblagesof
![Page 1058: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1058.jpg)
parts.AccordingtoGalluzzi,hewasabletoperceivethataninfinitevarietyofmachinescouldbederivedfromafinitenumberofmechanisms,whichhedefinesas“elementsofmachines.”AsGalluzziwrites,hisvisionoftheanatomyofmachinesandmanwasenshrinedinaseriesofmasterlydrawingsthatmarkthebirthofmodernscientificillustration.
![Page 1059: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1059.jpg)
BycomparingLeonardo’sdrawingswiththeNungShu,wehaveverifiedthateachelementofamachinesuperblyillustratedbyLeonardohadpreviouslybeenillustratedbytheChineseinamuchsimplermanual.
Insummary,Leonardo’sbodyofworkrestedonavastfoundationofworkpreviouslydonebyothers.
![Page 1060: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1060.jpg)
Hismechanicaldrawingsofflourandrollermills,watermillsandsawmills,piledrivers,weight-transportingmachines,allkindsofwindersandcranes,mechanizedcars,pumps,water-liftingdevices,anddredgersweredevelopmentsandimprovementsuponFrancescodiGiorgio’sTrattatodiarchitetturacivileemilitare.Leonardo’srulesforperspectiveforpainting
![Page 1061: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1061.jpg)
andsculpturewerederivedfromAlberti’sDepicturaandDestatua.HisparachutewasbasedondiGiorgio’s.HishelicopterwasmodeledonaChinesetoyimportedtoItalycirca1440anddrawnbyTaccola.31Hisworkoncanals,locks,aqueducts,andfountainsoriginatedfromhismeetinginPaviawithdiGiorgioin1490(discussedinmoredetailinchapter18).
![Page 1062: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1062.jpg)
HiscartographyevolvedfromAlberti’sDescriptiourbisRomae.HismilitarymachineswerecopiesofTaccola’sanddiGiorgio’s—butbrilliantlydrawn.
Leonardo’sthree-dimensionalillustrationsofthecomponentsofmanandmachinesareauniqueandbrilliantcontributiontocivilization—asarehissublimesculpturesand
![Page 1063: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1063.jpg)
paintings.Inmyeyes,heremainsthegreatestgeniuswhoeverlived.However,itistimetorecognizetheChinesecontributionstohiswork.Withoutthesecontributions,thehistoryoftheRenaissancewouldhavebeenverydifferent,andLeonardoalmostcertainlywouldnothavedevelopedthefullrangeofhistalents.
![Page 1064: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1064.jpg)
17
SILKANDRICE
BythetimetheNungShuwaspublishedin1313,theChinesehadbeenspinningyarnsforathousandyears,usingallsortsofmaterials.Silkwasthefinestandmost
![Page 1065: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1065.jpg)
valuable;scrapingsofhidesweretheheaviestandcheapest.Needhamproducesdiagramsofanarrayofhand-poweredandwater-poweredspinningmachineswithsingleandmultiplelooms.1
ChinahadbeenexportingsilktoItalyforamillenniumbythetimeTaccolaandFrancesodiGiorgioappeared.In115B.C.,MithridatesIIofPersiamade
![Page 1066: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1066.jpg)
acommercialtreatywiththeHanemperorWuTi.Inthenextcentury,JuliusCaesarpossessedsilkcurtains.2BythereignofAugustus,wealthypeoplewereburiedinChinesesilk.3
Inreturnforfinesilk,Chinesemerchantssoughtgold,silver,coral,andglass.Chineseregardedhigh-qualityglasswareasagreatluxuryandwerepreparedto
![Page 1067: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1067.jpg)
payaccordingly.DuringtheTangdynasty,monkssmuggledsilkwormsfromChinatotheWest.Picturesofquillingmachines,whichwindsilkthreadontobobbins,canbeseeninthestained-glasswindowsoftheChartrescathedral,datingbetween1240and1245.AclearillustrationoftheChinesemodelisshowninTheGeniusofChina.4
![Page 1068: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1068.jpg)
BythetimeZhengHe’sfleetvisitedin1434,Europeanshadsilkwormsandknewhowtowindsilkthreadandtomakesilkcloth,butinsmallquantities.TheillustrationsanddescriptionsintheNungShushowedhowthewholeChineseprocess—productionofsilkthread,thedyeingandweavingoffinesilkcloth,windingthesilkthreadsontobobbins—couldbecoupledwithwaterpower
![Page 1069: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1069.jpg)
toexpandproductionenormously.
InventionssuchasChinesewater-poweredthreshersandmillsfacilitatedthemass
![Page 1070: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1070.jpg)
productionofsilkandrice.
Figurestellthestory:In1418,Venetianmerchantspaidtaxonamerethreehundredpoundsofsilk.In1441,theFlorentinegovernmentpassedalawrequiringfarmerstoplantbetween5and50mulberrytreesperhectare,dependingontheyieldfromtheirfarms.5Tensofthousandsofmulberrytreeswereplanted
![Page 1071: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1071.jpg)
innorthernItalybetween1465and1474.Thisperiodcoincidedwith(orwasoneofthereasonsfor)areversalofVenetianforeignpolicy.AfterthedeathofDogeMocenigoin1424,VeniceunderFrancescoFoscaridecidedtobecomealandpowerinnorthernItaly.Verona,Vicenza,andthePowetlandscameintothePaxVeneticaandthenorthernPoareawasplantedwith
![Page 1072: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1072.jpg)
thousandsuponthousandsofmulberrytreesaswellasrice(describedinchapter18).
ThedailychoresofaChinesehousewife.
![Page 1073: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1073.jpg)
ThefirstItalianhydraulicsilkmill,inVerona,isdescribedin1456.ItisaChinesemachine.JohnHobsoninTheEasternOriginsofWesternCivilisationsummarizesthespreadofItaliansilk-weavingmachinestonorthernEurope:“Theinventionofthesilkfilatures(reelingmachines)hadbeenmadeinChinain1090.TheChinesemachinescomprisedatreadleoperated
![Page 1074: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1074.jpg)
silk-reelingframewitharampingboardandarollersystem.TheItalianmodelresembledtheChineserightdowntothesmallestdetailsuchastheleverjoinedtothecrank.AndsignificantlytheItalianmachinesmoreorlessreplicatedtheChineserightdowntotheeighteenthcentury.”6AsHobsonpointsout,thegreatBritishmillssetupbyJohnLombewere
![Page 1075: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1075.jpg)
copiesof“Chinese”-designedsilkmillsinItaly.Lombe’smachinesbecametheblueprintfortheBritishcottonindustry,whoseproductslaterswampedtheworld.
ThecombinationofabundantmulberryleavesandmechanicalreelingandweavingmachinesledtosoaringsilkproductioninFlorenceandVenice.The
![Page 1076: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1076.jpg)
ItalianmulberrywasmuchmoreprolificthantheChinese.Florencemanufacturingswitchedfromwooltosilk.SericulturespreadfromTuscanyfirsttothePoValleyandthentothe“terrafirma”northofVenice.Albertiwrotetherewere“somanymulberrytreestofeedthewormsfromwhichthesilkisobtainedthatitisamarvellousthing.”Estimatedproductionofrawsilkinthe
![Page 1077: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1077.jpg)
Veronadistrictrosefrom20,000lightpoundsin1530to150,000in1608.Vicenzaproduced60,000lightpoundsin1504anddoublethatamountby1608.AsprintinggotunderwayinVenice,publicationsinclearandsimplelanguageexplainedhowbesttotendmulberrytreesandfeedandcareforsilkworms.TitlessuchasIlvermicelladallaseta(Thelittlesilkworm)were
![Page 1078: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1078.jpg)
remarkablysimilartofourteenth-centuryChinesebooksonsericulture.
Thedevelopmentofsericultureledtomoreandbetterspinningmachines.Inthe1450s,Vicenzahadeightshopsofspinners.Thenumberrosetotenin1507,thirty-threein1543,andoveronehundredby1596.SilkproductioninVeronaunderwentasimilar
![Page 1079: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1079.jpg)
expansion,risingfromeightsilkspinnersinthe1420stotwelvein1456,whenVerona’sfirsthydraulicmill,ontheAdige,wascommissioned(Mola,237).Afterthat,theindustryexploded;therewerefiftyspinners’shopsin1543,seventyin1549,andeighty-eightin1559.
Therawsilkandsilkthreadproducedintheterrafirma
![Page 1080: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1080.jpg)
encouragedanewbreedofentrepreneurstobuysilk.ManywerefinancedbytheMedicis.TheVenetiangovernmenttookacloseinterestinregulatingthesilkindustryinitsterritory,issuingpatents,whichincreasedafterthe1440s.In1474,Venicepublishedagenerallawofpatents:
Thedecisionhasbeenmadethat,bytheauthorityofthis
![Page 1081: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1081.jpg)
council,anypersoninthiscitywhomakesanynewandingeniouscontrivance,notmadeherebeforeinourdomains,shall,assoonasitisperfectedsothatitcanbeusedandexercised,givenoticeofthesametotheofficeofourProvveditoridiCommune,itbeingforbiddenuptotenyearsforanyotherpersoninanyterritoryandplaceorourstomakeacontrivancewithoutthe
![Page 1082: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1082.jpg)
contentandlicenseoftheauthor….Butourgovernmentwillbefree,atitscompletediscretion,totakeanduseforitsneedsanyofthesaidcontrivancesandinstruments,withthiscondition,however,thatnooneotherthantheinventorsshalloperatethem.7
Bythesemeans,firstVeniceandFlorence,thenthewholeofItalycametodominatethe
![Page 1083: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1083.jpg)
raw-silkmarketofEurope—muchaseasternAsiadominatestheglobalmarkettoday.
Rice
Florence’ssilk-basedeconomicboomrequiredmoreworkers,andmoreworkersrequiredmorefood.AsBraudelhaspointedout,theyieldfromricefieldsissomeseveraltimesthatof
![Page 1084: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1084.jpg)
wheat.8
RicehadbeenknownintheMediterraneanworldsincetheRomanera,butitwasusedonlyformedicinalpurposes.ThefirstknownreferencetoricebeinggrowninnorthernItalyisaletterofSeptember27,1475,fromtherulerofMilan,GaleazzoSforza,tothedukeofFerraraconcerningtwelvesacksofAsian(OryzaSativa)rice
![Page 1085: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1085.jpg)
growninthePoValley.
RiceisthebasicfoodofsouthernChina.TheNungShuincludedmuchadvicefromWangChenaboutwetricecultivation,includinghowtohusbandandcontrolwatersuppliesfromthegreatriversthatcarrymeltedsnowfromtheMongolianplateaueastwardtothesea.
Cultivatorsofricebuild
![Page 1086: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1086.jpg)
surfacetanksandreservoirstostorewater,anddykesandsluicestostopitsflow(whennecessary)….Thelandisdividedintosmallpatches,andafterploughingandharrowing,waterisletintothefieldsandtheseedssown.Whentheplantsgrowfiveorsixinchestall,theyareplantedout.Allfarmerssouthoftheriver[Yangtze]nowusethismethod.Whentheplantsattainaheightofseven
![Page 1087: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1087.jpg)
oreightinches,thegroundishoed,andafterhoeingthewaterisletgofromthefields,soastodrythem.Thenwhentheplantsbegintoflowerandseed,waterisagainletin.
![Page 1088: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1088.jpg)
Chineseirrigationdesign.
TheNungShuillustratesallmanneroftechniquesforthevitaltaskofregulatingwater
![Page 1089: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1089.jpg)
supplytothericefields—manytypesofbucketandchainpumps,locksandsluices,damsandconduitchannels.Buckets,pallets,andchainpumpsareatheme,9asarebamboo“waterpalisades,”whichactedasweirs.
Asdescribedinthepreviouschapter,TaccolaandFrancescodiGiorgiodrewanarrayofpumpsaswellas
![Page 1090: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1090.jpg)
damsandsluicegates.10ThechainpumpsfirstshowninthedrawingsofTaccolaarestillinusetodayinnortheasternItaly,wherethelocalpeoplecallthem“Tartar”pumps.SinceTaccolaandFrancesco’sdrawingsofchainandbucketpumpswereshowninchapter16,inthischapteronlypistonpumpswillbedescribed.
SheldonShapiroinhis
![Page 1091: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1091.jpg)
article“TheOriginoftheSuctionPump”notes:
Notuntiltheearlyfifteenthcenturydoesthefirstevidenceofthevalvedpistonappear.Itturnsupinadrawing(Fig.4)bytheSienneseengineer,MarianoJacopoTaccola[inMunichMs.1435]whosestillunpublishednotebooksareofthegreatestimportanceforthehistoryoftechnology.In
![Page 1092: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1092.jpg)
thisdrawingdatingfromabout1433,thevalveinthepistonisclear.Therefore,althoughatextandotherdetailsarelackingthisdrawingrepresentsthefirstsuctionpumponrecord;itisunintelligibleinanyotherterms.
Thefirstdetaileddrawingsofsuctionpumpsdatefromtheperiod1475–1480;FrancescodiGiorgioMartini
![Page 1093: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1093.jpg)
inthelastbookofhisTrattatodiArchitetturawrittenabout1475showsseveralsuctionpumps.Inthemostmechanicallyperfectpumpthedistancefromthesumptothechamberseemsonlyafootortwo,insteadofthe32feetpossible,thusshowinganimperfectunderstandingofthenatureofthisnewtypeofpump.11
![Page 1094: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1094.jpg)
![Page 1095: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1095.jpg)
AChinesechainpumpusedforirrigationpurposes.
ClearlyFrancesodidnotknowhowitworked;hemusthavecopiedadrawing.
AsNeedhampointsout,suctionpumpsinChinaarefirstdescribedintheWuChingTsungYao(Collectionofthemostimportantmilitarytechniques,publishedin1044).HereNeedham
![Page 1096: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1096.jpg)
describestheprocess:
Forsyringes(chithung)oneuseslongpiecesof(hollow)bamboo;openingaholeinthebottom(septum)andwrappingsilkflossroundapiston-rod(shuikan)inside(toformthepiston).Thenfromtheholewatermaybeshotforth….Inthe11thcentury…themilitaryencyclopaediajustmentionedgivesuselsewhereavery
![Page 1097: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1097.jpg)
remarkableaccountofaflamethrowerfornaphthawhichconstitutedaliquidpistonpumpofingeniousdesign.12
DiGiorgio’spistonpumpisshowninthecopyofhisTrattatodiarchitetturaownedbyLeonardodaVinci,whichisnowintheLaurenzianLibraryinFlorence.LeonardoimprovedupondiGiorgio’sdrawings.
![Page 1098: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1098.jpg)
Inmanyways,thePoresemblesasmallerversionoftheYangtze.Bothriverscarrymeltingsnowsfromthemountainseastwardtothesea.Bothsufferfromflashfloodsandarecontrolledbyanetworkofcanals,locks,sluices,anddams.Thewatersofbothareusedtoformextensivericefields.TheexactdatewhenthePowasfirstutilizedforriceisnotknown.Clearlyitpredated
![Page 1099: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1099.jpg)
the1475letter,butbyhowmuch?Isuggestitwasafter1435,whenTaccola’sfirstdrawingsofpumpsappear,andprobablyafter1438,whenhisdrawingsoflockandsluicegatesfirstappear.
ThecombinationofboomingsilkproductioninFlorenceandVeniceandadequatefoodforthesilkworkersenabled“anextraordinaryincreaseinsilk
![Page 1100: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1100.jpg)
production”between1441and1461.13Bythe1480ssilkhadbecome“themainsourceofemployment”forFlorentineworkers.TheriseinsilkproductionwasmirroredbytheriseintheMedicifamily’swealth,whichwaslargelyaproductoffinancingtheexportoffinesilkcloth.FlorencehadacquiredtheportofPisain1405andLeghornin1421
![Page 1101: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1101.jpg)
andcouldthereafterexportherclothstonorthernEurope.
TheFlorentineRenaissancewasfueledbywealth,especiallythatoftheMedicis.ThefamilywasinexilewhenPopeEugeniusIVmovedthepontificatefromRometoFlorencein1434,intercededwiththeopponentsoftheMedicis,andenabledthefamilytoreturntoFlorence.TheMedicisonceagain
![Page 1102: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1102.jpg)
becamepapalbankersandsooncontrolledFlorence.AsthefuturePopePiusIIsaid,“Politicalquestionsaresettledathis[Cosimo’s]house.Themanhechoosesholdsoffice….Heitiswhodecidespeaceandwarandcontrolsthelaws….heiskingineverythingbutname.”14
ChristopherHibbert,inTheHouseofMedici;ItsRiseand
![Page 1103: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1103.jpg)
Fall,writesofCosimode’Medici:“ForeignrulerswereadvisedtocommunicatewithhimpersonallyandnottowastetheirtimebyapproachinganyoneelseinFlorencewhenanyimportantdecisionwasrequired.AstheFlorentinehistorian,FrancescoGuicciardini,observed,‘Hehadareputationsuchasprobablynoprivatecitizenhaseverenjoyedfromthefallof
![Page 1104: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1104.jpg)
Rometoourownday.’”15
CosimowasattheheartofwesternChristendom.WhenpopesvisitedFlorence,theystayedinMedicipalaces,enjoyedMedicihospitality,acceptedMediciloans,and,inreturn,grantedhighlyvaluableconcessions.Forexample,in1460hugedepositsofalum,anessentialingredientinfullingcloth,werefoundnear
![Page 1105: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1105.jpg)
CivitavecchiainthePapalStates.In1466theMedicissignedanagreementwiththepapacygivingthemandtheirpartnersthesolerighttominealumandsellitabroad.
Hibbertwrote,“theFrenchhistorian,PhilippedeCommines,describedthebank…asthegreatestcommercialhousethathadeverbeenanywhere.‘TheMedicinamegavetheir
![Page 1106: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1106.jpg)
servantsandagentssomuchcredit,’Commineswrote,‘thatwhatIhaveseeninFlandersandEnglandalmostpassesbelief.’”16
Bythe1450s,Florencehadsilkandfood.TheMedicishadderivedunprecedentedrichesfromthesilktradeandhadusedtheirwealthtofundastronomers,mathematicians,engineers,sculptors,artists,explorers,cartographers,
![Page 1107: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1107.jpg)
historians,librarians,archaeologists,andgeographers.TheRenaissancewasinfullflood—thanksinparttoChineseinventionsandplants—useofmachinespoweredbywindandwater,Chineserice,mulberrytrees,andsilkworms.
![Page 1108: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1108.jpg)
18
GRANDCANALS:CHINAANDLOMBARDY
OnNewYear’sDay1991,itwassavagelycoldinBeijing.MarcellaandIhadspentthe
![Page 1109: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1109.jpg)
nightwatchingsensuousTangdynastydancersintheirshimmeringpeacock-bluedresses—amemorabledisplay.Ihadabadheadache,forobviousreasons,andfoundthecoldthatfrozemynostrilsapleasantsensation.Inthosedaystherewerefewcars;Beijingstreetswereatangledmassofbicycles,theirridersswathedinbaggybluejacketsandheadscarvesangledagainstthebiting
![Page 1110: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1110.jpg)
wind.Thetrees—stubbypinesforthemostpart—stoopedbeforethewindandglintedwithicecrystals.WedrovetothesouthwestofBeijingtoboardahugemilitaryaircraftthatwouldtakeusdowntoXian.
Bythetimewetookoff,thesunwasrisingintheeast,sparklingonthefrozenGrandCanal.Weflewsouthoverthesilverpencilofthecanal
![Page 1111: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1111.jpg)
onourwaydowntotheYellowRiver,thenturnedtothesouthwestabovetherivertoXian.
WhataprodigiousundertakingthisGrandCanalwas—dug,accordingtopopularfable,“byamillionpeoplewithteaspoons.”Thatisprobablyaseriousunderestimate:theworkforceislikelytohavebeennearerfivemillion.LiketheGreat
![Page 1112: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1112.jpg)
Wall,theGrandCanalistheresultoftheobsessionofmanyemperorsoverthousandsofyears.Theyduginsections,graduallyextending,deepening,andwideningthecanalsothatitnowlinksthericelandsofthesouthwithBeijingviatheYangtze,HuangHe,andYellowRivers.
Thecanalwasstartednearly2,500yearsagoandgreatly
![Page 1113: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1113.jpg)
extendedduringtheSuidynasty(A.D.581–618),1whenEmperorYangenslavedhispeopletolinkhisnewcapitalofLuoyangtoXian(inthosedayscalledChangan).2Overtwodecades,heextendedthecanaldowntoHangzhou,enablingYangtzejunkstotravelupthecanaltoportsalongtheYellowRiver.Thecanalcrossedmajorrivers,
![Page 1114: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1114.jpg)
travelingfromtheTibetanhighlandstothesea.
BytheTangdynasty(A.D.618–907),100,000tonsofgrainweretransportednorthwardeachyear.KublaiKhanextendedthecanaltoBeijinginthenorthandbuiltanumberoflocks—therearemorethanthirtytoday—risingto130feetabovesealevel.3MarcoPolowasmuchimpressedbytheflatcanal
![Page 1115: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1115.jpg)
bargesbeingtowedbyhorses:“Thismagnificentworkisdeservingofadmirationandnotsomuchfromthemannerinwhichitisconductedthroughthecountry,oritsvastextent,asfromitsutilityandthebenefititproducestothosecitieswhichlieonitscourse.”4
Crossingsomanyrivers,particularlytheYellow,entailedmajorengineering
![Page 1116: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1116.jpg)
challenges.ThewaterlevelvariedenormouslydependingonthetimeofyearandtheamountofsnowthathadmeltedinthemountainsofTibetandwascarrieddowntheriverstothesea.OtherdifficultiesarosewiththeneedtocarryshipsuphillastheynearedBeijing.InTheGeniusofChina,RobertTempleoutlinestheproblemandtheresponse:5
![Page 1117: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1117.jpg)
ThecanalpoundlockwasinventedinChinain984A.D.TheinventorwasCh’iaoWei-Yo,whoin983wasappointedAssistantCommissionerofTransportforHuainan.Theimpetusforhisinventionwasconcernovertheenormousamountsofgrainwhichwerebeingstolenduringcanaltransportatthattime.GrainwasthenormaltaxpaymentthroughoutChina’shistory.
![Page 1118: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1118.jpg)
MovementofthegraintocentralrepositoriesandwarehouseswasthelifebloodoftheEmpire,andanysubstantialinterruptionofthisprocesswasaveryserioussocialandpoliticalproblem.
Until984,boatscouldonlymovebetweenlowerandhigherwaterlevelsincanalsoverdoubleslipways.Chineseboatshadnokeelsandwerenearlyflat-
![Page 1119: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1119.jpg)
bottomed.AformofportagehadbeendevelopedinChina,therefore,wherebyspillwaysoriginallydesignedtoregulatewaterflowwereelongatedingentlerampsbothfrontandback,leadingintothewater.Aboatwouldcomealongandbeattachedtoropesturnedbyox-poweredcapstans.Withintwoorthreeminutes,theboatwouldbehauleduparamptothehigherlevelandfora
![Page 1120: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1120.jpg)
momentwouldbalanceprecariouslyintheair.Thenitwouldshootforwardlikeanarrowoutofabowandscudalongthecanaltoalevelseveralfeethigherthanithadstarted.Passengersandcrewhadtolashthemselvestightlytotheboattoavoidbeinghurledintotheairandinjured.Thegreatdisadvantageofthisingenioustechniquewasthatboatsoftensplitapartorwere
![Page 1121: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1121.jpg)
seriouslydamagedbythewearandtearofbeingdraggedupthestoneramps.Wheneveraboatbrokeuponaramp,thecontentswouldpromptlybestolenbyorganisedgangs—includingcorruptofficials—whowaitedforjustsuchanoccurrence.Sometimesapparentlytheshipswereroughlyhandledonpurpose,orwereartificiallyweakenedorhadevenbeenchosenfortheir
![Page 1122: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1122.jpg)
weaknessessothatan“accident”ofthiskindcouldbebroughtaboutintentionally.
Ch’iaoWei-Yodeterminedtowipeoutthispractice.Hethereforeinventedthepoundlocksothatdoubleslipwayswouldnotbeneeded.Hereishowtheofficialhistoryofthetimerelatesthestory:“Ch’iaoWei-Yothereforefirstorderedtheconstructionof
![Page 1123: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1123.jpg)
twogatesatthethirddamalongthewestriver(nearHuai-Yin).Thedistancebetweenthetwogateswasrathermorethanfiftypaces[250feet],andthewholespacewascoveredoverwithagreatrooflikeashed.Thegateswerehanginggates:whentheywereclosedthewateraccumulatedlikeatideuntiltherequiredlevelwasreached,andthenwhenthetimecameitwasallowedto
![Page 1124: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1124.jpg)
flowout.Healsobuiltahorizontalbridgebetweenthebanksandaddeddykesofearthwithstonerevetmentstoprotecttheirfoundations.Afterthiswasdonetoallthedoubleslipwaysthepreviouscorruptionwascompletelyeliminated,andthepassageoftheboatswentonwithouttheslightestimpediment.”
Poundlocksmadetruesummitcanalspossible.
![Page 1125: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1125.jpg)
Waterlevelscoulddifferbyfouroffivefeetateachlockwithoutanyproblemsatall.Overastretchofterritory,therefore,acanalcouldrisemorethanonehundredfeetabovesealevel,aswasthecasewiththeGrandCanal,forinstance(rising138feetabovesealevel).Thismadepossibleavastextensionofthecanalnetworkandfreedhydraulicengineersfrommanyawkwardtopographical
![Page 1126: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1126.jpg)
restrictions.
Thepoundlocksalsoconservedwater,asShenKuarelatesinDreamPoolEssaysof1086:6
Itwasfoundthattheworkoffivehundredlabourerswassavedeachyear,andmiscellaneousexpenditureamountingtoonemilliontwohundredandfiftythousandcashaswell.Withtheold
![Page 1127: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1127.jpg)
methodofhaulingtheboatsover,burdensofnotmorethantwenty-onetonsofricepervesselcouldbetransported,butafterthedoublegateswerecompleted,boatscarryingtwenty-eighttonswerebroughtintouse,andlateronthecargoweightsincreasedmoreandmore.Nowadays[circa1086]governmentboatscarryuptoforty-ninetonsandprivateboatsasmuchaseight
![Page 1128: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1128.jpg)
hundredbagsweighingonehundredandthirteentons.
Notsurprisingly,theNungShu,theChineseagriculturaltreatisepublishedin1313,illustratedChineselockandsluicegates,whichwereessentialtoirrigatingricefieldsandcontrollingthewaterlevelsincanals.Needhamstates:
Thereisnodoubtthat
![Page 1129: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1129.jpg)
throughoutChinesehistorythemosttypicalformofsluiceandlockgatewaswhatiscalledthestop-loggate…twoverticalgroovesfashionedinwoodorstonefaceeachotheracrossthewaterway,andinthemslideaseriesoflogsorbaulksletdownorwithdrawnasdesiredbyropesattachedtoeachend.Windlassesorpulleysinwoodorstonemountingslikecranesoneachbankhelpedto
![Page 1130: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1130.jpg)
fitorremovethegateplanks.Thissystemwassometimesimprovedbyfasteningallbaulkstogethertoformacontinuoussurfaceandthenraisingorloweringitinthegroovesbymeansofbolts….
TheoldestillustrationofthiskindwehavefoundisintheNungShuCh.18,p4b,thedateofwhich(+1313)deprivesJacopoMarianoTaccolaofthehonourof
![Page 1131: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1131.jpg)
havingbeenthefirsttoillustrateadamwithasluicegate.7
SobythetimeZhengHe’sjunksvisitedVenicein1434theChinesehadhundredsofyears’experienceinbuildingcanalsandlocksandoperatingtheminallkindsofconditions—dried-upriversinsummerandtorrentsinspring.
![Page 1132: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1132.jpg)
Lombardy
ThegeographyandclimateofLombardy,theregionbetweenthefoothillsoftheAlpsandtheRiverPo,resemblesthatofeasternChina.ThePocarriesmeltedsnowfromthegreatlakes,especiallyLakeMaggiore,firstsouthward,theneastacrosstheflatplaintothePodeltasouthofVenice.Forcenturies,theriverhas
![Page 1133: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1133.jpg)
providedameansoftransportinggoods,includingwoodandmarble,fromthemountainstothecitiesoftheplains,andherwatershaveproducedfertileland.
Canalshaveplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofcommerce,agriculture,andindustryinLombardy.TheimpetusforLombardy’sfirstmajorcanalappearstohavebeenthe
![Page 1134: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1134.jpg)
captureofMilanbytheHolyRomanEmperorBarbarossain1161.8Milanbuiltsubstantialdefenses,collectingwaterfromlocalstreamstoformwidemoatsaroundthecity.Milanalsoneededasecuresupplyofdrinkingwater,andthebestavailablewastheRiverTicino,whichflowedfromLakeMaggioreintothePosixteenmilesfromMilan.
![Page 1135: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1135.jpg)
ThisledtothefirstcanallinkingtheTicinowithMilan—ahugeundertakingforEuropeans.Theworkwascompletedinabout1180,longbeforetheChinesearrivedin1434.
ThelargestcanalofthissystemwascalledtheNaviglioGrande(GrandCanal).Itwassmall,ofvaryingdepth,dependingontheamountofwatercoming
![Page 1136: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1136.jpg)
fromthemountains.Ithadnolocksandthereforenavigationwashazardousandseasonal.Allofthiswasrevolutionizedaroundtheyear1450.
Thistime,theimpetuscamefromFrancescoSforza,adeterminedandcleverleaderwhoseizedthethronefromFilippoViscontionhisdeathin1447.SforzacuttheNaviglioGrande,which
![Page 1137: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1137.jpg)
promptlydeprivedMilanofitsdrinkingwater.Moreover,themillsalongsidethecanallosttheirpowersupplysotheycouldnolongergrindgrain.MilancapitulatedandFrancescoenteredthecityasconquerorin1450.HewasproclaimedDukeandcreatedthehouseofSforza.
SforzasetaboutprovidingMilanwithcontinuoussuppliesofdrinkingwater,
![Page 1138: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1138.jpg)
hydropower,andtheabilitytotransfergoodsandfoodthroughouttheyear.SforzahadinheritedacanalinthewestthatconnectedMilantoLakeMaggiore,butithadnolocksanddependedonthevariableheightofwaterfromthemountains.Itwasuselessfornavigation.Hedecidedtoequipitwithlocksandtransformitintoanall-season,all-weathercanal.
![Page 1139: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1139.jpg)
HeplannedtobuildtheBereguardoCanalinthesouth,inordertolinkMilanwithPavia,andinthenorthalinkbetweenMilanandtheRiverAdda,whichflowedoutofLakeComo.ThisgrandschemewouldcreateawaterwayfromLakeMaggioreinthewestallthewaytoLakeComointheeast,whichcouldprovidewaterforMilanandserveasanavigationsystemlinking
![Page 1140: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1140.jpg)
theAdriaticwithLombardy.Theproblem,ofcourse,wasthatin1452whentheplanwasconceived,Italianshadnomethodofbuildinglocks.Withoutlocks,canalscouldnotfunction—especiallynottheBereguardoCanal,whichhadafallofeighty-twofeetandspringweatherthatbroughtmeltedsnowinabundancedownfromthemountains.
![Page 1141: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1141.jpg)
Therearenoprizesforguessingwhoprovidedthedesignforthelocks:itwasouroldfriends,Taccola,9FrancescodiGiorgio,andLeonBattistaAlberti.Francesco,asdescribedinchapter16,copiedandimproveduponTaccola’swork.Wepresumehe,likeTaccola,hadaccesstoandcopiedfromtheNungShu.Inchapter16wedescribeddi
![Page 1142: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1142.jpg)
Giorgio’sTrattatodiArchitettura,notablythecopymarkedCodexLaurenziano,whichwasownedbyLeonardodaVinciandisnowfoundintheLaurenzianLibraryinFlorence.AlsodepositedwiththatdocumentisdiGiorgio’sTrattatodeiPondiLeveeTirari.10OneofthelastdescriptionsintheLaurenzianaCodex,no.361,concernsaseriesoflock
![Page 1143: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1143.jpg)
gates:
Ifalongariver….wewishtoconductboats,whenduetolittlewaterandaninclineitmightbeimpossibletonavigate,itisnecessarytodeterminethefall….Letussupposethatthefirstpartoftheriverhasadropofthirtypiede:constructatthatpointahighdoorinthemannerofaportcullis….withwindlassestoraiseit,andinthismanner
![Page 1144: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1144.jpg)
layofftheentirelengthoftheriverandallitsfallswithsuchdoors.Aftertheboatenters,andthedoorisclosed,theboatwillsoonrise…andwillbeabletoenterthesecondchamber…andsostepbystepyouwillbeabletotaketheboattowhereveryouwish.Shouldyoudesiretoreturndown,byopeningeachdoor,theboatwiththewaterwillbeledtothenextdoor,andsofromonetotheotherit
![Page 1145: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1145.jpg)
willbepossibletoreturntothesea.Allboatsshouldbemadewithflatbottoms,sothattheywillfloatonlittlewater.11
Thisdescriptionisaccompaniedbyapictureshowingalocksystemwithnofewerthanfourlocks.Thedateofthepicture,fromtheHansLeeLaurenzianaCodex,12isabout1450—adatefixedbythedescription
![Page 1146: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1146.jpg)
ofthedestructionofcentralRagusa(Dubrovnik).
Sforzaandhisarchitect,BertoladeNovale,nowhadillustrationsofhowtobuildlocks.Atfirsttheyfoundthempuzzling.HereisWilliamParsons’s13description:“Butthedetailsofthelockswerenotunderstoodandthecontractorsrefusedtomove.SoBerenzodePassarowrote
![Page 1147: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1147.jpg)
furtherurgentrequeststotheDuketosendBertolawiththenecessaryexplanations.”14
Parsonscontinues:
By1461thecanalwascompletedasisshownbyanotherletterbyLorenzo,inwhichhecomplainsofdefectsinthelocksandasksagainthatBertolabesenttoremedythetroubles.Inthisletterhewritesofthelocks
![Page 1148: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1148.jpg)
beingtwobracciadeeperthanthebottomofthecanal[whichmustrefertotheheightoffall].Thedefectsweresaidtobeinthegates:theirhingeswereweakandthegatesthemselvescouldnotwithstandthewaterpressure.15
After1461,lockswerebuiltonthecanalbetweenMilanandtheAddaRiver,whichwaslatercalledthe
![Page 1149: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1149.jpg)
Martesana.Bertolawasengagedintheconstructionofatleastfivecanalsofmajornavigableimportance,allrequiringlocks.HeconstructednofewerthaneighteenlocksontheBereguardoCanalandfivemorenearParma.Chinesecanal-andlock-buildingtechniqueshadbeenimportedintoLombardythroughTaccolaFrancescodiGiorgioandtheNungShu.
![Page 1150: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1150.jpg)
AnexaminationofthehistoryofcanalsinLombardyalsoillustratesthecloseconnectionbetweenTaccola,FrancescodiGiorgio,LeonBattistaAlberti,andLeonardodaVinci.Alberti,whowasthenotarytoPopeEugeniusIVandwouldhavelikelyattendedthemeetingbetweenEugeniusandtheChineseambassador,alsodesignedlocks.WilliamParsonssaidofAlberti:
![Page 1151: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1151.jpg)
Theyear1446sawhimre-establishedinRome,afriendofNicholasV,andstartedonhisengineeringwork—anattempttorecoverthesunkengalleyinLakeNemi[AlbertiusedadrawingvirtuallyidenticaltothatofTaccolaandFrancesco],whichonlylatelyhasbeenaccomplished….Thiswasfollowedbytheworkonwhichhisfamedepends,Dereaedificatoria(written
![Page 1152: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1152.jpg)
about1452).Fromseveralreferencestoitbyotherwriters,itiscertainthatthecontentsweremadeavailabletoscholarsthenorsoonafter.Thisfactisimportantbecauseitfixesthedatewhenthecanallockwasfirstdescribed….LeonBatistacontinuedthus:“Also,ifyouwishyoucanmaketwogatescuttingtheriverintwoplaces…thataboatcanlieforitsfulllengthbetweenthe
![Page 1153: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1153.jpg)
two:andifthesaidboatdesirestoascendwhenitarrivesattheplace,closethelowerbarrierandopentheupperone,andconversely,whenitisdescending,closetheupperandopenthelowerone.Thusthesaidboatshallhaveenoughwatertofloatiteasilytothemaincanal,becausetheclosingoftheuppergaterestrainsthewaterfrompushingittooviolently,withfearofgrounding.”…
![Page 1154: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1154.jpg)
WearesurethatBastista’sAedificatoriawaswrittenabout1452,andthatitscontentswereknowntomanyengineers.16
Inotherwords,bothFrancescoandAlbertihavedescribedthesamelocksystemsthataredescribedintheNungShu.
ItisthereforeincorrecttocreditLeonardodaVinciwith
![Page 1155: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1155.jpg)
theinventionoflocks.Asweknow,hishandwritingappearsontheLaurenzianoCodexofFrancesco(asdescribedinchapter16).WealsoknowthatLeonardolearnedmuchaboutwaterwaysfromhismeetinginPaviawithdiGiorgio.ItisfairtosaythatLeonardo’sdrawingsofcanalsarethemostelegantbyfar,butLeonardodidnotinventlocks,despitecenturiesof
![Page 1156: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1156.jpg)
creditforthebreakthrough.
Nevertheless,theintroductionoflocks,whichenabledanall-weather,all-seasonsystemofnavigablecanalstobeconstructedinnorthernItaly,wasofimmenseimportancetotheeconomicdevelopmentofLombardy.TheintroductionofChineserice,mulberrytrees,andsilkwasallthemorevaluableoncetherice
![Page 1157: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1157.jpg)
couldbecarrieddownriveronthePo.Marble,too,couldbetransportedfromthemountainstothenewcitiesofnorthernItaly.ItalynowpossessedanarrayofChineseinventions—water-poweredmachinessuchasmillsandpumpstogrindcornandspinsilk.After1434,ItalywasonherwaytobecomingEurope’sfirstindustrialnation.
![Page 1158: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1158.jpg)
Europe’sFirstIndustrialNation
Thewonderfulrichlegacybasedonriceandsilk,canalsandsteel,isvisibletoday.Duringmostsummersofthepastforty-twoyearsMarcellaandIhavedriventhroughBurgundyacrosstheColdeLarchetoherhomeinthePiedmonttostaywithherfamilyinthefoothillsoftheAlps.Wewoulddrive
![Page 1159: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1159.jpg)
eastwardtoVeniceacrossthePoValleythroughmilesuponmilesofgoldenricefieldsirrigatedbythefamouscanalsfedbyalpinesnowmelt.
Wewouldstartourjourneyatdawn,thelanesfullofputteringtractors.Afterfourhours,Mantuawouldappear,aghostlysilhouettesuspendedfromthesky,alightfogsittingonthelakesthatsurroundthetown.
![Page 1160: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1160.jpg)
MedievaltownbuildersexploitedtheloopsofthePoandhertributarytheMinciotocreateaseriesoflakesthatformMantua’sdefenses.Cremona,Pavia,Verona,andMilanwerealsobuiltonloopsofthePotributariesthatwoundtheirwayacrossthefieldsofLombardy.Mantua’shistorictowncenteristypicalofthesemedievalcities.ThePiazzaErbeisanensembleofenchantingpastelbuildings.It
![Page 1161: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1161.jpg)
leadstotheequallybeautifulMantegnaandSordelloSquares,eachmoreimposingthanthelast,eachsurroundedbysuperbmedievalandRenaissancebuildings.AttheeastsideofSordelloSquarestandstheducalpalaceoftheGonzagas,17theprincelyfamilywhoruledthistownintheMiddleAges.Onegreathallleadstoanother,eachcoveredfromfloortoceiling
![Page 1162: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1162.jpg)
withfrescoes,fantasticRenaissancemasterpieces—fablesbyPisanelloandMantegna,portraitsoftheGonzagafamily,tapestriesdepictingthelivesoftheapostles.Themostastonishingimpactcomesfromdifferingstylesbeinglinkedtoformaharmonioussingleensemble.TheGonzagaswereclearlyafamilyofenormouswealthandgreatdiscernment.
![Page 1163: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1163.jpg)
InVeronatheScaglieri18rulingfamily,liketheGonzagas,patronizedbrilliantartists.Thiscomesasasurprise,forVerona,Mantua,Milan,Urbino,andFerrarahadadifferentlifestylethanthatofrepublicanFlorenceandVenice.Insteadofawealthymercantileclassengagedininternationaltrade,rulersandaristocracyinthesenortherncitieslived
![Page 1164: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1164.jpg)
ontheirwits,oftenactingasmercenariestoVenice.However,theseministateslayontraderoutes.MilanandVeronacontrolledtheapproachtotheprincipalalpinepassesandwereinapositiontogathertaxesandtollsfromoverlandtrafficbetweenVeniceandnorthernEurope.Eachhadalittlearmy.ThemoneytherulerslavishedonRenaissanceartistswasundoubtedlypart
![Page 1165: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1165.jpg)
oftheirforeignpolicy—toappearwealthierandmoreimportantthantheyreallyweresoastoimpresstheirpowerfulneighbors,VeniceandFlorence.Todaywearethebeneficiariesofthislargesse.ThesesumptuousItaliancitiesarestuffedwithRenaissancemasterpieces;onecouldspendalifetimeineach.19
ThewealthofmodernItaly
![Page 1166: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1166.jpg)
remainsvisibleinthehousesoffarmersandmiddle-classpeople—hugebythestandardsofnorthernEurope,andsuperblyfinished.Peoplewearexpensiveclothes,andthewomenexquisitelyturnedout,presentingtherenownedbellafigura.
Tome,thewealthofnorthernItaly,particularlythatofPiedmont,isepitomizedinthefood.One
![Page 1167: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1167.jpg)
enterswhatappearstobeafarmhouse;oftennonamedisclosestherestaurantwithin.Theplaceispacked;therearenomenusandnopricelists—onejustchoosesatableandsitsdown.OurfavoriteistheNonna,inthefoothillsoftheAlpsnearPianFei.AbottleofslightlysparklingdrydeepredwinemadefromNebbiolograpesisbrought,togetherwithaplateofParmahamand
![Page 1168: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1168.jpg)
salami.Thencomecruditéswithbagnacauda,asauceofgarlic,anchovies,tuna,andoliveoil,followedbypasta.Severalcourses—roastkid,guineafowl,wildboar,sucklingpig,andwildrabbitwithchestnutsfollow.Dessertisfrequentlythelocalraspberriesandthefamouschestnutsboiledwithwhitevinoandmixedwithcream.Oneishandedthebill,usuallyabouttwentyeurosa
![Page 1169: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1169.jpg)
headfortwelvecourses.
TomethereisnoplaceonearthwithahigherstandardoflivingthanthePiedmontwithherhugehouses,wonderfulfood,historiccities,good-naturedandcharmingpeople—alifebaseduponnaturalwealthinaregionwhoseadvancedmethodsoffarmingandindustrializationcamesixhundredyearsago.
![Page 1170: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1170.jpg)
19
FIREARMSANDSTEEL
ThereissubstantialevidencethatanillustrationofablastfurnaceintheNungShuwascopiedbyTaccolaandAlbertiandbuiltinnorthern
![Page 1171: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1171.jpg)
Italy.Asaresult,forthefirsttimeEuropeanshadthecapacitytoproducesufficientquantitiesofhigh-qualityironandsteeltomakereliablemodernfirearms.1
OneofthefirstdescriptionsofanItaliansteel-makingfurnacecomesfromtheFlorentinearchitectAntoniodiPieroAverlino,whowascalled“Filarete.”2FilaretewasborninFlorencearound
![Page 1172: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1172.jpg)
1400.HismajorworkwasOspedaleMaggiore,atreatiseonthereorganizationofhospitalsandsanitaryengineering.Fearingthathisreadersmightfindthistomealittletooheavy,heprovidedaseriesofdiversionsforrelief.OnesuchdiversionishisaccountofavisittoahammermillandsmelterinFerriere.3Dr.JohnSpencer4,chairmanoftheAllen
![Page 1173: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1173.jpg)
MemorialArtMuseum,assertsthat
thetechniqueofsmeltingironinthefifteenthcenturyasdescribedbyFilaretedoesnotdiffermarkedlyfromthestandardmethodofextractionthatobtainsfromhisowndayuntiltheeighteenthcentury.Inbarestoutlineheinformsusthattheorewasfirstimprovedbyroastingitwithlime,perhapsinanattemptto
![Page 1174: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1174.jpg)
reducethehighsulphurcontent,whichhenotesatvariouspointsintheprocess.Theresultingproductwasground,siftedandpreparedforthecharge…clearlayersofcharcoalwerealternatedinthe[smelter]stackwithlayersofore-limemixture.Theairblastnecessaryforefficientreductionwasprovidedbyaningeniousarrangementofbellowsblowingalternativelythroughacommontuyère….
![Page 1175: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1175.jpg)
Whenthemoltenpigironhadcooleditwasmeltedagainandcarriedtoafinerywhereitwasshaped.
Filarete’sdescriptionofthesmelterraisesseveralsignificantpointsandposesseveralproblems.HisdescriptionofthehammermillatGrottaFerratarecordsoneoftheearliestinstancesoffiningwhichwasalready,apparently,welldeveloped.
![Page 1176: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1176.jpg)
Thebellowsseemtobequiteuniqueandagainaveryearlyexampleofasophisticatedinnovation….5
Theharnessingofwater
![Page 1177: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1177.jpg)
powercouldraiseanddropthesetriangulatedtilt
hammerswithgreatforce.
Anillustrationofawater-poweredsmithybellows,forgeandhammermillatGrottaferratanearRome.
![Page 1178: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1178.jpg)
ThissmelterwasnottheonlyChinesecontributiontomakingironandsteelinnorthernItalyinthe1450s.TheodoreA.Wertime,authorofTheComingoftheAgeofSteel,exploredthis“orientalinfluence”inhispaper“AsianInfluencesonEuropeanMetallurgy”:
![Page 1179: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1179.jpg)
Theingeniouswater-poweredbellowsenabledhigher
temperaturestofacilitateironsmelting.
![Page 1180: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1180.jpg)
Taccola’ssimilarwater-poweredbellowsarefoundin
hisCodexLatinus
![Page 1181: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1181.jpg)
Monacensis,Munich.
ThereisnoquestionthatFilarete,atrainedobserver,foundhere[atFerriere]anunusualfurnaceassemblage.Butwhatitwasweshallneverpreciselyknow,althoughonesuspectsorientalinfluencefromthetechnologicalcontextofFilarete’simpressions….
Needhamisquiterightin
![Page 1182: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1182.jpg)
speakingofthe“clustering”oftechnology,particularlyatsuchmomentsoftechnicalinventionandinterchangeasthetenthtofifteenthcenturiesA.D.AsnotedinTheComingoftheAgeofSteel—withquiteconservativeinterpretations—fifteenthcenturyItalyexhibitedanunusualnumberofmetallurgicaltraitsassociatedwithnon-Europeantechniquesofmakingcast
![Page 1183: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1183.jpg)
iron:
1.Theemploymentofthemoltenbathofcastironforcarburisingwroughtirontosteel,identifiedbyNeedhamasanearlyChineseprocess,whichinEuropecametobeknownasthe“Brescian”or“Bergamasque”process62.Theearlyandcontinuedcastingofcookingwareandcannonsofiron;3.TheCannechio,a
![Page 1184: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1184.jpg)
distinctiveinvertedconicalshapeinEuropeanblastfurnaces,withantecedentsmoreprobablyChinesethanPersian;4.Thegranulationofnewcastironforshotorformakingironsuitableforfining,notunlikenorthPersiantraditions;5.Ironfilingsasaningredientinfireworks,reflectingtheheritageof“Chinesefire.”…
![Page 1185: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1185.jpg)
InItalytheevidencesofclusteringareimpressiveandforceonetopondermostdeeplyonthecoursebywhichsocietiescametoreshapeboththeirmechanismsandtheirtechniquestonewpurposes….
…FilaretemayindeedhaveseenthelastvestigesofalargeandvariedclusterofpracticesintheAsian
![Page 1186: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1186.jpg)
manner,associatedwiththenewproduct“castiron.”7
TheMedicisfinancedtechnicalimprovementsinhardeningsteel.SuzanneButters,in“TheTriumphofVulcan:Sculptors’Tools,Porphyry,andthePrinceinDucalFlorence,”describesaMedicistoneworker,Tadda,experimentingwithproceduresfortemperingsteelinordertomakechisels
![Page 1187: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1187.jpg)
hardenoughtocutporphyry—thehardestmaterialthenusedinart.8Havingdevisedcastironandsteelofsufficienthardnessandstrengthtoenablethemtomakefirearms,theFlorentinesnextneededbettergunpowder.
Gunpowder,muskets,andcannonswereallChineseinventions.GunpowderwasfirstmadeintheTang
![Page 1188: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1188.jpg)
dynastyandimprovedintheSong.9Itsmainingredientsweresulphur,saltpeter,andcharcoal.TheChinesetermhuoyaomeans“thedrugthatfires.”(Chinesealchemistshadoriginallythoughtthatsulphurandsaltpeterweredrugsandthatgunpowdercouldtreatskininfections.)Intheirsearchforanelixir,thealchemistshadfoundthatsulphurwasflammable.They
![Page 1189: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1189.jpg)
mixeditwithsaltpetertocontrolitsvolatilitybycausingpartialcombustion,aprocesscalled“controllingsulphur.”10Theyfoundthatbyaddingcharcoaltothesaltpeter-sulphurmix,theycouldcauseanexplosion.Armorersthenworkedontheproportionstoobtainthemostexplosivemixture.
![Page 1190: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1190.jpg)
TheWeiYuanCannonandasimilarmountablemobile
cannon.
![Page 1191: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1191.jpg)
Drawingsofcannonballsandpetardsfeaturedinthe
Sieneseengineers’treatisesonwarfare.
![Page 1192: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1192.jpg)
ThedevelopmentofgunpowderinChinawenthandinhandwiththedevelopmentoffirearms.DuringtheNorthernSong(A.D.960–1127),EmperorZhanzon(alsoknownasChaoHeng)setupChina’sfirstarmsfactory,employingsomefortythousandworkers.Threedifferenttypesofgunpowderwereperfected:oneforcannon,anotherforfireballs,andanotherfor
![Page 1193: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1193.jpg)
poisonedsmokebombs.11Theratioofsaltpetertosulfurandcharcoalvariedforeachtype.PerhapsthemostfamousweapondevelopedduringtheNorthernSongwasthefiregun,theprecursorofmodernfirearms.TheYuanemperorsdeployedtheseweaponsinthethirteenthcenturyincentralAsia.
ChinahadinventedflamethrowersbyA.D.975.
![Page 1194: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1194.jpg)
HereisadescriptionofabattleontheYangtzepresentedbyShihHsuPaiinhisbookTalksatFisherman’sRock:
ChuLung-PinasAdmiralwasattackedbytheSungemperor’sforcesinstrength.Chuwasincommandofalargewarshipmorethantendeckshigh,withflagsflyinganddrumsbeating.Theimperialshipsweresmaller
![Page 1195: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1195.jpg)
buttheycamedowntheriverattackingfiercely,andthearrowsflewsofastthattheshipsunderAdmiralChuwerelikeporcupines.Chuhardlyknewwhattodo.Sohequicklyprojectedpetrolfromflame-throwerstodestroytheenemy.TheSungforcescouldnothavewithstoodthis,butallofasuddenanorthwindsprangupandsweptthesmokeandflamesovertheskytowards
![Page 1196: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1196.jpg)
hisownshipsandmen.Asmanyas150,000soldiersandsailorscaughtinthisareoverwhelmed,whereuponChu,beingovercomewithgrief,flunghimselfintotheflamesanddied.12
ExcavationsofKublaiKhan’sfleet,whichwaswreckedin1281byakamikazewindoffTakashima,Japan,haverevealedthatthefleetwas
![Page 1197: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1197.jpg)
armedwithexplodingmortarbombs.TheChineseusedthisweaponagainsttheMongolsin1232inthesiegeofthenortherncapital,Kaifeng.Chinesehistorytellsus:
Amongtheweaponsofthedefenderstherewastheheaven-shakingthundercrashbomb.Itconsistedofgunpowderputintoanironcontainer;thenwhenthefusewaslitandtheprojectileshot
![Page 1198: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1198.jpg)
offtherewasagreatexplosionthenoisewhereofwaslikethunder,audibleformorethanahundredli[aboutfortymiles]andthevegetationwasscorchedandblastedbytheheatoveranareaofmorethanhalfamou[manyacres].Whenhit,evenironarmourwasquitepiercedthrough.13
Rocketsandgunpowdermissileshadbeenknown
![Page 1199: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1199.jpg)
since1264.Inhisthirteenth-centurybookCustomsandInstitutionsoftheOldCapital,Choudescribesgunpowderweapons.“Someofthesewerelikewheelsandrevolvingthings,otherslikecometsandothersagainshootingalongthesurfaceofthewater.”14
Gunpowderwasusedincelebrations,aswell,thoughnotalwayswiththeintended
![Page 1200: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1200.jpg)
results.HereisRobertTemple’saccountoftheempress’sretirementpartyattheImperialPalacein1264.“Adisplayoffireworkswasgiveninthecourtyard.Oneofthese,ofthe‘groundrat’typewentstraighttothestepsofthethroneoftheEmperor’sMother,andgaveherquiteafright.Shestoodupinanger,gatheredherskirtsaroundher,andstoppedthefeast.”15
![Page 1201: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1201.jpg)
ByZhengHe’sera,Chinahadacquiredcenturiesofexperienceinproducingallmannerofgunpowderweapons.ZhengHe’sfleetswerearmedwithrocketsthatsentspraysofburningpaperandgunpowdertosetfiretotheenemies’sails;grenadessoakedinpoison;mortarspackedwithchemicalsandhumanexcrement;shellsfilledwithironboltstoscythementopieces;archerswith
![Page 1202: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1202.jpg)
flamingarrows;seaminestoprotecthisships;flamethrowerstoincineratetheopposition;androcketbatteriestoterrifythem.Heavenhelptheirenemies!16
EuropeanscouldhardlyhavefailedtonoticethisterrifyingarmorywhentheymetZhengHe’sfleets,whetherinCalicut,Cairo,Alexandria,Venice,orTheHague.
![Page 1203: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1203.jpg)
ThefirstEuropeanbooksongunpowderweaponswerepublishedinabout1440,onebyananonymousHussiteengineer,thesecondbytheVenetianGiovanniFontana,andthethirdbyouroldfriendMarianodiJacopodittoTaccola.
Fontanadescribedandillustratedmanymachines,whichhecalled“innovationsofimpietynolessthan
![Page 1204: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1204.jpg)
genius.”Hemarveledthatsomuchexplosiveforcecouldbegeneratedbysuchaweakpowder.17Exquibusestorridamachinaquambombardamappellamusaddirvendamomnemfortemdvrittiemetiammarmoreamturremnonminusimpietatisquamingeniifuisseexistimoquiprimoadinvenerittantamvimhabeatapusillopulvere.”18
![Page 1205: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1205.jpg)
BythetimeFontana’sbookwaspublished,somegunpowderweaponshadalreadybeenusedinItaly,includingrocketsatthebattleofChioggiain1380.ItcouldhavebeenmerecoincidencethathisbookappearedshortlyafterZhengHe’svisittoVenice.However,Fontana’sLiberdeomnibusrebusnaturalibusthrowsoutanumberofotherclues.
![Page 1206: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1206.jpg)
First,heexhibitedknowledgeofAmericafortyyearsbeforeColumbus“discovered”it.DescribingtheAtlantic,hewrote,“Etabeiusoccasufiniturproparteetiamterraincognita”(InthewesttheAtlanticisborderedbyanunknownland).19
Second,heknewofAustraliatwocenturiesbeforeTasman.Fontanawrotethat“recentcosmographsand
![Page 1207: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1207.jpg)
especiallythosewhoowetheirinformationtotrueexperienceanddistanttravelanddiligentnavigationhavefoundbeyondtheequinoctialcircletothesouth(southof23o20'S)anotablehabitableregionnotcoveredbywaterandmanyfamousislands.”20
Third,heexhibitedasolidknowledgeoftheIndianOceanfortyyearsbeforeVascodaGama’sexploration
![Page 1208: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1208.jpg)
ofthearea.Takingtheevidenceasawhole—thatZhengHe’sgunnerswouldhaveusedallthemachinesdescribedinFontana’sbookandwouldhavecarriedmanyofthemaboard,thatFontana’sbookwaspublishedinVeniceshortlyafterZhengHe’ssquadronreachedVenice,andthatFontanaknewofAmerica,theIndianOcean,andAustralia,allatthattime
![Page 1209: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1209.jpg)
unknowntoEuropeans,itseemstomereasonabletoassumethatFontanagainedhisknowledgeofmanygunpowderweaponsfromZhengHe’sgunners.
Taccolaprovidescorroborativeevidence.HeintroducedEuropetoaChineseinnovationfromtheearly1400s—aderivationofarsenictoimprovethepowerofgunpowder.AsNeedham
![Page 1210: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1210.jpg)
writes:
MünchenCodex197isacompositework,thenotebookofamilitaryengineerwritinginGerman,theAnonymousHussite,andthatofanItalian,probablyMarianusJacobusTaccola,writinginLatin;itcontainsdatessuchas+1427,+1438and+1441.Itgivesgunpowderformulaeanddescribesgunswith
![Page 1211: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1211.jpg)
accompanyingillustrations.Acuriousfeature,veryChinese(cf.pp.114,361),istheadditionofarsenicsulphidestothepowder;thisdatesfromfire-lancedaysbutprobablyhadtheeffectofmakingitmorebrisant,henceitcouldhavebeenusefulinbombsandgrenades.The+15thcenturyParisMS,supposedlybefore+1453,DeReMilitari,perhapsbyPaoloSantini,showsagunona
![Page 1212: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1212.jpg)
carriagewithashieldatthefront,mortarsshootingincendiary“bombs”almostverticallytonearbytargets,abombardwithatail(cebotaneortiller),andwithamountedmanholdingasmallgunwithaburningmatch.21
Florentinesnowhadsteelandgunpowdertoenablethemtomakebombardsandcannons,whichFrancescodiGiorgioquicklyputtogood
![Page 1213: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1213.jpg)
use.
FrancescodiGiorgio
Inthe1430sand1440s,thegunpowderweaponsdrawnbyFontanaandTaccolahadnotyetbeen“invented.”However,thatchangedoverthenextfortyyears,asweknowfromtherecordsofFrancescodiGiorgioregardingthesiegeofCastellinainAugust1478.
![Page 1214: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1214.jpg)
ThePazzis,backedbyPopeSixtusV,hadinitiatedanarmeduprisingagainsttheMedicisinFlorence.ThenorthofItalywassoonablaze.SouthernersseizedtheirchanceandmarchedonTuscany.FrancescowasappointedtodefendtheTuscancities.22
HereisWeller’sdescriptionoftheNeapolitansiegeofCollevald’Elsa,ahilltown
![Page 1215: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1215.jpg)
nearFlorence:
Thisterrifyingprototype“dragontorpedo”wouldhave
![Page 1216: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1216.jpg)
smashedandsunkenemyboatswithoutmercy.
ThisEuropeandragonkitedoesnotseemsofrightening!
![Page 1217: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1217.jpg)
DukeFederigohadwithhimforsiegepurposesfivebombardswithmostterrifyingnames,suchas“Cruel,”“Desperate,”“Victory,”“Ruin”and“NononsenseHere”andwhich,withoutdoubt,werebeautifullydecorated,aswasthefashionwiththeItaliancannonatthistime:theydischargedgreatballsofstoneweighing370–380pounds,andtheirownweight
![Page 1218: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1218.jpg)
wasconsiderable,thetubes,whenninefeetlongweighedsome14,000poundsandthetail11,000,sothatitrequiredmorethanonehundredpairsofbuffaloestodragthemintoposition
Theartofcastingtheseearlycannonsintwoportions,thetubeandthetail,waspursuedinSiena;andthoughtheymightnothavehadmucheffectontheresultofa
![Page 1219: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1219.jpg)
modernbattle,atthistimetheywereaformidablenovelty.FrancescodiGiorgiointhesiegeofCastellina(Aug14–18,1478)plantedabatteryoftheseSieneseandPapalbombards.23
![Page 1220: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1220.jpg)
TheChinesemaynothaveinventedtrebuchets,buttheywerecertainlyinwidespread
![Page 1221: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1221.jpg)
usebythefourteenthcentury.
DiGiorgio’sdetailedtreatiseonmachinesofwarincluded
manytrebuchets.
![Page 1222: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1222.jpg)
Francesco’scannonsareillustratedintheInstituteandMuseumoftheHistoryofScience,Florence.24Belowthemisaprintofthe“thousandballthundercannon,”1300–1350.25Taccola’sanddiGiorgio’sdrawingsareaccompaniedbytheweaponsthatwerefired—explodingmissilesandpowderkegs.
TheChinesehaddozensof
![Page 1223: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1223.jpg)
illustrationsofexplodingmissilesandpowderkegsintheHuoLungChungpublishedcirca1421;andintheWuChingTsungYao,aSungdynastymanualoriginallyof1044updatedin1412.The“bamboofirekite”and“ironbeakedfirebird,”incendiaryprojectorsand“thunderclapbomb”fromtheWuChingTsungYao,andthebone-burningandbruisingfire-oilmagicbombfromthe
![Page 1224: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1224.jpg)
HuoLungChungareshownbesidediGiorgio’sprojectiles.
![Page 1225: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1225.jpg)
Chinesemasteryofgunpowderledtothe
![Page 1226: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1226.jpg)
developmentofmanyeffectiveanddeadly
weapons.
Taccola’sfirelancesdonot
![Page 1227: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1227.jpg)
seemsofierce!
AnotherinterestingsimilaritybetweendiGiorgio’sdesignsandtheChinesegunpowdercannonmaybeseeninthecuriousbulbousshapesofboth.DiGiorgioillustratedfivedifferenttypesofbombardinMSPalatino767(BNCF).ThiscuriousvaseshapeisshownintheHuoLungChung.26Atthatstage,the
![Page 1228: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1228.jpg)
Chinesehadnotyetmasteredmakingsteelstrongenoughtocopewiththeexpansionofgasintheexplosionchamberoncethegunpowderwasignited.Thebulbousshapeallowedforthickermetalthaninthebarrel.
By1400,theearlyMingera,thisproblemhadbeensolved,enablingtheChinesetoproduce“thousandballthundercannon,”27which
![Page 1229: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1229.jpg)
Francescocopiedinhislaterdrawings.28Francesco’scannonshavebeautifulembellishments.However,removetheembellishments,andwhatremainsistheshapeofChinesecannons.
![Page 1230: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1230.jpg)
ChinesenavaltechnologyhadbeenfarsuperiortothatofEurope’sforcenturies.
![Page 1231: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1231.jpg)
Anarmoredboatasfeaturedinamilitarytreatisepenned
in15th-centuryItaly.
Gunpowder,steel,cannons,
![Page 1232: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1232.jpg)
andexplosiveshellswerenottheonlyweaponsthatTaccola,Francesco,andFontanacopiedfromtheChinese.WithinagenerationaftertheChinesevisitof1434,FlorentineswereusingavarietyofChinesemethodstosmeltironandwereusingChinese-designedgunpowdertoproduceexplodingshellsfromcannonsidenticalindesigntotheirChinesecounterparts.
![Page 1233: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1233.jpg)
Chinesemobilesiegeladdersandoffensiveweaponry.
![Page 1234: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1234.jpg)
DiGiorgio’sillustrationofmobilesiegeladders.
![Page 1235: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1235.jpg)
Chinesemobileshieldscouldbeeffectivewhenbothattackinganddefending
![Page 1236: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1236.jpg)
positions.
![Page 1237: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1237.jpg)
DiGiorgio’sshieldswerenotasvisuallyarresting.
![Page 1238: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1238.jpg)
IllustrationsofcrossbowsfromtheNungShu.
![Page 1239: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1239.jpg)
OneofLeonardo’sthreeillustrationsofcrossbows.
![Page 1240: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1240.jpg)
Chinesehorsesandoxencouldbecomedangerous
weapons!
![Page 1241: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1241.jpg)
CompareTaccola’sdrawings—theyarestrikinglysimilar.
![Page 1242: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1242.jpg)
![Page 1243: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1243.jpg)
BoththeChineseandtheEuropeansusedfire-bearinganimalstodevastatingeffect.
![Page 1244: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1244.jpg)
Animpregnableborderfortress.
![Page 1245: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1245.jpg)
AsimilarfortressbydiGiorgio,fromhistreatiseonarchitectureandmachines.
![Page 1246: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1246.jpg)
20
PRINTING
Therearemanydefinitionsofprinting.TheoneIhaveadoptedis“aprocessinwhichinkissetonpaperbyphysicalorchemicalmeans.”Therearefourprincipal
![Page 1247: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1247.jpg)
methodsbywhichthismaybeachieved:copperplate,inwhichthewordsareengravedonthemetalandfilledwithink;lithography,achemicalmethodusingtherepulsionbetweengreaseandwater;xylography,orblockprinting,inwhichthesubjectisfirstcarvedonawoodenblock,whichisthencoatedwithink;andtypography,ormoveabletypeprinting,inwhichaseparatewoodenblockis
![Page 1248: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1248.jpg)
carvedforeachcharacterorletter.1
ThereisnodisputethatblockandmoveabletypeprintingwereinventedinChina.TheCulturalChinaSeries,AncientChineseInventions,explainsitsevolution:
BlockprintingwasprobablyinventedbetweentheSuiandTangdynasties,basedonthe
![Page 1249: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1249.jpg)
techniqueoftransferringtextsandpicturescutinreliefonsealsandstonepillarstoothersurfacesthatwasdevelopedintheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiods.Theinventionofpaperandimprovementofinkledtotheadvanceofblockprinting….
Movabletypeprintingwastheninvented[by]BiSheng(c.1051)…InhisMengxiBitan(DreamPoolEssays),
![Page 1250: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1250.jpg)
ShenKuowritesaboutBi’smoveabletypeprinting…madeofamixtureofclayandgluehardenedbybaking.Hecomposedtextsbyplacingthetypessidebysideonanironplatecoatedwithamixtureofresin,wax,andpaperash.Gentlyheatingthisplateandpressingthetypeswithasmoothplatetoensuretheyareonthesamelevel,andthenlettingtheplatecool,andthetypewas
![Page 1251: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1251.jpg)
solidified.Oncetheimpressionhadbeenmade,thetypecouldbedetachedbyreheatingtheplate.Bipreparedtwoironplatestobeusedinturntospeedupthewholeprintingprocess.Healsoprepareddifferentnumbersoftypesforcharactersaccordingtotheirfrequencyofuseintexts,andarrangedtheminanorderlywaytofacilitatecomposing.Shennotedthatthistechnique
![Page 1252: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1252.jpg)
wasmostefficientinprintingseveralhundredorseveralthousandcopies.
AfterBiSheng,otherpeopleinventedtypescutoutofwood.Inabout1313WangZhen,anagronomistoftheYuanDynasty,printedhisworkNungShu(TreatiseonAgriculture)withmovablewoodtypes,andwroteabouthisinnovationinanappendixtothetreatise.Healso
![Page 1253: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1253.jpg)
inventedhorizontalcompartmentedcasesthatrevolvedaboutaverticalaxistopermiteasierhandlingofthetype.Wangtestedhistechnique,andprintedinamonthonehundredcopiesofthe60,000-characterJingdoeXianzhi(JingdeCountyAnnals),whichwasquitearemarkableachievementatthattime.2
TheDevelopmentof
![Page 1254: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1254.jpg)
PrintingintheEarlyMingDynasty
AccordingtoJosephNeedham:
Mingprintingwasdistinguishedbytheextendedscopeofitssubjectmatterandbyitstechnicalinnovationsandartisticrefinement.Incontrasttothatofpreviousperiods,theprintingundertheMing
![Page 1255: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1255.jpg)
includednotonlythetraditionalworksinclassics,history,religionandliterarycollectionsbutalsosuchnewsubjectsorfieldsaspopularnovels,music,industrialarts,accountsofoceanvoyages,shipbuildingandscientifictreatisesfromtheWest,whichhadneverbeforebeenseeninprintinChina….
Mingprintersintroducedmetaltypography,improved
![Page 1256: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1256.jpg)
themulticolourprocessofblockprinting,refinedthewoodcutforbookillustrationsandusedxylographyforfacsimilereproductionsofoldeditions.3
NeedhamalsoregisteredthemonumentalcontributionsofZhuDi.Between1405and1431,ZhuDiassembledateamofthreethousandscholarstocompiletheYongleDadian,an
![Page 1257: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1257.jpg)
encyclopediaofascaleandscopeunparalleledinhistory.ThisgiganticworkincludedahugeamountofinformationgarneredfromZhengHe’svoyagesandincludedatotalof22,937passagesextractedfrommorethan7,000titlesfromclassics,history,philosophy,literature,religion,drama,industrialarts,andagriculture.Itwasaworkof50millioncharactersboundin11,095volumes,
![Page 1258: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1258.jpg)
eachsixteenincheshighandtenincheswide.ThismassiveendeavorwasdepositedintheImperialLibraryintheForbiddenCitywhenitwasinauguratedin1421.
ItisgenerallyacceptedthatmoveableblockprintingreachedEuropefromChinaataboutthesametimethatZhengHe’sambassadorreachedFlorencein1434.Thereseemtobethree
![Page 1259: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1259.jpg)
principalcontendersforthedistinctionofbeingthefirstEuropeantousemoveableblockprinting,theclaimantsbeingLaurensJanszoonCoster,JohannesGutenberg,andanunknownprinterinVeniceorFlorence.
LaurensJonszoonCoster’sClaim
InthecenterofoldHaarlemontheNorthSeacoastof
![Page 1260: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1260.jpg)
HollandstandsasubstantialhousejustacrossthesquarefromtheGreatChurch.Onitswallsthecuriousmayviewthisinscription:
MEMORIAESACRUM
TYPOGRAPHIA
ARSARTIUMOMNIUM
CONSERVATIX
HICPRIMUMINVENTA
![Page 1261: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1261.jpg)
CIRCAANNUMMCCCCXL
(Insacredmemoryoftypography,thepreserverofallotherarts,firstinventedhereabouttheyear1440).4
TheadherentsofCoster,thesubjectofthisinscription,saythathewaswalkinginthewoodsbetween1420and1440whenhecutbarkfromatreeandformeditintomirrorimagesofletters,whichhe
![Page 1262: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1262.jpg)
pinnedtogethertoprintwordsonpaper.Hisson-in-lawhelpedhimtoexperimentwithdifferentinkstoimprovethequalityoftheprint.Nexthecarvedoutpicturesandexplainedtheminwords.HisfirstprintedbookwassaidtobeSpieghelonzerBehoudenisse(Mirrorofoursalvation).Thepaperswereprintedononeside,andtheblanksideswerepastedtogethertoformthepage.
![Page 1263: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1263.jpg)
Junius,centurieslater,recountswhathappenednext:“Thenewinventionthrivedbecauseofthereadinesswithwhichthepeopleboughtthenovelproduct.Apprenticesweretakenon—thebeginningofmisfortune,foramongstthemwasacertainJohann….ThisJohann,afterhehadlearnedtheartofcastingtypesandcombiningthem—infactthewholetrade—tookthefirstavailableopportunity
![Page 1264: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1264.jpg)
ofChristmasEve,wheneveryonewasinChurch,tostealthewholetypesupplywiththetoolsandalltheequipmentofhismaster.”5
ThestorycontinuesthatJohannwentfirsttoAmsterdam,thentoCologne,andfinallytoMainz,whereheopenedaprintingestablishment.GutenbergfinancedJohannandeventuallyacquiredhis
![Page 1265: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1265.jpg)
business.
Gutenberg’sClaim
GutenbergwassomethirtyyearsyoungerthanCoster.Hewasbornin1398,ofFrieloGensfleisch(gooseflesh)andElsaGutenberg(goodhill).Inthosedays,sonscouldtaketheirmother’smaidennameiftherewasapossibilityofthenamedyingout.6
![Page 1266: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1266.jpg)
Gutenberg’sclaimtoprimacywascarefullyexaminedbyBlaiseAgüerayArcasandPaulNeedhamofPrincetonUniversity.TheyhavefoundbycomputeranalysisthattheGutenbergBiblewasnotsetfrommoveabletype,norwereadozenofGutenberg’sotherearlybooks.Ifthesescholarsarecorrect,Gutenberg’sclaimisdemolished.7
![Page 1267: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1267.jpg)
TheVenetianClaim
HereisatranslationoftheVenetianSenatedecreeofOctober11,1441(priortoGutenberg):
Whereas,theartandmysteryofmakingcardsandprintedfigures,whichisinuseatVenicehasfallentodecay,andthisisinconsequenceofthegreatquantityofprintedplayingcardsandcoloured
![Page 1268: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1268.jpg)
figures,whicharemadeoutsideVenice,towhichevilitisnecessarytoapplysomeremedyinorderthatthesaidartistswhoareagreatmanyinfamily,mayfindencouragementratherthanforeigners:letitbeordainedandestablishedaccordingtothepetitionthatthesaidMastershavesought,thatfromthistimeon,noworkofthesaidartthatisprintedorpaintedonclothorpaper—
![Page 1269: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1269.jpg)
thatistosay,altarpieces,orimages,orplayingcardsoranyotherthingthatmaybemadebythesaidart,eitherbypaintingorbyprinting—shallbeallowedtobebroughtorimported…and[ifsoafineof]thirtylivresandtwelvesoldi,ofwhichfineonethirdshallgototheState,onethirdtoGiustizieriVecci,towhomthisaffairiscommitedandonethirdtotheaccuser.8
![Page 1270: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1270.jpg)
ThereferencesabovesuggestthatVenetianshad,priorto1441,beenapplyingtheartofprintingandcoloredstencilingformanypurposes.After1441VenicerapidlybecameEurope’scenterofprinting.By1469,theGermanprinterJohannvonSpeyerhadprintedaneditionof100copiesofCicero’sEpistolaeadFamiliares.By1478,thereweretwenty-twoprintingfirmsoperatingin
![Page 1271: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1271.jpg)
Venice,whichhadprinted72editions.By1518,morethan600editionshadbeenproduced.Bytheturnofthecentury,thishadexpandedto150pressesand4,000editions.Atthistime,bookswerebeingpublishedinLatin,Italian,Greek,Hebrew,Arabic,Serbo-Croatian,andArmenian.Venice’slowtaxratesforforeignfirmsandtheopportunitiesforprofitofferedbythisgreattrading
![Page 1272: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1272.jpg)
citycontributedtoVenice’sriseasprintingcapitalofEurope.9
ItstandstoreasonthatZhengHe’sambassadorswouldhavemadeconsiderableeffortstoimpartknowledgeofprintingtoVenice.Withoutprinting,theXuanDeastronomicalcalendarwouldhavehadtobecopiedbyhand.Thestupidbarbarianswouldinevitably
![Page 1273: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1273.jpg)
havemademistakes,andthosemistakeswouldhavemultipliedascopysucceededcopy.Notonlywouldtheymessupthecalculationsoflatitudeandlongitude,buttheircopiesofChinesemapsoftheworldwouldgrowprogressivelymoreinaccurate.Toavoidsuchconfusion,itmadesensetogivethebarbarianstheknowledgeofmoveabletypeprinting,alongwiththe
![Page 1274: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1274.jpg)
astronomicaltablesandmaps.TheChinesecouldthenbeconfidentthatEuropeanscouldreachtheMiddleKingdomtopaytribute—nofurtherexcuses!
Thegiftofmoveabletypeprovedtobeofinestimablevalueapartfromitsuseincartographyandoceannavigation.PrintinghelpedEuropeanscontrolthespreadofplaguebydisseminating
![Page 1275: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1275.jpg)
instructionsforcombatingit.Veniceprintededictsin1456and1457,Genoain1467,Milanin1468.OthersfollowedinSiena,Parma,Udine,andCremona.10Plaguelegislationforthepoorcamenext.ProstituteswereoutlawedinPerugiaandSienain1485,andplaguehospitalsweresetup.Printingwascriticaltopublichealth.
TheRenaissancewasnot
![Page 1276: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1276.jpg)
onlyarevolutioninart.ItalteredEuropeanman’sideaofhisplaceintheuniverse,inastronomy,logic,geometry,architecture,engineering,mechanics,anatomy,philosophy,politics,warfare,andmusic.Theprintingofbooksdidnotproducenewideas.ButtheintroductionofmoveabletypeenabledrevolutionaryideastobespreadthelengthandbreadthofEurope.
![Page 1277: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1277.jpg)
Printingrevolutionizedthedevelopmentofmusic,too.Musicianscouldnowplaytogetherreadingfromthesamescore—preciselywhatthecomposerhadwritten.ThecomplexmusicpioneeredbytheEnglishmanDunstablewasmadepossiblebythescorehewroteformultiplevoices.Copyingsuchascorebyhandwouldhavebeenanightmare.JohannSebastianBachcompletedDunstable’s
![Page 1278: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1278.jpg)
revolution.
Printingalsoadvancedthevoyagesofdiscovery.Knowledge,includingChineseknowledge,couldnowbemadeavailabletonumerousexplorers.Subsequentexplorers’discoveriesandexploitscouldinturnbepublicizedfarandwide.Andtheromanceofexplorationfiredtheimaginationsofthepeople.
![Page 1279: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1279.jpg)
TheAmadisofGaul,relatingtheimaginedadventuresoftheconquistadoresoftheNewWorld,grippedpublicimaginationwithitstalesofflaxen-haired,white-skinnedvirgins,rubiesthesizeofpigeon’seggs,andmensheathedfromheadtotoeingold.
Thankstoprinting,shipwrightscouldbuildtoastandard,provendesign.
![Page 1280: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1280.jpg)
Beforeprinting,eachshiphadbeenconstructedasacopy—aone-offexperimentalvesseldependentinpartontheskillofthecopier,ascribe.Thefirearmsandcannonsthatarmedthevesselscouldnowalsobemadefromprinteddesignsthathadbeentriedandtested—ashipmasternolongerneededtoworrywhetherthebarrelsofhiscannonweresufficientlythickandofsuitableironto
![Page 1281: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1281.jpg)
avoidanexplosionthatwouldkillhisowncrew.Gunmakerscouldnowselltheirdesigns.Ships’captainscouldsailwithprintedephemeristablesenablingthemtodeterminelatitudeandlongitudeandtheirprogresstotheNewWorldusingup-to-date,standardizedcharts.
TheskillsofmedievalArabandChinesedoctorscouldnowbedisseminated
![Page 1282: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1282.jpg)
worldwide.Forexample,bytheeleventhcentury,Chinesedoctorsunderstoodhowtoinoculatepatientsagainstsmallpox.ThefirstChinesebookonforensicmedicine,includingplaguecontrol,waspublishedin1247.
TheextraordinarymagnitudeandgenerosityofChinesegiftstotheWestmadesensefromtheChineseemperor’sviewpoint.If
![Page 1283: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1283.jpg)
Chinawastoremainacolossusontheworldstage,thebarbariansmustbebribedandeducatedtocontinuallyrendertribute.Thisvoyage,however,provedtobethelast.Afterthat,Chinawithdrewintoself-imposedisolation.Europe,lefttoexploitChina’slavishgifts,soonbecamemistressoftheworld.
![Page 1284: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1284.jpg)
21
CHINA’SCONTRIBUTION
TOTHERENAISSANCE
MapsoftheWorld
After1434,Europeanworld
![Page 1285: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1285.jpg)
mapschanged.TherewasashiftawayfromthecircularmapscenteredonJerusalem,emphasizingreligioussubjects,todepictionsoftheworldasitreallyis.
ToscanellisentColumbusamapoftheAmericas;Regiomontanusadvertisedaworldmapforsale.1Magellanpossessedaworldmap.AndreaBiancoshowedFloridaonhisAtlanticchart
![Page 1286: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1286.jpg)
of1436(NewberryLibrary,Chicago);onhis1448map,hedescribedBrazil.Then,in1507,WaldseemüllerpublishedhisamazingworldmapaccuratelyrenderingNorthandSouthAmerica.
Allofthesemapshadsomethingincommon:theyaccuratelydepictedpartsoftheNewWorldbeforeEuropeanseverreachedthoseparts.TheWaldseemüller
![Page 1287: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1287.jpg)
showedthePacificbeforeMagellansetsail,AndreaBiancoshowedFloridaandAntiliafifty-sixyearsbeforeColumbus;theCantinoplanisphereof1502depictedtheFloridacoastbeforePoncedeLeón“discovered”theplace.
Thereissomethingelsethesemapshadincommon.AllarecopiesinwholeorinpartofZhengHe’s1418map.
![Page 1288: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1288.jpg)
ItwasalogicalanddeliberatepolicyofZhengHe’smissiontodistributeChinesemapsoftheworld.Forifthebarbariansdidnothaveaccuratemaps,howcouldtheyreachtheMiddleKingdomtopaytribute?
AttheNanjingconferenceonZhengHeheldinDecember2002,ProfessorLiuManchumdescribedhisresearchintojudicialrecords
![Page 1289: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1289.jpg)
oftheearlyMingdynasty,notablythoseofFujianProvince.2HecameacrossanaccountofaBraziliandelegationthathadreachedFujianin1507,afterafive-yearvoyage.Thedelegationboreexpensivetribute,notablyemeralds,andhadtheirplenipotentiarypowersengravedonagoldenplate.TheyhadfoundtheirwaytoChinabymeansofamap.
![Page 1290: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1290.jpg)
ProfessorLiuManchumrealizedthat,atthetimetheBraziliandelegationleftBrazilforChinain1502,EuropeanshadnotreachedbothBrazilandChinabysea.3Consequently,themapthatguidedthemfromBraziltoChinacouldnothavebeenEuropean.HethensearchedZhengHe’srecordsandfoundaccountsofhisfleetsreachingtheAmericas.He
![Page 1291: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1291.jpg)
concludedthatZhengHe’sfleetshadreachedBrazilbefore1434,afterwhichChineseoverseasvoyageswereprohibitedbytheemperor.ProfessorManchumintendedtowriteabookclaimingthatZhengHe,notColumbus,discoveredtheAmericas.Hethenlearnedofmybook1421anddecidedtopostponehisown.
Brazilalsoappearsona
![Page 1292: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1292.jpg)
JavanesemappublishedbeforeEuropeansreachedJava.InanApril,1512–lettertoKingManuelofPortugal,AlfonsodeAlbuquerque,thefirstEuropeantoreachMalacca,referstoaworldmaphehasacquiredfromaJavanesepilotandkeptaboardhisflagship,theFioredelaMar.(TheFioredelaMarsankbeforereachingPortugal.):
![Page 1293: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1293.jpg)
IamalsosendingyouanauthenticportionofagreatmapbelongingtoaJavanesepilot,whichshowstheCapeofGoodHope,PortugalandtheterritoryofBrasil,theRedSeaandthePersianGulfandtheSpiceIslands.ItalsoshowswheretheChineseandtheGoressail,withtheRhumbsandtheroutestakenbytheirshipsandtheinteriorsofthevariouskingdomsandwhich
![Page 1294: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1294.jpg)
kingdomsborderonwhich.ItstrikesmeasthefinestpieceofworkIeversawandIamsureYourHighnesswouldbedelightedtoseeit.ThenameswerewritteninJavanesescriptandIfoundaJavanesewhocouldreadandwritethescript.IsendyourHighnessthisfragmentthatFranciscoRodriguescopiedfromtheoriginal,inwhichYourHighnesswillseewheretheChineseandtheGoresreally
![Page 1295: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1295.jpg)
comefromandtherouteyourshipsshouldfollowtoreachthespiceislands,wherethegoldminesarelocatedandtheislandsofJavaandBanda,wherenutmegandmacecomefromandtheterritoryoftheKingofSiam.YouwillseetheextentofChinesenavigationandwheretheyreturntoandthepointbeyondwhichtheywillnotsail.ThemainpartofthemapislostintheFioridelaMar.
![Page 1296: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1296.jpg)
IworkedoutthemeaningofthismapwiththepilotPerodeAlfoimsothattheywouldbeabletoexplainittoYourHighness.Youmaytakethisportionofitasveryauthenticandaccuratebecauseitshowstheroutestheytakeinbothdirections.ItdoesnotshowthearchipelagocalledCelatewhichliesbetweenJavaandMalacca.
YourHighness’screature
![Page 1297: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1297.jpg)
andservant,AlfonsodeAlbuquerque,CaesaroftheEast.4
AlbuquerquedoesnotfinditnecessarytopointoutthatwhenEuropeansfirstreachedtheEast,theJavanese(andtheChinese)alreadyknewthelocationsofPortugalandBrazilonaworldchart.Hisletterrevealsdetailsoftheinteriorsofkingdoms,implyingauthentic
![Page 1298: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1298.jpg)
knowledge.ManuelStock,towhomIamindebtedforthisinformation,hasalsofoundareferencetoBrazilonamapdated1447.5TheDuchessofMedinaSidonia’sLibraryatSanlucardeBarramedahasmapsofBrazilbeforeDiasorCabral.
InadditiontotheirknowledgeofBrazilandaroutetotheSpiceIslands—beforeEuropeanexplorersset
![Page 1299: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1299.jpg)
offforsuchplaces—boththeVenetiansandthePortugueseknewofAustraliaby1516atthelatest.GiovannidiFontana,theVenetiandoctor,in1450alreadyknewofAustralia,theIndianOcean,andAmerica.6
TheNationalLibraryofAustraliaholdsaletter,dated1516,writtenbyaVenetian,AndreaCorsali,whohadtraveledaboardaPortuguese
![Page 1300: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1300.jpg)
ship.Theletter,writtenfromCochin,isaddressedtothedogeofVenice.CorsalidescribeshisvoyagearoundtheCapeofGoodHopeasfarasNewGuineaandTimor.HeillustratestheSouthernCrosswithsufficientaccuracytoprovehemusthaveseenit.TheletterassertsthatthePortugueseknewoflargelandstothesouthcalledIndiaAustralis(Southern),laterreferredtoasJavala
![Page 1301: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1301.jpg)
Grande.
ProfessorJaimeCortesão,in“ThePre-ColumbianDiscoveryofAmerica,”describesthefirstPortuguesevoyagetoBrazilandincludesareporttoKingJohnofPortugal.TheKingisadvisedto“pleasecommandthattheybringyoutheworldmapofPedroVazBisagudo.AndYourHighnesswillbeabletoseeonitthepositionofthis
![Page 1302: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1302.jpg)
land.Notwithstandingthismapdoesnotdeclarewhetherthisland[Brazil]isinhabitedornot.Itisanoldworld-map,buttheMinaisregisteredthere.”7
SoherewehaveadeclarationthatBrazilwasonaworldmapbeforethefirstEuropeanexpeditionthere.ThissquareswithBrazil’sappearanceonAndreaBianco’smapof1448andis
![Page 1303: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1303.jpg)
furtherproofthattheSouthernandWesternHemispheresweredocumentedonmapslongbeforeEuropeanvoyagesofexplorationstarted.
If,asIclaim,ZhengHe’s1434visitprovidedmapsoftheworldtothebarbariansinordertoenablethemtopaytribute,thentheVenetiansandthePortuguesewouldhavehadknowledgeofthe
![Page 1304: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1304.jpg)
NewWorldby1434.8AndiftheVenetiansknewoftheNewWorldby1434,wewouldexpectthemtohavesetsailforitshortlythereafter.
ThevoyagethatisgenerallyacceptedasthefirsttoCanadawastheill-fatedexpeditionofMiguelCôrte-Realin1502.Côrte-RealreachedtheGulfofSaintLawrence.Whenhearrived
![Page 1305: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1305.jpg)
there,however,hissailorsfoundagildedswordhiltandsilvertrinketsofVenetianmanufactureatanativevillageinLabrador.9
CroatianVoyagesWest
In1434,theVenetianEmpirewasatitspeak.VenicecontrolledtheCroatiancoast.DalmatiansailorscrewedVenetianships,andVenetianpilotsweretrainedatPerast
![Page 1306: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1306.jpg)
(seechapters7and13).AccordingtoCroatianarchives,whichLouisAdamicdescribesina1972publicationofSvetuMagazine,10severalCroatianmerchantvesselsfounderedofftheCarolinacoastin1449.TheyweresaidtobesailingtoChinaviaAmerica.
Adamic’ssearchofCroatianarchivescommencedfollowingconversationswith
![Page 1307: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1307.jpg)
seniorcitizenswhotoldhimofancestraltraditionsthatCroatianshadsailedacrosstheAtlanticinancienttimes.ThebriefaccountmentionedthatthreeofthefivevesselsintheexpeditionwereleftstrandednearChesapeakeBay;theothertwoshipssailedbacktoDubrovnik.Unfortunately,warwithTurkeypreventedareliefexpedition.CharlesPrazakbelievesthesurvivorsjoined
![Page 1308: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1308.jpg)
thePowhatantribeandgavetheirnametoCroatanIsland.
ThecrewofaCroatiancaravel,Atlante,sailedacrosstheAtlanticOceanandfoundlandin1484(Sinovic,1991).AccordingtohistorianCharlesPrazak,archivesreportedinZajecnicar(Dec.2,1979)tellofseveralCroatianvesselscarryingrefugeesfromTurkishinvasionswhoreachedthe
![Page 1309: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1309.jpg)
CarolinasnearRoanokeIslandin1470.Prazak(1993)andSinovic(1991)believethesesurvivorsmergedwithnativeAlgokiantribesandmadesignificantcontributionstotheircultureandlanguage.TheyhaveidentifiedthenameofonenativetribetheCroatoansandanIsleinCapeHatteras,CroatoanIsle,asderivativesoftheCroatianlanguage….
![Page 1310: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1310.jpg)
In1880,historianHamiltonMcMillannotedthat“CroatoanIndianshavetraditionswhicharetiedtotheindividuals,theownersofthedestroyedshipsfromthepast.”
ThisstoryisrepeatedintheEastwhenDalmatianshipsaccompaniedtheChinesebacktotheEastand“discovered”anumberofPacificislandstowhichthey
![Page 1311: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1311.jpg)
gaveDalmatiannames—namesthatwerechangedtoSpanishandPortugueseonesaftertheFirstWorldWar.
Asnotedinmybook1421,Columbus,Magellan,AlbuquerqueandCabralallacknowledgedthattheyhadpossessedchartsoftheCaribbeanislands,SouthAmerica,thePacific,andBrazil,respectively.ToscanellihadsentColumbus
![Page 1312: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1312.jpg)
achartfollowinghismeetingwiththeChinesedelegation.Columbus’srecords,whichwereacquiredbythefamilyoftheduchessofMedina-Sidonia,provideampleevidencethatColumbushadvoyagedtotheAmericasbefore1492.11Dr.MarinoRuggiero’sbook,citesevidencethatthepopefinancedaColumbusvoyagetotheAmericasbefore
![Page 1313: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1313.jpg)
1485.12
AlloftheaboveconfirmsthattheVenetiansandthePortugueseunderstoodworldgeographyafter1434andbeforeEuropeanvoyagesofexplorationstarted.SurelytheyreceivedthisinformationfromtheChinese.
ZhengHe’sdelegationalsoprovidedastronomicalknowledgetoAlberti,
![Page 1314: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1314.jpg)
Regiomontanus,andToscanelli,whichRegiomontanusincorporatedintohisephemeristablesandAlbertiusedformultiplepurposes.Regiomontanus’stableswereissuedtoPortuguesenavigatorsin1474andlatertoColumbusandVespucci,whousedthemtocalculatelongitude.Thesetablesalsoenabledsailorstocalculatelatitudeatthemeridianpassageofthesun
![Page 1315: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1315.jpg)
byusingdeclinationtables.ThismethodwassuccessfullyappliedbyDias,whoaccuratelydeterminedthelatitudeoftheCapeofGoodHopeat35°20'S.13
SonotonlydidZhengHe’sdelegationshowthewaytotheNewWorldbuttheyprovidedEuropeanswiththeknowledgetoenablethemtocalculatetheirlatitudeandlongitudetoreachtheNew
![Page 1316: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1316.jpg)
Worldandreturnhomesafely.
Thetransferofknowledgewentfurtherthanmaps.NicholasofCusawasthefirstEuropeantoblowapartAristoteleanandPtolomaictheoriesoftheuniverse.Herevolutionizedknowledgebypostulatingthatthesun,nottheearth,wasatthecenterofthesolarsystem,thattheearthandplanetstraveledin
![Page 1317: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1317.jpg)
anellipticalorbitaroundit.Toreachthisconclusion,IsubmitthatbothNicholasofCusaandToscanelliusedtheChineseastronomicalcalendarthatZhengHe’sdelegationpresentedtoPopeEugeniusIV.
Regiomontanus’sephemeristables,withthepositionsofsun,moon,thefiveplanets,andthestars,containednoinformationthatwasnot
![Page 1318: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1318.jpg)
alreadyintheChineseastronomicalcalendar,theShoushi.InthefortyyearsaftertheChinesevisitof1434,knowledgeoftheuniversewaschangedasfundamentallyasknowledgeoftheearth.
AsProfessorZinnerexplains,CopernicuscouldhavelearnedaboutandbeeninfluencedbyRegiomontanus.Copernicus
![Page 1319: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1319.jpg)
studiedattheJagiellonianUniversityinCracow(1491–1494)andtheninItaly,mostlyinBologna(1496–1503).14Atthattime,CracowwastheEuropeanuniversitywheretheteachingsofRegiomontanushadgainedthesurestfoothold.15Copernicus’sinterestinsinetablesmayhavebeeninspiredbyRegiomontanus’sTabulaediretorium,whichwas
![Page 1320: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1320.jpg)
printedin1490andlaterfoundinCracow.
Zinnerdescribestheconnection:
CopernicusalsocameundertheinfluenceofRegiomontanusinBologna.HereheobtainedRegiomontanusEphemeridesandtheEpitomeandwaspresumeablymotivatedbythemtotestthePtolemaic
![Page 1321: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1321.jpg)
systembyobservations.AndsothesamethinghappenedwithCopernicusin1497ashadhappened40yearsearlierwithRegiomontanus.Byobservations,theydeterminederrorsandfeltcompelledtogettotherootoftheseerrors.
Thesimilaritygoesevenfurther.Bothmenwerebusywithextensivesinetablesnecessaryforprecisecalculationswith
![Page 1322: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1322.jpg)
observationalinstruments,and—mostimportantly—bothcreatedtheirownnewtrigonometry,astheprevailingmathematicswasinsufficientfortheirneeds.16
TheuseofsinetablesandsphericaltrigonometrytomeettheneedforprecisecalculationswithobservationalinstrumentshadallbeendevelopedbyGuoShoujingtwocenturies
![Page 1323: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1323.jpg)
earlier.YetGuoShoujingisnotmentionedinEuropeanbiographiesoffamousmathematicians.17
Zinnercontinues:(p184)
IfCopernicushadsomanyinspirationsfromRegiomontanus,thenitisverylikelythathelearnedthroughNovaraofRegiomontanus’plansfortransformingtheprevailing
![Page 1324: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1324.jpg)
planetarytheory,andsoencouragedhiminhisownundertaking….
WehavetobecontentwiththefactthatitisimpossibletodeterminethefullscopeofRegiomontanus’achievements.Hiswasagiganticundertaking,intendedtobecrownedwithaplanetarytheory.Inthecourseofhisworkheabandonedtheprevailing
![Page 1325: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1325.jpg)
cosmologyandwaspreparingtoformulateanewoneforthenewtimes.Hehadtheastronomicalandmathematicaltoolstomakesuchanewcosmology;buthiseffortsweredestroyedbyanimplacablefate[death].18
Copernicus’stheory“attributedtotheearthadailymotionarounditsownaxisandayearlymotionaroundthestationarysun.”He
![Page 1326: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1326.jpg)
followedNicholasofCusainadvancinganideathathadfar-reachingimplicationsformodernscience.Henceforth,theearthcouldnolongerbeconsideredthecenterofthecosmos;ratheritwasonecelestialbodyamongmany,itsorbitsubjecttomathematicalprediction.
ProfessorZinnerdidnotknowofGuoShoujing’swork.Inmysubmission,we
![Page 1327: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1327.jpg)
cangofurther.DidCopernicusdirectlycopyRegiomontanusinproposinghisrevolutionarytheorythattheearthandtheplanetscircledthesunandthatthesun,nottheearth,wasatthecenterofthesolarsystem?
Isayhedid,andIbasemyargumentontheresearchofNoelM.Swerdlow,assistantprofessorofhistoryattheUniversityofChicago,
![Page 1328: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1328.jpg)
presentedin“TheDerivationandFirstDraftofCopernicus’PlanetaryTheory”19
Inhistightlyreasonedarticle,ProfessorSwerdlowstartswithaninterestingcommentCopernicusmadetothepopeatthetimehepublishedhisrevolutionarywork,Derevolutionibusorbiumcoelestieum,in1543.CopernicustoldPopePaulIII
![Page 1329: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1329.jpg)
ofhisgreatreluctancetopublishthistheory—thattheearthwasnotthecenterofthecosmosbutonecelestialbodyamongmany—forfearofridiculebythepublic.Heexplainedthathehadbeenreluctant“notforjustnineyearsbutalreadyinthefourthnineyearperiod—thatis,”sinceabout1504,atimeafterCopernicushadobtainedRegiomontanus’sEphemerisandEpitomeinBologna.
![Page 1330: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1330.jpg)
Between1510and1514CopernicussummarizedhisnewideasinDehypothesibusmotuumcoelestiumeseconstitutiscommentariolus(Acommentaryonthetheoriesofthemotionsofheavenlyobjectsfromtheirarrangements).Itsmainparts,toquotetheNewEncyclopaediaBritannica,were“theapparentdailymotionofthestars,theannualmotionofthesun,and
![Page 1331: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1331.jpg)
theretrogressivebehaviouroftheplanetsresultsfromtheearth’sdailyrotationonitsaxisandyearlyrevolutionaroundthesun,whichisstationaryatthecentreoftheplanetarysystem.Theearththereforeisnotthecentreoftheuniversebutonlyofthemoon’sorbit.”
ToquoteProfessorSwerdlow,Copernicus,inhisDecommentariolus,saysnext
![Page 1332: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1332.jpg)
tonothingabouthowhearrivedathisnewtheories.Hebeginswithasingleprinciplegoverningplanetarytheory,andthenraisesobjectionstothetheoriesofhispredecessors.Nextheexplainsthathehasevolvedaplanetarytheoryinconformitywithhisfirstprinciples,andthisisfollowedbyasetofsevenpostulates.Thesehavealmostnothingtodowitheitherthe
![Page 1333: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1333.jpg)
principleortheobjections,butinsteadassertthesurprisingtheorythattheearthandplanetsrevolvearoundthesunandgivesomefurtherconsequencesofthistheory.20
ProfessorSwerdlowcontinues:
ThesourcesofCopernicus’earlyplanetarytheoryarerelativelyfew.Thederivation
![Page 1334: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1334.jpg)
forthemodelsforbothfirstandsecondanomaliesandalmosttheentirecontentsofthecommentariolusseemtodependonthreecertainandtwopossiblesources.Theyarethefollowing:
1.Peurbach….
2.PeurbachandRegiomontanus,TheEpitomeoftheAlmagest.ThiswasbegunbyPeurbach,whohad
![Page 1335: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1335.jpg)
writtenthefirstsixbooksatthetimeofhisdeathin1461,andcompletedbyRegiomontanusin1462or1463….IsuspectthatRegiomontanusnotonlywrotebooksVII–XIIIoftheEpitomebutalsorevisedPeurbach’sversionofBooksItoVI….Thiswasthebook(theEpitome)thatCopernicusfollowedeveninpreferencetotheAlmagestinthewritingofDerevolutionibuswhichis
![Page 1336: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1336.jpg)
filledwithnotonlyinformationandprocedures,butevenwithcloseparaphrasesfromtheEpitome.IntheCommentariolustheuseoftheEpitomecanbeseenmostclearlyinthesectiononthelengthofthetropicalandsiderealyearandtherateofprecession,but,aswilloftenbepointedoutinthecommentary,theEpitomeispertinenttomanypartsofthe
![Page 1337: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1337.jpg)
Commentariolus.OfgreaterimportanceforourpurposehoweverarePropositions1and2ofBookXII[byRegiomontanus]whichcontaintheanalysisleadingtotheheliocentrictheory….TheimportanceoftheEpitome…cannotbeoveremphasised,norcanitsvirtuesbesufficientlypraised…theEpitomemakesonerealisewhatalossRegiomontanus’searlydeath
![Page 1338: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1338.jpg)
wastoastronomy—alossnotmadeupforwelloveracentury.21
Sotherewehaveit—inProfessorSwerdlow’sopinionCopernicusfollowedbook11ofRegiomontanus’sEpitome,whichcontainedtheanalysisleadingtoCopernicus’srevolutionarytheory.
Toquoteagainfromthe
![Page 1339: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1339.jpg)
NewEncyclopediaBritannica:
TheCopernicansystemappealedtoalargenumberofindependent-mindedastronomersandmathematicians.Itsattractionwasnotonlybecauseofitselegancebutalsoinpartbecauseofitsbreakwithtraditionaldoctrines.Inparticular,itopposedAristotle,whohadargued
![Page 1340: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1340.jpg)
cogentlyforthefixityoftheEarth;furthermoreitprovidedanalternativetoPtolemy’sgeocentricuniverse.InWesternChristendomboththeseviewshadbeenelevatedalmosttothelevelofreligiousdogma;tomanythoughtfulobservers,however,theystifleddevelopmentandwereoverdueforrejection.
Scientificallythe
![Page 1341: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1341.jpg)
Copernicantheorydemandedtwoimportantchangesinoutlook.Thefirstchangehadtodowiththeapparentsizeoftheuniverse.Thestarsalwaysappearedinpreciselythesamefixedpositions,butiftheearthwereinorbitaroundthesun,theyshoulddisplayasmallperiodicchange.Copernicusexplainedthestarryspherewastoofardistantforthechangetobedetected.Histheorythusled
![Page 1342: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1342.jpg)
tothebeliefinamuchlargeruniversethanpreviouslyconceived…
Thesecondchangeconcernedthereasonswhybodiesfalltotheground.Aristotlehadtaughttheyfalltotheir“naturalplace”whichwasthecentreoftheuniverse.Butbecause,accordingtotheheliocentrictheory,theEarthnolongercoincidedwiththecentreof
![Page 1343: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1343.jpg)
theuniverse,anewexplanationwasneeded.Thisre-examinationofthelawsgoverningfallingbodiesledeventuallytotheNewtonianconceptofuniversalgravitation.
ThedethronementoftheEarthfromthecentreoftheuniversecausedprofoundshock.Nolongercouldtheearthbeconsideredtheepitomeofcreation,foritwas
![Page 1344: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1344.jpg)
onlyaplanetliketheotherplanets.Nolongerwastheearththecentreofallchangeanddecaywiththechangelessuniverseaccompanyingit.Andthebeliefinacorrespondencebetweenman,themicrocosm,asamirrorofthesurroundinguniverse,themacrocosm,wasnolongervalid.Thesuccessfulchallengetotheentiresystemofancientauthorityrequiredacomplete
![Page 1345: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1345.jpg)
changeinman’sphilosophicalconceptionoftheuniverse.Thisiswhatisrightlycalled“theCopernicanRevolution.”
Isitrightlycalled?OrshoulditbetheRegiomontanusorGuoShoujingrevolution?
JohannesKepler(1571–1630)
![Page 1346: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1346.jpg)
JohannesKepleristodaybestknownforhisthreelawsofplanetarymotion.Hisfirstlawstatedthattheplanetstraveledaroundthesuninellipticalorbitswiththesunpositionedatoneoftheellipse’sfocalpoints(NicholasofCusa’sargument,saveforfocalpoint).Hissecondlaw(whichhediscussedfirst)statedthattheplanetssweptoutequalareasoftheirorbitsinequal
![Page 1347: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1347.jpg)
times.Herejectedtheancientbeliefthattheplanetstraveledacircularorbitatconstantspeed,replacingitwiththetheorythatplanets’speedsvariedwiththeirdistancefromthesun—fastestwhenclosesttothesunandslowestwhenfartheraway—nothingdifferentfromwhatGuoShoujinghaddiscoveredthreecenturiesearlieraboutplanetEarth.22
![Page 1348: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1348.jpg)
KeplerhadlearnedCopernicanastronomyfromMichaelMästlin(1550–1631)whenheenteredtheSTIFT,thetheologicalseminaryoftheUniversityofTübingen,wherehewasawardedhismaster’sdegreein1591.HepublishedatextbookofCopernicanastronomywritteninaquestion-and-answerform,theEpitomeastronomiaeCopernicanae.Inmysubmission,although
![Page 1349: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1349.jpg)
Keplermaynothaveappreciatedthis,hebuiltonCopernicanastronomy,whichitselfderivedfromRegiomontanusandNicholasofCusa,whoobtainedtheirfundamentalnewideasfromToscanelliandtheChineseastronomicalcalendar.
GalileoGalilei
GalileowasborninPisain1564.Hisfatherwasa
![Page 1350: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1350.jpg)
musician.HewaseducatedattheUniversityofVallombrosanearFlorence;thenin1581heenrolledattheUniversityofPisatostudymedicine.Henevertrainedasamathematicianorastronomer.
Galileo’slifewasdominatedbytheCopernicanrevolution.HewasthefirstEuropeantodevelopapowerfultelescopewith
![Page 1351: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1351.jpg)
thirty-twotimesmagnification—ahugeadvanceinastronomicalobservation.HediscoveredJupiter’smoons,Saturn,sunspots,andthephasesofVenus,publishinghisresultsinSideriusnuncius(Starrymessenger).23ThisledhimtobelieveCopernicantheorywascorrect;nowthetroublestarted.
Theoldguard,whohad
![Page 1352: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1352.jpg)
spenttheirlivesteachingPtolemy’stheorythattheearthwasatthecenteroftheuniverse,felttheirlivelihoodandreputationsthreatened.TheygangeduponGalileo,gatheringsupportfromtheDominicansforhisblasphemyinstatingthatman,God’screation,wasnotatthecenteroftheuniverse.Theintellectualsandreligiousfanaticswontheday—Copernicus’stheorywas
![Page 1353: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1353.jpg)
denouncedas“falseanderroneous,”andbyadecreeofMarch5,1616,Copernicus’sbookwassuspended.ThechieftheologianoftheCatholicChurch,CardinalBellarmine,informedGalileothathemustnolongerdefendCopernicus.Eightyearslater,Galileomadeanattempttohavethe1616decreelifted.Hedidgetasmallwaiver—hewasentitledtodiscussPtolemy’s
![Page 1354: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1354.jpg)
andCopernicus’stheoriesprovidedhisconclusionwasasdictatedbytheCatholicChurch—whichwasthatmancannotpresumetoknowhowtheworldismadebecausetodosowouldrestrictGod’somniscience.
Galileoacceptedthisrestrictionandspentthenexteightyearswritingadialoguecomparingthetwoprincipalsystems—ofPtolomyand
![Page 1355: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1355.jpg)
Copernicus.Thebookwashugelypopular—abestseller.TheJesuitsseemeddefeatedbuttheyfoughtback.Galileo’sbookwassopowerfullywrittenitwouldcausemoreharmtotheestablishmentviewofthecosmos“thanLutherandCalvinputtogether.”24
Thepopeorderedaprosecution.Thisgavethepapallawyersabiglegal
![Page 1356: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1356.jpg)
problem,forGalileohadabidedbythedecreeof1616.Suddenlyadocumentwas“discovered”totheeffectthatGalileointhenegotiationsleadingtothedegreeof1616hadbeenprohibitedfrom“teachingordiscussingCopernicanisminanyway.”Hehadthereforeobtainedthedecreebyfalsepretensesbecausehisbookwasdisguiseddiscussionandteaching.Theestablishment
![Page 1357: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1357.jpg)
mountedashowtrial,whichtookplacein1633whenGalileowasinhisseventiethyearandill.Hewasconvicted,buthisimprisonmentwascommuted.HewasorderedtorecantCopernicantheoryandstatethathe“abjuredcursedanddetested”hispasterrorsinsupportingCopernicus.Whileunderhousearresthewrotesomeofhisgreatestworks,summarizinghisearly
![Page 1358: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1358.jpg)
experiments.Hislastbigdiscovery,ofthemoon’sdailyandmonthlymovement,camein1637,justbeforehewentblind.Hediedin1642.
Galileo’smonumentalachievementswereessentiallytheuseofapowerfultelescopetodiscovertheheavensandvalidateCopernicus’sworkandhispioneeringthoughtsongravity.Hewasthefirst
![Page 1359: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1359.jpg)
Europeanwhocouldseethatmathematicsandphysicswerepartofthesamesubjectandthatearthlyandheavenlyphenomenacouldbecombinedintoonebranchofscience,ascouldexperimentswithcalculation,theconcreteandtheabstract.GalileopavedthewayforNewton.
GalileoiscreditedwithdiscoveringJupiter’smoons,Io,Europa,Callisto,and
![Page 1360: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1360.jpg)
Ganymede,in1616.SomescholarscontendthattheGermanastronomerSimonMayerdiscoveredthemafewdaysearlier.In“AncientChineseAstronomerGanDeDiscoveredJupiter’sSatellites2000YearsEarlierthanGalileo,”PaulDong,RosaMui,andZhouXinYanciteProfessorXiZezongoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,statingthataChineseastronomer,GanDe,
![Page 1361: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1361.jpg)
haddiscoveredJupiter’smoonsin364B.C.25Thebasisforthisclaimcanbefoundinvolume23oftheancientChineseastronomicalworkKaiYuanZhanJing(Booksofobservationsfromthebeginningofhistory).Apassageinitreads,“GanDesaid‘IntheyearofShauYo,Xi,Nu,ShuandWei[Io,Europa,Ganymede,andCallisto]theAnnualstarwas
![Page 1362: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1362.jpg)
verylargeandbright.Itseemedtherewasasmallredstarattachedtoitside.Thisiscalledanalliance.’”
The“annualstar”wastheancientChinesenameforJupiter,thesmallredstar,Jupiter’smoon.TheauthorsofferamoderntranslationofGanDe:“TherewasasmallpinkstarbesidetheplanetJupiter.Wethereforeconcludethisisasatelliteof
![Page 1363: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1363.jpg)
Jupiter.”(ItisstillpossibletodaytoviewJupiter’ssatelliteswiththenakedeyeincertainplaces,notablyintheHebeiProvinceofChinaandfromtheSaharaandpartsofJapan.)
MyintentionincitingtheChineseobservationofJupiter’smoonstwothousandyearsearlierisnottodiminishGalileo’senormousachievementsbuttoillustrate
![Page 1364: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1364.jpg)
howEurocentricWesternhistoriansandastronomersareinnotcreditingChinawithastronomyvastlymoreadvancedthanEurope’s.ItseemsalmostincrediblethattheJesuitscouldhavepersuadedtheChinesethattheyknewmoreaboutastronomythantheChinesedid,notleastinpredictingeclipses,somethingtheChinesehadbeendoingcenturiesbeforeJesuits
![Page 1365: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1365.jpg)
arrivedinChina.
TheDevelopmentofArtandPerspective
LeonBattistaAlberti,asPopeEugenius’snotary,wouldhaverecordedminutesofthemeetingbetweentheChineseambassadorandthepope.AsJoanGadolhassosuccinctlysaid,Albertiwentbeyondtheboundsofastronomytodetermineitsrelationwith
![Page 1366: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1366.jpg)
mathematics,andthen[used]mathematicstodeveloppaintingandarchitecture,cartographyandsurveying—evenengineeringdesignsandcryptography.Toscanelli,Alberti,NicholasofCusa,Regiomontanus,andlaterCopernicusandGalileoemployedtherationalconceptionofspaceinformingtheirideas—aconceptiontowhichallwereledbythemethodsof
![Page 1367: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1367.jpg)
mathematics.26
Albertikneweverybranchofmathematics—geometry,arithmetic,astronomy,music.InDepictura,hissystemofperspectiveandhumanproportionsconstitutethetechnicalfoundationsofRenaissancepaintingandsculpture,introducingtoartideasandvaluesthathadfar-reachingculturalimplicationsfortheage.Alberti’swork
![Page 1368: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1368.jpg)
coveredpainting,sculpture,architecture,aesthetics,mathematics,cartography,surveying,mechanics,cryptography,literature,andmoralphilosophy.
BurckhardtregardedtheRenaissancepioneeredbyAlbertiasthefirstage,thegenesisofmodernEuropeancivilizationandculture.
EuropeBecomesMistressof
![Page 1369: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1369.jpg)
theWorld
ItwasthecombinationofamassivetransferofnewknowledgefromChinatoEuropeandthefactthatitcameinoneshortperiodthatsparkedtherevolutionwecalltheRenaissance.
Notonlydidkings,captains,andnavigatorshave,forthefirsttime,mapsthatshowedthemthetrueshapeofthe
![Page 1370: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1370.jpg)
world,buttheyalsoacquiredinstrumentsandtablesthatshowedthemhowtoreachthosenewlandsbythequickestrouteandhowtoreturnhomeinsafety.
WhentheyarrivedintheNewWorld,aninternationaltradingsystemcreatedbyChinese,Arabs,andIndiansawaitedthem—onethataccountedforhalftheworld’sgrossnationalproduct.This
![Page 1371: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1371.jpg)
systemwasbaseduponthetransferofChinesemanufacturedgoodsinexchangeforrawmaterialsfromtherestoftheworld.Thetradingpatternhadbeenbuiltupbythousandsofseavoyagesoverhundredsofyearshonedbycenturiesofexperienceofmonsoonsandtradewinds.WhenChinalefttheworldstage,thistradingsystemwasEurope’sforthetaking.
![Page 1372: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1372.jpg)
EuropeansfoundnotonlyrichnewlandsbuttheresultsofsophisticatedtransplantingandgeneticengineeringpioneeredbytheChinese—maizeinSoutheastAsia,whichoriginatedinAmerica27cottonintheAzores,theresultofcross-pollinationofIndianandAmericanstrains;sweetpotatoesfromSouthAmerica,whichfedindigenouspeoples
![Page 1373: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1373.jpg)
acrossthePacifictoNewZealand;ricetakenfromChinatoBrazilandto“NewEngland”;orchardsofcitrustreesintheCarolinas,Florida,Peru,WestAfrica,andAustralia.28
Thesamewentforanimals:vastsnailfactoriesintheParanáRiverofSouthAmerica;AsianchickensacrossSouthAmerica;AmericanturkeysinIndia(de
![Page 1374: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1374.jpg)
l’inde-dinde);ChinesehorsesinNorthAmerica;fishfarmsinNewZealand.Plantsthathavefed(maize),clothed(cotton),andhoused(coconuts)theworldforthepastsixhundredyearshadbeentransplantedortranshippedbetweencontinentsbeforeEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld.
Rawmaterialshadbeenminedandshippedacross
![Page 1375: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1375.jpg)
continents.EuropeansfoundworkedgoldminesinAustralia,ironminesinNewZealandandNovaScotia,copperinNorthAmerica,andasophisticatedsteelindustryinNigeria.
NewmethodsofcartographyenabledEuropeanstomapthefabulousrichesoftheNewWorld.Printingenablednewsoftheseexoticdiscoveriesto
![Page 1376: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1376.jpg)
spreadfarandwide—notleastamongstthenewlyemergent,brash,competingEuropeannation-states.
Atthesamemoment,EuropeanslearnedofChinesegunpowdercoupledwithadvancedChineseweapons—bazookas,mortars,explodingshells,rockets,andcannons.ThepoorIncas,armedwiththeirfeathertunicsandclubs,weremowndownbythe
![Page 1377: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1377.jpg)
brutal,ruthless,butincrediblybravebandofconquistadoresunderPizarro.Atahualpastoodnochance;neitherdidMontezuma.AsaresultofPizarro’smassacre,Spaingainedaccesstotheworld’smostvaluablesilvermines,whichshegrabbed.
KnowledgeofprintingspreadtherichesoftheNewWorldaccuratelyandrapidly.Withgunpowderweapons
![Page 1378: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1378.jpg)
Europeanrivalrytookonanewpotencyandurgency,resultinginfreneticcompetitiontoconquertheNewWorld.
ThesamedramaticchangescanbeseeninEurope,notleastinfoodproduction,mining,andprocessingofrawmaterials.TheintroductionofriceinthePoValleyinthe1440sdependedforitssuccessonthe
![Page 1379: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1379.jpg)
aqueducts,canals,andlocksystemsdesignedbyLeonardodaVinciandFrancescodiGiorgio,coupledwiththenewChinesebucketpumpsthatenabledwatertobetransferredinatimelyandeconomicwayacrossthericefields.
Milan’sbuildingboomwasassistedbyharnessingtheRiverPo—throughtheuseof“Chinese”locksandfeeder
![Page 1380: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1380.jpg)
canals.Higherfiringtemperaturesforkilnsandsmelterswereachievedwithcompressorspoweredbywaterturbines.CorncouldnowbegroundbynewefficientwindmillswhosedesignshadbeendevelopedoverthecenturiesbyChineseengineers.
Inartandarchitecturethenewrulesofperspectiveexplainedbytherational
![Page 1381: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1381.jpg)
mathematicsofAlbertiandperfectedbythegeniusofLeonardodaVincicouldbeappliedtocreateallmannerofnewbuildings—whichcouldbeaccuratelyandquicklyexplainedanddescribedbyprinting.ThesenewideasspreadoutfromFlorencelikeaforestfire.
PerhapsthemostimportantsingletransferofknowledgefromChinatoEuropewas
![Page 1382: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1382.jpg)
thatofhowtheuniverseworked.GreekandRomanconceptsthattheearthwasatthecenterandsunandplanetsrotatedarounditwerereplacedbyarationalsystemexplainedbymathematics.Mannowcould,anddid,lookateverythinganewandexaminehisplaceintheworld.Thisnewspiritofinquirywasappliedtoeveryaspectoflife—inphysics,mathematics,science,and
![Page 1383: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1383.jpg)
technologyaswellastheartsandreligion.EverythingcouldbeexplainedwithouttheblessingoftheChurch.Thoughtwasfreedfromcenturiesofreligiousdogma.
Inthedoublepagediagramincolorinsert3,the“inventions”anddiscoveriesofToscanelli,Alberti,NicholasofCusa,Regiomontanus,Taccola,Pisanello,AndreaBianco,
![Page 1384: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1384.jpg)
FrancescodiGiorgio,andFontanaareshown.Asmaybeseen,theyproducedlittleofconsequencebefore1434andthencameanexplosionofnewideas,inventions,andtheories.
Thetransferofintellectualknowledgein1434wasbetweenapeoplewhohadcreatedtheircivilizationoverthousandsofyears,andaEuropethatwasjust
![Page 1385: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1385.jpg)
emergingfromthethousand-yearstagnationfollowingthefalloftheRomanEmpire.TheChineseseedsfellonveryfertileground.
UntilnowtheRenaissancehasbeenportrayedasarebirthoftheclassicalEuropeancivilizationsofGreeceandRome.Chineseinfluencehasbeenignored.WhileGreeceandRomewereunquestionablyimportant,in
![Page 1386: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1386.jpg)
mysubmissionthetransferofChineseintellectualknowledgewasthesparkthatsettheRenaissanceablaze.
ItistimeforanagonizingreappraisaloftheEurocentricviewofhistory.
![Page 1387: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1387.jpg)
III
China’sLegacy
![Page 1388: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1388.jpg)
22
TRAGEDYONTHEHIGHSEAS:ZHENGHE’S
FLEETDESTROYEDBYA
TSUNAMI
![Page 1389: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1389.jpg)
In2003,CedricBell,amarineengineer,visitedhissonandfamilyonNewZealand’sSouthIsland.Magneticanomalysurveyshemadeduringhisstaythrewupanastonishingpossibility:aconsiderablenumberofjunkshadbeenwreckedontheisland’ssoutheastcoast.Survivorshadapparentlymanagedtogetashoreandhadbuiltstonebarracksas
![Page 1390: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1390.jpg)
livingquarters,hadsownricefieldsandsetupfishfarmsforfoodandsmelterstomakeiron.CedricbelievedanentireChinesefleethadbeenwreckedbyacolossalstorm.
CedricBell’sreportwassofar-reachingthatatfirstIwasincredulous—myinitialreactionwastodonothing.However,ameetingwithMr.Bellconvincedmethathewasadisciplinedpractical
![Page 1391: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1391.jpg)
engineernotgiventoexaggerationorflightsoffancy.Soweagreedtoembarkonaseriesofindependenttestsononebarracksblock,onewreck,andonesmelter;ifanyonecoulddisprovehisresults,wewouldnotpublicizehiswork.
ThebarracksblockwastheruinsCedrichadscannedunderanAkaroacricketgrounds,wheresatellite
![Page 1392: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1392.jpg)
photographstakeninmidsummerhadshownthegrassabovetheburiedwallstobeparched;thewallswereoutlinedwhenlookedatfromspace.
Weretainedanindependentcompany,GPRGeophysicalServicesofAuckland,tocarryoutaground-penetratingradarsurveythere.ThesecorroboratedCedric’swork,savethatone
![Page 1393: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1393.jpg)
ofthewallsseemedtoostraighttobetrue.Weaskedthelocalauthoritiesforundergroundplansofburiedservicepipesbeneaththecricketpitch.Thedeadstraightwallwasoneofthese,butthebarracks’otherthreeouterandinteriorwallswerenot.CedricBellwasvindicatedonthatone.
WechosethesmelteratLeBonsBay,nearAkaroa,
![Page 1394: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1394.jpg)
becauseitwasonpublicland,easilyvisibleandaccessible,andnearironoredeposits.Moreover,ithadasophisticateddesign:twostreamspoweredawaterturbine,whichinturnpoweredaircompressorstoraisethefiringtemperatureoftheore.Therewasastoragehousenearby.Accelerometermassspectrographyandcarbon-datingtestswereconductedbyRafter
![Page 1395: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1395.jpg)
RadiocarbonDatingLaboratoryandbyWaikatoUniversity(bothofinternationalstandingandpreviouslyunknowntomeorCedricBell)ondifferentoldbuildings.Thedatingcertificatescanbeseenonourwebsite.CedricBell’sconclusionthatthissmelterhadbeenworkedbeforeEuropeansarrived,byanunknownpeople(theMaorisdidnotsmeltiron),was
![Page 1396: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1396.jpg)
provedcorrect;smeltingbysophisticatedmethodswithhighfiringtemperatureshadbeeninusebeforetheMaori.
ResearchbyDr.R.N.Holdawaycorroboratedthis.AsianratboneshehadfoundinNewZealandwereshownbycarbondatingtobetwothousandyearsold.Asratscannotswimmorethanafewyards,humansmusthavebroughtthem.
![Page 1397: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1397.jpg)
ThewreckselectedforanalysiswasalsoinLeBonsBay,notfarfromthesmelter,coveredbysandandunderwaterotherthanatlowtide.AnalysiscarriedoutbyGPRshowedtwoforeignobjectsofthesamesizeandthesamepositionasCedricBell’smagneticanomalysurveywiththesameshapes.(Resultsareonourwebsite.)
CedricBell’ssurveyofa
![Page 1398: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1398.jpg)
barracks,asmelter,andawreckhadbynowbeeninvestigatedbyseveralmethodsbydifferentreputableorganizationswhoseresultshadinbroadtermscorroboratedhiswork.TheirfindingsdisclosedthatasophisticatedpeoplewhoarrivedbyjunkshadlivedandworkedinNewZealandlongbeforetheMaoris,theEuropeans,or,indeed,beforethearrivalofZhengHe’s
![Page 1399: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1399.jpg)
fleets.
OurnextresearchwasintotheMaoripeople.Whowerethey?Dr.GeoffreyChambersandhisteam,notablyAdeleWhyte,hadconductedDNAteststofindtheanswer.TheyconcludedthattheMaorimitochondrialDNAwasChinesefromTaiwan,astheforeignministerofNewZealand,Dr.WinstonPeters,agreedinhisaddressatthe
![Page 1400: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1400.jpg)
meetinginMalaysiaoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)onJuly25,2006:“Mypointisverysimple,thattheindigenouspeopleofNewZealandcamefromChina….DNAisirrefutableevidence.”
WenowhopetheNewZealandgovernmentwillmoderateitsapproachinrepresentingNewZealand’searlyhistory:inparticular
![Page 1401: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1401.jpg)
thatsitescurrentlyofflimitstotheNewZealandpeoplewillbeopened;andthathumanbonesthatpredatetheMaoris’arrivalnowinpossessionoftheNewZealandgovernmentwillbeDNA-tested.Ihaveofferedtopayforthesetests,andadistinguishedprofessorofgeneticsatOxfordUniversitywithaworldwidereputationhasagreedtoconductthem.Allwenowawaitis
![Page 1402: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1402.jpg)
governmentagreement.
CedricBellReturnstoNewZealand
Aftertestsonhisearlierfindshadbeenconcluded,CedricBellreturnedtoNewZealandin2004andfoundyetmorestartlingevidence—includingwreckedjunksimpaledupsidedownhighonthecliffsofSouthIsland.Theoutlineofthewoodenhull
![Page 1403: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1403.jpg)
wasclearlyvisible.Sowastheconcretehulllining,whichwasprovedbyanalysistobemanmadefromamixtureofburntlimeandvolcanicash.Markswerefoundinthecementwhereithadbeenbondedtothehullbyriceglue.Somewreckswerecharred;somewereupsidedownandtiltedasifagianthadhammeredthemintothecliffs;somerosenearlyonehundredfeet
![Page 1404: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1404.jpg)
abovethesea.Thecliffssometimesdisgorgedcannonballs,counterweights,andmiscellaneousobjectsincludingtheremainsofaship’sbell,alaminatedknife,andaveryoldBuddhistbroochinscribedwiththeChinesewordfor“mountain.”
Theonlyfeasibleexplanationforsuchwidespreaddestructionwasa
![Page 1405: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1405.jpg)
tsunami.Greatwaveshadsmashedthejunksintothecliffs,leavingthemimpaledwhentheseassubsided.WelearnedthatProfessorTedBryantofWollongongUniversityhadpublishedinacarefullydocumentedbook,Tsunami:TheUnderratedHazard,hisfindingsthatNewZealand’sSouthIslandhadbeendevastatedbyfiresandbyatsunamisometimebetween1410and1490—
![Page 1406: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1406.jpg)
datesthatheobtainedfromden-drochronographyofthetrees.ProfessorBryant’sbookwaspublishedwellbeforemyown1421.AsNewZealandliesonafaultline,thetsunamiandforestfirescouldhavebeencausedbyaseismicevent,asmanyNewZealandexperts,includingDr.J.R.Goff,haveargued.However,anearthquakewouldnotexplainhowthewreckshadbeenturnedto
![Page 1407: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1407.jpg)
charcoalbeforebeingimpaledinthecliffs,foritwouldnotcausemassivelyhotfiresintheoceanfromwhencethejunkshadcome.
ProfessorBryant’sbookdescribeshowtheAboriginesinAustraliaandtheMaorisinNewZealandbothreportedacometbeingthecauseofthe“mysticfires.”BothChineseandMayanastronomersdescribealargebluecomet
![Page 1408: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1408.jpg)
seeninCanisMinorfortwenty-sixconsecutivedaysinJune1430,adatecompatiblewithProfessorBryant’sden-drochronography.TheninNovember2003DallasAbbottandherteamattheLamont-DohertyEarthObservatory,Palisades,NewYork,announcedthattheyhadfoundthatthecomethadimpactedtheseabetweenCampbellIslandandthe
![Page 1409: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1409.jpg)
SouthIsland,blastingacratertwelvekilometersacross.
LetusnowimagineafleetofjunkssailingnorthafterleavingCampbellIsland,homewardbound.TwodaysoutfromAucklandIsland,thelookoutwouldhavereportedagroupoflow-lyingislandsrightahead(theSnaresIslandsat48°10'N,166°40'E).Thefleetwouldhavetoaltercoursetoroundthe
![Page 1410: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1410.jpg)
islands:onehalfturnseast,theotherwest,andthetwohalvesaresometwentymilesapartcenteredonposition48°10'N,166°55'E.
Thencomesthecomet,twenty-sixtimesbrighterthanthesun,itshundreddecibelsscreaming,blowingouttheeardrumsofthesailors.Itscolossalheatsetstheirskinonfire.Thenthecomethitstheoceansomesixtymiles
![Page 1411: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1411.jpg)
southofthecombinedfleet.Giganticwaves,morethansixhundredfeethigh,tosstheshipsaboutlikematchsticks.Themastsandriggingareafire,fannedbyfour-hundred-mile-an-hourwinds.HereistheextractthatDallasAbbott,AndrewMatzen,andStephenF.PeckaroftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryandEdwardA.Bryant,oftheUniversityofWollongong,Australia,
![Page 1412: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1412.jpg)
submittedtothemeetingoftheGeologicalSocietyofAmericainthefallof2003:
GoffattributescoastalabandonmentinNewZealandin1500A.D.toanearthquake-inducedtsunamievent.However,thelargesthistoricalearthquakeproducedmaximumtsunamirun-upsoffortytosixtymetres[150to200feet].OnStewartIsland,NewZealand,
![Page 1413: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1413.jpg)
beachsandispresent~220metres[720feet]abovesealevelatHellfirehutand~150metres[500feet]abovesealevelatMasonBay.IneasternAustraliatherearemegatsunamidepositswithmaximumrunupsof130metres[425feet]andacarbon14ageofabout1503.MegatsunamidepositsoccurontheeasternsideofLordHoweIslandinthemiddleoftheTasmanSea,implyinga
![Page 1414: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1414.jpg)
sourceforthecraterfurthereast.WenamedthissourcecraterMahuikafortheMaoriGodofFire.Mahuikacraterisapproximately20kilometres[about12miles]wideandatleast153metres[502feet]deep.ItisontheNewZealandcontinentalshelf48.3°Sand166°4'E.SeveralpiecesofevidencepointtoMahuikaasthesourcecraterforthe1500A.D.event.Thefirstisthat
![Page 1415: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1415.jpg)
thecraterliesonagreatcirclepathfromAustraliaorientedatabouta45degreeangletothegeneraltrendoftheeasternAustraliacoast.MegatsunamidepositsnearWollongongandatJervisBay,Australiansuggestatsunamiwaveorientedatthisangletothecoast.Thesecondisthesubbottomdepthoftheimpactdeposits.Wehavefoundimpactejectainallofthedredgesnearthecrater.
![Page 1416: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1416.jpg)
Becausemarinesedimentsaredepositedatarateofabout1cm[.39inch]perthousandyears,thisisexpectediftheimpactdepositisonly500yearsold.Weareseekingc-14datestoconfirmthis.Thethirdisthedistributionoftektites,whicharefoundontheoppositesideofthecraterfromthedirectionofimpactorarrival.Althoughwefoundimpactejectainmanysamples,onlysome
![Page 1417: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1417.jpg)
samplescontainedtektites.Alltektite-bearingsamplesarelocatedSEofthecrater,intheoppositedirectionfromSEAustralia,wheretheimpactfireballwasseenbytheAborigines.
Inmorerecentcorrespondence,theLamont-Dohertyteamhasnarrowedthedatingto1430–1455.Theimpactfireballwasseenover1,000milesaway.The
![Page 1418: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1418.jpg)
tsunamiwasmorethan220meters(700feet)highwhenitreachedStewartIslandfarthernorth(beachsandhadbeencarriedtothatheight)and130meters(400feet)whenitreachedAustralia.Thewind’smaximumvelocitywouldhavebeen403milesperhour(Lamont-Dohertycalculations).Increasedpressurecausedbythecomet’skineticenergywouldhavecreatedaCorioliseffect
![Page 1419: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1419.jpg)
onwinddirection.WavesradiatingoutwardfromtheimpactzonerunningupNewZealand’ssouthcoastsmashedtheshipsintothecliffs;manyotherswerehurledashoreoneithersideoftheTasmanStraitinsoutheastAustralia.
CedricBell’sfullreportonthejunksimpaledonNewZealandcliffsiscontainedonourwebsitewww.1421.tv
![Page 1420: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1420.jpg)
undertheheading“IndependentReports”andincludesafullscheduleofwreckswiththelatitudeandlongitudeofeach.Theeightywreckshehaddiscoveredby2004arefromthreeprincipallocations:attheCatlinsonNewZealand’ssoutheastcoast;farthernortharoundMoeraki;andnorthagainaroundtheBanksPeninsula.
ThewrecksonAustralia’s
![Page 1421: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1421.jpg)
southandeastcoastcanbebrieflysummarizedasfollows.TheoneontheeastsideofKingIslandhasbrasspinssimilartothoseintheRuapukewreck.AfterstormsthewreckontheeastcoastofTasmaniainStormBaydisgorgesHongWu(ZhuDi’sfather)coins.ThefirstsettlerstoreachKangarooIslandfoundferalChinesepigs.OtherferalpigsaroundWarrnamboolhavesimilar
![Page 1422: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1422.jpg)
fleacharacteristics(AsianandEuropeanpigshaveverydifferentfleas).ThereareafurtherthreeunidentifiedwrecksbetweenWarrnamboolandKangarooIsland.ThestretchofcoastnamedtheCoorongincludesanumberofold“Chinaman’s”wells.Accordingtotheaboriginalpeoplewholivealongthisstretchofcoast,foreignpeoplesettledamongthem
![Page 1423: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1423.jpg)
afterashipwreckthatoccurredlongbeforeEuropeansarrived.
ThetsunamifromtheMahuikaimpactpositionwouldhavecarriedwreckedjunkstowardsAustralia.AstheyapproachedthecoasttothenorthoftheBassStrait,thecorioliswindswouldhavedriventhemthroughtheBassStraitsdumpingtwoonFlindersIsland,oneonthe
![Page 1424: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1424.jpg)
eastcoastofKingIslandneartheElephantRiver,anotherontheWarrnamboolcoast,andonKangarooIsland.WrecksherearecompatiblewithknownfactsabouttheMahuikacometandresultanttsunami,asareCedricBell’sdiscoveriesinNewZealand’sSouthIsland.
EvidenceoftheTsunami:aWreckedChineseFleetinOregonandBritish
![Page 1425: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1425.jpg)
Columbia
OnJanuary31,2007,Mr.DaveCotner,aneighty-two-year-oldAmericancitizen,e-mailedmefromhishomeinLasVegas,describinghisfindingofwhathebelievedweretheremainsofaveryoldChinesejunkburiedabout130deepinsanddunesinlandsome1,600yardsfromtheocean.LikeCedricBell,Mr.Cotnerhadmadehis
![Page 1426: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1426.jpg)
discoveryusingthemagneticanomalysystem.
ImetMr.CotnerinLasVegasthefollowingFebruary20.Togetherwestudiedtheplansofhisfindings.Thenextday,weflewtoCoosBay,Oregon,hiredacarandexploredthesite.
ThewreckisinWilliamTugmanStatePark,partoftheOregonDunesNational
![Page 1427: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1427.jpg)
RecreationArea.Thelocation,atapproximately43°30'N,iswheretheCaribbeanexplorersJuanRodriguezCabrilloandBartolomeFerrellohadreportedawreckedChinesejunkin1542.DaveCotner’sMASsurveyhadshownthewreckofaseven-mastedwoodenshipbrokeninhalflyingonitsside,listedabouttwentydegreestoportundertwentytofortyfeetofsandat
![Page 1428: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1428.jpg)
aboutseventy-fivefeetabovesealevel.Theanchorextendstothenorthwestofthewreck.WhenMr.Cotneroriginallyfoundthewreckin1985,heduganeight-foothole,putinapump,andextractedwood.Hefoundthewrecktobeaveryoddshape,resemblingabargeconstructedoflarge(twenty-fourinchessquare)timbersforakeelrunningitsfulllength.Thepositionoftheanchorindicatedthatit
![Page 1429: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1429.jpg)
wasinusewhendisasterstruck.Thepositionoftheanchorrelativetothewreckshowedthatthejunkmusthavebeencarriedsidewaystobedumpedsixteenhundredyardsinshoreatanelevationofseventy-fivefeetbyawaveataboutthatheight.
WebasedourplanningontheassumptionthatthetsunamiresponsiblewasaresultoftheMahuikacomet
![Page 1430: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1430.jpg)
andthereforewouldhavehittheOregoncoastonitspassagefromNewZealandonabearingofabout040.Thebeachshallowsgraduallyintotheoceanoverseveralhundredyards—anidealconditionforatsunamirun-up—therearenooutlyingislandstoblunttheforceoftheimpact.
Wedecidedtostartthemagneticanomalysoundings
![Page 1431: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1431.jpg)
justseawardofthewreck,thenmovedownthesanddunesonatrackof220degreestowardtheocean.WheneverMr.CotnerfoundsomethingwewouldstopandreadoutthesatellitepositionandIwouldtakeaphotograph.(Thesatellitereadingsatthatstagemeantnothing—theywereeight-andten-figurenumbers.)Onreturntoshelterweplottedoutthemagneticanomalies
![Page 1432: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1432.jpg)
andrealizedwehadevidencethatthejunkhadbrokenuponitspassageasitwascarriedbyahugewavefromitsanchorageontothesanddunes,litteringevidencealongitstrackasitdisintegrated.
Theshorelineslopessogentlytowardtheoceanthatwavesareaccentuated—althoughitwasonlyblowingforcefiveduringourvisit,the
![Page 1433: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1433.jpg)
waveswerequiteugly.Ajunkstrandedashorewouldhavebeensmashedtobitsinnotime.Ferrellocouldnotpossiblyhaverecognizeditasajunk110yearslaterandmusthaveseenitwellinshore;subsequentsandstormswouldhavecovereditinashroud.Wecommissionedfurthertestingtoobtainathree-dimensionalpictureofthewreck(aswedidatSacramento)andwill
![Page 1434: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1434.jpg)
approachtheauthoritieswiththeseimagesrequestingpermissiontoexcavatethem.TheycorroborateDaveCotner’sMASsurvey.
EvidenceoftheTsunamiinWesternCanada:WreckedChineseJunksBetween43°NandVancouverIsland
Amongnumerousreports,hereisonemadelongagoofawreckonClatsopBeach
![Page 1435: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1435.jpg)
northofwheretheCotnerjunkwasfound.ItisaChinooklegend,“FirstShipseenbytheClatsop,”narratedbyFranzBoaswhichstartswithanoldwomanwalkingalongthebeachinsearchofherlostson.Shesawsomethingshethoughtwasawhale.Butwhenshecamenearer,shesawtwosprucetreesstandinguprightonit.“Behold,itisamonster,”shethought.
![Page 1436: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1436.jpg)
Whenshereachedthethingshesawthatitsoutersidewasallcoveredincopper.Ropesweretiedtothesesprucetrees,anditwasfullofiron.Thenabearcameoutofit.Hestoodonthethingthatlaythere.“Helookedjustlikeabear,”saidtheoldwoman,reportingherfindtoonlookers,“buthisfacewasthatofahumanbeing”1
Amanclimbedupfromthe
![Page 1437: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1437.jpg)
beachandwentdownintotheship.Whenhelookedaboutintheinteriorhesawitwasfullofboxes.Hefoundbrassbuttonsinstrings[coinswithholesinthemiddle]—halfafathomlong.TheClatsoppeoplegatheredtheiron,thecopperandthebrass.”
ThisstoryiscorroboratedbytheoralhistoryoftheSenecaIndians,whosayChineselandedonwhatis
![Page 1438: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1438.jpg)
nowtheWashington-OregoncoastbeforetheEuropeansgotthere.ApparentlyasmallcraftlandedduringsummermonthsandmetthelocalIndianpeople.Afleetreturnedduringthewintermonthsexpectingasimilarwelcome,buttheywerewipedoutbytheCrowpeople,whohadcomedownfromtheplainstoescapeaharshwinter.2
![Page 1439: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1439.jpg)
QueenCharlotteandVancouverIslandsappearintheWaldseemüeller(1507)andZattamaps(1776)3drawnbeforewesternEuropeansreachedBritishColumbia,thatis,beforeVancouverorCook.ZattacallsVancouverIsland“ColoniadeiChinesi”andgivesasauthoritytheRussianexplorerswhofoundChinesetherewhentheyarrivedin
![Page 1440: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1440.jpg)
1728(Bering)and1741(Chirikov).RussianhydrographersinVladivostokhavefoundChirikov’sdrawingsoftheseChinesepeople.
HugoGrotius(1624)reportingGalvão:“ThepeopleofChina…sailedordinarilythecoast,whichseemstoreachunto70degreestowardsthenorth,”thatis,asfarnorthasthe
![Page 1441: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1441.jpg)
BeringStrait.
WhenMajorPowersoftheU.S.ArmyarrivedtotakeoveradministrationfromtheFranciscansintheKlamathValley,Oregon,hefoundaChinesecolony(40°N).Allalongthecoastfrom40°to50°NthereisextensiveevidenceofwreckedChineseshipsofZhuDi(1403–1424)andtheXuanDeemperor(1426–1435).Bothemperors
![Page 1442: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1442.jpg)
hadbuiltmassivefleets.ProfessorLongFeiandDr.SallyChurchofCambridgeUniversity,whoexaminedtheShi-lu,OfficialShipbuildingRecordsfor1403–1419,report:2,726Junkswerebuiltinthesesixteenyearsofwhichaminimumof343andamaximumof2,020wouldhavebeenavailabletoZhengHe.4
EvidenceoftheTsunami
![Page 1443: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1443.jpg)
AlongtheNorthAmericanWestCoast
AtSusanville,California,abeautifulXuanDe(1426–1435)brassplatewasfoundburiedinwoodland.
TheUniversityofOregonAnthropologicalPaperNumber23(1981)reportsthediscoverybyHerbertK.BealsandHarveySteeleofChineseporcelainfromthe
![Page 1444: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1444.jpg)
NetartsSandSpit(45°29'N),150milesnorthoftheCotnerJunk:“Between1956and1958thearchaeologicalsitedesignated35-TI-IwasexcavatedunderthedirectionofL.S.CrossmanoftheUniversityofOregon.In1958excavationsinHouse13oftheirsite,underthesupervisionofThomasM.Newmanledtotherecoveryof127fragmentsofChineseporcelain.”
![Page 1445: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1445.jpg)
Thereportthenbreaksdownthefindsintotwogroups:possibleChengHua;YungLo(ZhuDi)andHsuanTe(XuanDe.)Theauthorsconclude:“ItisofcoursepossiblethatearlyMingporcelaincouldhavebeenbroughtoveronChinesejunksortradingjourneysinpost-Columbiantimes.Thishoweverdoesappearlogicallytobedoubtful.Wecan’timagineporcelainfor
![Page 1446: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1446.jpg)
seafaringvoyagestobeantiqueespeciallyasantiquitywassohighlyvalued.”
ThecuratoroftheTillamookCountyPioneerMuseum,inlandfromtheNetartsSandSpit,wheretheceramicswerefound,informedmeofalargepulleymadeofcalophyllum,anAsianwoodfoundintheseaandgiventotheHornerMuseumatCorvallis.5Ithas
![Page 1447: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1447.jpg)
beendated1410.
Ozette,afewdays’sailingnorthoftheCotnerJunk,isaMakahvillageburiedbyamudslideinthe1770s.TheDepartmentofAnthropologyofWashingtonStateUniversityhaspublishedthreevolumesofOzetteArchaeologicalProjectResearchReports6comparinghundredsofreportsofpeoplewhohavecontributedsince
![Page 1448: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1448.jpg)
initialexcavationswerebegunin1966.Accordingtoonereport,“asectionofthehillsideaboveOzettevillagegaveway…andtheliquefiedclayroareddownhill,displacingorcrushingeverythinginitspath.Thispartofthevillagewasdenselypackedwithlonghouses.”
Excavationsoftheselonghousesandtheirmiddens
![Page 1449: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1449.jpg)
hasbeencarriedoutmethodicallyandcarefully,separatingoutthedifferenteras.OfrelevancetothisreportistheuseofirontoolsandtheevidenceoftradewithJapanbetween1400and1450(Makahpeopledidnotsmeltiron).
InanarticleinContributionstoHumanHistory,7RoyalBritishColumbiaMuseum’scurator
![Page 1450: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1450.jpg)
GrantKeddieexaminesclaimsthatnativeIndianculturesofthenorthPacificcoastofNorthAmericawereinfluencedbyprehistoriccontact(i.e.,pre-European)withadvancedculturesofChina.Heconcludes:
ThenativeuseoflargenumbersofChinesecoinsonthenorthwestcoastasaresultofthefurtradeiswelldocumentedinthejournalsof
![Page 1451: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1451.jpg)
earlyexplorersandtraders.ThemanufacturingdatesofChinesecoinstradedtoNorthAmericanIndiansandintroducedlaterbyChineseimmigrantsweremostoftenapre-contact(beforeEuropean)date….ItisclearthatthetemporalandspatialcontextoflateprehistorictradebetweenOldandNewworldsisinneedoffurtherstudy.
Since1990whentheabove
![Page 1452: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1452.jpg)
reportwaspublishedamassofnewevidenceofpre-ColumbusChinesevoyagestotheAmericashasbeenfound:wrecksatLongBeach,VancouverIsland,saidtobecarryingrice;aChinesevasedredgedbythetrawlerBeaufortSeaoffUclueletandanotheroffTofino(westVancouverIsland);awrecksaidtobeofaChinesejunknorthofSequimintheJuandeFucaStrait;aChinese
![Page 1453: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1453.jpg)
talismanandlamp(pre-Columbus),bronzefigurinesofthegodGaruda,andancientChinesebronzesonVancouverIsland;oldChinesecoinsatChinlac;ChinesebronzeshauledupfromtheStraitofJuandeFuca;inexplicablestonestructuresandstonecairns.
NumberofWreckedJunks
Takingalloftheabove
![Page 1454: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1454.jpg)
findingsintoaccount,itseemsthatatleastthirtyjunkswerewreckedalongthecoastbetween41and49°N.Ifthatisso,thereshouldbeevidencethatasubstantialnumberofsurvivorsgotashore—aswasthecasefollowingasimilarcatastropheinNewZealand(CedricBellreport).
ChineseSettlementsontheColumbiaRiver
![Page 1455: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1455.jpg)
Someoftheevidenceofwreckedjunksisnearthefive-mile-wideentrancetotheColumbiaRiver.Onehundredfiftymilesupriverwheretheriverhookstotheeast,justnorthofPortland,liesLakeVancouver.ThereinthenarrowvalleyofLakeRiverhundredsofceramicartefactshavebeenfound,firedby“theWashingtonPotters,”agroupwhoappearedfromnowhere
![Page 1456: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1456.jpg)
“around1400”anddisappearedequallysuddenlythreehundredyearslater.8TheU.S.InstituteofArchaeologicalStudiesconcludedtheirpotterywasAsianinform.Afurther120milesuptheColumbiaRiverinanareawestofTheDallesisHogCanyon,wherepigswithshortlegs—saidtobeChinese—ranwilduntilrecently.
![Page 1457: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1457.jpg)
InlakesbesidetheColumbiaRiverlocalpeoplegrewapotato-likevegetablecalledthewapato,whichisnativetoChina.TheNezPercéIndians,reachedfromtheColumbiaRiver,arewellknownfortheirverydistinctivespottedhorsescalledAppaloosa,showninpaintingsoftheChineseYuandynasty.
Evidencealongthe
![Page 1458: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1458.jpg)
ColumbiaRiverandacrossBritishColumbiasuggestsanoldChinesecolony.SquamishIndianshaveaccountsofChinesetradersbeforeEuropeansarrived,asdotheHaidaofQueenCharlotteIsland,whodescribepeoplesailingfromthewesttowardthesunrise.Nootkafolklorehas“visitorsfromafar”whocamebeforetheEuropeans.Theindigenouspeopleof
![Page 1459: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1459.jpg)
WhidbeyIslandinPugetSoundbelievetheChineseloggedofflargetractsofforesthundredsofyearsago.TotempolesonVancouverIslandandontheWashingtoncoastareidenticaltothoseofChina’sWuhanProvince.Potlachceremoniesinbothplacesarethesame.MorethanthirtywordsspokenbytheHaidapeoplehavethesamemeaninginChinese—tsil(hot);chin(wood);etsu
![Page 1460: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1460.jpg)
(grandmother).OlympicStateParkhasitsHoRiverandVancouverIslanditsChinaBeachandChinaHill.Localpeoplethereofferupwhitedogsassacrifice“tobringheaven’sblessings”astheydoinChina.
DNAEvidence
MarianaFernandez-Coboandcolleagues9examinedtheubiquitousDNAvirus
![Page 1461: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1461.jpg)
polyomavirusJCofSalishpeoplewhooncelivedonthePacificcoast.Theydescribeinlayperson’slanguagehowtheyanalyzedtheurineofthesepeoplesandfoundthatthebenignkidneydisorderof“Japan”(i.e.,MongoliaandJapan)strainsMY[ZA]andTokyo-1areidenticaltoSalishMT-1[ZA]andMT-3[ZA].Inshort,theSalishwhonowliveinMontanaandtheMongolian/Japanesepeople
![Page 1462: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1462.jpg)
testedhavethesameancestors.
TheCotnerJunkisavitalpieceofevidenceinmanyways.First,itappearstocorroboratetheextensiveevidenceofthetsunamithatCedricBellhasfoundinthewreckedjunksinNewZealand.Secondly,itshouldprovideevidenceabout
![Page 1463: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1463.jpg)
ZhengHe’sjunks—knowledgethatcanbepassedtobuildersofareplicafortheBeijingOlympicGames.Third,itservesasafocalpointingatheringevidenceofthevoyagesofZhengHetoAmerica.PublicationofthedetailsoftheCotnerJunkwillundoubtedlyresultinatidalwaveofnewevidence.
EvidenceofWreckedChineseFleetsinSouth
![Page 1464: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1464.jpg)
America
Wehavereceivedagreatmanye-mailsrelatingtopre-ColumbianpresenceofChinesepeopleandofwreckedjunksinSouthAmerica,especiallyinPeru.DetailsmaybeseenonourwebsitebysearchingforPeruandChile.BecauseIbelievethatatleastonefleetwaswreckedbytheMahuikatsunami,wehavespentsome
![Page 1465: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1465.jpg)
timenarrowingthesearch.ZhengHe’sfleetswouldhavetradedwiththecivilizationsthenexistinginSouthAmerica.
WherethosecivilizationshadtheirprincipalportswasdeterminedbytheuniquegeographyofSouthAmerica.TheAndesMountainsstraddletheequator;astheymarchsouththeywidenandthecoastalplainthatstartsa
![Page 1466: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1466.jpg)
hundredmileswideinEcuadorgetsnarrowerandnarroweruntilinChileitisonlytwentymileswide.Wherethemassifbroadensinthesouth,agrasslandplateausome11,500feethighemergesbetweenthepeaks.RunningwestwardfromthehighAltiplanodowntotheseaareinnumerablesmallriverslikelegsofacentipede.TotheeastoftheAndesstretchesawide,hot,low
![Page 1467: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1467.jpg)
plain,whichsoaksupmoistwindsfromtheAtlantic.AsthewetwindsspreadwestwardtheydelugetheBrazilianforestwithrainbeforedumpingtheremainderontheAndes,which,duetotheirheight,fallsassnow.InspringbetweenSeptemberandApril,thewindsfreshen.Forabriefperiod,snowevenreachesthehighslopesofthewesternAndes.Whenthe
![Page 1468: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1468.jpg)
snowmeltsinsummer,watercascadesdownthe“centipede”riversintothePacific.Thusstartingattheequatorandtravelingeastwardoneencountersanastonishingdiversityofclimates.Firstcomesthebone-drystripofcoast;thenthewesternslopesoftheAndespunctuatedeverythirtymilesorsobyriversfullofwatersomethreemonthsoftheyear;thenthehigh,cold
![Page 1469: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1469.jpg)
grassyplateau,theAltiplanowithplentyofrainforaquarteroftheyear;andfinallythehot,low,wetAmazonjungle.
Thebone-drydesertcoastexistsbecauseofthecoldHumboldtCurrentflowingnorthwardfromtheAntarcticandahigh-pressuresystemfaroutinthePacific,acombinationthatpreventsrainfall.Consequentlythereis
![Page 1470: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1470.jpg)
nowordfor“rain”ineithertheQuechuaorAymaralanguages.Instead,inwinterthecoastiscoveredbyafinemist,whichisburntoffasthesunheatsuptheland.TheChinesenameforthismistisPeru.
AstheHumboldtCurrentrisestothesurface,itbringsmillionsoftonsofplanktonfromitsdepths.Smallfishfeedontheplankton,
![Page 1471: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1471.jpg)
attractinglargerfish,whichinturnattractsealions.Thewateryields1,680kilogramsoffishperhectare,almostathousandtimestheworldaverage.Themostvividwayofseeingthisextraordinaryrichnessisbyship(orsubmarine)fromoutinthePacific;theHumboldtCurrentisdelineatedbyacrobaticdisplaysofhugeflocksofseabirdsdivingintothewatertogorge
![Page 1472: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1472.jpg)
themselves.Millionsofthesebirdsnestashore,producinganendlesssupplyofguanofertilizer.
SothepeoplelivingalongthePacificcoastofsouthernEcuador,Peru,andnorthernChilehadanendlessbountyoffish,shellfish,birds,andsealionsforfood.Theirrivervalleyswerefullofwaterforaquarteroftheyear,andtheyhadplentyoffertilizer.Soit
![Page 1473: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1473.jpg)
isnotsurprisingthatthisstretchofcoasthasproducedrichhumancivilizationssincethedawnoftime.ThelandhadasmuchtoofferastheNile,theriversofMesopotamia,theGanges,ortheriversofChina.SouthAmericancivilizationsarehenceasoldasanyontheplanet:Peru’sCaralSupeareabout5,000yearsold;Chinesecivilizationis3,900yearsold;India,4,600;
![Page 1474: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1474.jpg)
Egypt,5,300;andMesopotamia,5,700.
ThegreatestcivilizationsofthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica,startingwiththesitesofCaralandChavín,werebasedbetweentheLambayequeRiverinnorthernPeruandtheIcaRiverinsouthernPeru.SouthoftheIcathecoastnarrowsconsiderably,andnorthoftheLambayequetheHumboldt
![Page 1475: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1475.jpg)
Currentanditsfishsuppliespeterout.SincePeruwashometotherichestcivilizationofthemall,thisareawouldhaveattractedZhengHe.
ThispartofPeruisawashwithevidenceofChinesevisitorsoverthepasttwothousandyears.TherearestillonehundredvillagesintheAncashregionofPeruthatretaintheirChinesenamesto
![Page 1476: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1476.jpg)
thisday.IncapeoplehaveEastAsianadmixtureintheirbloodtosuchanextentthattheirDNAprofilecouldalmostbecalledChinese.(ProfessorGabrielNovickandcolleagues—seewww.1421.tv,then‘Evidence’,then‘PartVII—TheGeneticlegacyofZhengHe’sfleets’)10
Theclearestpossibleevidencecanbeseenin
![Page 1477: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1477.jpg)
Lima’sMuseoArqueológicoRafaelLarcoHerrera,whichhas45,000exhibitsfromgravesoftheCupisniqueperiod(1000B.C.)throughtheMoches(A.D.400–800)andmorerecentNasca,Chimu,andChancaperiods.Iaskedthemosthelpfulcurator,Mr.ClaudioHuarache,iftherewereportraitsofChinesemerchantsfoundonpotteryfromthegraves.He
![Page 1478: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1478.jpg)
immediatelyshowedmebeautifulpaintingsofChinesefromMoche,Chanca,andNascagraves—spanningthepasttwothousandyearsandcoveringthewholecoastofPerunorthtosouth.ApictureofaChinesemerchantisshownonourwebsite.
PeruappearsonChineseworldmapslongbeforethe1418map(HendonHarrismapcollection)andbefore
![Page 1479: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1479.jpg)
ZhengHe’snauticalchart(whichalsoshowsPeru—seeLiuGang’s‘Mapspeakswithoutwords’onwww.1421.tv).DiegoRibero’smasterchartoftheworldof152911showsthecoastofPeruingreatdetail,withaninscriptionthatdescribesPeruas“provinceandcitiesofChinesesilk.”Ribero’smapwaspublishedbeforePizarro(thefirst
![Page 1480: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1480.jpg)
European)gottoPeru.TheWaldseemüllermap,alsopublishedbeforePizarroreachedPeru,showstheAndesalongthewholelengthoftheSouthAmericancoast.
SoitseemssafetoassumethatZhengHeknewofPerubeforehesetsail.Hewouldhavevisitedportswherehisfleetscouldtrade.WeknowfromtherecordsofthefirstSpanishchroniclesthatinthe
![Page 1481: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1481.jpg)
1420stheprincipaltradingareaswouldhavebeenChanChaninthenorthofPeru,then,comingsouth,Chancay(northofLima),thenPachacamacinthesouthernsuburbsofmodernLima,thenParacassome150milessouthofLima.Chancaysuddenlystartedtomass-producepotteryinthe1420s,someofwhichtheycalled“china.”MyfirstthoughtwasthatChancaywastheportZheng
![Page 1482: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1482.jpg)
Hevisited(inmedievalCastilianthenamemeans“CityofChinesesilk”),butunfortunatelytheplacehasbeensobadlylooteditisimpossibletobesure.Soweneedotherclues.
The1418maphasthisdescriptionalongsidePeru:“ThelocalpeoplepractiseParacasreligion.”ItalsoshowsariveronthePeruviancoast.WhenLiuGang
![Page 1483: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1483.jpg)
publishedthemapIresearchedJesuitandFranciscanrecordstofindwhenthisreligionwasfirstmentionedinEuropeanannals.Tomysurprisetherewerenomentionsatall.TofindoutmorewedrovesouthtotheParacasPeninsula,whichtodayisanationalreserveprotectedbythePeruviangovernment.HereistheJulioTellositemuseum,whichprovidedtheanswerto
![Page 1484: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1484.jpg)
theriddle.TheParacaspeopleburiedtheirdeadinveryrichfunerarybundlesmadeofafabricthelocalcottonandvicuñawooldyedwithbeautifulnaturalcolors.ThefabricwasfirstseenontheLimamarketinthelatenineteenthcenturyandexaminedbyMaxUhle,aGermanarcheologist,whonameditasEarlyIncaculture.
![Page 1485: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1485.jpg)
PhotographicInsert3
![Page 1486: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1486.jpg)
Atypicalsceneatthepapalcourt—PinturicchiodepictsthecourtofPopePiusII.
![Page 1487: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1487.jpg)
Florenceandhermostfamousson,Leonardoda
Vinci.
![Page 1488: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1488.jpg)
![Page 1489: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1489.jpg)
![Page 1490: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1490.jpg)
RENAISSANCEMENANDTHEIROUTPUTBEFOREANDAFTER
1434
Timelineshowingkeydates
![Page 1491: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1491.jpg)
intheItalianRenaissance.
![Page 1492: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1492.jpg)
EphemeristablefromthePepysianLibrary,Cambridge
University.
![Page 1493: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1493.jpg)
Needham’spostcardisself-explanatory.
![Page 1494: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1494.jpg)
![Page 1495: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1495.jpg)
![Page 1496: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1496.jpg)
![Page 1497: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1497.jpg)
Regiomontanus’ephemeristables.
![Page 1498: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1498.jpg)
![Page 1499: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1499.jpg)
ChineseastronomywasclearlymoreadvancedthanEuropeaneffortsuntilafterthe1434Chinesevisitto
Florence.
![Page 1500: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1500.jpg)
Wheredofuturediscoveriesleadus?ToAmericaand
beyond…
![Page 1501: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1501.jpg)
![Page 1502: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1502.jpg)
23
THECONQUISTADORES’INHERITANCE:OURLADYOFVICTORY
Trujillo,Spain,July25,
![Page 1503: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1503.jpg)
1434:TheFeastofSaintJames
ThePizarrofamilylefttheirhouseintheCalleradelosMatiresatnoon.ItwasbutashortwalkdownaslipperystonepathtothePuertadeSantiago.ThroughitappearedthesquattoweroftheChurchofSantiagowheretheywouldattendmassonthis,thebirthdayofSaintJames.
![Page 1504: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1504.jpg)
OneofthemostamazingfeatsofarmsintheannalsofhumankindhaditsgenesishereinthissmallmountainvillageinlandlockedExtremadura.NoneofthePizarrofamilyhadseenthesea;theirdustymountainvillage,Trujillo,hadnomaritimetradition.YetthenameofTrujillowouldsoonbestampeduponthelengthandbreadthoftheAmericas.AsonofTrujillo,Francisco
![Page 1505: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1505.jpg)
Pizarro,wouldconqueramightyIncaempire,triumphingoveracivilizationof20millionpeoplewithabandof180comrades.
Extremadura,birthplaceoftheconquistadores,isalandisofunspeakablebeautyandsavagecruelty.Inspring,itiscarpetedwithflowers.Insummer,wolvestraildyingsheepastheyplodwearilyalongMestatrailsinsearchof
![Page 1506: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1506.jpg)
pasture.Theland’sinfinitehorizonsarefringedbymountaintopsthatarerosepinkatdawn,deepvelvetbynightfall.Atmidday,thecracked,redearthvibrateswithheat,sendingwildpigsscurryingforshelterbeneaththeolivetrees.
InExtremadura,oneseesthelastvestigesofRomanSpain—remnantsoftheforestofarbutus,cork,andholm
![Page 1507: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1507.jpg)
oaksthatoncecoveredthewholeofthepeninsula.Theprehistoricdehesaisstillpracticed—thinningforestsandscrubbyamethodofslashandburn.Intheeverlastingcobaltsky,vulturesandimperialeagleswheel,searchingforlizardsandsnakesslitheringacrossthebakingsand.Barrenrockcoversathirdoftheland.Nowandthen,chalk-whitevillagesappearsplatteredon
![Page 1508: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1508.jpg)
themountainside,asifthrownbyagianthand.
ThenameExtremadurawascoinedasatermofdisparagement.Extremadurawassynonymouswithstupidity,backwardness,andbarrenness.Itsuggestsalandthathasbeenabandoned—asubjectoffarce.IntheSpanishversionoftheBritishcomedyseriesFawltyTowers,Manuel,theidiotic
![Page 1509: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1509.jpg)
waiter,hailsfromExtremadura.WhenCervanteswantedtocreateafool,he,too,choseonefromExtremadura.
Today,Extremaduraisathriving,proud,independentregion.LikealltheregionsofSpain,ithasitsownpresidentandgovernment;itisvirtuallyanation.Inthenorth,LasHurdes,themountains,closeintoform
![Page 1510: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1510.jpg)
oneofthemostfascinating“lost”regionsofEurope,thesubjectofLuisBuñuel’smelancholyfilmLasHurdes:TierraSinPan(Landwithoutbread).AdjacenttoLasHurdesisLaVera,richingrapes,cherries,andpears.
Extremadura’shistoryhasbeendeterminedbyitsneighbors.TothewestliesPortugal,tothenorthCastile,tothesouthAndalusia.From
![Page 1511: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1511.jpg)
eachdirection,conqueringarmieshavetrampledExtremaduransoil,beginninginCarthaginiantimesrightuptotheSpanishCivilWarinthe1930s.FortwothousandyearsExtremadurapeasantshaveenduredarmiesofstrangersoccupyingtheirfields,stealingtheircattle,rapingtheirwomen,burningtheirhousesandcrops.
Yetthisravagedlandwas
![Page 1512: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1512.jpg)
thebirthplaceoftheconquistadores,whoconqueredthemightyInca,Maya,andAztecempires.ExtremaduranscolonizedAmericafromFloridatoTierradelFuego.Today,theExtremadurannamesTrujillo,Guadelupe,andMedellínarefoundthelengthandbreadthoftheAmericas,atestamenttothecourageofthosepoor,brave,devoutmenoflongago.
![Page 1513: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1513.jpg)
Thecontrastin1434betweenthewealthofChina,orofthegreatcivilizationsoftheAmericas,andthepovertyofExtremaduracouldhardlybegreater.AstheIncaemperorViracochawasleadinghispeopleintothemainsquareofCuscoonMidsummer’sDay1434,hewasadornedingoldandjadejewelry,dressedinclothesofexoticvicuñawool.InExtremadura,Francisco
![Page 1514: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1514.jpg)
Pizarro’sgrandfatherwasattendingmassdressedinhispoorbest.NoneofthepeoplewhosegrandchildrenwouldsetofftoconquertheNewWorldwasawarethattheAmericasexisted.Evenmoreextraordinary,almostallofExtramadura’sconquistadorescamefromthemostbarrenpartoftheregion,withinasixty-mileradiusofMérida.
![Page 1515: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1515.jpg)
FranciscoPizarroandFranciscodeOrellanawereborninTrujillo,HernánCortésinMedellín,PedrodeValdiviainVillanuevadelaSerena,VascoNúñezdeBalboaandHernandodeSotoinJerezdelosCaballeros.Inshort,thefirstcolonizersofFlorida,Texas,Louisiana,Mexico,Guatemala,Honduras,ElSalvador,Panama,Nicaragua,Colombia,Ecuador,
![Page 1516: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1516.jpg)
Venezuela,Peru,Brazil,andChilecamefromthesamesmallaridpocketofland.
Stillmoreastonishingisthenumberofconquistadoresfromasingle,smallmountainvillage:Trujillo,HernandodeAlarcón,thefirstEuropeantomapCalifornia;NuñodeChávez,founderofSantaCruzinBolivia;DiegoGarciádeParedes,founderofTrujilloinPeru;Gonzalo
![Page 1517: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1517.jpg)
JiménezdeQuesada,Cortés’scompanioninhisconquestofMexico;FriarJerónimodeLoaisa,thefirstarchbishopofLima;FriarVicentedeValverde,bishopofCusco;InezMunoz,thefirstmarriedwomantosettleinLima;andFranciscodeOrellana,discovereroftheAmazon,alllivedwithinafewblocksofthePizarrofamilyinTrujillo.Didafairygodmotherwaveamagicwandonthatdusty
![Page 1518: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1518.jpg)
hillsidefromwhencesomanyconquistadorescame?
IexploredExtremaduraandAndalusiaovermanydecadesseekingananswertothisriddle.Thenonecoldspringevening,asadankgraymistsettledovertheMesetaCentral,IcameacrossNuñezdeBalboa’shouseonasidestreetofJerezdelosCaballeros.Balboa’sbedroomiscoveredinweeds,
![Page 1519: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1519.jpg)
devoidoffurnituresaveforaricketyoldbed.Hisfamilywasobviouslydesperatelypoor.Whatgavethisilliterateyoungboytheconfidencetosailacrossthousandsofmilesofstorm-tossedocean,thentohackhiswayacrossalmostimpenetrabletropicaljungle,todiscoverthePacific?ThenIrecalledPizarro’shome,alsoinamountainvillage,alsolittlemorethanacowshed,thefurniturelittle
![Page 1520: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1520.jpg)
morethanplanksofwood.Didpovertydrivetheconquistadores’quest?
IdecidedthereandthentoexplorethebirthplacesofExtremadura’smostfamoussons,startinginthenorthatTrujilloandworkingsouthwardthroughVillanuevadelaSerena,Medellín,Mérida,Zafra,andJerezdelosCaballeros.(Avisitorwhowishestofollow
![Page 1521: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1521.jpg)
myjourneycancomfortablydosobycarinoneday.)Idiscoveredthreefactorscommontoallthegreatconquistadores.Pizarro,Orellana,Balboa,anddeSotowerepoor;notoneoftheconquistadoreleaderscamefromthetwenty-sixgreatfamiliesofSpain.Notonlyweretheypoor,buttheirpovertyarosefromsocialinjustice.
![Page 1522: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1522.jpg)
TheReconquistaofSpainfromtheMuslimshadbeenledbyCastile.Extremadurain1434wasCastile’sfrontierprovince.TothesouthlayAndalusia,thelastbastionoftheMoors.AftertheReconquista,thelandtheExtremaduranshadcapturedfromtheMoorswasgiventoCastilianknights.ThefootsoldiersofExtremadurawhohadfoughtsobravelygotnothing.
![Page 1523: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1523.jpg)
Extremadurahadmanyinhabitants,yetthelandbelongedtoafewCastilianfamilies.In1434,CastilestretchedfromthePyreneestothePortugueseborderinthewest,fromthecoastofGaliciainthenorthtotheMoorishkingdomofGranadainthesouth.Itwassaidthatallthislandbelongedtoelevenfamilies.TheduchessofAlbuquerquecouldtravelfromthePyreneestoPortugal
![Page 1524: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1524.jpg)
withoutleavingherproperty.Aslateas1931,Andalusiabelongedtoonlyseventeenfamilies.Afewhadeverything;millionshadnothing.
Spainthroughthecenturieshasbeenaclass-riddensociety.Fromthefourteenthcentury,thestatutebookdeterminedclassesandassignedtheirspecificmembers.Thetitledclass—
![Page 1525: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1525.jpg)
dukes,marchises,counts,andviscounts—ownedtheland,controlledtensofthousandsofpeople,andhadastonishingpoweroverthegovernment.Theylivedincastles,apingorsurpassingthelifestyleofmonarchs.InTheNobleSpaniard,bySomersetMaugham,agentlemansays,“Icankeepmyhatoninthepresenceoftheking.”Itmayseemajoke,butmembersofthetwenty-
![Page 1526: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1526.jpg)
sixnoblefamiliesofSpainwereentitledtodosobylaw.
Theinjusticeofclasswasencapsulatedinabrilliantplay,TheMayorofZalamea,bySpain’sgreatestdramatist,PedroCalderóndelaBarca.Zalamea,inwesternExtremadura,isavillageusedbyCatholicmonarchsasastagingpostfortheirarmiesenroutetoPortugal,theSpanisharmy,consistingof
![Page 1527: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1527.jpg)
rudeprivatesoldiersandofficersofminornobility—hidalgos.Themayorisamanofsubstanceandprestige,butheisapeasant.Herealizesthearmywillregardhimasapushover—thekeytothegirlsofthetown.Theheroineisthemostbeautifulgirl,mostatrisk,thedaughterofanhonest,God-fearingfarmernamedPedroCrespo.Hekeepsherhiddeninhishouse.Thecaptainofthe
![Page 1528: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1528.jpg)
armybangsonthedooranddemandshisbeautifuldaughter.PedroCresporefuses,saying“sheismydaughter,weareanhonourablefamily,shehasherhonourandhersoul.”
Butthecaptainmaintainsthatonlyhidalgoshavehonor.Hepursuesthegirlintothewoodsandrapesher,assertinghisdroitdeseigneur.
![Page 1529: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1529.jpg)
TheMesta
WiththatcruelunderstandingoftheSpanishclasssystem,letusrevisitthePizarros.AstheywalkedtomassonthatsultryJulymorningtheywouldhaveseeninthehazebeneathTrujilloaplainstretchingtoeternity.Inthefifteenthcentury,vastflocksofsheepwouldhavebeenmigratingsouthwardacrossthatplaintotheirwinter
![Page 1530: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1530.jpg)
pastures.Therightofpasturagewasanotherofthespoilsthataccruedtonobility.AftertheCastiliannoblesseizedthehugeMoorishestates,theyturnedthemovertosheepranching.Around1300,whentheReconquistawaspracticallyover,merinosheepwereintroducedtoSpainfromNorthAfrica.ThekingsofCastilethenformedtheMesta,anorganizationtopromotesheepfarmingand
![Page 1531: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1531.jpg)
woolproduction,whichwasdominatedbythewealthyfamilieswhohadseizedtheland.
TheMestagrewverypowerful.Forcenturies,itsironhandtiedthelandtosheepgrazing,stiflingagriculturalinnovation.WealthflowednorthwardandthewretchedExtremaduransreceivedlittle.Overthecenturies,impoverishmentat
![Page 1532: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1532.jpg)
thehandsofCastiledrovepeasantstothetowns.Eventoday,anExtremaduranquarterexistsinMadrid,whereshops,bars,andcafésarefullofimmigrantfamilies.TheharshnessoftheirlifeiscaughtintheliltingsongLaVendimia(Thegrapeharvest):
Asthecartstrundlethe
![Page 1533: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1533.jpg)
roads
Theysingthesongofautumn
Andthevinessingthesadsongwithouttheirleaves
Theboysmakeoffincartsfollowedbythewind
Theleavessingsadsongs.
![Page 1534: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1534.jpg)
ThehauntingmusicisrepeatedintheHotaExtremeñaadancemuchliketheflamenco,heavilyinfluencedbyIslamicmusic.
Class-basedinjusticeswereinescapableforpoorfamilieslikethePizarros.TheArchofSantiagothroughwhichthefamilywalkedtomasswasownedbythedeChavesfamily,Castilianswhohadledtheattackthatliberated
![Page 1535: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1535.jpg)
TrujillofromtheMoorsin1232.Theycontrolledwhopassedthroughitandshutoutthosewhofailedtopaytheirtolls.Thefamilyownedanimposingpalacethatoverlooked—anddwarfed—thePizarrohome.InJerezdelosCaballeros,NuñezdeBalboa’shovelwassimilarlydwarfedbythepalacesoftheRianzuela,deLogroño,andBullonfamilies—allCastilians.
![Page 1536: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1536.jpg)
TheVirginMary’sandSaintJames’sRoleintheReconquista
Despitegrindingpovertyandinequality,faithseemedtogivetheconquistadoresthecouragetoovercomeanyenemy.TheconquistadoresweremarkedaboveallbytheirfaithintheVirginMary.SheissaidtohaveappearedinthecloudsaboveTrujilloduringthebattletocapture
![Page 1537: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1537.jpg)
thetown.TodayherstatuestandshighabovethePizarrohome,easilyvisibleonthewalktochurch.
ReligiouslifecentredontheVirginMary.ThecoatofarmsoftheVeryNobleandVeryLoyalCityofTrujilloconsistsofanimageofOurLadyofVictoryonasilverbackground.TheVirginwasintimatelyengagedintheReconquista,frequently
![Page 1538: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1538.jpg)
appearingtoassistsoldiersintheirhourofperil.Likewise,thespiritualheartoftheReconquistawastheshrineoftheVirginMaryatthemonasteryofGuadelupe,onthesoutheastslopeofthemountainsofthatname.ThecultoftheVirginoriginatedthere.
AftertheReconquista,aperiodofstagnationbegan.Castile’sexpansionhadcome
![Page 1539: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1539.jpg)
toahalt.TheappearanceoftheVirgininGuadalupegaverenewedvitality,anewidentity,andfocustopeople’sspiritualendeavors.TheconquistadoresadoptedtheGuadalupeVirginastheirprotector.InSouthAmericaherimageiseverywhere.TheCaribbeanislandwherethePortugueselandedinthe1440swasnamedafterthemonastery.
![Page 1540: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1540.jpg)
ThekingsofCastilemadepilgrimagestoGuadalupe,buildingahospederiatoeducatethechildren.GreatexplorerscametoseektheVirgin’sassistancebeforesettingoff.ColumbusreceivedhispermissiontosailwhileatGuadalupe.HernánCortés,conquerorofMexico,spentninedaysinretreatthere,prayingbeforethemiraculousimageoftheMadonna.Helaterdedicated
![Page 1541: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1541.jpg)
thegreatestpilgrimageshrineinAmericatoNuestraSeñoradeGuadalupe.
AftertheVirgin,thecultofSaintJameswasanotherpowerfulinfluenceontheconquistadores,reachingitsapotheosisintheOrderofSantiago(SantJago=SaintJames).In1434,theorderineffectruledExtremaduraasastatewithinastate.
![Page 1542: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1542.jpg)
IthadallstartedwiththeReconquista.IslamicarmiesoverranSpaininA.D.711afterhavingbeeninvitedbysquabblingVisigothprinces.IttookthemsevenyearstoadvancetothePyrenees.IttooktheChristianssevenhundredtoexpelthem.TheReconquistaofSpainwastiedtoSaintJamesateverystep.
Thediscoveryofhisbody
![Page 1543: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1543.jpg)
ontheFieldofStarsinSantiagodeCompostelain889wasthebeginning.ThenewsspreadrapidlyacrossnorthernSpain.ThewholeChristianworldwantedtosafeguardtheapostle’sremainsandkeeptheinfidelsatbay.DuringthisfirstwaveoftheReconquista,theChristianarmieswere,ineffect,followersoflocalwarlordswhoseprincipalaimwastoenrichthemselvesat
![Page 1544: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1544.jpg)
theexpenseoftheMoors.Themostpowerfulwarlord,RodrigoDíazdeVivar(1040–1099)isthequintessentialCastilianhero.Hisnickname,ElCid(theLord),wasgivenbytheMoors.Hewouldfightanyone—providedheforesawaprofit.AdevoutCatholic,adevotedhusband,andtheidealCastilianknight,ElCidhascometorepresenttheessenceofCastilianchivalry
![Page 1545: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1545.jpg)
andcourage.
By1410,theMoorshadbeenpushedsouthasfarasAntequera,whichfelltotheChristianarmyledbytheorderinthatyear.By1434,theywerepinnedintoanenclaveborderedbyLaLíneadelaConcepción,Ronda,Antequera,Martos,andHuesca.Southofthatline,inapocketshieldedbytheSierraNevada,theArabs
![Page 1546: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1546.jpg)
farmedsheepandpaidtributetoCastilianoverlords.
FromVeves,wheretheorderhaditsheadquarters,totheSierraNevada,whichwasthefrontierbetweenChristianandIslamiclands,theorderheldsway.Legaciesofthateraareevidenteverywhere—inchurchesofSantiagofromCáceresinthenorthtoAntequerainthesouth,fortressesofSantiagofrom
![Page 1547: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1547.jpg)
SanlúcardeBarramedainthewesttoJaénintheeast.TherearehospitalsofSantiagoinZafraandMéridaandseminariesinCalderadeLeónandZafra.VirtuallyeverytownhasitsCalledeSantiago.
In1410,themedievallineofkingsofAragoncametoanendwhenMartinVdiedwithoutheirs.Civilwarloomed.BytheCompromise
![Page 1548: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1548.jpg)
ofCaspein1412FerdinandofAntequera,amemberofajuniorbranchoftheTrastamaradynasty,theroyalhouseofCastile,becamekingofAragon.
InEngland,KingJohnmarriedforthesecondtime.Hisbride,IsabellaofPortugal,boreadaughter,alsocalledIsabella.ShewouldeventuallydefyheradvisersandmarryFerdinand
![Page 1549: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1549.jpg)
ofAragon,puttingthesealonaunitedSpain,onethathadbeenunifiedforallpracticalpurposesbytheCompromiseofCaspe.
AunifiedSpainpossessedtheprimeingredientsforlaunchingvoyagesofdiscovery—theExtremadurans.Theyhadtheexampleoftheirforebear,ElCid,whohadachievedhisvictoriesoverinsuperable
![Page 1550: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1550.jpg)
oddsbyvirtueofsuperhumanwillandcourage.Andtheyhadthedailyrealityofnobread.
SaveforCortés,everyoneofthefamousconquistadoreswehavementionedcamefromapoorfamily;notasingleillustriousCastilianfamilytookpartintheirvoyagesofexploration.Itisnocoincidencetheconquistadoreswereintensely
![Page 1551: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1551.jpg)
legalistic.Theynegotiatedwiththemonarchyinadvance,withthedivisionofspoilsspeltoutindetail.
Foronce,Extremaduranscouldkeepthespoils.Athome,Extremaduranhidalgosstruggledtoobtainfoodfortheirchildren.Overseas,conquest,land,andwealthaffordedthemapurchaseonnobility.Embarkingonvoyagesofexploration,the
![Page 1552: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1552.jpg)
conquistadorescouldhopeforthreeseparaterewards—spiritualsalvationforwagingwaragainsttheinfidels,materialgainintheformofvasttractsoflandandwealth,and,oncetheyreturnedhome,fama,gloria,knighthoods,andcastlestobrightentheirtwilightyears.
Theawesomedangersanddifficultiestheconquistadoresfacedinexplorationmust
![Page 1553: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1553.jpg)
haveseemedlittledifferentfromthosetheyhadalreadyencounteredintheReconquista.Providedthattheyexhibitedthesameextremecourageastheirforebears,theycouldovercomeanyobstacle,secureintheirfaiththattheVirginMaryandSaintJameswouldprotectthem.Intheend,victorywouldbetheirs.
Besides,by1434,Islamhad
![Page 1554: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1554.jpg)
beensqueezedintothesoutherntipofSpainbetweentheSierraNevadaandthesea.Northofthemountains,therewerenolandslefttoreconquer.Forsixhundredyears,theirancestorshadbeenwagingbattle;fightingwasintheirblood.
ThehardshipsofthetierrasinpanexplaintheirurgetoleaveExtremadurabutnothowtheconquistadores
![Page 1555: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1555.jpg)
overcametheirhomeland’slackofmaritimetradition.ThatwasremediedbytheunionofCastilewithAragonaftertheCompromiseofCaspe.HavingpushedIslamoutofSpain,Castilewasbusyabsorbingtheimmenseestatesithadrecentlyacquired.
Aragon,ontheotherhand,hadcompletedherpartoftheReconquistatwocenturies
![Page 1556: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1556.jpg)
beforeCastileandusedtheinterimtocreateamaritimeempire.By1434,shehadtwocenturiesofvaluableexperience.AragonpossessedshipsthatcouldsailtheworldandcartographerswhohadbeguntomaptheAtlanticandAfrica.HersavantsknewtheearthwasroundandthattheAmericasexistedacrosstheAtlantic.Despitethis,Aragonwasweak;shewouldbethejuniorpartnerdoingwhat
![Page 1557: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1557.jpg)
Castilerequiredofher.
TheconquistadoreshadtheexampleofthePortuguesebeforethem.In1415,HenrytheNavigatorhadtakenthecolossalgambleofinvadingAfrica,thehomeofIslam.By1421,Madeirahadbeenpopulated,onthewaytobecomingathrivingPortuguesecolony.Henry’sshipshadsetsailfortheAmericas—thePortuguese
![Page 1558: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1558.jpg)
knewtheearthwasround,thattheseasdidnottumbleofftheearth,thatIndiaandtheEastcouldbereachedbyroundingAfrica.
AndwhatcouldtheconquistadoresexpecttofindwhentheyreachedthefabledAmericas,landofAmazons?Inanageofromanticliterature,theirdreamswerenodoubtfiredbytheepicssuchasTheAmadisofGaul.
![Page 1559: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1559.jpg)
Nubile,sex-madwomenawaitedtheminmarblepalaces.Handmaidenswouldwashtheirfeetandclothethemingoldengowns.Whiterubiesandgreenemeraldsthesizeofpigeoneggswouldbetheirsforthetaking.SmallwonderPizarrohadsuchaneasytimeselectingtwohundredcomradesfromamongthemanywhoansweredhiscallthatblisteringsummer’smorning
![Page 1560: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1560.jpg)
outsideTrujillo’sChurchofSantiago.
Fortunefavorsthebrave.TheconquistadoresfoundthreedesperatelyweakenedempiresintheAmericas.TheAztecshadbecomepsychopaths—cannibalswhoatetheirfellowtribesinMexico.CortéswaswelcomedwithopenarmsasmillionsofMexicanssupportedhisinvasion.In
![Page 1561: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1561.jpg)
CentralAmerica,thesameghastlyculthadpoisonedtheMaya.Weakenedbycivilwar,theytooofferedonlytokenresistance.InSouthAmerica,the“mummycult”oftheIncashadreacheditsinevitableconclusion.
Withnowheretoexpand,theIncashadtakentofightingoneanother.Theyhadnoiron.AnarmyofpaddeddollsawaitedPizarro.
![Page 1562: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1562.jpg)
Byaseriesofamazingcoincidences,eachempiresuccumbedtofatalweaknessattheverymomenttheconquistadoreslanded.Thethreefruittreeshadripenedsimultaneously,eachwithoutthorns.Theconquistadorespluckedthefruit.
OurquesttorediscovertheworldofZhengHe’seraendsatSanLúcardeBarrameda,ontheestuaryofthe
![Page 1563: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1563.jpg)
Guadalquivir.Thispowerful,melancholyriversymbolizesthechangefromOldWorldtoNew.OncethegrandhighwaythatjoinedCórdoba,themagnificentcapitalofIslamicSpain,totherestoftheIslamicworldintheEast,theriverbecamethelinkbetweenSeville,capitalofNewSpain,andherNewWorldcoloniesintheWest.
IftheGuadalquivircould
![Page 1564: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1564.jpg)
speak,shemightwearilyagreethatsoextraordinaryweretheeventsofZhengHe’serathatitseemsGodhadgrowntiredofhiscreationanddecidedtotrysomethingnew.
ThelastwordgoestoOmarKhayyám(circa1074).
Thosewhoinancientagescame
![Page 1565: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1565.jpg)
Andthosethatliveinlaterdays
Departontheirsuccessiveways:
Forallthejourneyisthesame.
ThisKingdomoftheEarthandSky
Remainseternallyfornone:
![Page 1566: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1566.jpg)
Wetoomustgo,astheyhavegone,
Andothersfollowby-and-by.
Ourlongjourneyofexplorationintothemedievalworldisover.Likeourpredecessors,wenowcommendourselvestoGod’skeeping.
![Page 1567: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1567.jpg)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thisbookisacollectiveendeavorandcouldnothavebeencompletedwithoutthehelpofhundredsofpeople.Iamafraidtheseacknowledgmentsarelikelytobeincomplete:ifanyonefeelsaggrievedatbeingomitted,pleaseletusknow.
![Page 1568: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1568.jpg)
Formoreextensiveacknowledgments,pleasevisitourwebsite.
Iamgratefultothefollowingpeoplewhoconductedmajorindependentresearchthattheyfundedthemselvesandthatlastedformorethantwoyears:
LamYeeDin
![Page 1569: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1569.jpg)
IhadthegoodfortunetomeetMr.YamLeeDininHongKongin2003.Mr.LamhasstudiedZhengHemapsinexhaustivedetailandpublishedhisfindingsinfourlengthypapersthatareshownonourwebsite.Mr.Lamis,inmyopinion,thegreatestlivingexpertonZhengHe’svoyages.AtmysuggestionhewasinvitedtodeliverhisfindingstotheLibraryofCongress,whichhedidon
![Page 1570: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1570.jpg)
May16,2005.HisspeechwasbroadcasttoChinaandAsiabyPhoenixTelevision.
TaiPengWang
TaiPengWangisahistorianandjournalistbasedinVancouver.HisfamilyisfromQuanzhou,andhecanreadandspeaktheversionofMandarinusedinhisnativeprovince.Thishasbeenvery
![Page 1571: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1571.jpg)
importantinthediscussionsontheauthenticityofthe1418map,whichwascreatedbyaQuanzhoucartographer.
TaiPengWanghaswrittenandpublishedfivepapersofthegreatestimportance,particularlyhisthirty-two-pagepaperentitled“ZhengHeandHisEnvoys’VisitstoCairoin1414and1433.”ThisisnottoimplythatTaiPengWangagreeswithall
![Page 1572: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1572.jpg)
thestatementsIhavemadeinthisbook.
CedricBell
BeforevisitingNewZealandin2003,Cedricread1421anddecidedtodosomeresearchonthebeachesofNewZealand’sSouthIsland.Hesenttheresultstoacompanythenmakingatelevisiondocumentaryon
![Page 1573: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1573.jpg)
1421.Cedrichadfoundsomefortywrecksburiedinsandorincliffsandalsotheruinsofbarracksthattheshipwreckedsurvivorshadbuiltashoreandtheremainsofsmeltersbuilttorefineore.Toconfirmthis,Iretainedwell-knownground-penetratingradarandcarbon-datinglaboratoriestocheckawreck,abarracks,andasmelter.Theresultsareonourwebsite1421,alongwithCedricBell’sresearch.
![Page 1574: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1574.jpg)
TheyshowconclusiveevidencethatChinesepeoplehavebeensmeltingironinNewZealandfortwothousandyears.Cedric,inmyview,becauseofhisfindsandsubsequentanalysisofwreckscoupledwithhisexperienceasamarineengineer,hasbecometheleadingauthorityontheconstructionofjunksinZhengHe’sfleets.
![Page 1575: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1575.jpg)
RosanneHawardenandDaveBell
RosanneandDavehavefollowedthroughonCedricBell’sresearchinNewZealand,investingtheirowntimeforfouryearsandwithoutfinancialsupportfromme.Theyhavedonethegroundworkthathasenabledustoputforwardanalternativeandlesssimplistichistoryofthesettlementof
![Page 1576: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1576.jpg)
NewZealandandtheSouthPacific—thattheoriginalsettlersweretheChinesewhobroughtothersofSouthEastAsianoriginwiththem.ThePolynesians,includingtheMaori,aretheirdescendents.RosanneandDave’sworkhasbeenofverygreatimportanceinfurthering1421evidenceinNewZealand,Australia,andtheislandsoftheSouthPacific.
![Page 1577: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1577.jpg)
LiuGang
Mr.LiuGang,thefoundingpartnerofthesecond-largestlawfirminChina,hascollectedmapsandworksofartforseveraldecades.FiveyearsagohefoundinaShanghaibookstore“ZhengHe’s1418MapoftheWorld,”describedindetailonour1421website.Atthetime,heknewlittleofZhengHeandfiledthemapasa
![Page 1578: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1578.jpg)
curiosity.In2005LiuGangpurchasedtheMandarinversionof1421andrealizedheownedthefirstrecognizable,accurateworldmapdrawnupafterZhengHe’searliervoyages.Pleaserefertothe1421websiteformoreaboutthismapanditsauthenticity.
DaveCotner
![Page 1579: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1579.jpg)
In1985DaveCotner,aretiredU.S.Navypilot,foundthewreckofanoldshipalongtheOregoncoast,buriedinwaterbeneaththirtyfeetofsand.ThelocalmuseumcuratorclassifiedthewreckasChinese.WhenDavecontactedus,wecommissionedawell-knownfirm,GPRGeophysicalServicesofPortland,Oregon,whichconductedtheground-penetratingradarsurveysof
![Page 1580: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1580.jpg)
“Cotner1”andconfirmedinallrespectsDave’sMASsurveyof1985—position,size,shape,depth,angle,andsitting.CoredrillingstartedinNovember2007.Thewreckhasunfortunatelydeterioratedintowoodslurry.Afewsmallwoodchippingshavebeenretrieved,andthesewillbedatedandclassifiedinearly2008.Davehasfoundanumberofotherburiedwrecksinthearea.Very
![Page 1581: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1581.jpg)
substantialsumswillberequiredtoexcavatethem.
Dr.GunnarThompson
Dr.Thompsonisanexpertinpre-ColumbianNewWorlddiscovery,andhisbooksandresearchonmulticulturalfindingsandearlyAsianvoyagestotheAmericashavebeeninvaluabletothedevelopmentof1434.In
![Page 1582: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1582.jpg)
SecretVoyages,Thompsonprovidesevidencethatbetween1277and1287KublaiKhan,emperorofChina,dispatchedMarcoPolototheAmericas,wherehereachedHudsonBay.Dr.ThompsonpresentedhisfindingsattheLibraryofCongressonMay16,2005.Hisresearchcanbefoundatwww.marcopolovoyages.com.
![Page 1583: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1583.jpg)
Dr.Siu-LeungLee
Dr.Siu-LeungLeewasbornandeducatedinHongKong,wherehegraduatedfromtheChineseUniversity.HehasaPhDfromPurdueUniversity,didpostdoctoralresearchatYaleUniversity,andbecameaprofessorofchemistryatTexasA&MUniversity,pioneeringintheenzymebiosynthesisofnaturalproducts.
![Page 1584: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1584.jpg)
Dr.LeehassetupaverypopularwebsitecalledAsiawind(www.asiawind.com).IncollaborationwithMs.FuYiyao,Dr.LeepublishedacalligraphybookonChinesewisdom.HeisaninternationallyknownexpertonChinesecalligraphy.
Since2002Dr.Leehasbeenareasonedcriticof1421.Howeverin2006heacquired
![Page 1585: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1585.jpg)
amedallionthathadbeenfoundburiednearAsheville,NorthCarolina.Dr.LeebelievesthiswaspartofthegiftsintendedbytheXuanDeemperorforAmericanchieftainsthroughhisrepresentative.Havingfoundagreatdealofcorroborativeevidence,Dr.LeenowbelievesthatduringtheMingdynasty,theChinesevisitedNorthCarolina.InJune2006,hepresentedhisfindingsat
![Page 1586: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1586.jpg)
theUniversityofHongKong,theHongKongHistoryMuseum,andtheCityUniversityofHongKong.SeeDr.Lee’swebsiteforfurtherdetails.
PaulChiasson
PaulChiassonisafifty-five-year-oldCanadianarchitectbornonCapeBretonIsland.Paulbuiltupasuccessful
![Page 1587: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1587.jpg)
practicewithadistinguishedlistofclients.HisspecialtybecameAsianartandarchitecture.
ThereisalegendofthelocalMi’kmaqpeopleofCapeBretonIslandthatlongagoforeignerscamefromtheothersideoftheworldandsettledonaheadlandnowcalledCapeDauphin.FiveyearsagoPauldecidedtoexplorethecolonywhere
![Page 1588: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1588.jpg)
thesestrangersbuilttheirtown.OnclimbingontotheplateauhefoundtheremainsofastonetownlaidoutonBuddhistlinesoverlookingtheCibouxIslands.Paul’sfindingsarenowcontainedinhisbest-sellingbook,IslandoftheSevenCities.
In2005PaulinvitedCedricBellandmetojoinhimonasurveyofthesiteinCapeDauphin.Inmyviewthesite,
![Page 1589: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1589.jpg)
whileBuddhist,isnotofZhengHe’serabutmucholder.EventuallyIfeelitwillbeshowntobefromthevoyagesofKublaiKhan’sfleet.
CharlotteHarrisRees
CharlotteHarrisReeshasresearchedextensivelyabouttheearlyarrivalofChinesetotheAmericas.Asachildshe
![Page 1590: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1590.jpg)
livedinTaiwanthenHongKongwithherBaptistmissionaryparentsMarjorieandDr.HendonM.Harris.Dr.Harris’sfindofanancientAsianmapdisplayingthewesterncoastlineoftheAmericasledtohis1975bookTheAsiaticFathersofAmerica:ChineseDiscoveryandColonizationofAncientAmerica.In2006Charlottecameoutwithaneditedandabridgedversionofthatbook.
![Page 1591: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1591.jpg)
TheoldestoftheHendonHarrisFusangMapsareMingDynasty.Theyarebelievedbysometodatebacktoa2200B.C.Chinesemap.TheHarrisMapCollectionwasattheLibraryofCongressfrom2003through2006whileitwasbeingstudied.ItwasexaminedbyDr.Hwa-WeiLee,chiefoftheAsianDivision;Dr.JohnHebert,chiefofGeographyandMapsDivision;andbyProfessor
![Page 1592: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1592.jpg)
XiaocongLi,fromPekingUniversity,Beijing.AtmyrequestCharlottepresentedherfindingsataLibraryofCongresssymposiuminMay2005.Shecontinuestowriteandspeak.Herwebsiteiswww.asiaticfathers.com.
ProfessorRobertCribbs
ProfessorRobertCribbsisanadjunctprofessorof
![Page 1593: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1593.jpg)
engineeringatCaliforniaStateUniversityandavisitingprofessorofscientificarcheologyandmusicinCairo,Egypt.Hestarted,andruns,severalcorporationsinvolvedinmedicalandindustrialultrasoundandhigh-speedvideoandradarprocessing.Healsopossessestheworld’sthird-largestcollectionofmedievalastrolabes.Inconsequencehehasbecome,inmyopinion,
![Page 1594: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1594.jpg)
oneoftheworld’sleadingauthoritiesonthedifferentmethodsusedbyancientandmedievalastronomerstodetermelatitudeandlongitude,thediminutionoftheecliptic,theequationsoftimeofthesunandmoon,andthedeterminationoflongitudebytheslipbetweensiderealandsolartimeorbytheangulardistancebetweenmoon,planets,andstars.
![Page 1595: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1595.jpg)
ProfessorCribbshasexplainedthesemethodstomewithsuchclaritythatIhavebeenabletoexplainthemtoothers.ProfessorCribbspresentedhisfindingsataseminaronZhengHeheldattheLibraryofCongressonMay16,2005.
M.BenoitLargerandDr.AlbertRonsin
![Page 1596: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1596.jpg)
M.LargerisaretiredFrenchbankerlivinginSaint-Dié-des-Voges.HesponsoredanexhibitionheldatMuséePierre-NöelbetweenMayandSeptember2007.TheexhibitiondrewtogethertheworkofagroupofsavantsincludingMartinWaldseemüllerwhohadbeenrecruitedbySaint-Dié’sruler,DukeRenéII,toproduceaworldmapcopiedfromseparatemapsreceivedfrom
![Page 1597: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1597.jpg)
Portugal.Thisexhibition,whichprominentlyfeaturedtheworkofDr.AlbertRonsin,honoraryconservatorofthemuseum,wasthecollationofthelifetime’sresearchofmanylearnedscholarsintoMartinWaldseemüller’smapsof1507and1516andglobeof1506.Theirresearchhasbeenadoptedinthisbook.Iamverygratefulforit—itsavedmealifetimeofresearch.
![Page 1598: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1598.jpg)
Dr.TanTaSen
Dr.TanTaSenisaleadingSingaporebusinessmanwhoisalsopresidentoftheInternationalZhengHeSociety.ThissocietycollatesknowledgerelatingtoZhengHe’svoyagesbetween1403and1434.Ihavebeeninvitedtoattendmanyofthesociety’smeetingsandhave
![Page 1599: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1599.jpg)
inconsequencelearnedagreatdealfromtheexperts.Dr.TanintroducedmetotheforeignministerofSingapore,whosuggestedthe1421exhibitionsubsequentlyheldin2005.Dr.Tankindlylentseveralpricelessworksofarttothisexhibition,financedtheproductionofmodeljunksofZhengHe’sfleet,arrangedtheloansofveryvaluableartifacts,andprovidedinvaluablesupportinmany
![Page 1600: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1600.jpg)
otherways.The1421exhibitionisnowinDr.TanTaSen’smuseuminMalaccaintheformerofficesandwarehouseofAdmiralZhengHe.
LyndaNutter
LyndaNutterisadancerandchoreographerwhounderstandsJapanese,Chinese,andtheNyungah
![Page 1601: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1601.jpg)
languageoftheaboriginalpeoplewholiveintheSwanvalleyeastofPerthinWesternAustralia.FiveyearsagoLyndafoundcarvedstonesthatformanastronomicalobservatoryfromwhichlongitudemaybecalculated.ThesestoneshaveinscriptionsinamedievalChinesescriptandareattheheartoftheNyungahterritory.LyndahascorrelatedmarkingsonZheng
![Page 1602: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1602.jpg)
He’snavigationalchartwiththecoastlinearoundPerthasaresultofreadingandtranslatingtheChinese.
CristopherPollard
ChristopherPollardhasspentalifetimestudyingmedievalSpain,notablythehistoryofExtremadura.Thefinalchapterofthisbookisanabridgmentofmynotesof
![Page 1603: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1603.jpg)
Christopher’slectures.Forthosewhowishtoexplorethesubjectinmoredepth,ChristopherrunsChristopherPollard’sToursbasedinTaunton,England,andpersonallyleadsthesetoursthroughthemagicalcitiesofmedievalSpain.
Libraries
LibraryofCongress,
![Page 1604: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1604.jpg)
Washington,D.C.
OwnersofWaldseemüller’s1507and1516worldmaps.TheLibraryofCongresskindlyinvitedmeandsupportersof1421toasymposiumonMay16,2005,onthesubjectofZhengHe’svoyages.Theywereroundlyabusedfordoingsobycriticswhoclaimedthat1421wasafraudulentbookandhencesuchanaugustbodyasthe
![Page 1605: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1605.jpg)
LibraryofCongressshouldnotgiveusaplatform.Thelibraryrepliedtheybelievedinthebasicacademicprincipleoffreespeech,andthesymposiumwentaheadasplanned.
TheBritishLibrary
TheBritishLibraryprovidesasuperbservice.Anarrayofhelpfulexpertsisthereto
![Page 1606: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1606.jpg)
helpthoseofuswhocannotspeakthelanguage.IfbychancetheBritishLibrarydoesnotholdthebook(certainconstituentbooksoftheYongleDadian,forexample),oneisquicklyputintouchwiththelibrarythatdoesholdthatbook.Iandfiveresearchershavebeenusingthissuperbserviceforyears.Withoutit1421and1434couldnothavebeenwritten.
![Page 1607: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1607.jpg)
ThePepysLibrary,MagdaleneCollege,CambridgeUniversity
Thisholdsthe1408astronomicalcalendar.
BibliothèqueNationale,Paris
HolderoftheWaldseemüllerGreenGlobeof1506andDr.
![Page 1608: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1608.jpg)
MoniquePelletier’sresearchintotheprovenanceandauthenticityofthatglobe—avitallyimportantmapinthe1434story.
HongKongCentralLibrary
TheprincipallibraryinHongKongismodernandmostefficient.ThemajorityofChineseillustrationsfoundin1434camefromhereandwe
![Page 1609: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1609.jpg)
areindebtedfortheirservices.
LibraryoftheDuchessofMedina-Sidonia,SanlucardeBarrameda,Andalucia,Spain
Theduchess’sfamily,hugelywealthylandownersinfifteenth-andsixteenth-centurySpain,backedChristopherColumbusand
![Page 1610: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1610.jpg)
inheritedhispapers.ThesedescribeColumbus’sseveralvisitstotheAmericasbefore1492.
TheArquivoNacional,TorredoTombo,Lisbon
Therepositoryofrecordsofpre-ColumbianPortuguesevoyagestotheNewWorld.Inmysubmissionthiswillbeagoldmineforfutureresearch.
![Page 1611: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1611.jpg)
MythanksalsototheBodleianLibrary,Oxford;theSchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies(SOAS);andtheLondonSchoolofEconomics.
Museums,Institutions,andUniversities
TheBritishMuseumholdsasuperbcollectionofYuanandMingdynastyceramicsand
![Page 1612: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1612.jpg)
worksofart,notleasttheChinesemapofthetwelfthcenturythataccuratelydepictsChinaoverlaidwithlatitudeandlongitudelines.Someoftheceramicswereexcavatedfromremotepartsoftheworld,forexample,afineblue-and-whiteearly-MingteapotburiedinAustralia.
![Page 1613: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1613.jpg)
MuchevidenceoftheChinesevisitstoVenicehasbeenandwillcontinuetobefoundintheLouvre,Paris—forexample,Pisanello’ssketchesanddrawings.
TheMuséePierre-NöelcontainscollectionsofWaldseemüllerandhisfriendsandcolleagues’memorabilia,therepository
![Page 1614: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1614.jpg)
ofrecordsofVespucci’svoyages,andisthebestplacetobaseresearchonWaldseemüllerandhisglobesandmaps.
TheDoge’sPalace,Venice,holdstheworldmapfromIndiatoAmerica,constructedaccordingtonotationsonthemapitself,frominformationbroughttoVenicebyNiccolò
![Page 1615: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1615.jpg)
diContiandMarcoPolo.ThiswascopiedandgiventoDomPedroin1428.Themapisupsidedown—assomeChinesemapsofthaterawere.
ChicagoUniversityhassponsoredthesuperbelectronicdatabasesystemJSTOR,whichhasbeeninvaluabletomeandthe1421
![Page 1616: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1616.jpg)
team.
SurreyUniversityhaspioneeredanondestructivesystemofanalysisofmaterialsemployingRutherfordbackscatteringtechniques.Inbroadterms,thisenablesdatingwithin5percentandthecapacitytoanalyzematerialwithsufficientaccuracyto
![Page 1617: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1617.jpg)
determineitsorigin.SurreyUniversityhaskindlyadvisedushowtoutilizethisvaluableresource,whichwebelievewillproveofgreatassistanceinanalyzingartifactsfoundinornearwreckedjunksaroundtheworld.
ClassicWorksReliedUponfor1434
ProfessorJosephNeedham,
![Page 1618: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1618.jpg)
ScienceandCivilisationinChina,CambridgeUniversityPress(variousdatespast50years)
Themonumentalworkofthirty-fivevolumesistomeoneofthemostextraordinarypiecesofhumanendeavorevercreated.Ihavereadallthevolumesoverthepastfifteenyears;withoutthemIwouldnothavestarted1421or1434.Needhamwasa
![Page 1619: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1619.jpg)
genius;hismindcancoverthespanofhumanknowledgefromhowtheChinesefermentedliquortomoreobscureaspectsofChinesecryptoanalysis.Hehasnopeer.
JohnL.Sorenson,emeritusprofessorofanthropologyatBrighamYoungUniversity,andMartinH.Raishare
![Page 1620: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1620.jpg)
authorsofthemajesticworkPre-ColumbianContactwiththeAmericasAcrosstheOceans.ThisisanannotatedbibliographythatbrieflydescribeswrittenworksthatdiscussthetransmissionoffaunaandfloraacrosscontinentsbeforeColumbus.Therearesomesixthousandentries.ItseemstomethisbookdemolishesanyideathatEuropeanscanclaimtohavediscoveredtheNew
![Page 1621: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1621.jpg)
World,andfurthermoreitseemsextraordinarythatthisbookisnotineveryschoolintheworld.EverytimethatIgiveatalk,IdomybesttoacknowledgeSorensonandRaish.TheresearchteamandIareextraordinarilyluckytohavehadthisinvaluableresource.
UniversityofOregon
![Page 1622: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1622.jpg)
emeritusprofessorCarlJohannessen,hascollaboratedwithJohnSorensontowriteandpresent“BiologyVerifiesAncientVoyages.”Astheysay:
Examinationofanextensiveliteraturehasrevealedconclusiveevidencethatnearly100speciesofplants,amajorityofthemcultivars,werepresentinboththeEasternandWestern
![Page 1623: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1623.jpg)
hemispherespriortoColumbus’sfirstvoyagetotheAmericas.Theevidencecomesfromarchaeological,historicalandlinguisticsources,ancientartandconventionalnaturalsciencestudies….theonlyplausibleexplanationforthesefindingsisthataconsiderablenumberoftransoceanicvoyagesinbothdirectionsacrossbothmajoroceanswerecompletedbetweentheseventh
![Page 1624: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1624.jpg)
millenniumbceandtheEuropeanageofdiscovery.
TomeitisnolongerarguabletoclaimanyjustificationwhatsoeverthatEuropeansdiscoveredtheNewWorld.Sorenson,Raish,andJohannessenhavedemolishedthatlegendforever.
InTheArtofInvention:
![Page 1625: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1625.jpg)
LeonardoandRenaissanceEngineers,ProfessorPaoloGalluzzidescribesin251pagesthecontributionsthatSieneseengineersmadetoLeonardodaVinci’swork.Thebookwasusedbymeandthe1434teamasabiblewhendrawingupchapters15–20.GalluzzihasanastonishingabilitytoanalyzethisfabulouserainFlorence.Ihopehewillnotbeannoyedbytherevelationsofthe
![Page 1626: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1626.jpg)
contributionsmadebytheChinesedelegation.
FrankD.PragerandGustinaScaglia,savantsofItalianRenaissanceengineering,havewrittenasplendidlyreadablebook,MarianoTaccolaandHisBook“DeIngeneis,”publishedin1972.BeforePragerandScaglia’sbook,onlyTaccola’sbooks3
![Page 1627: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1627.jpg)
and4(ca.1438)hadbeenidentified.TheyhavereconstructedforthefirsttimeBooks1and2.IndoingsotheyhaveshownhowmuchFrancescodiGiorgioadaptedfromTaccolaandtheinfluencethatFrancesco’sworkhadonLeonardodaVinci.Thebookisprofuselyillustrated,showingtheapparentlyextraordinaryexplosionofnewmechanicalandmilitarymachinesafter
![Page 1628: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1628.jpg)
1433.WehavecomparedthesewiththoseshowninprintedChinesebookspublishedbefore1420.
ErnstZinner’sgreatbookRegiomontanus:HisLifeandWork,providesareadable,lucid,andcomprehensiveaccountoftheamazinglifeofRegiomontanus,whoseideaswerelateradaptedby
![Page 1629: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1629.jpg)
CopernicusandGalileo—tosuchanextentthatperhapstheCopernicanrevolutionshouldberenamed.IhavequotedandabridgedextensivelyfromZinner.
JoanGadolhaswrittenafascinating,andilluminatingbook,LeonBattistaAlberti:ClassicalManoftheEarlyRenaissance.Albertiwas
![Page 1630: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1630.jpg)
notarytoPopeEugeniusIVandwouldhavemettheChinesedelegationinthatcapacity.HepossessedanenormousintellectandcharismaandhadaprofoundinfluenceonToscanelli,Regiomontanus,NicholasofCusa,Taccola,FrancescodiGiorgio,andeventuallyonLeonardodaVinci.IhavequotedextensivelyfromJoanGadol’swonderfulbook.
![Page 1631: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1631.jpg)
AcademicSupport
Academicsupportforthe1421and1434theoriesareofcourseofgreatimportance.Thefollowinghavee-mailedwiththeirinterestin1421and/or1434,forwhichIoffermythanks:ProfessorYaoJide,ProfessorYingshengLiu,andProfessorFayuanGao,ProfessorLiuXiaohong,YunnanUniversity;ProfessorJohn
![Page 1632: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1632.jpg)
Coghlan,Melbourne–LaTrobeUniversity;ProfessorMiguelLizana,UniversityofSalamanca;ProfessorArnaizVillena,MadridUniversity;ProfessorDrewry,UniversityofHull;ProfessorNgChinKeong,directorandProfessorYeenPongLai,ChineseHeritageCenter,Singapore;ProfessorEthanGallogly,SantaMonicaCollege;ProfessorHwa-WeiLee,chief,AsianDivision,Library
![Page 1633: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1633.jpg)
ofCongress;ProfessorHuaLinfu,ReminUniversity,Beijing;ProfessorXinYuan-Ou,ShanghaiUniversity;ProfessorShiPing,NavalCommandCollege,China;ProfessorD.Hendrick,UniversityofNewcastle-upon-Tyne;ProfessorZhiguoGao,ChinaInstituteforMarineAffairs;adjunctProfessorJohnS.Lee,UtahValleyStateCollege;AssociateProfessorTed
![Page 1634: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1634.jpg)
Bryant,associatedeanofscience,UniversityofWollongong;ProfessorBiQuanZhong;ProfessorDobroruka,UniversityofBrasilia;AssistantProfessorJ.DavidVanHorn,UniversityofMissouri–KansasCity;professoremeritusofgeologyDr.JohnW.Emerson,CentralMissouriStateUniversity;ProfessorPeterN.Peregrine,associateprofessorandchair,
![Page 1635: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1635.jpg)
DepartmentofAnthropology,LawrenceUniversity;emeritusprofessorofanthropologyPeterM.Gardner,UniversityofMissouri;ProfessorGudrunThordardottir,UniversityofReykjavik;J.R.Day,associateprofessor,divisionhead,Science,MathematicsandComputerStudies,theUniversityofHongKong;ProfessorGoranMalmquist,UniversityofStockholm;
![Page 1636: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1636.jpg)
ProfessorAlexDuffey,chiefcurator,UniversityofPretoria;professorofarchitectureRichardFrewer,UniversityofHongKong;EmeritusProfessorPeterGardner,UniversityofMissouri-Columbia;ProfessorPeterRoepstorff,UniversityofSouthernDenmark;ProfessorShuxuejun,JiangXiNormalUniversity;ProfessorSusanLangham,visitingShenyang
![Page 1637: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1637.jpg)
Universityprofessorofquaternarygeology;ProfessorJackRidge,TuftsUniversity;professorofhistoryandpoliticalscience,HenryPierson“Pete”French,Jr.,StateUniversityofNewYorkandMonroeCommunityCollege;AdjunctProfessorLindad’Argenio-Cruz,BrooklynCollege;ProfessorPeterL.P.Simpson,GraduateCenter,CityUniversityofNewYork;
![Page 1638: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1638.jpg)
RichardKanek,retiredprofessorofphysics;visitingprofessorRobinPingree,Mombassa,UniversityofPlymouth;ProfessorJulesJanick,JamesTroopDistinguishedProfessorinhorticulture,PurdueUniversity;AdjunctProfessorAnthonyFazio,GraduateDivisionforAcupunctureandOrientalMedicine,NewYorkChiropracticCollege;R.ThomasBerner,professor
![Page 1639: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1639.jpg)
emeritusofJournalismandAmericanstudies,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity;professorofpoliticalscienceJohnLawyer,BethelUniversity,SaintPaul,Minn.;PaulWinchester,clinicalprofessorofneonatologyatIndianaUniversityMedicalSchool;RosaE.Penna,professorofEnglishliterature,CatholicUniversityofArgentinaandtheUniversityofBuenos
![Page 1640: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1640.jpg)
Aires;ProfessorVictorM.Rivera,BaylorCollegeofMedicine;retiredprofessorofanthropologyandthefounderanddirectoroftheOverseasResearchCenteratWakeForestUniversity,D.Evans;PattiGrant-Byth,professorofEnglishatKoreaUniversity,UniversityofMinnesota;JohnSplettstoesser,retiredprofessorofgeologyandpresident,AmericanPolarSociety,Minnesota;Daniel
![Page 1641: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1641.jpg)
Mroz,assistantprofessoroftheater,UniversityofOttawa;ProfessorJohnPreston,EasternMichiganUniversityCollegeofTechnology;ProfessorP.A.McKeown,emeritusprofessorCranfieldUniversity,U.K.;NielsWest,researchprofessor,DepartmentofMarineAffairs,UniversityofRhodeIsland;DavidGreenaway,pro–vicechancellor,professorofeconomics,
![Page 1642: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1642.jpg)
UniversityofNottingham;Dr.ChrisGleed-Owen,researchandmonitoringofficer,theHerpetologicalConservationTrust,Bournemouth;EdwinM.Good,professoremeritusofreligiousstudiesand(bycourtesy)ofclassics,StanfordUniversity;AdjunctProfessorPedroAugustoAlvesdeInda,UniversityofCaxiasdoSul;AssociateProfessorAnthonyNieli,PennsylvaniaCollege
![Page 1643: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1643.jpg)
ofTechnology;RearAdmiralZhengMing,adjunctprofessoroftheNavalEngineeringUniversity,Beijing;ProfessorCarolUrness,curatorofJamesFordBellLibrary,UniversityofMinnesota;ProfessorRoderichPtak,MunichUniversity;ProfessorZhengWei,directoroftheUnderwaterArchaeologyCenterattheNationalMuseumofChineseHistory,
![Page 1644: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1644.jpg)
Beijing;ProfessorChenXiansi,ProfessorChaoZhongCheng,andProfessorFanJingming,NanjingUniversity;ProfessorZhengYiJun,ShandongUniversity;ProfessorZhuYafei,BeijingUniversity;ProfessorTaoJingYi,SriLanka;ProfessorXuYuhu,TaiwanUniversity;ProfessorLiDaoGang,Thailand;ProfessorSirJohnElliott,OxfordUniversity;ProfessorMikeBaillie,
![Page 1645: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1645.jpg)
UniversityofBelfast;Dr.PhilipWoodworth,visitingprofessor,UniversityofLiverpool;ProfessorSuePovey,UniversityCollege,London;ProfessorChristieG.TurnerII,ArizonaStateUniversity;ProfessorGeorgeMaul,FloridaInstituteofTechnology;ProfessorJaneStanley,AustralianNationalUniversity;RobertS.Kung,HongKongZhengHeResearchAssociation;Dr.
![Page 1646: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1646.jpg)
JohnP.Oliver,DepartmentofAstronomy,UniversityofFlorida;Dr.EusebioDizon,directorofunderwaterresearch,MuseumofManila;Dr.JosephMcDermott,UniversityofCambridge;Dr.KonradHirschler,London,SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,SOAS;Dr.TaylorTerlecki,OxfordUniversity;Dr.IlenyaSchiavon,theStateArchives,Venice;Dr.MarjorieGrice-
![Page 1647: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1647.jpg)
Hutchinson,UniversityofMalaga;Dr.LindaClark,UniversityofWestminster;Dr.RobertMassey,RoyalObservatory,Greenwich;Dr.BobHeadland,ScottPolarResearchInstitute,Cambridge;Dr.MuhamedWaley,BritishLibrary,London;J.M.Nijman,AmsterdamPolytechnic;Dr.AlanLeibowitz,UniversityofArizona;Dr.EdgardoCaceres;Dr.TanKoolin,
![Page 1648: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1648.jpg)
UniversityofMalaya;Dr.LeoSuryadinata,InstituteofSoutheastAsianStudies,Singapore.
VisitorstoOurWebsite,www.1421.tv
Wecannotpossiblymentioneverybodywhohascontributedtoourresearch,beitbyprovidingnewevidence,ideasfornewresearch,correctionsfor
![Page 1649: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1649.jpg)
futureeditionsofbooks,andconstructivecriticism.However,wehavetriedtoincorporateasmanyaspossiblehere,innoparticularorder.Wearemostgratefultothefollowing:
GeoffMandy,whokindlydedicatedagreatdealofhissparetimetoorganizingthe“1421Friends”database.ThankstoGeoff,wehope,fingerscrossed,thatwehave
![Page 1650: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1650.jpg)
notleftanyoneoffthelistofacknowledgmentseitherhereoronourwebsite.
Thosewhohavekindlyagreedtomanageindependentwebsiteswithinthe1421website.Thisconceptwasdevelopedtoenablepeoplewhoareinterestedinspecificaspectsofthe1421storytohaveachancetoadvanceknowledgeintheseareas,independently
![Page 1651: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1651.jpg)
ofthe1421team.Alltimeandeffortwasdedicatedattheirownexpense,andweareparticularlygratefultothefollowingpeople:JosephDavis,MarkandLaurieNickless,JuanCarlosHoyos,CathieKelly,HeatherVallance,PaulLewis,andAnneUsher.
Thosewhohavehelpedusoutinthefieldwithresearchinclude:
![Page 1652: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1652.jpg)
DaveCotner,asmentionedpreviously;Laszlo,whohasfoundanumberofwrecksintheCaribbean,overthepasttwentyyears,whichwereverifiedasbeingnotofanySpanish,English,orDanishshipsyethadChinesecharacteristicsandboreChineseartifacts;Dr.JohnFurryandDr.MichaelBroffman,whosetupthe“ChinaLanding”website,whichhasfurthered
![Page 1653: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1653.jpg)
explorationintothemysteryofthe“SacramentoJunk.”Formoreinformationpleasevisitwww.pinestreetfoundation.org/chinalanding.
TheresearchofDr.GregLittleandcolleagues,whohavefoundwidespreadevidenceintheCaribbeanthattheybelievepointtoalong-gonemaritimeculturemoresophisticatedthantheTainoorCaribpeoples.More
![Page 1654: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1654.jpg)
recentlywehavebeentoldthatearlytestssuggestthatthecutstonesfounddatetocircafivehundredyearsago.Formoreinformationpleasevisitthefollowinglinks:http://www.mysterious-america.net/newunderwaterbim.htmlandhttp://www.myssterious-america.net/bimini-caysal200.html.
BrettGreen,whoseuntiringresearchagainstconsiderable
![Page 1655: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1655.jpg)
adversity,hasprovidedahostofevidencetosupportthepre-EuropeanChineseexplorationofeasternAustralia;WilliamC.Kleisch,RichardPerkins,andPaulMcNamee,whohaveledthesearchfortheelusiveGreatDismalSwampjunk,whichGeorgeWashington’sfriendsawriseoutoftheswampinNorthCarolina;JohnSlade,whoseresearchshowsthepotentialforpre-
![Page 1656: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1656.jpg)
EuropeanminingthroughouteasternAustralia,fromtheVictoriangoldfieldstonorthQueensland;RobertsonShinnick,whofoundDr.S.L.Lee’smedallioninNorthCarolinain1994.
OthernotablementionsgotoMichaelBossandalloftheothercontributorstothe“Gallery”sectionofthewebsite—awealthofbeautifulpaintings,photos,
![Page 1657: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1657.jpg)
andartifacts;JerryWarsing,anindependentresearcherwhowasoneofthefirsttocomeforwardandletusknowthathehadcometothesameconclusionsthatIhad,beforeme.WearemostgratefulforJerry’scontinuedsupportandresearchinNorthAmerica.ProfessorZhiquiangZhang,whoseindependentresearchonZhengHe’stravelshasbeeninvaluabletoours.D.H.CTienand
![Page 1658: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1658.jpg)
MichaelNationofChineseComputerCommunications,whosepioneeringresearchwith“InternetChinese”mayonedayenableusalltolearntospeakChinesewiththeeaseandfluencyofourmothertongues;AnatoleAndro,whosebookThe1421Heresycomplements1421andexploresthetheoryfurther;theCantravelgroup,whohaveaccompaniedMarcellaandmeonmanyan
![Page 1659: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1659.jpg)
excitingadventureandcontributedagreatdealtoourresearch:GillandFrankHopkins;CarolandBarryMellor;GordonandElizabethHay;JohnandHeleenLapthorne,andMalcolmandAngelaPotter.
Thefollowingpeoplehaveallhelpedovertheyearstoaddtoourever-increasingwealthofknowledge,freeofcharge,andingoodfaith,for
![Page 1660: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1660.jpg)
whichweareextremelygrateful:MalcolmBrocklebank,ChiaraCondi,TimFohl,RobertandMeiLiHefner,DamondeLaszlo,JohnRobinson,BillHupy,GregJeffrey,HectorWilliams,MaryDoerflein,DavidBorden,RewiKemp,RalphMcGeehan,GlenRawlins,MichaelFerraro,GeraldThompson,ChungCheeKit,HowardSmith,KersonHuang,AlCornett,
![Page 1661: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1661.jpg)
TonyBrooks,BarbaraMcEwan,NicholasPlatt,ZhangWei,RobinLind,GeraldAndrewBottomley,NicholasWallis,EsterDaniels,WilliamLi,MalcolmRayner,J.F.Webb,CommodoreBillSwinley,DavidBorden,KathrineZhou,JannaCarpenter,GuofengYang,JamieBentley,MartinTai,TedBainbridge,BrianDarcey,RobStanley,Jan-Erik
![Page 1662: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1662.jpg)
Nilsson,J.PhillipArnold,DavidLindsay,MikeOsinski,M.J.Gregory,PhilipandWeiLewis;RogerL.Olesen;AdelaC.Y.Lee;GuyDruDrury;SaroCapozzoli;TimRichardson;ProfessorLuisWanke;JoséLeonSanchez;TedJeggo;NgSiongTee;GooSiWei;PaoloCosta;RicPolansky;ProfessorMikeBailie;Dr.WangTao;BillParkhurst,K’ung-FuTzu;DuncanCraig,NicoConti,
![Page 1663: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1663.jpg)
BarneyChan,EricMaskrey,PhilipMulholland,GarryBerteig,GeorgeJ.Fery,TonyFletcher,NancyYawDavis,J.PhillipArnold,ChrisRighetti,AndyDrake,PaulWagner,JimMullins,JohnBraine-Hartnell,MichaelPenck,Dr.WilliamGoggins,RussellParker,BillHupy,GillianBartlett,ShakaGarendi,RodneyGordon,BobButcher,KarinHarvey,JohnWeyrich,EdwardD.
![Page 1664: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1664.jpg)
Mitchell,NicholasPlatt,DavidTurner,PhillipBramble,JeanElder,AntonMcInerney,PatrickMoran,JoyJ.Merz,JohnS.Marr,ScottMcClean,LynnCanada,RichardZimmerman,WilliamVigil,RicBaez,TerryJackson,JeffersonWright,EanMcDonald,BethFlowerMiller,MichaelErnest,OmarM.Zen,BruceTickellTaylor,Dr.EdwardTumolo,MarieE.Macozek,
![Page 1665: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1665.jpg)
JohnForrest,JulianWick,KeithWise,BobbySass,MichaelLane,MariStair,DavidLorrimer,MarkSimonitsch,DaveBlaine,DarylF.Mallett,LuisRobles,BarryWright,MarkSmith,JeffSpira,ChrisNadolny,LiHuangxi,JohnPletcher,PaoloVillegas,KevinWilson,JaniceAveryClarke,PatriciaDuff,DanBrech,MatthewWissell,HarryL.Francis,YangyongLi,FredJ.
![Page 1666: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1666.jpg)
Gray,ThomasHerbert,MichaelAtkinson,GarthDenning,JanetMillerWiseman,DeanPickering,ArjanWilkie,GeorgeBarrett,MarkNewell,RoyDymond;KateMeyer;LawrenceSmalheiser;AliceChan;DesmondBrannigan,andEdwardGriceHutchinson.
ExhibitionsandSymposia
TheSingaporeTourism
![Page 1667: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1667.jpg)
Board,inassociationwithPicoArtInternational,mountedtheexhibition“1421:TheYearChinaSailedtheWorld”betweenJuneandAugust2005.Itwasheldinalarge,speciallymadepavilion,areplicaofthatusedbytheearlyMingemperorswhentouringthecountry.ThepavilionwassetupinabeautifulsiteoverlookingSingaporeHarbor.Pico,thecelebrated
![Page 1668: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1668.jpg)
exhibitiondesigners,arrangedfortheloanfromallaroundtheworldofartifactsthatevidencedZhengHe’svoyages.TheexhibitiongeneratedhugepublicityandcorrespondingnewevidencefromAsiaandChina.Iamindebtedtotheprovidersandsponsorsoftheexhibition.TheexhibitionhasnowmovedtoDr.TanTaSen’swonderfulChengHoCulturalMuseuminMalacca.
![Page 1669: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1669.jpg)
LaboratoriesandTestingInstitutions
Iamindebtedtothefollowinginstitutionsfortheireconomical,efficient,courteous,andtimelytestingofevidence:RafterRadiocarbonLaboratory,WaikatoUniversity,GPRDataLLC,Oregon,GPRGeophysicalServices,andForestResearch;Pearsonplc.Fortheirfinancialassistance
![Page 1670: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1670.jpg)
inprovidinggroundpenetratingradarsurveyoftheSacramentowrecksite;SurreyUniversityforestablishingtheoriginofelementsinartifactsemployingRutherfordbackscatteringtechniques.
HarperCollinsTeam
FormuchappreciatedhelpandassistanceprovidedbyHarperCollinsanditsimprint
![Page 1671: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1671.jpg)
WilliamMorrowintheUSA—particularlymyeditor,HenryFerris,andhisassistant,associateeditorPeterHubbard.ThanksalsotoLisaGallagher,LynnGrady,TaviaKowalchuk,andBenBruton.
ForHarperCollinshelpandsupportintheUnitedKingdom,thankstoCaroleTonkinson,KatyCarrington,JaneBeaton,AnnaGibson,
![Page 1672: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1672.jpg)
IainChapple,andJessicaCarey.
The1434Team
Finally,mythankstotheteamwhohavebeendirectlyresponsiblefor1434:
Midas,ledbyStevenWilliamsandassistedinAsiabyKaiitenCommunications,haveachievedalmostunbelievableworldwide
![Page 1673: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1673.jpg)
publicity—Iamtoldmorethan22,000articlesormentionsinprintmediaalone.InactingformeIfeelsureMidasdidnotchargenormalcommercialratesbutwhatIcouldafford.TheirsuccesshasresultedinanendlessstreamofnewevidenceandhasassistedTransworld(whodidawonderfuljobwith1421)sellingworldwideliteraryrights.
![Page 1674: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1674.jpg)
ChristopherHigham,whohandlesTVrights,hascontributedtoworldwidesalesbyachievingimportanttelevisiondocumentariesbroadcastacrossAmerica,Europe,thePacific,Australia,andAsia.Thisinturnhasbroughtnewfriendstoourwebsitewithnewideasandnewevidence.Chrishasbornehisownexpensesandcontributedhistimeforfiveyears.
![Page 1675: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1675.jpg)
Pedalohasdevisedwebsiteswww.1421.tvandwww.gavinmenzies.nettocopewiththisavalancheofnewevidence.Itseffortshaveresultedinverypopularsites—wenowhave3,500visitsadayfrom120countriesaroundtheworld.Pedalo’sfeeforachievingthiswasonethirdthatofitsnearestcompetitor.
LuigiBonomi,myliterary
![Page 1676: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1676.jpg)
agent,principalofLBA,sold1434toHarperCollins,thefirstpublishertobeapproached.Luigialsosold1421toTransworldwhenhewasapartnerinSheilLand.Luigiis,tomymind,themostsuccessfulBritishliteraryagent—authorstakenote!Withouthimtherewouldhavebeenno1421andno1434.
FrankLee,anexperienced
![Page 1677: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1677.jpg)
Chinesebusinessman,sold1421filmrightstoWarnerBros.ChinaandwasinstrumentalinnegotiatingwithPhoenixTelevisiontoproducealengthyMandarin-languagedocumentaryon1421andinreturnsetupaMandarin1421website—agreatsourceofnewevidencefromMandarinandCantonesespeakers.Frankhasinhisbusinesscareersetupaverysuccessfulsales
![Page 1678: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1678.jpg)
teaminChinaandelsewhereinAsiaandhasahugenetworkoffriendsandcontacts.HeisalsoadiscerninghistorianandhaspioneeredanewsearchengineforChinesehistoricalrecords.Frankwilltakeoverfrommeaschiefexecutiveofthe1421and1434organizationsinlate2008orearly2009.BythenwehopetheWarnerBros.filmonZhengHewillhavebeen
![Page 1679: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1679.jpg)
releasedfordistribution.
WendiWatsonandherhusband,Mike,haveproducedtheillustrationsanddiagramsfor1434astheydidfor1421.Wendihasworkedfrommyoriginalunpromisingscrawlwithgoodnatureandpatienceforthepastsevenyears.Herresultsspeakforthemselves—inmyviewWendihasgreatlyenhancedthebook
![Page 1680: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1680.jpg)
andmadethedetailedevidencemucheasiertoassimilate.
LauraTathamhasword-processed1434innofewerthanfourteendraftswithoutoncecomplainingorlosinghersenseofhumor.Laura,whoatthiswritingisapproachingherninetiethyear,hassupportedmebyword-processingmyscribblesforthepasttwenty-fiveyears.
![Page 1681: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1681.jpg)
ItisablessingformethatIhavebeenabletodissuadeherfromretiring!
Ourresearchershere—EricaEdes,AntoniaBowen-Jones,VanessaStockley,LornaLopes,AnnaMandy,AnnaRennie,SusieSanford,andLeanneWelham—areatestamenttotoday’syoungpeopleandtheBritisheducationsystem.Unlikeme,theyareuniversitygraduates
![Page 1682: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1682.jpg)
withgoodhonorsdegrees.Theyhaveconsistentlyandwithoutexceptionshowndedication,responsibility,initiative,andhardworkinassemblingintoacoherentwholeadisparatemassofassortedevidencethatpoursintoourcomputersdayafterday.TheyareheadandshouldersbetterthanIandmanyofmyfriendswereatasimilarage—wewere,forthemostpart,drunken,
![Page 1683: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1683.jpg)
irresponsibleruffians.
TheirdedicationandgoodnatureisalsoattributabletoIanHudson,whohasledourresearchteamthesepastfiveyears.IanhasthequalitiesIlack—goodnature,politeness,andcommonsense.WhateverreadersconsiderwemayhaveachievedisduetoIanasmuchastome.Thefuturesuccessofthe1434teamwill
![Page 1684: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1684.jpg)
largelydependonIan’sleadership,justasthe1421teamhasthesepastfiveyears.
Andfinally,Ioffergratitudetomybelovedwife,Marcella.Readerswillappreciatethatitisnotaneasydecisionforawifetobeaskedtoagreetoahusbandinhisseventiesinmoderatehealthplowinghisroyaltiesintofutureresearchratherthanintoapension
![Page 1685: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1685.jpg)
fund—andinadditiontakingonnewfinancialobligationsforyetfurtherresearch.Inourexcitementsandsetbacksoverthepastfiveyearssince1421waspublished,Marcellahasonceagainsupportedmetothehilt,enablingthisgreatadventuretocontinue.
Iandthisbookowehereverything.
![Page 1686: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1686.jpg)
GavinMenzies
London
FeastofAllSaints,2007
![Page 1687: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1687.jpg)
NOTES
Introduction
1.AntonioPigafetta,Magellan’sVoyage:ANarrativeAccountoftheFirstCircumnavigationtrans.R.A.Skelton.(Cambridge,Mass.:FolioSociety1975)p.49.
![Page 1688: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1688.jpg)
Chapter1:ALastVoyage
1.Twitchett,CambridgeHistory,vol.3p.231.2.PrivatecorrespondencebetweenauthorandMr.FrankLee,2005.3.Tsai,PerpetualHappiness,reviewedinJournaloftheAmericanOriental
![Page 1689: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1689.jpg)
Society122,no.4(Oct.–Dec.2002):849–50.ViewableonJSTOR.4.Dreyer,ZhengHe,p.6.5.Tamburlainediedin1405.HissonShahRokhsucceededhiminPersia,asdidhisgrandsonUlughBeghinSamarkand.Accountsofthe
![Page 1690: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1690.jpg)
accidentarebasedonaPersianfifteenth-centuryaccount.6.Dreyer,pp.174–182.7.CambridgeHistoryofChinap.272.DictionaryofMingBiography,p.533.8.CambridgeHistoryofChinap278,302.Renzong
![Page 1691: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1691.jpg)
ShiLu,ch.1.9.CambridgeHistoryofChinaVII286–8.
Chapter2:TheEmperor’sAmbassador
1&2.AmedallionhasbeenfoundinNorthCarolinaissuedbytheXuanDeemperortohisrepresentative.For
![Page 1692: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1692.jpg)
theargumentsputforwardabouttheauthenticityofthebrassmedallionandrefutationsbyDr.S.L.Lee,refertoDr.Lee’swebsiteAsiawind(seebelow).IamconvincedthatthemedallionissuedbyZhuZhanjifoundinNorthCarolinaandnowownedbyDr.
![Page 1693: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1693.jpg)
LeeisgenuineforthemultiplicityofreasonsgivenbyDr.Lee.ResearchofDr.S.L.Lee.See1421website,(www.1421.tv),andAsiawind,(http://www.asiawind.com/zhenghe/).3.Dreyer,EarlyMing,p.144,translatingfromXuanzongShi-lu,Theshi-lusweretrue
![Page 1694: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1694.jpg)
recordsoftheperiodcompiledinahighlyformalizedmandarinprocess,summarizedaftertheemperor’sdeathwithashi-luofhisreign.shi-lusservedastheprimarysourcefortheofficialhistoryofthedynasty,frequentlycompiledduringthesucceedingdynasty,
![Page 1695: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1695.jpg)
e.g.,bytheQingdynastyfortheMing.ZhengHelivedinthereignsoffiveMingemperors,fourofwhomhadaShi-lucomposedfortheirreigns.Theshi-lusystemhasseverallethaldeficiencies.First,succeedingdynastiesinvariablyloatheearlieronesanddestroymuch
![Page 1696: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1696.jpg)
thattheyconsidercreditablefromanearlierdynasty.Second,mandarineducationwasnarrowintheextreme.Ifsomethingdidnotappearinashi-lu,itcouldnothavehappened.Thisisepitomizedintheabsurdconclusionreachedbycertain
![Page 1697: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1697.jpg)
mandarin“scholars”thatiftheshi-ludoesnotsayZhengHe’sfleetsreachedAmerica,thentheydidnot.SuchasystemignoresfleetsthatsailedtoAmerica,gotwreckedthere,ordecidedtostayandneverreturnedtoChina.Theshi-lusystemleaves
![Page 1698: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1698.jpg)
appallingholesinChinesehistory.However,perhapsIshouldbethankful—ifhistoryhadbeenproperlyrecordedinChina,Chinesescholarswouldhavewrittenbookssimilartominecenturiesago!SeeDreyer,ZhengHe,p.144.4.ThisisJ.L.L.Duyvendak’s
![Page 1699: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1699.jpg)
translation,in“TheTrueDates,”pp.341–345,349.Duyvendak’sviewsonthevoyagesreachedalmostmythicalstatus—takenasgospelbyhistorianafterhistorian.InmyviewDuyvendak’srestrictionofZhengHetosevenvoyagesisludicrous.Ifone
![Page 1700: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1700.jpg)
takestheshipbuildingrecords,thereweremorethan1,000ships(andpossiblymanymore)availabletoZhengHeoneachofthe“sevenvoyages”recordedbyDuyvendak.Itisnotremotelypossibletocontrolfleetsofthatsize.Therewereinmyviewbetween20
![Page 1701: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1701.jpg)
and50fleetsatseacontinuouslybetweencirca1407and1434,undertheoverallstrategiccommandofZhengHe,whomayindeedhavereceivedonlysevenimperialorders.Therewerehundredsofvoyagesduringthoseyears,notseven.Re“3,000countries,”
![Page 1702: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1702.jpg)
Duyvendakatp.345,n.2,arguesthat“3000”isacopyisterrorfor“30.”HethendestroyshisargumentbyshowingtheChinesesymbolfor“3,000”besideonefor“30.”The“3,000”symbolhasanextrabarontop.A“copyisterror”wouldproduce“30”from
![Page 1703: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1703.jpg)
“3,000,”nottheotherwayaround.The“3000”madebytheengraverisclearlydeliberate.5.Ibid.6.CorrespondencebetweenauthorandMr.LiuGang.Fulltexton1421website,www.1421.tv.Mr.LiuGang’stranslationmaybe
![Page 1704: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1704.jpg)
viewedonthe1434websiteundertheheading“TheRealDiscovereroftheWorld—ZhengHe.”(Seenote20for‘3000’countries)7.LiuGangResearch2006see1434website8.ProfessorXiLongfeiandDr.SallyChurchreferencesare
![Page 1705: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1705.jpg)
invaluable.Theyshouldbereadinconjunctionwithnote9.AfulllistofreferencesintheTaizongShi-lutoshipbuildingaregiveninDreyer,ZhengHe,p.116–121.9.Chaudhuri,TradeandCivilisationintheIndianOcean,p.
![Page 1706: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1706.jpg)
241,Notes,Chapter7,Note29,citingAbdu’rRazzaq,Matla’alSa’daininElliotandDowson,eds.,TheHistoryofIndia,IV,103.10.Camões,K.N.Chaudhuri“TradeandCivilisationintheIndianOcean,”CambridgeUniversityPress,1985.p.154
![Page 1707: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1707.jpg)
11.ProfessorPanBiao’sworkwasbroughttomyattentionbyTaiPengWang.Mr.Wanghaskindlyallowedmetoplaceonourwebsitethearticle“TheMostStartlingDiscoveryfromZhengHe’sTreasureShipyards.”ProfessorPanBiao’sworkwascarriedout
![Page 1708: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1708.jpg)
attheInstituteofWoodMaterialScienceofNanjingForestryUniversity.Theyanalyzed236piecesofwoodfoundatthebottomofno.6drydockinNanjing,whichhadbeenfloodedfor600years.ProfessorPanBiaoshowsthathardwoodwasimportedtoChina
![Page 1709: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1709.jpg)
andJavaonamassivescaletoallowZhengHe’sjunkstobebuiltinChinaandrepairedinJava.ThesefindscorroboratetheworkofProfessorAnthonyReid(seen.11).AcombinationofPanBiao’sandReid’sworkshowshowbuildingsuchmassivefleets
![Page 1710: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1710.jpg)
resultedinglobalizationofthetimbertradeinAsia.Seewww.gavinmenzies.net.12.Reid,SoutheastAsiaintheAgeofCommerce,vol.2,p.39.ProfessorReidsuggeststhatthemostlikelyexplanationforthefloweringoffifteenth-century
![Page 1711: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1711.jpg)
Javaneseshipbuildingwasa“creativemeldingofChineseandJavanesemarinetechnologyinthewakeofZhengHeexpeditions.”“Ineachoftheseasons1406,1414,1418and1432fleetsofahundredormoreChinesevesselsspentlongperiods
![Page 1712: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1712.jpg)
refittingintheportsofEastJava.”13.ThisexercisetookplaceintheAndamanSeaandStraitofMalaccainJanuaryandFebruary1969.SingaporeandMalaysianarmedservicesparticipated.14.ThistookplaceintheSouthChinaSea,southofthe
![Page 1713: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1713.jpg)
AnambasIslands,inJuly1969.15.Dreyer,p.127,hasagoodsummary.Thenamesoftheviceandrearadmiralsaretakenfrominscriptionsonthestelesdescribedearlierinthechapter.Dreyergivesthenamesatpp.146,208–15.WangJinghong’s
![Page 1714: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1714.jpg)
nameissometimesspelledWangGuitong,WangQinglian,andWangZinghong.HewasafterZhengHethesenioradmiraluntilbeingdrowned.HouXianwaslaterenvoytoTibetandNepal.16.Fortheeffortsofthe1421teaminassistingtolocatethevarious
![Page 1715: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1715.jpg)
remainingpiecesoftheYongleDadianthatarescatteredaroundEuropeanlibrariesanduniversities,pleaserefertoour1434website,www.gavinmenzies.net.TheNationalLibraryofChinawilldigitizewhatisleftofthismassiveencyclopedia,which
![Page 1716: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1716.jpg)
wastwelvetimeslargerthanDiderot’seighteenth-centuryencyclopedia,thentheworld’slargestoutsideChina.CurrentlytheNationalLibraryinBeijinghas221books,and60arestoredinTaiwan.TheLibraryofCongresshas41books,theUnited
![Page 1717: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1717.jpg)
Kingdom51,Germany,5,andCornellUniversity,5.CornellUniversityhasanexcellentwebsite,ExploreCornell-WasonCollection.“Startingin1403undertheaegisoftheMingDynastyYongleEmperor(reign1402–1424)theentireintellectual
![Page 1718: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1718.jpg)
heritageofChinawasscrutinisedfortextsworthytobeincludedinwhatwastobecometheeditorialisedexpressionofChinesecivilization.OnehundredandfortysixofthemostaccomplishedscholarsoftheChineseempiretookpart.(Seealso
![Page 1719: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1719.jpg)
NeedhamVol32p.174–5)After16monthsofwork,theScholarssubmittedthefinalproduct….”TheEmperorhoweverrefusedthetomeonthegroundsthatitwasnotonthegrandscalehehadenvisaged.Consequentlyheappointedanothereditorialcommittee
![Page 1720: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1720.jpg)
completewithcommissioners,directors,sub-directorsandastaffofnolessthan2141assistants“making2169personsinall.”Thenewlyassembledcommitteeexpandedgreatlyontheideaofliteratureandincludedsacredtexts,medicine,
![Page 1721: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1721.jpg)
writingsongeographyandastronomy,theartsandcrafts,history,philosophyandthebythencanonizedConfuciantexts….TheEmperorthenorderedtheentireworktobetranscribedsothatitcouldbeprintedwhichwouldfacilitatethe
![Page 1722: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1722.jpg)
distributionprocess.”Seee-mailsbetweenLamYeeDin,TaiPangWeng,LiuGang,Dr.S.L.Lee,andEdLiuatwww.gavinmenzies.net.InmyopinionthemostlikelyplacetofindchunksoftheYongleDadianwillbetheLouvre.Napoleontook
![Page 1723: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1723.jpg)
VenetianrecordstoParis.SeeNeedham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.19,andvol.32,p.174.17.SeeNeedham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol19,p.49–50,109–10,andvol.32,p.174.InMay1913,HerbertGileswrotetoCornellUniversityconfirmingthat
![Page 1724: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1724.jpg)
Cambridgeonlyhasonevolume.Seealsoe-mailsbetweenLamYeeDin,TaiPangWeng,LiuGiang,Dr.S.L.Lee,andEdLiuon1434website,www.gavinmenzies.net.18.TaiPengWangkindlybroughtthisresearchtomyattention,ashasLamYeeDin.See1434
![Page 1725: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1725.jpg)
website19.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.32,pp.100–175;andTemple,GeniusofChina,pp.110–15.Fortranscribedcopies,seeCornellUniversityExploreCornell-WasonCollection.20.Needham,Scienceand
![Page 1726: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1726.jpg)
Civilisation,vol19.21.K.N.Chaudhiri“TradeandCivilisationintheIndianOcean,”CambridgeUniversityPress,1985.p.154,Note29.
Chapter3:TheFleetsArePreparedfortheVoyagetotheBarbarians
![Page 1727: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1727.jpg)
1.IamIndebtedtotheresearchofTaiPengWang,whoseworkhasbeenthefoundationforthischapter.Seetitlesofpapersinbibliography.2.NeedhamVol27p.1453.NeedhamVol30pt.2p.83Forcalendars,seeNeedham,vol.3,
![Page 1728: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1728.jpg)
pp.49,125,378–381.
Chapter4:ZhengHe’sNavigators’CalculationsofLatitudeandLongitude
Extensivenotesonwww.gavinmenzies.net.
Chapter5:VoyagetotheRedSea
1.TaiPengWeng,“ZhengHeVisitto
![Page 1729: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1729.jpg)
Cairo,”p.2,n.18,and“TaleofGlobalisation.”2.Nelsonhadtwenty-sevenshipsatTrafalgar.3.YingzongShi-lu,chap.31,38,45.4.XiFeilong,YangXi,andTangXieninTaiPengWang,“ZhengHeDelegationtoPapalCourt,”p.6,
![Page 1730: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1730.jpg)
detailingHongBao;and“ZhengHeandHisEnvoys”p.1.5.Hall,EmpiresoftheMonsoon,p.87–89.6.Ibid.,p.124.7.TaiPengWang,“ZhengHeandHisEnvoys,p.1.8.IbnTagriBirdi,AlNujunAzZahiraFiMulekMisrWalKahira.
![Page 1731: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1731.jpg)
9.LamYeDinandLiuGangresearch,onwww.gavinmenzies.net.SeealsoTaiPengWang,“WhatWastheRouteTakentoFlorence”,p.1.10.IbnBattutavol4,p.813.11.TheTravelsofIbnBattutaAD1325–1354,vol.4HakluytSociety,
![Page 1732: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1732.jpg)
1994),p.773.12.TaiPengWang,“ZhengHeandHisEnvoys,”p.2.SeealsoS.D.Goitein,“NewLightontheBeginningsofKarimMerchants,”bothavailableatwww.gavinmenzies.net.13.TaiPangWeng,“ZhengHeandHisEnvoys,”p.2.14.TaiPengWang,
![Page 1733: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1733.jpg)
see1434website15.PooleHistoryofEgypt.FrankCassandCoLtdLondon189416.TaiPengWang,see1434website.17.On1434website.18.TaiPangWengandLamYeeDinresearchon1434website
Chapter6:Cairoandthe
![Page 1734: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1734.jpg)
RedSeaCanal
1.Thisparagraphandindeedmuchelseofchapter6isaparaphraseofchaptersfromJamesAldridge’smarvelousbookCairo:BiographyofaCity.Macmillan1969Tomymindthisbookisthefinesttravelbook
![Page 1735: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1735.jpg)
everwritten.Aldridgehasanamazingknackforaccuratelycompressingandsummarizingawealthofinformationinafewsentences.Heisalsoabrilliantwriter,wittywithoutbeingunkind,choosingwithgreatskillhowandwhento
![Page 1736: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1736.jpg)
highlightcolorfulepisodesofEgypt’shistory.Thisbookisajoytoread,andIhavedonesomanytimes.IstronglyrecommendittoanyonethinkingofvisitingEgypt.2.Ibid.,pp.5,27,and127.3.Redmount,“WadiTumilat”;andPayne,TheCanalBuilders.
![Page 1737: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1737.jpg)
Payne’schapterentitled“ScorpionandLabyrinth”givesadetailedaccountofthebuildersfromthepharaohstoGreekandRomantimes.4.Aldridge,Cairo,pp.27,43,78,79.5.Poole,HistoryofEgypt,p.20.“Ina.h.23…itranpastBilbeystotheCrocodileLakeand
![Page 1738: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1738.jpg)
then…totheportattheheadoftheRedSea.”6.Aldridge,Cairo,p.127;al-Makrizi,Histoired’Egypte;and.Revaisse,“EssaiSurL’Histoire.”7.SSECO.Amoreextensivereportoftheproceedingsmaybefoundonourwebsite,
![Page 1739: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1739.jpg)
www.1434.tv.SeealsoIbnTaghriBirdi,AbiI-Mahasin“AHistoryofEgypt1383–1469,”trans.WilliamPopper(BerkleyandLosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1958)p.86.8.R.L.Hobson,“ChinesePorcelainfromFustat”BurlingtonMagazine
![Page 1740: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1740.jpg)
forConnoisseurs61,no.354.AphotographofapieceofblueandwhiteporcelainofZhuDi’sreignfoundatFustatisshownonour1434website.9.Aldridge,Cairo.Thechapterentitled“Saladin’sCairo,”fromwhichthisquoteistaken,isasumptuouslywritten
![Page 1741: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1741.jpg)
descriptionshowingAldridgeattheheightofhispowers.10.JacquesBerges,quotedinBraudel,HistoryofCivilisations,p.66.
Chapter7:ToVeniceofNiccolòdaConti
1.“GeographyoftheMediterranean”Thefirsttwo
![Page 1742: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1742.jpg)
paragraphsofthischapterareaparaphraseofthecelebratedFrenchhistorianandpoliticianFernandBraudel’smarvelousworkTheMediterraneanintheTimeofPhilipII.Ihavereferredtothismasterpiecetimeandagain,forinmyviewBraudelis
![Page 1743: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1743.jpg)
perhapsthegreatestEuropeanhistorian,capableofsummarizingavastarrayofdisparatefactsintoacoherentandreadablewhole.2.Norwich,Venice:TheGreatness;Hibbert,BiographyofaCity;Lorenzetti,VeniceandItsLagoon;Brion,MasqueofItaly.See
![Page 1744: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1744.jpg)
alsoVeniceandtheIslands(London:1956),p.22.3.Ibid.4.Iamindebtedtoanumberofwriterswhoarehouseholdnames.Norwich,Veniceisaclassic.Norwich,inhisownwords,isan“unashamedpopulariser”—agreatachievement.
![Page 1745: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1745.jpg)
Thosewhodenigratepopularizershavenoideahowdifficultpopularizingis.AnotherpopularizerwhoisalsoeruditeandwhowritesinacharmingstyleisJanMorris.MydescriptionsoflifeonVenetiangalleysandofharborswithintheVenetianEmpirearetaken
![Page 1746: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1746.jpg)
largelyfromherVenetianEmpire.5.DescriptionsoftheVenetianEmpireMorris,VenetianEmpire,hascolorfuldescriptionsnotonlyoftheVenetianintheeasternMediterraneanbutalsooflifeaboardVenetiangalleys.Shebringstolifethetoughandskillful
![Page 1747: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1747.jpg)
tradersandseamenwhomadeVenice.Ihaveextensivelyparaphrasedherbookfromp.135onward.AlsoNorwich,Venice,pp.39–41.6.Croatans—seeThompson,Friar’sMapatpages171–1747.SeeEuropeanJournalofHuman
![Page 1748: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1748.jpg)
Genetics,II,p.535–542,entitles“YchromosomalheritageofCroatianpopulationanditsislandisolates,LavorkaBara,MarijanaPeriiandcolleagues.TheDNAreportsreferredtoisonourwebsite,www.gavinmenzies.net.8.Morris,Venetian
![Page 1749: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1749.jpg)
Empire,p.107;Brion,MaskofItaly,pp.86,91;andAlazard,Venise,p.73.9.Morris,VenetianEmpire,pp.160–61.SeealsoJ.A.Cuddon,Jugoslavia:TheCompanionGuide(London:1968)pp.140–41.10.Brion,aMaskofItaly,pp.80–83;and
![Page 1750: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1750.jpg)
Braudel,WheelsofCommerce,pp.99–168.11.LucaPaccioli,“Summadearithmetica,geometria,proportionietproportionalita,”inBrion,MaskofItaly,p.91;Alazard,Venise,pp.72–73;andBraudel,WheelsofCommerce,pp.
![Page 1751: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1751.jpg)
141–68and390–424.12.Brion,MasqueofItaly,p.83;andHibbert,Biography,pp.36–48.13.Hibbert,Biography,pp.36–40.14.Brion,MasqueofItaly,p.83.SeealsoMasLatric,Commerceetexpeditionsmilitaire
![Page 1752: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1752.jpg)
CollectiondesDocumentsinedits,vol.3(Paris:1880).15.Hutton,VeniceandVenetia,pp.30–41.Electa(authorsEugeniaBianchi,NadiaRighi,andMariaCristinaTerzaghi)hasproducedabeautifullyillustratedguide,PiazzaSanMarco
![Page 1753: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1753.jpg)
andMuseums,fromwhichIhaveextensivelyquoted.63showstheworldmapinthemaproomoftheDoges’Palace.SeedescriptionsinHibbert,Biography,pp.57–58.16.Brion,MasqueofItaly,withadifferenttranslation,p.84;Norwich,VeniceSee
![Page 1754: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1754.jpg)
alsoPeterLauritzen,Venice(NewYork1978),p.87.17.F.M.Rogers,TheTravelsofanInfante,DomPedroofPortugal(Cambridge,Mass.:arvardUniversityPress,1961),pp.45–48,325.18.Hall,EmpiresoftheMonsoon,pp.88,124.
![Page 1755: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1755.jpg)
19.Hutton,VeniceandVenetia,pp.261,127.(VittorePisano).Olschki,p.101.20.Olschki,“AsiaticExoticism,”p.105,n.69.21.Origo,“DomesticEnemy.”
(SubsidiaryNotesforChapter7)
![Page 1756: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1756.jpg)
a)Pisanello’sDrawingsinVeniceandFlorence1419–1438
AntoniodiBartolomeoPisano,(laterknownasPisanello),wasbornprobablyinVeronabefore1395.HewaspaintingmuralsintheDoges’Palacebefore1419inassociationwithorinsuccessiontoGentiledeFabriano.In1432hewaspaintinginRomeatSaint
![Page 1757: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1757.jpg)
JohnLateran,andbetween1432and1438hepaintedinFlorence.HealsopaintedinMantuafortheGonzagas,inFerrarafortheEstefamily,andfortheCatholicChurchinVerona.HemademedalsfortheHolyRomanEmperorSigismundofLuxembourgandfortheByzantineemperorJohnVIIIPalaeologus(whoattendedtheCouncilofFlorencein1438).Pisanelloisnotedfor
![Page 1758: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1758.jpg)
thepowerofhissketchesfromreallife.Hewasoneofthegreatestexponentsofdrawingofalltime—intheviewofsomeexpertsalmostofthecaliberofLeonardodaVinci.Manyconsiderthequalityofhisdrawingsexceedsthatofhispaintings.b)TheMongolianGeneral
TheLouvrekeepsaboxofcommentsforeachofPisanello’ssketches.Ihave
![Page 1759: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1759.jpg)
readthecommentsofvariousexpertswhohaveattemptedanexplanationofwhereandwhenPisanellosawtheMongoliangeneralorwhetherhesawanothersketchorportraitfromwhichhecopied.Thevariousopinionsarecollatedandrefutedonebyoneby“D”inafive-pageopinionentitled“Pisanello:Quatretêtesd’hommescoiffésd’unbonnet,deprofileoudetrois
![Page 1760: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1760.jpg)
quarts,”whichincludesabibliographyofthetwelveexperts.IassumeDwasanexpertworkingattheLouvre;hisorheropinionisonourwebsite.Asmaybeseen,DdoesnotconsiderthattheMongolgeneralwaspartoftheentourageoftheByzantineorHolyRomanEmperorandisunabletoofferasolutionastowherePisanellosawhim.Dalsoadvancesanopiniononthe
![Page 1761: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1761.jpg)
secondMongol,whom,asherightlysays,hasaretroussénose.c)Pisanello’sMandarinHat
Onthe1434website’sextendednotes(chap.7)isaportraitofawealthyChineseinahat(BulletinoftheMetropolitanMuseumofArt15(Jan.1920),asreportedinJSTOR).Hewearsatypicalmandarinhat—blackwithflapsatthesideandfront(the
![Page 1762: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1762.jpg)
frontflapcanonlybeclearlyseenbyviewingtheoriginal).Thesehatsareverydistinctive,showninmanyChinesepaintingsoftheMingdynastyandreproducedonthePBSdocumentary1421.TheywerenotwornbyanyotherpeoplesthanChinese,asfarasIamaware.Sodespitetheretroussénose,inmyopinionthefigurebeneaththeMongolgeneralcanonlybeamandarin.
![Page 1763: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1763.jpg)
d)Pisanello’sDragon-CarryingShip
Thisdragonhasthreeclaws.InChinaintheMingdynasty,five-claweddragonswerefortheemperor’suse;theimperialfamilyandcourtiersweregrantedfourclawsorfewer.Thisdrawing,therefore,accordswithadragonornamentownedbyaChinesecourtier.e)Pisanello’sDrawingof
![Page 1764: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1764.jpg)
“Macchinaidraulica”(Deganhart147)
AsfarasIamaware,thisisthefirstEuropeandrawingofapistonpump—precedingTaccolaandLeonardo.Inthe1430sthepistonpumpwasunknowninEuropebuthadbeeninuseinChinafortwohundredyears.Pisanello’sdrawingalsoshowsabucketpumpcalledinItalytartari.f)Pisanello’sDrawingsof
![Page 1765: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1765.jpg)
GunswithTripleBarrels(Deganhart139)
Triple-barreledgunswereunknowninItalywhenPisanellomadethissketchbutwereinuseinChina(seechap.19).
Pisanello’sDecoratedGunBarrels(140)
TheseaccordwithFrancescodiGiorgio’s,
![Page 1766: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1766.jpg)
drawntwodecadeslater.
Pisanello’sPortraitofaWoundedSoldier(133)
ThisisaMongol.
Pisanello’sPaintingoftheMongolGeneral
Notehisrichsilkclothes—mere“Archers”wouldnothavewornthese.
![Page 1767: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1767.jpg)
OtherPisanelloDrawings,NotYetAnalyzedbytheAuthor
WaterBuffaloes:Louvre,inv2409
Tartarpalletpumpandwaterwheels:Louvre,2284,2285
ColdDesertCamels:Louvre,inv2476
![Page 1768: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1768.jpg)
ShipwithCarvedHull:Louvre,inv2282to2288
Chapter8:PaoloToscanelli’sFlorence
1.IstronglysuspectthatBrunelleschiandToscanellialsomettheChineseambassadorandChinesemathematiciansandastronomersinZhu
![Page 1769: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1769.jpg)
Di’sreignbetween1408and1413.ChineserecordsshowZhuDi’semissariesdidtraveltoRomeandFlorenceinthatperiod,butIhavebeenunabletofindanyItalianrecordsinsupportortogivecorroborativeevidence.Papalrecordsatthistime
![Page 1770: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1770.jpg)
wereinacompletemessbecauseoftheschism.TheVaticanlibraryhasnorecordofEugeniusIVrecordswhileinexileinFlorenceandFerrara.IhavebeenunabletofindrecordsoftheAvignonpapacyandhavenotsearchedrecordsoftheSpanishpope.My
![Page 1771: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1771.jpg)
guessisthatiftherecordseventuallyturnup,theywillbeamongthoseoftheCouncilofConstance(1415–1418),whenthetriplepapacycametoanendandMartinVbecamesolepope.Brunelleschicouldhaveobtainedhisknowledgeofspherical
![Page 1772: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1772.jpg)
trigonometryfromtheArabsandofreversiblehoistsandpinholecamerasfromtheRomans—butallthisandarticulatedbargesand“Chinese”methodsofimprovingmortaratthesametime?2.IhavereadmanybooksontheRenaissance,asmay
![Page 1773: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1773.jpg)
beexpected.Somearebrilliantlywritten.Myfavorites,fromwhichIhavequotedextensively,are:Plumb,TheHorizonBookoftheRenaissance(seepp.14–19forItalyafterthefallofRome);Hibbert,RiseandFall(seepp.32–39foreconomicgrowth
![Page 1774: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1774.jpg)
andemergenceoftheMedici’s);Hollingsworth,Patronage(seepp.48–55forCosimode’Medici’spatronageofRenaissancescholarsandinparticulartheSanLorenzosacristy);Bruckner,RenaissanceFlorence(seepp.1–6forFlorence’s
![Page 1775: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1775.jpg)
economicdevelopment,notablytheRiverArno,pp.42–43fortheroleofslavesineconomicdevelopment;andpp.216–18forearlycommunicationamongsocialgroups);Carmichael,PlagueandthePoor(seepp.122–26forcontroloftheplague
![Page 1776: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1776.jpg)
bymeansofprintededicts);andJardine,WorldlyGoods(forspreadingRenaissanceideas).Thenexttwoparagraphsaresummariesandextensivequotesfromtheseauthors.Theirdescriptionsareextraordinarilyvividandsorevealingthatinmy
![Page 1777: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1777.jpg)
viewitwouldbeawasteofeveryone’stimeformetotryandimproveonthem.3.Plumb,HorizonBookoftheRenaissance,jacketcopy.4.ThisparagraphisasummaryofPlumb’smagnificentbook,withmanydirectquotes.Plumb,
![Page 1778: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1778.jpg)
itseemstome,hasbrilliantlyhighlightedthereasonsfordivisionsofEuropeafterthefallofRome.HorizonBookoftheRenaissance.5.BernardBerenson,EssaysintheStudyofSienesePainting.6.LeonardOlschki,“AsiaticExoticism.”7.Ibid.,p.105
![Page 1779: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1779.jpg)
8.Hibbert,RiseandFall;Plumb,HorizonBookoftheRenaissance;Hollingsworth,Patronage;Bruckner,RenaissanceFlorence.9.Origo,MerchantofPrato.10.RiseandFall;andHibbert,Hollingsworth,
![Page 1780: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1780.jpg)
Patronage.11.TimothyJ.McGee,“DinnerMusicfortheFlorentineSignoria,1350–1450,Speculum,74,no.1(Jan.1999):95,ViewableonJSTOR.12.RiseandFall;andHibbert,Hollingsworth,Patronage,pp.48–55.
![Page 1781: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1781.jpg)
13.Hollingsworth,Patronage,p.50.14.Brown,“LaetenturCaeli.”15.Beck,“LeonaBattistaAlberti.”ToscanellicometaryobservationsalsoinG.Celoria,SulleosservazionidecometeFattedaPaulodalPozziToscanelli(Milan:1921).
![Page 1782: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1782.jpg)
Chapter9:ToscanelliMeetstheChineseAmbassador
1.Markham,JournalsofChristopherColumbusTheoverwhelmingmajorityofhistoriansconsidertheletterstoCanonMartinsandChristopher
![Page 1783: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1783.jpg)
Columbustobegenuine.In1905theFrenchhistorianHenriVignaudmadeanattempttosaythattheywereforgedbutasfarasIknow,nootherscholarhassupportedVignaud.Recentstudiesdescribedinchapter12showthatToscanelli’swritingonhiscometary
![Page 1784: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1784.jpg)
observationsisthesameastheletters.Moreover,everystatementinToscanelli’sletterscanbesubstantiated—forthereasonsinchapter11.IfToscanelli’sletterswereforgeries,thenWaldseemüller’s“GreenGlobe,”andmapof1507wouldbeaswell.Ahostof
![Page 1785: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1785.jpg)
academicsdownthecenturiesandacrossEuropewouldhavetobepartytotheforgery.ThemiddlepartofToscanelli’slettertoCanonMartinshasbeenfoundbyHarrisseintheBibliotecaColombinainSeville.ThisisacopymadebyColumbushimselfof
![Page 1786: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1786.jpg)
theletterfromToscanellitoCanonMartins.2.Johnson,ThePapacy,pp.18,100–3,106,115–19,125.3.GLorenzetti,VeniceandItsLagoon,pp.623–58,(mapat660):Palaces15,32,35,40,42,43,66,and84(numbersasshownonmap).
![Page 1787: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1787.jpg)
4.Sameasnote15.ThesewordswerefrequentlyinterchangeableinmedievalEurope.6.Seedetailednotesforchapter13thatsummarisethecooperationbetweenToscanelli,Alberti,NicholasofCusa,andRegiomontanus.ForUzielli,SeeZinner,
![Page 1788: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1788.jpg)
Regiomontanus,p.59.7.Ibid.8.MrA.G.SelfandF.H.H.GuillemardSeenotes6to12forchapter109.IhaveseenSchöner’s1520globeinthebasementoftheGermanHistoricalMuseum,Nuremberg,courtesy
![Page 1789: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1789.jpg)
ofthecurator.Itisnotonpublicdisplay,unlikeBehaim’s1492globe,alsointhatmuseum.
Chapter10:Columbus’sandMagellan’sWorldMaps
1.Vignaud,ToscanelliandColumbus,pp.322,
![Page 1790: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1790.jpg)
323.2.Ibid.3.“InthetimeofEugenius.”4.Zinner,Regiomontanus,reportingUzielli,p.59.5.Pigafetta,Magellan’sVoyage,p.58;andPigafettaandMiller,StraitsofMagellan.6.Pigafetta,and
![Page 1791: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1791.jpg)
1421,pp.169–77.ii—Magellan/KingofSpainContractMarch22nd,158—“Magellan’sterrifyingcircumnavigationoftheglobe—Overtheedgeoftheworld”Bergreen,HarperPerennial,NewYork,2004,p.34.7.Pigafetta,
![Page 1792: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1792.jpg)
Magellan’sVoyage,p.56.8.Ibid.,p.49;Guillemard,FerdinandMagellan,p.189;andBergreen,OvertheEdge,p.32:“[Magellan]intendedtogobyCapeSt.MarywhichwecallRiodelaPlata,andfromthencetofollowthe
![Page 1793: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1793.jpg)
coastuntilhehittheStrait.”9.PigafettaandMiller,StraitsofMagellan;Griffin,Portsmouth,1884,p.7;andMenzles,1421,169–177.10.Galvão,Tratado;andAntonioCordeyro,HistoriaInsula(Lisbon:1717),quotedinH.Harrisse,The
![Page 1794: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1794.jpg)
DiscoveryofNorthAmerica,(1892),p.51.11.Pigafetta,Magellan’sVoyage,pp.49,50,57;Menzies,1421,pp.169–177;andGuillemard,FerdinandMagellan,p.189.12.Guillemard,FerdinandMagellan,p.191.I
![Page 1795: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1795.jpg)
amindebtedtoMr.A.G.SelfforintroducingmetoGuillemard’sbook.13.“Huncinmiduterreiamquadripartiteconuscitet;sunttresprimepartescontinentesquartaestinsulacuomniquaquemarecircudatacinspiciat,”MartinWaldseemüller,
![Page 1796: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1796.jpg)
Cosmographiaeintroductio.14.Orejonetal.,PleitosColumbinos,8vols.andSchoenrich,LegacyofColumbus.15.IamindebtedtoGregCoelho,whobroughtthistomyattentiononMarch20,2003.Originalagreements,April17and30,1492.The
![Page 1797: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1797.jpg)
decreeconfirmingthefavorsisintheArchivoGeneraldeIndias,Seville.ConfirmationcameinthecapitulationsofBurgos,April23and30,1497.16.Menzles,1421,pp.425–427;andFernández-Armesto,Columbus,p.75.17.TheTimesAtlasofWorld
![Page 1798: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1798.jpg)
Exploration,p.41.Availableonwww.1434.tv.18.Fernández-Armesto,Columbus,p.76.19.MarcelDestombes,UnecarleinteressantdesÉtudesColombiennesconservéaModena(1952),andDavies,“Behaim,
![Page 1799: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1799.jpg)
Martellus.”SeealsoAoVietor,“APre-ColumbianMapoftheWorldc.1489,”ImagoMundi18:p.458.20.CorrespondencebetweenDr.AurelioAghemoandMarcellaMenzies.Insummer2006onwww.1434.tv.21.Zinner,Regiomontanus.
![Page 1800: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1800.jpg)
22.Schöner’s1520globeisintheGermanNationalMuseum,Nuremberg,whereitmaybeviewedcourtesyofthecurator.Itisnotonpublicdisplay.TheBehaimglobeof1492(whichdoesnotshowtheAmericas)isonpublicdisplaythere.
![Page 1801: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1801.jpg)
23.J.J.O’ConnorandE.F.Robertson,“JohannMullerRegiomontanus,”website,google“JohannMullerRegiomontanus.”24.In1656EmperorFerdinandIIIofAustriapurchasedtheLibraryofGeorgeFugger,whichincludedSchöner’slibrary.
![Page 1802: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1802.jpg)
TheemperorgavethecollectiontotheHofbibliothekinVienna,whereitremains.ThecollectioncontainsachartofstarsonlyvisibleintheSouthernHemisphere,publishedbeforeMagellan’scircumnavigation.25.Zinner,
![Page 1803: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1803.jpg)
Regiomontanus,pp.109–39,211–37,242–44.Lostworksintradelistpp.115–17.Zinner(Regiomontanus)Folio2,Leipzig1938,pp.89–103.26.Guillemard,FerdinandMagellan.27.Pinzónwasreallytheorganizer
![Page 1804: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1804.jpg)
ofColumbus’s1492expedition.SeeBedini,ColumbusEncyclopedia,vol.2.S.V.“AriasPerezPinzón.”TheHistoryCo-operative.SevillePinzón’seldestsontestifiedthatin1492afriendofhisfather,employedintheVaticanLibrary,hadgivenhimacopyofadocumentshowing
![Page 1805: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1805.jpg)
thatJapancouldbereachedbysailingwestwardacrosstheAtlantic.Impressed,PinzónshowedColumbustheVaticandocumentandpersuadedColumbustovisittheCatholicsovreignsonceagain.Thistimehewassuccessfulinobtainingtheir
![Page 1806: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1806.jpg)
backing.
Chapter11:TheWorldMapsofJohannesSchöner,MartinWaldseemüller,andAdmiralZhengHe
1.ThisshowstheAmericasasWaldseemuellerdrewthemonaflatpieceofpaperwhichhecopiedfromaglobe.
![Page 1807: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1807.jpg)
2.AtthisstageIhadnoevidenceWaldseemüllerhadcopiedfromaglobe,althoughmyexperimentshadshownhemusthavedone.3.Theexhibitionwastocelebratethe500thanniversaryofthepublicationofWaldseemüller’s1507map.Please
![Page 1808: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1808.jpg)
seethe1434website,www.1434.tv,forareproductionofWaldseemüller’sworldmapandforDr.Ronsin’sdescriptioninFrenchofhowWaldseemüllerobtainedit.
Chapter12:Toscanelli’sNewAstronomy
![Page 1809: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1809.jpg)
1.TheCatholicEncyclopedia,S.V.“China:ForeignRelations,”http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03663b.htm.Seealso1434website,www.1434.tv.2.TaiPengWang,“ZhengHe’sDelegation.”3.Ibid.4.Ibid.SeealsoZhengXingLang,
![Page 1810: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1810.jpg)
ZhongxiJiaotongChiliaoHuibian(CollectedhistoricalsourcesofthehistorybetweenChinaandtheWest),vol.1,chap.6,pp.331etseq.)5.Pinturicchiopaintingcanbeseenonthe1434website,www.1434.tv.AgeoftheRenaissance.BorgiaApartments
![Page 1811: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1811.jpg)
ofthePalazziPontifici,intheVatican.6.TaiPengWang,(V)“ZhengHe’sDelegation.”7.TaiPengWang,“ZhengHe,WangDayvan.”TaiproducesevidencethatYuannavigatorshadmasteredastronavigationsufficientlytocross
![Page 1812: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1812.jpg)
oceans.SeeGongZhen,XiyangBanguoZhi(Notesonbarbariancountriesinthewesternseas)(Beijing:Zhounghuabookshop,).SeealsoXiFeiLong,YankXi,TangXiren,eds.ZhongguoJishuShi,JiaotongCluan(ThehistoryofChinesescienceand
![Page 1813: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1813.jpg)
technology),vol.onTransportation(Beijing:SciencePublisher,2004),pp.395–96;andW.ScotMortonandCharltonM.Lewis,China:ItsHistoryandCulture(NewYork:McGraw-Hill,2005),p.128.8.JaneJervis,“Toscanelli’sCometary
![Page 1814: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1814.jpg)
Observations:SomeNewEvidence”AnnaliDelInstitutoeMuseoDiStoriaDellaScienzaDiFirenzeII(1997).9.RightAscension—itssignificance,aChinesemethodnotArabicnorBabylonianmethodofcelestialcoordinates.10.Gadol,Leon
![Page 1815: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1815.jpg)
BattistaAlberti:p.196.SeeZinner,Regiomontanus,p.58.
Chapter13:TheFlorentineMathematicians:Toscanelli,Alberti,NicholasofCusa,andRegiomontanus
1.Zinner,Regiomontanus,pp.29,41,52–59,64–65.
![Page 1816: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1816.jpg)
2.Ibid.,pp.44,48,71,73–78,83,104,214–515;TheS.V.“Suggest.”3.ComparewithRegiomontanus,“DeTriangulis,”inZinner,Regiomontonus.p.55–60.4.Zinner,Regiomontenus,pp.44,48,71–73,78,83,104,214–515.
![Page 1817: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1817.jpg)
5.Zinner,Regiomontanus,p.125;andTheCatholicEncyclopedia,S.V.“NicholasofCusa.”6.ErnstZinner.Ihaveextensivelyquotedfromhismajesticwork,Regiomontanus.WhereZinner’sopiniondiffersfromotherexperts,Ihave
![Page 1818: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1818.jpg)
usedZinner’s.MyonlydisagreementwithZinneriswithhisopinionofwhichprecedentRegiomontanusrelieduponforhisephemeristables.ZinnerdidnotknowofGuoShoujing’swork;ifhehadhe,inmyview,wouldhavecometotheinevitableconclusion
![Page 1819: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1819.jpg)
thatRegiomontanusfollowedGuoShoujing.Regiomontanus’sprincipalworksmentionedinchapter13arediscussedinZinnerasfollows:almanacs:pp.8–12,21–37,40,85,104–9,112–25,141–49,153;calendars:pp.42,50,112–42(seealsoe-mailsbetween
![Page 1820: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1820.jpg)
BodleianLibraryatOxfordUniversityandauthor,onwww.1434.tv);compass:pp.16–20;Detranigulis:pp.51–65;ephemeristables:pp.108–28,(seealsoe-mailsbetweenBodleianLibraryatOxfordUniversityandauthor,onwww.1434.tv);
![Page 1821: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1821.jpg)
EpitomeofPtolomy:pp.2,29,41–52,59;instruments:pp.135–36,180–84;maps:pp.113–16,148;obliquityofecliptic:pp.23,25,38,48,53–69.SeealsoJohannesRegiomontanusCalendarPrintedinVeniceofAug.1482,on1434websiteUniversityof
![Page 1822: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1822.jpg)
Glasgow,1999.7.Zinner,Regiomontanus,pp.1–30,32,36–56,76–78.8.Ibid.,pp.24,36,58–60,72–77.9.Ibid.,pp.117–25.10.Ibid.,pp.121–25.11.Ibid.,pp.98,115,133,137,158,212,244,246.12.Ibid.,pp.95and
![Page 1823: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1823.jpg)
301.Seealsopp.131–34,135(clock);p.136(armillarysphere,pp.137–38,mirrors,compass;andp.115,torquetum.13.Ibid.,pp.112,113,301.SeealsoErnstZinner,“TheMapsofRegiomontanus,”ImagoMundi,4(1947):31–32.
![Page 1824: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1824.jpg)
14.Zinner,Regiomontanus,p.40.15.Ibid.,p.42.16.Ibid.,p.183.17.Ibid.,p.64.18.Ibid.,pp.365,370;andUlrichLibbrecht,ChineseMathematics,1973p.247.19.SeeLibbrechtforhisdiscussiononCurtzecontribution
![Page 1825: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1825.jpg)
atp.247.SeeNeedhamS19,p.40fortheShu-shuChiu-changandtheevolutionofChinesemathematicsfromtheSungdynastythroughtotheYuan.20.Ch’inChiu-ShaoLibbrecht,ChineseMathematics,pp.247–48.21.Needham,
![Page 1826: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1826.jpg)
ScienceandCivilisation,vol.19,pp.10,40,42,120,141,472,577.22.Ibid.,vol.30.PhotobykindpermissionofthePepysLibrary,MagdaleneCollege,CambridgeUniversity.23.Zinner,Regiomontanus,p.117.ForCopernicus,
![Page 1827: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1827.jpg)
seep.119.OtherversionsofRegiomontonus’stablescanbeviewedinthecopiesheldbytheRoyalAstronomicalSociety,London,andtheJohnRylandsUniversity,Manchester.PhotobykindpermissionoftheBritishLibrary.
![Page 1828: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1828.jpg)
24.Davies,“Behain,Martellus.”25.Menzies,1421,pp.430–31.26.Zinner,Regiomontanus,pp.119–23.27.Bedini,ColumbusEncyclopedia,p.436;andibid.,p.120.28.Zinner,Regiomontonus,p.
![Page 1829: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1829.jpg)
123.29.Ibid.,pp.119–25.30.Ibid.,p.123.31.Lambert,“Abstract.”32.G.W.Littlehales,“TheDeclineofLunarDistances,”AmericanGeographySocietyBulletin,4,no.2(1909):84.Viewable
![Page 1830: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1830.jpg)
onJSTOR.33.Lambert,“Abstract.”34.PhillipsandEncarta.35.Zinner,Regiomontonus,p.181.36.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.19,pp.49–50,109,110,and370–378.SeealsoYongleDadian
![Page 1831: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1831.jpg)
(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress),chap.16,pp.343,344.
Chapter14:AlbertiandLeonardodaVinci
1.Gadol,LeonBattistaAlberti,introduction.2.Ibid.,pp.67and196.
![Page 1832: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1832.jpg)
3.See“SelectedWorksofLeonBattistaAlberti”inbibliography.4.Zinner,Regiomontanus,pp.24,36,58–60,67–68,72–77,130–34,265;andGadol,LeonBattistaAlberti,p.196.LetterofFeb1464in‘VitadiLBAlbertiatp373
![Page 1833: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1833.jpg)
5.Santinello’sparallelsareexploredinmoredetailonthe1434website,chapters13,18and21.6.Gadol,LeonBattistaAlberti,p.155.
Chapter15:LeonardodaVinciandChineseInventions
![Page 1834: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1834.jpg)
1.Temple,GeniusofChina,p.192.2.Peers,Warlords,ofChina,p.149.3.Deng,AncientChineseInventions,p.104.4.Ibid.,pp.113–14.5.Ibid.,p.112.6.Seech.16forLeonardocopyingTaccola,whodrewin1438aChinesehelicopter.
![Page 1835: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1835.jpg)
7.Temple,Genius,p.175.8.Ibid.,p.177.9.Ibid.,p.243.10.Taddei,Leonardo’sMachines,p.118.11.Temple,Genius,p.59.
Chapter16:Leonardo,diGiorgio,TaccolaandAlberti
![Page 1836: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1836.jpg)
1.White,“Parachute,”pp.462–67.2.Reti,“FrancescodiGiorgioMartini’sTreatise,”p.287.3.Francesco,Trattato.CopiesBibliotecaNazionaleFlorenceandBibliotecaCommunaleSiena4.Reti,“HelicoptersandWhirligigs”;
![Page 1837: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1837.jpg)
Leonardo,“Parachute”;Jackson,“Dragonflies”;andGablehouse,“HelicoptersandAutogiros.”5.SeeGuidebooksonSiena6.PragerandScaglia,MarianoTaccola.7.PleasealsorefertoModernGuide
![Page 1838: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1838.jpg)
Book“Siena”Romas,Sienap.154.8.SigismundFacedUprisingsInBohemiafollowingJanHussMurderin1419(FollowingCouncilofConstance)9.PragerandScaglia,“MarianoTaccola.”10.Ibid.;andGalluzzi,Artof
![Page 1839: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1839.jpg)
Invention,p.118.11.PragerandScaglia,MarianoTaccola.Galluzzi,ArtofInvention,p.35.12.Galluzzi,ArtofInvention,pp.36–37.13.PragerandScaglia,MarianoTaccola;andibid.,pp.37–38.14.PragerandScaglia,Mariano
![Page 1840: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1840.jpg)
Taccola,p.93;andGalluzzi,ArtofInvention,p.87.DiGiorgioadaptsTaccola—Examples
i)DiGiorgio’sfountain(MsAsh4IR)andTaccola’ssurprisefountain(MsPAL767p.21)ii)Taccola’shoistsforMills(III,36R)
![Page 1841: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1841.jpg)
anddiGiorgio’sMills(TrattatoIMsAsh361for37v)iii)Taccola’sanddiGiorgio’sunderwaterswimmerswithbreathing(CodLatMon288800fol78RandMSPAL767BNCFp.9)iv)FloatingRidersonHorseback(TaccolaII90V)di
![Page 1842: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1842.jpg)
GiorgioMSII.I.141(BNCF)follow196vv)Paddlewheelboats—TaccolaMsLat7239fol87r:diGiorgioMs197b21(BML)fol45vvi)Devicesformeasuringdistances—TaccolaMsPal766fol52R:diGiorgioMsAsh361fol29R
![Page 1843: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1843.jpg)
vii)DrawingsofTrebuchetMs197.b.21(BML)fol3V(diGiorgio)andcodlatMon197IIfol59V(Taccola)viii)UndergroundMiningcausingtownstocollapse—diGiorgioMsAsh361fol50R;TaccolaCodexlatMon28800fol.48ix)Transportable
![Page 1844: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1844.jpg)
cranediGiorgioMs197b.21fol11VTaccolaMsPAL766forZORx)Weightdrivenwheels—TaccolaCodelatMon197IIfol57R:diGiorgioMs197b21Fol71Vxi)WatermillstransformingverticalpowertohorizontalTaccolaMsPal766
![Page 1845: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1845.jpg)
Fol39R:diGiorgioMsSal148for34Vxii)OxdrawnpumpsTaccolaMsLat7239p.32diGiorgioMSII.1.141fol97V
15.K.T.Wu,andWuKuang-Ch’ing,“MingPrintingandPrinters,”HarvardJournalofAsiatieStudies7,no.3(Feb.1943):203–60.
![Page 1846: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1846.jpg)
16.SeeNeedham,ScienceandCivilisation,vols.19and27.17.TaccolaMSLatBNPfol50R18.FrancescoDiGiorgioMSII1.141fol97v19.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.27,figs.602–27,table56.
![Page 1847: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1847.jpg)
20.NungShu,ch.19,pp.5bb–6aandNS183.21.MSLatUrbinas1757Fol118R22.Cartswithsteeringgear—Codicetto23.Reversiblehoists—deIngeneisIII36RTaccola,DeIngeneis,book2,96v.24.MsAsh361F
![Page 1848: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1848.jpg)
37V25.MsGettyGEMfolR26.Galluzzi,ArtofInvention,pp.42–43.27.Ibid.,p.44.28.361Fol46v29.Galluzzi,ArtofInvention,p.11.30.Ibid.,p.11.31.Jackson,“Dragonflies,”pp.1–4;Gablehouse,Helicoptersand
![Page 1849: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1849.jpg)
Autogiros,pp.1–3;andWhite,“HelicoptersandWhirligigs.”
Chapter17:Silk&Rice
1.NungShu;andNeedham,ScienceandCivilization,vol.27,p.104.2.Martial,quotedinThorley,pp.71–80.3.Thorley,“Silk
![Page 1850: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1850.jpg)
TradeBetweenChinaandtheRomanEmpireatItsHeightCirca.A.D.90–130”GreeceandRome,2ndSeries,Vol.18,No.1(1971)p.71–80.SeeBibliography.4.Temple,“Genius,”p.120,ill.88.5.Molà,“SilkIndustry,”pp.261and218,220.
![Page 1851: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1851.jpg)
6.Hobson,EasternOrigins,pp.128,342;andKuhn,“ScienceV.”7.Molà,“SilkIndustry,”p.261.8.“Braudel,WheelsofCommerce,”Fontana,1985,pp.405–408.9.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.28,pp.225and340.10.MsAsh361
![Page 1852: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1852.jpg)
(BMLF)fol6V11.Shapiro,“SuctionPump,”p.571.12.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.27,p.144.13.Molà,“SilkIndustry,”pp.218–46.14.Hibbert,HouseofMedici,p.63.15.Ibid.,p.63.
![Page 1853: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1853.jpg)
16.Ibid.,Hibbert,p.89
Chapter18:GrandCanals,ChinaandLombardy
1.EmperorYang—Suidynasty.AncientChina,”p.66.2.LonelyPlanetp.378.3.NownamedXian.“AncientChina”pp.63–75.Ancient
![Page 1854: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1854.jpg)
China-ChineseCivilisationfromtheorigintotheTangdynastyBarnes&NobleN.Y.2006.4.QuotedinLonelyPlanetpp.378–79.5.Temple,Genius,pp.196–97.6.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.28;andibid.,p.197.7.Needham,ScienceandCivilization,ch.
![Page 1855: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1855.jpg)
28,pp.358–76.8.BarbarossaCaptureofMilanFrederickI(1123–1190)conqueredMilanin1161.9.Taccola’sLockGateTaccola,Deingeneis,vol.4;andParsons,Engineers,pp.367–373.10.Parsons,Engineers,p.373.11.Ibid.
![Page 1856: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1856.jpg)
12.Ibid.,p.376.13.Parsons,Engineers.DescriptionsTrattatodeiPondip.373;Alberti,pp.374–75;Bartola,pp.358–376.14.Ibid.,pp.372–81;Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.28,pp.377–80.15.Needham,
![Page 1857: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1857.jpg)
ScienceandCivilisation,vol.28,pp.358–76.16.Parsons,Engineers,pp.374–75.17.SeeMantuaL.SantoniMantua1989,p.36etseq18.Dixon,Venice,Vicenza,p.112.etseq19.Ibid.
![Page 1858: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1858.jpg)
Chapter19:FirearmsandSteel
1.Spencer,“Filarete’sDescription”;andWertime,“AsianInfluences”andAgeofSteel.2.Ibid.3.Spencer,“Filarete’sDescription.”4.Ibid.
![Page 1859: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1859.jpg)
5.Ibid.6.BresciaandBergamoaretownsinnorthernItaly.7.Wertime,“AsianInfluences,”p.397.8.Butters,TriumphofVulcan.9.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.30.pt.II10.GeniusofChina,pp.224–228.11.Goodrich,L.
![Page 1860: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1860.jpg)
Carrington,andFêngChia-Shêng.“TheEarlyDevelopmentofFirearmsinChina.”Isis36,no.2(Jan.1946):114–23.ViewableonJSTOR.12.Temple,Genius,p.230.13.Ibid.,p.234.14.CitedinNeedham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.
![Page 1861: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1861.jpg)
30,pt.II.15.Temple,Genius,p.237.16.GoodrichandFeng,“EarlyDevelopment.”17.Eichstadt,Bellifortis;Thorndike,“UnidentifiedWork,”p.42.18.Thorndike,“UnidentifiedWork,”p.42.
![Page 1862: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1862.jpg)
19.Ibid.,p.37.20.Ibid.,p.38.21.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.30,pt.II,p.51.22.AStuartWeller“FrancescodiGiorgioMartini1439–1501”UniversityofChicagoPress,ChicagoIll1943atp.74.
![Page 1863: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1863.jpg)
23.Ibid.24.Referto1434websiteunder“cannon.”25.ChienTzuLeiPhao.26.HuoLungChung,pt.1,ch.2,pp.2,2a,10a.27.Ibid.,p.16a28.MS5,IV.5(BCS)c.5R.
Chapter20:Printing
![Page 1864: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1864.jpg)
1.Ottley,andHumphreys,History.2.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.32,pp.100–75;andDengAncientChineseInventions,pp.21–23.3.Needham,ScienceandCivilisation,vol.32,pp.100–175,esp.p.172.ForYongleDadianseep.174,n.c.Seealso
![Page 1865: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1865.jpg)
Wu,“Development.”4.Hessel,Haarlem,andHumphreys,History,p.55.5.“TheCaseofRivalClaimants,”p.170.6.Bibs.7,8,and9.7.BlaiseAgüerasyArcasandPaulNeedhamReportedonGoogle.APHA/GrolierClublecturebyPaul
![Page 1866: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1866.jpg)
NeedhamandBlaiseLECTURE:AguerasyArcas—(organisationofBookCollectors)January2001.NewYork.PAPER:AgüerayArcas,Blaise;PaulNeedham(November2002).“Computationalanalytical
![Page 1867: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1867.jpg)
bibliography”.ProceedingsBibliopolisConferenceThefuturehistoryofthebook,TheHague(Netherlands):KoninklijkeBibliotheek.8.Ottley,Inquiry,p.47;andTermanza,“Lettere,”vol.5p.321.9.“EarlyVenetian
![Page 1868: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1868.jpg)
Printing,”exhibition,KingsCollege,London,Dec.2006.10.Carmichael,PlagueandthePoor,pp.124–26.
Chapter21:China’sContributiontotheRenaissance
1.Zinner,Regiomontanus,pp.112–13.
![Page 1869: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1869.jpg)
2.LiuManchums,evidenceatNanjingConferenceDec2002.3.Ibid.4.VilliersandEarle,Albuquerque,pp.29–65;andinAntoniodeBilhaoPato,CartasdeAfonsedeAlbuquerqueSeguidesdedowmentosqueas
![Page 1870: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1870.jpg)
elucidam,vol.1,letter9(April1512):pp.29–65.TranslationandresearchbyEManuelStock.5.OBrasilinvarPortulanodosecxv(BrasilonaMapofFifteenthCentury)6.Thorndike,“UnidentifiedWork,”p.42.7.Cortesão,“Pre-
![Page 1871: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1871.jpg)
ColumbianDiscovery,”p.39.8.Thompson,Friar’sMap,pp.171–74.9.Fiske,John.TheDiscoveryofAmerica—WithSomeAccountofAncientAmericaandtheSpanishConquest(twovolumes).Boston:HoughtonMifflin,1892.Reprinted
![Page 1872: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1872.jpg)
1920.10.Thompson,Friar’sMap,“VeniceGoesWest,”p.171.Sinovic,1991,p.155.11.DuchessofMedina-Sidonia’scollectionofColumbusrecord,inherLibraryatSanlucardeBarrameda.
![Page 1873: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1873.jpg)
12.Ruggero,Marino,CristoforoColombo:L’ultimodeiTemplari.Milan:Sperling,KupferEditori,2005.13.RoyalGeographicalSocietyJournalDavies,“Behaim,MartellusandColumbus,”143,pt.3:451–59.14.Encyclopedia
![Page 1874: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1874.jpg)
Britannica,New“TheCopernicanRevolution.”S.V.“Copernicus,Nicolaus,”andalsoZinner,Regiomontanus,p.183.15.Ibid.,Zinner,p.183.16.Ibid.17.Thisisbeingcorrectedinthelatestedition.
![Page 1875: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1875.jpg)
18.ErnstZinner,Regiomontanus,pp.184–185.19.Swerdlow,“Derivation.”20.“Derivation.”21.Ibid.22.SeeGouShoujing’sthird-degreemethodofinterpolationinAslaksenandNgSayTiong,“Calendars,
![Page 1876: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1876.jpg)
Interpolation.”23.Siderius.SeeNewEncyclopediaBrittanica24.NewEncyclopediaBrittanica,15thed.,S.V.1994“Galilei,Galileo.”25.Mui,Dong,andZhou,“AncientChinese.”26.Gadol,LeonBattistaAlberti.
![Page 1877: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1877.jpg)
27.SorensonandRaish,Pre-ColumbianContact;andJohannesenandSorenson,Biology28.Thompson,Friar’sMap;andletterstoauthor2003–2007
Chapter22:TragedyontheHighSeas:ZhengHe’sFleetsDestroyedbyaTsunami
![Page 1878: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1878.jpg)
ThischapterreliesheavilyontheworkofProfessorTedBryantandDr.DallasAbbottandcolleagues;pleaserefertotheAcknowledgmentssection.
1.LegendofthebearclimbingoutofawreckedshiponClatsopBeach.ThisisChinookfolklore,recountedtousbyCatherineHerrold
![Page 1879: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1879.jpg)
Troeh.2.ThelegendiscorroboratedbyasimilaroneoftheCrowpeople,toldtousbyFrankFitch.3.Zatta’smapappearsonour1434websiteasdodrawingsofChinesepeoplemadeduringRussianexpeditionscarriedoutbeforeVancouverorCook.
![Page 1880: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1880.jpg)
4.Thesefiguresareexplainedinmoredetailinchapter2.5.Thiscorrespondencewasin2002.6.Therelevantpartofthisisreportedonthe1434website7.Keddie,Grant,“ContributionstoHumanHistory,”publishedbyRoyalBritishColumbia
![Page 1881: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1881.jpg)
Museum,No.3,March19,1990.8.FurtherdetailsoftheWashingtonpottersmaybefoundonour1434website9.ProfessorMariannaFernandezCoboandcolleagues(seeBibliography)10.ProfessorGabrielNovickandcolleagues(seeBibliography)
![Page 1882: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1882.jpg)
11.DiegoRibero’schartof1529canbeseenonour1434website.ItcontainsaccuratemappingdetailsofplacesfromSouthAmericatoIndonesia,whichin1529hadnotbeen“discovered”byEuropeansandwereunknowntothem.12.Rostowerski,Maria—“Historyof
![Page 1883: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1883.jpg)
theIncaRealm”,CambridgeUniversityPress,199913.MacedoJustoCáceres“Pre-HispanicCulturesofPeru,”PeruvianNationalMuseum,Lima,Peru,1985.Coppercoins—theseweretheshapeofsmallaxes.Seeour1434websitefor
![Page 1884: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1884.jpg)
thesectiononcoinage.
Chapter23:TheConquistadores’Inheritance:OurLadyofVictory
ThischapterreliesheavilyonaseriesoflecturesonMedievalSpaingivenbyDr.ChristopherPollardatDillingtonHousenearTaunton,Somerset,whichthe
![Page 1885: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1885.jpg)
authorwasprivilegedtoattendin1999.Pleaserefertotheacknowledgmentssection.
![Page 1886: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1886.jpg)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A.BibligraphyforChapters1–5inclusive
Dreyer,EdwardL.ZhengHe:ChinaandtheOceansintheEarlyMingDynasty,1405–1433.London:PearsonLongman,2006.
Mote,Frederick,andDenis
![Page 1887: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1887.jpg)
C.Twitchett,eds.TheCambridgeHistoryofChina.Vol.7,TheMingDynasty,1368–1644.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1988.
Tsai,Shih-ShanHenry.PerpetualHappiness:TheMingEmperorYongle.Seattle:UniversityofWashingtonPress,2001.
Twitchett,DenisC.,ed.The
![Page 1888: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1888.jpg)
CambridgeHistoryofChina.Vol.3,SuiandT’angChina,589–906AD.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1979.
Dreyer,EdwardL.EarlyMingHistory:APoliticalHistory,1355–1435.Stanford,Calif.:StanfordUniversityPress,1982.
———.ZhengHe:ChinaandtheOceansintheEarly
![Page 1889: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1889.jpg)
MingDynasty,1405–1433.London:PearsonLongman,2006.
J.J.L.Duyvendak.“TheTrueDatesoftheChineseMaritimeExpeditionsintheEarlyFifteenthCentury.”T’oungPou(Leiden),no.34(1938).
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.7vols.30sections.Cambridge:
![Page 1890: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1890.jpg)
CambridgeUniversityPress,1956–.
Reid,Anthony.SoutheastAsiaintheAgeofCommerce,1450–1680.Vol.2,ExpansionandCrisis.NewHaven,Conn.:YaleUniversityPress,1993.
TaiPengWang.Researchpapersavailableonwww.gavinmenzies.net.
![Page 1891: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1891.jpg)
———.“ForeignersinZhengHe’sFleets,”Apr.2006.
———.“ATaleofGlobalisationinAncientAsia,”Dec.3,2006.
———.“TheRealDiscovereroftheWorld,”ed.LinGang—ZhengHe,”givingexplanationsrelatingtoZhengHe1418map.
———.“TheMostStartling
![Page 1892: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1892.jpg)
DiscoveryfromZhengHe’sTreasureShipyardsbyProf.PanBiaoandMyResponse.”
———.“WhatWastheRouteTakenbytheChineseDelegationtoFlorencein1433.”
———.“ZhengHeandHisEnvoys’VisitstoCairoin1414and1433.”
Temple,Robert.TheGenius
![Page 1893: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1893.jpg)
ofChina:3,000YearsofScience,Discovery&Invention.London:Prion,1998.
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.Vols.27and30.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1956–.
PaulLunde.TheNavigatorAhmedIbnMajid.Riyadh,SaudiArabia:SaudiAramco,
![Page 1894: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1894.jpg)
2004.
“AhistoryoftheOverseesChineseinAfrica.”AfricanStudiesReview,vol.44,no.1,April2001.
GangDen.“Yuanmarinemerchantsandoverseasvoyages.”InMinzuShiYanju,Beijing2005.
Hall,Richard.EmpiresoftheMonsoon:AHistoryofthe
![Page 1895: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1895.jpg)
IndianOceanandItsInvaders.NewYork:HarperCollins,1996.
IbnBattuta.TheTravelsofIbnBattuta,AD1325–1354,Vol.4.London:HakluytSociety,1994.
Poole,StanleyLane.AHistoryofEgyptintheMiddleAges.FrankCassLondon1894.YingzongShi-lu.
![Page 1896: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1896.jpg)
TaiPengWangresearchpapers,availableonwww.gavinmenzies.net.
———.“ATaleofGlobalisationinAncientAsia”
InthispaperTaiPengWangarguesthatglobaltradefromtheMediterraneantoAustraliaexistedintheTangdynasty,duringwhichmassivequantitiesofexport
![Page 1897: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1897.jpg)
ceramicswerefiredinChinesekilnsandcarriedbyArabdhowsandChinesejunks.QuanzhouwastheprincipalportfromTangdynastyonward.Quanzhoubecamethehubofthistradingweb(Researchpaperinfullon1434website)
-LiuYuKun,“QuanzhouZaiNanhaiJiaotongshiShangdediwei”(ThesignificanceofQuanzhouinthehistoryof
![Page 1898: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1898.jpg)
Nanhaitrade).InXueshaQuanzhou(Quanzhoustudies),byCaiYaoPing,ZhangMing,andWuYuanPeng.CentralHistoricalTextPublisher,2003,pp.144–45.
-WangGungwu,TheNanhaiTrade:EarlyChineseTradeintheSouthChinaSea.EasternUniversitiesPress,2003.
-EdwardSchaefer.The
![Page 1899: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1899.jpg)
GoldenPeachesofSamarkand:AstudyofTangExotics.BerkeleyandLosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1991.
TaiPengWangresearchfrompapers:
“WhatwastheroutetakenbytheChinesedelegationtoFlorencein1433andwhatmightthatbe?”and“ZhengHeandhisEnvoysvisitsto
![Page 1900: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1900.jpg)
Cairoin1414and1433”
TaiPengWang’sMainPointsRelevanttoChapters2,3,5:
1.HongBaowasinstructedbyZhengHeonNovember18,1432,toleadhisfleetstoCalicut.2.OnarrivalHongBaolearnedCalicutwasabouttosendits
![Page 1901: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1901.jpg)
ownfleettoMecca.HongBaoimmediatelysentseveninterpreterofficialstojointheCalicutfleet.ZhengHe’sfleetsarrivedinHormuzonJanuary16,1433,andsetsailforChinaonApril9,1433.3.ZhengHehadbeenorderedtoannouncethe
![Page 1902: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1902.jpg)
imperialedictoftheXuanDeemperortoMaijia(Mecca),Qianlida(Baghdad),Wusili(Egypt),Mulanpi(Morocco),andLumi(Florence).4.EgyptandMoroccohadalreadyreceivedtheimperialedictbuthadfailedtosendtributetoMingChina.SeeYanCongjian’s
![Page 1903: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1903.jpg)
firsthandaccountofthevisitto“Fulin”kingdom—thePapalCourt.5.TheChineseweretradingwithinthesystemcreatedintheYuandynastymorethanacenturyearlier.6.TianfangistheMamlukempire—Egypt,Syria,Yemen,Arabia,
![Page 1904: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1904.jpg)
Libya,andCyprus.7.TheChineseusedArabicpilotsintheGulfarea:IrenaKnehtl,“TheFleetoftheDragoninYemeniWaters.”TheYemenTimes874,vol.13(5Sept.7–Sept.2005).8.FrankincensewasthemostvaluableproductpurchasedbytheChinese:ibid.
![Page 1905: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1905.jpg)
9.ZhengHevisitsAihdab.YuanshiLuncong.“TheRelationBetweenSudanandChinaBetweentheTangandtheEndoftheYuan.InEssaysonYuanHistory,vol.7,pp.200–6.10.KarimiinQuanzhou:ZhuFanZhiZhuPu.InZhaoRuqua,Profilesof
![Page 1906: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1906.jpg)
ForeignBarbarianCountries(HongKong:HongKongUniversityCenterofAsianStudies,2000),p.175.11.Karimimerchantsbehavior:QihaiYangtan(Settingsailinthesevenseas),(HongKong:Zhounghua,HK,1990)p.123,andBaiShouYi
![Page 1907: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1907.jpg)
MinzhuZhongJiaoLunji(BaiShouYi’sessaysinminoritiesandtheirreligions)(Beijing:BeijingTeacherTrainingUniversity,1992),pp.365,376.12.Arabicmonsooncalendar:Firstcomposedin1271byRasulidrulersofYemen.SeePaulLunde,“The
![Page 1908: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1908.jpg)
NavigatorAhmadIbnMajid.”13.EgyptthetargetofZhengHevisits:AnatoleAndro(ChaoC.Chien),The1421Heresy:AnInvestigationintotheMingChineseMaritimeSurveyoftheWorld(Pasadena,Calif.:,2005),p.32.R.StephenHumphreys,“Egypt
![Page 1909: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1909.jpg)
intheWorldSystemoftheLateMiddleAges”CambridgeHistoryofEgypt,vol.1IslamicEgypt640–1517(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1998).14.EgyptvisitedbuthasnotreturnedtributetoChina:MosiliisFustat.
![Page 1910: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1910.jpg)
MisrisCairo.JientouisAlexandra.LiAnshan,FeizhouHuqqiaohuarenShi:AHistoryofOverseasChineseinAfrica(Beijing:in“Africanstudiesreview,”vol44,April2001,2000).15.MisrisCairo:JanetL.Abu-Lughod,Cairo:1001YearsoftheCity
![Page 1911: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1911.jpg)
Victorius(Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress,197),pp.1–30.16.CairointheYuanDynasty:ShangYanBing,YuanMarineMerchantsandOverseasVoyagesinNinzuShiYanju(Beijing:MinjuShiYanj2002),p.190.17.Reciprocalvisits
![Page 1912: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1912.jpg)
betweenChinaandEgypt:TeobaldiFilesi,ChinaandAfricaintheMiddleAge,”trans.D.Morison(London;FranCass,1972),p.89,and“MerchantsAsDiplomaticRelations,”EternalEgyptwebsite.18.YuanadoptIslamicastronomy:YanCongjian,Shuyu
![Page 1913: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1913.jpg)
ZhouziLu.19.InterpretingbetweenEgyptian,Persian,andChinese:ProfessorLiuYingSheng,ACompendiumofYuanHistory,vol.10(Beijing:ChinaRadioandTVPublishingHouse,2005),p.30.
———.“WhatwastheRoute
![Page 1914: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1914.jpg)
TakenbytheChineseDelegationtoFlorencein1433”
———.“ZhengHeandHisEnvoys’Visit,toCarioin1414and1433”
———.“ZhengHe’sDelegationtoPapalCourtofFlorence”
B.BibliographyforChapter6
![Page 1915: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1915.jpg)
Aldridge,James.Cairo:BiographyofaCity.London:Macmillan,1969.
Braudel,Fernand.AHistoryofCivilisations.TranslatedbyRichardMayne.London:PenguinBooks,1993.
Payne,Robert.TheCanalBuilders.NewYork:Macmillan,1959.
Poole,StanleyLane.A
![Page 1916: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1916.jpg)
HistoryofEgyptintheMiddleAges.London:FrankCass,1894.
Origo,Iris.TheMerchantofPratoo:DailyLifeinaMedievalItalianCity.London:PenguinBooks,1992.
Redmount,CarolA.“TheWadiTumilatandtheCanalofthePharaohs.”JournalofNearEasternStudies,no.54
![Page 1917: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1917.jpg)
(1995).
AlMakrizi,AhmadIbnAli,“Histoired’Egypt.”TranslatedbyEdgardBlocher.Paris,1908.
K.N.Chandhuri.“ANoteonIbnTaghriBirdi-DescriptionofChineseshipsinAdenandJedda.”JournaloftheRoyalAsiaticSociety(1989)SJ447.
C.Bibliographyfor
![Page 1918: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1918.jpg)
Chapter7
IhavebeentravellingtoVeniceforfiftyyearsandintotalhavespentmonthsexploringhercanalsandmuseums.Asmaybeexpected,Ihavereadalotofbooksinthattime.Fourofthese,inmyview,givebrilliantpopulardescriptionsofthiswonderfulByzantinecity,halfEuropean,halfAsian.TheseareNorwich’s
![Page 1919: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1919.jpg)
Venice:theGreatnessandFallandVenice:theRisetoEmpire;Hibbert’sVenice:BiographyofaCity;Lorenzetti’sVeniceandItsLagoon,thebibleofVenice;andVenice:theMasqueofItalybyBrion.ThesefourknowVenicelikethebackoftheirhand,anditwouldbeimpertinentofmetoattempttoimproveontheirrichdescriptions.Ihavequotedextensivelyfromthem.
![Page 1920: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1920.jpg)
Alazard,Jean.LaVenisedelaRenaissance.Paris:Hachette,1956.
Braudel,Fernand.TheMediterraneanintheTimeofPhilipII.TranslatedbySianReynolds.London:Fontana,1966.
———.TheWheelsofCommerce.London:PenguinBooks,1993.TranslatedbyRichardMayne.
![Page 1921: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1921.jpg)
Brion,Marcel.Venice:TheMasqueofItaly.TranslatedbyNeilMann.London:ElekBooks,1962.
Hall,Richard.EmpiresoftheMonsoon:AHistoryoftheIndianOceanandItsInvaders.NewYork:HarperCollins,1996.
Hibbert,Christopher.Venice:BiographyofaCity.
![Page 1922: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1922.jpg)
Hutton,Edward.VeniceandVenetia.NewYork:W.W.Norton&Co.,1989.London:HollisandCarter1954.
Lorenzetti,Giulio.VeniceandItsLagoon.Rome:InstitutoPoligraficoDelloStato,1956.
Morris,Jan.TheVenetianEmpire.London:PenguinBooks,1990.
![Page 1923: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1923.jpg)
Norwich,JohnJulius.Venice:TheGreatnessandFall.London:AllenLane,1981.
———.Venice:TheRisetoEmpire.London:RandomHouse,1989.
Olschki,Leonardo.“AsiaticExotioisminItalianArtoftheEarlyRenaissance.”ArtBulletin26,no.2(June1994).
![Page 1924: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1924.jpg)
Origo,Iris.“TheDomesticEnemy:TheEasternSlavesinTuscanyintheFourteenthandFifteenthCentury.”Speculum:AJournalofMedievalStudies30,no.3(July1955).
Riviere-Sestier,M.“VeniceandtheIslands.”London:GeorgeG.Harrap&Company1956.
Thompson,GuinnarPhD.
![Page 1925: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1925.jpg)
“TheFriarsMAPofAncientAmerica1360AD.”WA:PubLauraLeeProductions,1996.
D.BibliographyforChapters8and9
Beck,James.“LeonBattistaAlbertiandtheNightSkyatSanLorenzo.”ArtibusetHistoriae10,no.19(1989):9–35.
Brown,PatriciaFortini.
![Page 1926: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1926.jpg)
“LaetenturCaeli:TheCouncilofFlorenceandtheAstronomicalFrescointheOldSacristy.”JournaloftheWarburgandCourtauldInstitute44(1981):176ff.
Bruckner,GeneA.RenaissanceFlorence.BerkeleyandLosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1969.
Carmichael,AnnG.Plague
![Page 1927: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1927.jpg)
andPoorinRenaissanceFlorence.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986.
Hibbert,Christopher.TheHouseofMedici:ItsRiseandFall1420–1440.London:PenguinBooks,1974.
Hollingsworth,Mary.PatronageinRenaissanceItaly.London:JohnMurray,1994.
![Page 1928: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1928.jpg)
Jardine,Lisa.WorldlyGoods:ANewHistoryoftheRenaissance.London:Macmillan,1996.
Olschki,Leonardo.“AsiaticExoticisminItalianArtoftheEarlyRenaissance.”ArtBulletin26,no.2(June1994).
Origo,Iris.TheMerchantofPrato:DailyLifeinaMedievalItalianCity.
![Page 1929: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1929.jpg)
London:PenguinBooks,1963.
Plumb,J.H.TheHorizonBookoftheRenaissance.London:Collins,1961.
TaiPengWang.“ZhengHe’sDelegationtothePapalCourtofFlorence.”Thisresearchpaperwasthestimulusforthisbook.Itisavailable,withanextensivebibliography,onourwebsite.Themainpoints
![Page 1930: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1930.jpg)
areasfollows:
1. FewknowofToscanelli’sletterstothekingofPortugalandChristopherColumbus,lettersthatreportToscanellimeetingtheChineseambassador.C.R.Markham,trans.,TheJournalsofChristopherColumbusVignaud
![Page 1931: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1931.jpg)
HenriHakluytSocietyO.viii).AlsoVignaud“ToscanelliandColumbus”
2. Inthe1430s,ChinadescribedFlorence(seatofthepapacy1434–38)asFulinorFarang.YuLizi,“FulinJiAishiShengdiDiwangBianzheng”(ThecorrectlocationsofFulincountriesand
![Page 1932: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1932.jpg)
thebirthplaceofAiShiduringYuanChina),HaijioshiYanjiu(Maritimehistoricalstudies)Quanzhou:(1990–1992):51.
3. DiplomaticexchangesbetweenthepapacyandMingChinahadstartedwithHongWuin1371.SeeZhangXingLang:Zhougxi
![Page 1933: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1933.jpg)
JiaotongShiliaoHuibian(CollectedhistoricalsourcesofthehistoryofcontactsbetweenChinaandtheWest),vol.1pp.315.
4. TherearemanyChinesedescriptionsofthepapacyinHongWuandZhuDi’sreign.SeeZhangXingLang,p.331,andYan
![Page 1934: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1934.jpg)
CongjianShuyuZhouziLu,atvol.2.AlsoMingshiWaiguaZhuan(ProfilesofforeigncountriesintheMinghistory).
5. ThepapacypaidtributetoChinaduringZhuDi’sreign.MingShiWaiguaZhuan,vol.5,p.47.
6. LumiwasRomein
![Page 1935: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1935.jpg)
earlyMingdescriptions.ThenameoriginatedintheSongdynasty,(inwithZhaoChinese)Ruqua,whousedthenameLumeiinhisbookZhufanZhi:DescriptionsofVariousBarbarians(HongKong:UniversityofHongKongPress,2000),pp.231–32.Alsosee
![Page 1936: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1936.jpg)
(forcloth)JohnRigbyHall,Renaissance(NewYork;1965),p.78.
7. ThepopesentnumerousdelegationstoChinaduringtheearlyMing.ForWilliamofPrato,seeFangHao,ZhongxiJiatongShi(AhistoryofcontactsbetweenChinaand
![Page 1937: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1937.jpg)
Europe),vol.3(Taipei:1953),pp.211–17.FollowingWilliamofPrato,tencardinalswereappointed,oneaslate1426.ZhangGuogangandWuLiwei,MengyuanShidaiXifangZaiHuaZongJiaoXiuhui(ThechurchinYuanChina),inHaijiaoShiYanjiu
![Page 1938: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1938.jpg)
(Maritimehistorystudies)(Quanzhou:2003):62.
8. WangTaiPeng,“ZhengHe,WangDayvanandZhengYijun:SomeInsights.”AsianCulture,(Singapore,June2004):pp.54–62.SeealsoW.ScottMortonandCharltonM.Lewis,China,ItsHistoryandCulture
![Page 1939: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1939.jpg)
(NewYork:McGraw-Hill,2005),p.128.Inhispaper,TaiPengWangproducesevidencethatYuannavigatorshadmasteredastronavigationsufficientlytocrossoceans.SeeGongZhen,XiyangBanguoZhi(Notesonbarbarian
![Page 1940: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1940.jpg)
countriesinthewesternseas),Beijing:Zhounghuabookshop.SeealsoXiFeiLong,YangXi,TangXiren,eds.,ZhongguoJishuShi,JiaotongCh’uan(ThehistoryofChinesescienceandtechnology),vol.ontransportation(Beijing:SciencePublisher,2004),pp.
![Page 1941: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1941.jpg)
395–96.9. Itwouldhavebeen
naturalfortheChineseambassadortoissuetheDatongLicalendartothepapalcourt.TheDatongLicotainsastronomicalinformationthesameasthatintheShoushi.
10. JosephNeedhamhaspointedoutthatthe
![Page 1942: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1942.jpg)
ShoushiandotherChineseastronomicalcalendarswereastronomicaltreatises.JosephNeedham,ZhougguoGudaiKexue(ScienceintraditionalChina)(Shanghai:ShanghaiBookshop,2000),pp.146–47.
11. NicholasofCusahadpredatedCopernicus
![Page 1943: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1943.jpg)
insomerespects.JasperHopkins,“NicholasofCusa”inDictionaryoftheMiddleAges,ed.JosephR.Strayer(NewYork:CharlesScribnerandSons,1987),pp.122–25.SeealsoPaulRobertWalker,TheItalianRenaissance(NewYork:FactsonFile,1995),p.96.
![Page 1944: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1944.jpg)
12. SeealsoTaiPengWang,TheOriginofChineseKongsi(KualaLumpur:PerlandUKPublications,1994).
Vignaud,Henri.ToscanelliandColumbus.London:Sands,1902.
SlavesinFlorence
White,Lynn,J.“Tibet,India
![Page 1945: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1945.jpg)
andMalayaasSourcesofMedievalTechnology.”AmericanHistoricalReview65,no.3(April1960):515–26.ViewableatJSTOR.
Origo,Iris.“TheDomesticEnemy:TheEasternSlavesinTuscanyintheFourteenthandFifteenthCentury.”Speculum30(1955):321–66.
VincenzoLazzari.“DelTrafficoedellaCondizioni
![Page 1946: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1946.jpg)
degliSchiavi.”InVeneziaNeiTempideMezzoMiscellaneadiStoriaItaliana2(1862).
Romano,Denis.“TheRegulationofDomesticServiceinRenaissanceFlorence.”SixteenthCenturyJournal22,no.4(1991).
Man,R.Livi.“LaSciavituDomestica”(20Sept.1920):139–43.ViewableatJSTOR.
![Page 1947: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1947.jpg)
LeonardOlschki:“AsiaticExoticisminItalianArtoftheRenaissance.”TheArtBulletin,vol.26,no.24(June,1944),pp.95–106.
TaiPengWang,“1433ZhengHe’sDelegationtothePapalCourtofFlorence”
(2)Toscanelli’sobservationsofcomets—PatriciaFortiniBrown
![Page 1948: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1948.jpg)
(3)“LaetenturCaeli”PatriciaFortiniBrown
Johnson,Paul.ThePapacy.London:WeidenfeldandNicolson,1997.
Lorenzetti,Giulio.VeniceandItsLagoon.Rome:institutoPoligraFicoDellostato,1961.(Trs.J.Guthrie)
Markham,C.R.,trans.The
![Page 1949: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1949.jpg)
JournalofChristopherColumbus.London:HakluytSociety,1892.
Vignaud,Henri.ToscanelliandColumbus.London:Sands,1902.
Zinner,Ernst.Regiomontanus:HisLifeandWork.TranslatedbyEzraBrown.Leiden:Elsevier,1990.
![Page 1950: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1950.jpg)
E.BibliographyforChapters9–12
Bedini,SilvioA.TheChristopherColumbusEncyclopedia.2vols.NewYork:Simon&Schuster,1992.
Bergreen,Lawrence.OvertheEdgeoftheWorld:Megellan’sTerrifyingCircumnavigationoftheGlobe.NewYork:
![Page 1951: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1951.jpg)
HarperPerennial,2004.
Davies,Arthur.“Behaim.MartellusandColumbus.”GeographicalJournal143.
Fernández-Armesto,Felipé.Columbus.London:G.Duckworth,1996.
Galvão,Antonio.Tratadodosdiversosedesayadoscaminhos.Lisbon:1563.
![Page 1952: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1952.jpg)
Guillemard,F.H.H.TheLifeofFerdinandMagellan.London:G.Philip&Son,1890.
Menzies,Gavin.1421:TheYearChinaDiscoveredAmerica.NewYork:WilliamMorrow,2002.
Orejon,AntonioMuro,etal.,eds.PleitosColumbinos.8vols.Seville:TheHistoryCo-operative,1964–1984.
![Page 1953: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1953.jpg)
Pigafetta,Antonio.Magellan’sVoyage.TranslatedbyR.A.Skelton.NewHaven,Conn.:YaleUniversityPress,1969.
———.Magellan’sVoyage.ANarrativeAccountoftheFirstVoyage.TranslatedandeditedbyR.A.Skelton.London:FolioSociety,1975.
Pigafetta,Antonio,Cdr.A.W.Millar.TheStraitsof
![Page 1954: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1954.jpg)
Magellan.Portsmouth:UKGriffin,1884.
Schoenrich,Otto.TheLegacyofColumbus:TheHistoricLitigationInvolvingHisDiscoveries,HisWill,HisFamilyandHisDescendants.(Jun)2vols.Glendale,Calif.:PubArthurHClark,1949.
Vignaud,Henry.ToscanelliandColumbus.London:Sands,1902.
![Page 1955: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1955.jpg)
Zinner,Ernst.Regiomontanus:HisLifeandWork.TranslatedbyEzraBrown.Leiden:Elsevier,1990.
MartinWaldseemüller
FarandawaythemostknowledgeablewriteronWaldseemüllerandhismapsisDr.AlbertRonsin,conservatoroftheBiliothèqueetMuséede
![Page 1956: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1956.jpg)
Saint-Dié-des-Vosges.Hisbest-knownworksrelatingtoWaldseemüller’s1507mapare:
———.“Lebaptêmeduquatrièmecontinene,Amérique.”Historia544(April1992).
———.“LacartographeàSaint-DiéaudebutduXVIsiècle.”InPatrimonieetcultureenLorraine.Metz
![Page 1957: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1957.jpg)
Serpenoise,1980.
———.“Lacontributionalsacienneaubaptêmedel’Amérique.”BulletindelaSociétéIndus-trielledeMulhouse2(1985).
———.“Découverteetbaptêmedel’Amérique.”EditedbyGeorgeslePape.Jarville,editionsdel’est1992.
![Page 1958: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1958.jpg)
———.“LaFortuned’unnom”:America.InLebaptêmedenouveaumondeàSaint-Diédes-Vosges.Grenoble:G.Millon,1991.
———.“L’imprimeriehumanisteàSaint-DiéauXVIesiècle.”In“MélangesKolb.”Wiesbaden:G.Pressler,1969.
Fischer,Joseph,andR.vonWeiser.TheOldestMapwith
![Page 1959: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1959.jpg)
theNameAmericaoftheYear1507andtheCartaMarinaoftheYear1516byM.Waldseemüller.London:H.Stevens1903.Fischerfoundthemap.
Harris,Elizabeth.“TheWaldseemüllerWorldMap:ATypographicAppraisal.”ImagoMundi37(1985).
Hébert,JohnR.TheMapThatNamedAmerica:Martin
![Page 1960: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1960.jpg)
Waldseemüller1507WorldMap.Washington,D.C.:LibraryofCongress.
JohnHessler:“WarpingWaldseemueller:APhenomenologicalandComputationalstudyofthe1507Worldmap.”Cartographia41(2006):pp.101–113.
Karrow,RobertW.MapmakersoftheSixteenth
![Page 1961: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1961.jpg)
CenturyandTheirMaps.Chicago:OrbisPress,1992.
Lestringant,Frank.MappingtheRenaissanceWorld.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1994.
Morison,SamuelEliot.AdmiraloftheOceanSea:ALifeofChristopherColumbus.Boston:1942.(DescribesColumbusbelievinghehadmet
![Page 1962: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1962.jpg)
Chinese.)
Rae,John.“OntheNamingofAmerica.”AmericanSpeech39,no.1(Feb.1964).ViewableonJSTOR.(Thisarticlearguesthat“America”wasnotthenamegivenbyWaldseemüllerbutwasgivenbyNativeAmericanswholivedinNicaragua.Theyused“AmerriqueMountains,”whichColumbusmisheard.
![Page 1963: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1963.jpg)
Randles,W.G.L.“South-EastAfricaasShownonSelectedPrintedMapsoftheSixteenthCentury.”ImagoMundi13(1956).ViewableonJSTOR.
RavensteinE.G.,“Waldseemüller’sGlobeof1507.”GeographicalJournal20,no.4.ViewableonJSTOR.
Shirley,RodneyW.The
![Page 1964: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1964.jpg)
MappingoftheWorld:EarlyPrintedWorldMaps1472–1700.London:HollandPress,1983.
Soulsby,BasilH.“TheFirstMapContainingtheNameAmerica.”GeographicalJournal19(1902).ViewableonJSTOR.
Stevenson,E.L.“MartinWaldseemüllerandtheEarlyLusitano-Germanic
![Page 1965: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1965.jpg)
CartographyoftheNewWorld.”BulletinoftheAmericanGeographicalSociety36.
Waldseemüller,Martin.Cosmographiaeintroductio.
AmerigoVespucci
Levillier,Roberto.“NewLightonVespucci’sThirdVoyage.”ImagoMundi11(1954).ViewableonJSTOR.
![Page 1966: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1966.jpg)
Markham,C.,ed.,Vespucci:TheLettersandOtherDocumentsIllustrativeofHisCareer.
Sarnow,E.andFrubenbach,K.“MundusNovus,”Strasbourg,1903,subtitle“EinBerichtAmerigoVespuccianLorenzodeMediciÜberSeineReiseNachBrasilienindenJahren1501/1502.”
![Page 1967: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1967.jpg)
Thacher,J.Boyd.TheContinentofAmerica:ItsDiscovery;It’sBaptism.NewYork:WilliamEvartsBenjamin,1896.
Part2—SchoenerJohannesSchöner
Cooke,CharlesH.,ed.JohanSchoner.London:HenryStevens,1888.
Correr,Ambassador
![Page 1968: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1968.jpg)
Francesco.LettertoSignoriaofVenice.July16,1508.InRaccoltaColumbiana,p.115.TheletterfollowedCorrer’sinterviewwithVespucci;VespuccihadnotfoundthestraitleadingfromtheAtlantictothePacific.
Nordenskiöld,A.E.“RemarkableGlobalMapoftheSixteenthCentury.”JournaloftheAmericanGeographySociety16(1884).
![Page 1969: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1969.jpg)
Nunn,GeorgeE.“TheLostGlobeGoresofJohannSchöner,1523–1524:AReview.”GeographicalReview17,no.3(July1927).ViewableonJSTOR.
Ronsin,Albert.“Découverteetbaptêmedel’Amérique.”EditedbyGeorgeslePope.Montreal:EditionsGeorgesLePape,1979.
———.Schöner,Johannes.
![Page 1970: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1970.jpg)
LuculentissimaQuoeda¯TerraTotiusDescriptio.Nuremberg,1515.DescribestheStraitofMagellan.
SettlementofSantaFe.[AgreementbetweenCatholicMonarchsandChristopherColumbus.]April17,1492.HeldatDirecciónGeneraldeArchivosyBibliotecas.CapitulacionesdelAlmiranteDonCristóbalColonySalvoConductosParaEl
![Page 1971: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1971.jpg)
DescubrimentodeNuevoMundo.Madrid,1970.
Gadol,Joan.LeonBattistaAlberti:UniversalManoftheRenaissance.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1969.
Wang,TaiPeng.
———.“ZhengHe’sDelegationtothePapalCourtofFlorence,1433.”Research
![Page 1972: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1972.jpg)
paper.Availableon1434website.
———.“ZhengHe,WangDayuanandZhengYijun:SomeInsights.”AsianCulture.Singapore,June2004:54–62.
Zinner,Ernst.Regiomontanus:HisLifeandWork.TranslatedbyEzraBrown.Leiden:Elsevier,1990.
![Page 1973: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1973.jpg)
Bedini,SilvioA.,ed.TheChristopherColumbusEncyclopedia.2vols.NewYork:Simon&Schuster,1992.
Davies,Arthur.“Behain,MartellusandColumbus.”RGS.GeographicalJournal,vol.143.
Lambert,William.“AbstractoftheCalculationstoAscertaintheLongitudeof
![Page 1974: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1974.jpg)
theCapitolintheCityofWashingtonfromGreenwichObservatory,inEngland.”TransactionsoftheAmericanHistoricalSociety.Newseries.Vol.1.ViewableonJSTOR.
Libbrecht,Ulrich.ChineseMathematicsintheThirteenthCentury.Cambridge,Mass:MITPress,1973.
Menzies,Gavin.1421:The
![Page 1975: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1975.jpg)
YearChinaDiscoveredAmerica.NewYork:WilliamMorrow,2002.
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.Vols.30Section.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1950.
Zinner,Ernst.Regiomontanus:HisLifeandWork.TranslatedbyEzraBrown.Leiden:Elsevier,
![Page 1976: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1976.jpg)
1990.
F.BibliographyforChapters13–14
SelectedWorksofLeonBattistaAlberti:
Depictura,1435
Dellapittura,1436
Dereaedificatoria,1452
Destatua,ca.1446
![Page 1977: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1977.jpg)
DescriptiourbisRomae,1447
Ludimatematici,ca.1450
Decomponendriscifris,1467
Gadol,Joan.LeonBattistaAlberti:UniversalManoftheEarlyRenaissance.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1969.Therearemany
![Page 1978: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1978.jpg)
excellentbooksonAlberti.JoanGadol’siswrittenforpeoplewhoareneithermathematiciansnorknowledgeableabouttheuseofperspectiveorcryptanalysis.Shewritesinabeautiful,clearstyle,andIhaveusedherbookextensively.
Grayson,Cecil.“edBariLaterza”1973“OpereVolgari,VolTerzo:Trattati
![Page 1979: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1979.jpg)
D’arte,LudiRerumMathematicarum,GrammaticadellaLinguaToscana,Opuscol,Amatori,Lettere.”
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.30vols.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1956.
Zinner,Ernst:Regiomontanus:HisLifeandWork.TranslatedbyEzra
![Page 1980: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1980.jpg)
Brown.Leiden:Elsevier,1990.
G.BibliographyforChapters15–16
PaoloGalluzzi.TheArtofInvention:LeonardoandtheRenaissanceEngineers(London:Giunti,1996).Thishasbecomethebibleforthe1421team.Galluzzi’sbookislavishlyillustrated,makingitverysimpletocompare
![Page 1981: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1981.jpg)
TaccolaandFrancesco’smachinesandseetheevolutionfromTaccolatoFrancescotoLeonardo.WehavestudiedGalluzzi’sbookswithgreatcare,thencomparedthedrawingswithChinesebooksexistingbefore1430.
Clark,Kenneth.LeonardodaVinci.Rev.ed.IntroductionbyMartinKemp.London:PenguinBooks,1993.
![Page 1982: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1982.jpg)
Cianchi,Marco.Leonardo’sMachines.Florence:BecocciEditore,1984.ThisisaveryclearandconcisesummaryproducedusingtheLeonardianLibraryofVinci.
“SurlespasdeLéonarddeVinci.”GonzagueSaintBris—PressesdelaRenaissance.Gonzague’sfamilytheSaintBrisownedthechâteauofClos-Lucéforthreecenturies.
![Page 1983: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1983.jpg)
Cooper,MargaretRice.TheInventionsofLeonardodaVinci.NewYork:Macmillan,1965.
DengYinke.AncientChineseInventions.HongKong:ChinaIntercontinentalPress,2005.
GaldiG.P.,Leonardo’sHelicopterandArchimedes’Screw:ThePrincipleofActionandReaction.
![Page 1984: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1984.jpg)
Florence:AccademiaLeonardodaVinci,1991.
Galluzzi,Paolo.Leonardo,EngineerandArchitect.Montreal,1987.
Hart,IvorB.TheWorldofLeonardodaVinci,ManofScience,EngineerandDreamerofFlight.London:Macdonald,1961.
Heydenreich,Ludwig,Bern
![Page 1985: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1985.jpg)
Dibner,andLadislaoReti.LeonardotheInventor.London:Hutchinson,1980.
“ParcLeonardodaVinci—ChâteauduClos-Lucé—Amboise”—BeauxArts(Leonardo’shome1516to1519,thelast3yearsofhislife)
Kemp,Martin.LeonardodaVinci:Experience,ExperimentandDesign.
![Page 1986: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1986.jpg)
London:V&APublishing,2006.Thisislavishlyillustratedandveryreadable.
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.7vols.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1956–.
PedrettiCarlo,andAugustoMarinoni.CodexAtlanticus.Milan:Giunti,2000.
Pedretti,Carlo.
![Page 1987: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1987.jpg)
“L’elicottero.”InStudiVinciani.Geneva,StudiVinciani:1957.
Peers,Chris.WarlordsofChina700BCtoAD1662.
Reti,Ladislao.“HelicoptersandWhirligigs.”RaccoltaVinciana20(1964):331–38.
Rosheim,MarkElling.Leonardo’sLostRobots.Heidelberg:Springer,2006.
![Page 1988: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1988.jpg)
SaintBris-Clos-Lucé,Jean.“LeonardodaVinci’sFabulousMachinesatClos-LucéinAmboise,”BeauxArts,1995.
Taddei,Mario,andEdoardoZanon,eds.Leonardo’sMachines:DaVinci’sInventionsRevealed.TextbyDomenicoLaurenza.Cincinnati:DavidandCharles,2006.Thisprovidesaverycleararrayof
![Page 1989: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1989.jpg)
illustrationsfrompp.18–25.
Temple,Robert.TheGeniusofChina:3,000YearsofScience,Discovery&Invention.London:Prion,1998.
Wray,William.LeonardodaVinciinHisOwnWords.NewYork:GramercyBooks,2005.
Zollner,Frank,andJohannes
![Page 1990: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1990.jpg)
Nathan.LeonardodaVinci.Comprehensive,fullyillustratedcatalogue.Cologne,2003.
FrancescodiGiorgioMartini.Trattatodiarchitetura.PresentedinBibliotecaComunale,Siena(firstdraft);BibliotecaNazionaleSiena;andLaurenzianaLibrary,Florence(Leonardo’scopy).
H.Bibliographyfor
![Page 1991: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1991.jpg)
Chapters17–19
Gablehouse,Charles.HelicoptersandAutogiros.Philadelphia:J.B.Lippincott,1967.
Galluzzi,Paolo.TheArtofInvention:LeonardoandtheRenaissanceEngineers.Florence:Gunti,1996.
Jackson,Robert.TheDragonflies—TheStoryof
![Page 1992: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1992.jpg)
HelicoptersandAutogiros.ArthurBarker:London,1971.
LeonardodaVinci.CodexB(2173).NellIstitodiFranckI.ManoscrittieIdisegnidiLeonardodaVinci.Vol.5.Rome;andRealeCommissioneVinciana,1941.
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.7vols.30section.Cambridge
![Page 1993: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1993.jpg)
UniversityPress,1956–.VolIV,Pt2.pp580–585.
Parsons,WilliamBarclay.EngineersandEngineeringintheRenaissance.TheWilliamsandWilkinsCompany:Baltimore,1939.
Prager,FrankD.,andGiustinaScaglia.MarianoTaccolaandHisbookDeIngeneis.Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress,1972.
![Page 1994: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1994.jpg)
Promis,Carlo,ed.VitadiFrancescodiGiorgioMartini.Turin,1841.
Reti,Ladislao.“FrancescodiGiorgioMartini’sTreatiseonEngineeringandItsPlagiarists.”TechnologyandCulture4,no.3(1963):287–93.JohnHopkinsUniversityPress.
———.“HelicoptersandWhirligigs.”Raccolta
![Page 1995: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1995.jpg)
Vinciana20(1964):331–38.
Singer,Charles.AHistoryofTechnology.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1954–58.vol.2.Taccola,MarianodiJacopoditto.
DeIngereisIandII(c.1430–1433)IIIandIVafter1434
DeMachinisafter1435inBibliotecaNazionaleCentrale,Florence.
![Page 1996: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1996.jpg)
Wellers,Stuart.FrancescodiGiorgioMartini1439–1501.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1943.p340.
White,Lynn,Jr.“InventionoftheParachute.”TechnologyandCulturev.9,no.3(July1968):462–67.UniversityofChicagoPress
———.MedievalTechnologyandSocialChange.Oxford:Oxford
![Page 1997: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1997.jpg)
UniversityPress,1962.p86–87
Braudel,Fernand.“TheMediterraneaninthetimeofPhilipII.”TranslatedbySianReynoldsFontana.London,1966.
Hibbert,Christopher.TheHouseofMedici:ItsRiseandFall,1420–1440.London:PenguinBooks,1974.
![Page 1998: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1998.jpg)
Hobson,John.TheEasternOriginsofWesternCivilization.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2006.
Molà,Luca.“TheSilkIndustryofRenaissanceVenice.”AmericanHistoricalReview106,no.3(June2001).ViewableonJSTOR.Thisgivesagoodchronologicaldescription,whichIhaveextensively
![Page 1999: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/1999.jpg)
used.
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.7vols.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1956–.
NungShu.—
Reti,Ladislao.“FrancescoDiGiorgioMartini’sTreatiseonEngineeringandItsPlagiarists.”TechnologyandCulture4,no.3(1963):287–
![Page 2000: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2000.jpg)
93.JohnHopkinsUniversityPress.Shapiro,Sheldon.“TheOriginoftheSuctionPump.”TechnologyandCulture5,no.4(Autumn1964):566–74.ViewableonJSTOR.JohnHopkinsUniversityPress
Temple,Robert.TheGeniusofChina:3,000YearsofScience,Discovery&Invention.London:Prion,1998.
![Page 2001: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2001.jpg)
Thorley,John.“TheSilkTradeBetweenChinaandtheRomanEmpireatItsHeightCircaA.D90–130.”GreeceandRome.2ndseries,vol.18,no.1,(April1971):71–80.JSTOR.
Dixon,GeorgeCampbell.Venice,VicenzaandVerona.London:NicholasKaye,1959.
LonelyPlanet.‘China’A
![Page 2002: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2002.jpg)
TravelSurvivalGuide.Sydney:LonelyPlanet1988.
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.Vol28.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1956–.
Parsons,WilliamBarclay.EngineersandEngineeringintheRenaissance.Rev.ed.IntroductionbyRobertS.Woodbury.Cambridge,Mass:MITPress,1968.
![Page 2003: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2003.jpg)
Thisistheacceptedbible.ItisveryusefulforRenaissanceengineersbutignoresanyChineseinput.ParsonsseestheRenaissanceasaquasi-religiouseventandLeonardoasademigod.HeignoresthequestionofhowsomanynewmachinesmanagedtoappearatthesametimeinItaly;andofhowdifferentartistsdrewthesameentirelynew
![Page 2004: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2004.jpg)
machinesindifferentpartsatthesametime—viz.thepumpsofTaccola,Alberti,Fontana,andPisanello.Thesubjectofcopyingfromearlierbooksisnotaddressed.HisexplanationofthedevelopmentofLombard’scanalsisexcellent.
Payne,Robert.TheCanalBuilders.NewYork:Macmillan,1959.
![Page 2005: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2005.jpg)
Temple,Robert.TheGeniusofChina:3,000YearsofScienceDiscovery&Invention.London:Prion,1998.
Biringuccio,Vannoccio.Pirotechnia.TranslatedbyCyrilS.SmithandMarthaT.Gnudi.NewYork,1942.ViewableonarticleJSTOR.
Butters,Suzanne.TriumphofVulcan—Sculptors’Tools,
![Page 2006: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2006.jpg)
Porphyry,andthePrinceinDucalFlorence.Florence:LeoS.Olschki,1996.
“Porphyry,andthePrinceinDucalFlorence.”SixteenthCenturyJournal28,no.1(Spring1997):286–87.ViewableonJSTOR.
Clagett,Marshall.TheLifeandWorksofGiovanniFontana.Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,1976.
![Page 2007: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2007.jpg)
Fontana’sprincipalworksare:
Novacompositiohorologii(clocks)
Horologiumaqueum(waterclock)
Tractatusdepisce,caneevolvere(atreatiseonmeasurementofdepths,lengths,surfaceareas)
![Page 2008: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2008.jpg)
Bellicoruminstrumentorumlibercumfigurisetfictitiisliterisconscriptus(writtenincipher;
(seeAlberti,Compondendiscifris)
Secretumdethesauroexperimentorumyimaginationishominum
NotesonAlhazen
![Page 2009: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2009.jpg)
Tractatusdetrigonobalistario(Anextraordinarilydetailedhandbookofcalculatinglengthsanddistancesbytrigonometry;seeAlberti,Deartepictoria(ca.1440)andDespherasolida(ca.1440).
Liberdeomnibusrebusnaturalibus(thebookanalyzedbyLynnThorndikein“Unidentified
![Page 2010: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2010.jpg)
Work.”
Eichstadt,KonradKyservon.Bellifortis(Warfortifications).1405.Thisdescribesrockets.
Foley,Vernard,andWernerSoedel.“Leonardo’sContributionstoTheoreticalMechanics.”ScientificAmerican(1983):255.ViewableonJSTOR
![Page 2011: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2011.jpg)
Fontana,Giovannidi.Liberbellicoruminstrumentorum.Munich:BayerischeStaatsbibliothek,c.1420.
Goodrich,L.Carrington,andFêngChia-Shêng.“TheEarlyDevelopmentofFirearmsinChina.”Isis36,no.2(Jan.1946):114–23.ViewableonJSTOR.Thishasbeenofmajorvaluetoourresearchandmakesthefollowingspecificpoints:
![Page 2012: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2012.jpg)
TheWuChungTsungYao,compiledin1044byTsêngKung-Liang,discussesgunpowdermanufacture,bombs,trebuchets,andgrenadesfiredbygunpowder.Explodingarrowswereusedin1126.Mortarswereusedin1268.Exploding
![Page 2013: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2013.jpg)
cannonballswereinuseby1281.AlengthysectiononZhuDi’sweaponsmentionslandmines(“anestofwasps”).Everyunitof100menhad20shields,30bows,and40firearms.Everythreeyearsafter1380thebureauofmilitaryweaponsturnedout3,000
![Page 2014: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2014.jpg)
bronzeCh’ungmusketsand90,000bullets.Theexplodingweaponsafter1403weremanufacturedfromdriedcopperwithamixtureofrefinedandunrefined.Fuseswereinusefromthethirteenthcentury.Theearliestcannonsweredated1356,1357,and
![Page 2015: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2015.jpg)
1377.Flame-throwingdeviceswereusedfrom1000,andbulletssince1259.
LiuChi.HuoLungChing,(Firedrakeartillerymanual).
Part1.Needham,Joseph.Vol.V,Pt.7.MilitaryTechnology:TheGunpowderEpic.JosephNeedham,withthecollaborationofHoPing-
![Page 2016: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2016.jpg)
Yu[HoPeng-Yoke],LuGwei-djenandWangLing,1987.
ForLeonardo,crossbow,andgunpowder,seearsenicsulphidesaddedtogunpowder,p.51;trebuchets(LeonardoandTaccola),p.204;missiles,p.205;“eruption,”mortar,p.266;trebuchet,p.281;Seven-barreledRibaudequin(seePisanellosketches),p.322;
![Page 2017: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2017.jpg)
rocketlauncher,p.487;machinegun,p.164;mortars,p.165;handguns,p.580;aerialcars,p.571;poisonousprojectiles,p.353;rocketsandmissiles,p.516;riffling;p.411;breechblock,p.429.
Schubert,H.R.HistoryoftheBritishIronandSteelIndustryfrom450B.C.toA.D.1775.London:Routledge&KeganPaul,1957.
![Page 2018: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2018.jpg)
Spencer,JohnR.“Filarete’sDescriptionofaFifteenthCenturyItalianIronSmelteratFerriere.”TechnologyandCulture4,no.2(Spring1963):201–6.ViewableonJSTOR.
Temple,Robert.TheGeniusofChina:3,000YearsofScience,Discovery&Invention.London:Prion,1998.
![Page 2019: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2019.jpg)
Thorndike,Lynn.“AnUnidentifiedWorkbyGiovannidiFontana:LiberdeOmnibusRebus.”LynnThorndike,Isis15,no.1(Feb.1931):31–46.ViewableonJSTOR.DescriptionofAmericaonp.37;Australia,p.38;IndianOcean,p.39;NiccolòdaConti,p.40;gunpowder,p.42.
A.StuartWeller,“FrancescodiGiorgioMartini1439–
![Page 2020: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2020.jpg)
1501”.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1943.
Wertime,TheodoreA.“AsianInfluencesonEuropeanMetallurgy.”TechnologyandCulture5,no.3(Summer1964):pp.391–97.ViewableonJSTOR.
———.TheComingoftheAgeofSteel.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1962.
![Page 2021: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2021.jpg)
White,LynnJr.“Tibet,IndiaandMalayaasSourcesofWesternMedievalTechnology.”AmericanHistoricalReview15,no.3(April1960):520.ViewableonJSTOR.
WuChungTsungYao.Songdynasty,ca.1044.
Allmand,Christopher.TheNewCambridgeMedievalHistory,Volume7,editedby
![Page 2022: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2022.jpg)
ChristopherAllmand.CambridgeUniversityPress,1998.
Bouchet,Henri.ThePrintedBook:ItsHistory,IllustrationandAdornmentFromtheDaysofGutenbergtothePresentTime.TranslationbyEdwardBigmore.NewYork:ScribnerandWelford,1887.
Carter,ThomasFrancis.TheInventionofPrintingin
![Page 2023: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2023.jpg)
ChinaandItsSpreadWestward.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1925.
Carmichael,AnnG.PlagueandthePoorinRenaissanceFlorence.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986.
DengYinke.AncientChineseInventions.HongKong:ChinaIntercontinentalPress,
![Page 2024: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2024.jpg)
2005.
I.BibliographyforChapter20
Hessel,J.H.Haarlem,TheBirthplaceofPrinting.London:ElliotStockandCo.,1887.
Humphreys,H.N.AHistoryoftheArtofPrinting.London:BernardQuaritch,1868.
![Page 2025: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2025.jpg)
McMurtrie,Douglas.TheBook:TheStoryofPrintingandBookmaking.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1948.
MoranJames.PrintingPresses:HistoryandDevelopmentfromtheFifteenthCenturytoModernTimes.London:FaberandFaber,1973.
Ottley,WilliamYoung.An
![Page 2026: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2026.jpg)
InquiryintotheInventionofPrinting.London:JosephLilly,1863.
———.AnInquiryintotheOriginandEarlyHistoryofEngravinguponCopperandinWood.London:JohnandArthurArch,1816.
Needham,Joseph.ScienceandCivilisationinChina.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1955.Vol.
![Page 2027: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2027.jpg)
32.
Ruppel,A.,Gutenberg:SeinLebenandSeinwerk(HisLifeandHisWork),secondedition.Berlin:Mann,1947.
Singer,SamuelWeller.ResearchintotheHistoryofPlayingCards.OxfordUniversity:1816.
YoucanreadthewholebookonGooglefollowingthis
![Page 2028: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2028.jpg)
link:http://books.google.com/books?id=_WAOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage.
TheHaarlemLegendoftheInventionofPrintingbyCoster.TranslatedbyAVanderLinde.London:Blades,EastandBlades,1871.
Wu,K.T.“TheDevelopmentofPrintinginChina.”T’ienHsiaMonthly3(1936).
![Page 2029: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2029.jpg)
Wu,K.T.,andWuKuang-Ch’ing.“MingPrintingandPrinters.”HarvardJournalofAsiaticStudies7,no.3.(Feb.1943):203–60.ViewableonJSTOR.
J.BibliographyforChapter21
AntoniodeBilhaoPato,Raymondo,ed.CartasdeAlfonsodeAlbuquerqueSeguidesdedocumentosque
![Page 2030: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2030.jpg)
aselucidam.7vols.Lisbon:1884–1955.Vol.1,letter10(April1512),pp.29–65.TranslatedbyE.ManuelStock.
Aslaksen,Helmer,andNgSayTiong.“Calendars,Interpolation,GnomonsandArmillarySpheresintheWorkofGuoShoujing(1231–1314).”Article.DeptofMathematics,UniversityofSingpore2000–2001.
![Page 2031: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2031.jpg)
Cortesão,Jaime.“ThePre-ColumbianDiscoveryofAmerica.”GeographicalJournal89,no.1:39.Davies,Arthur.“Behaim,MartellusandColumbus.”RoyalGeographicalSocietyJournal143,pt.3:451–59.
Gadol,Joan.LeonBattistaAlberti:UniversalManoftheEarlyRenaissance.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1969.
![Page 2032: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2032.jpg)
Johannessen,Carl,andSorensonJohn.BiologyVerifiesAncientVoyages.(unpublished)
SorensonJohnL.andMartinH.RaishPre-ColumbiancontactwiththeAmericansacrosstheoceans,anannotatedbibliography,secondedition,2vols.Provo,Utah:ResearchPress,1996.
ProfessorLiuManchum.
![Page 2033: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2033.jpg)
Mui,Rosa,PaulDong,andZhouXinYan.“AncientChineseAstronomerGanDeDiscoveredJupiter’sSatellites2000YearsEarlierThanGalileo.”UnpublishedarticlesenttoauthorbyRosaMuionMay22,2003.
Sorenson,JohnL.,andMartinH.Raish.Pre-ColumbianContactwiththeAmericansAcrosstheOceans.Provo,Utah:
![Page 2034: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2034.jpg)
ResearchPress,1990.
Swerdlow,NoelM.“TheDerivationandFirstDraftofCopernicus’sPlanetaryTheory.”ProceedingsoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety117,no.6(31Dec.1973).ViewableonJSTOR.
Thompson,Gunnar,Ph.D.TheFriar’sMapofAncientAmerica,1360AD.Bellevue,WA:LauraLeeProductions,
![Page 2035: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2035.jpg)
1996.
Zinner,Ernst.Regiomontanus:HisLifeandWork.TranslatedbyEzraBrown.Leiden:Elsevier,1990.
AntoniodeBilhaoPato,Raymondo,ed.CartasdeAlfonsodeAlbuquerqueSeguidesdedocumentosqueaselucidam.7vols.Lisbon:1884–1955.Vol.1,letter10
![Page 2036: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2036.jpg)
(April1512),pp.29–65.TranslatedbyE.ManuelStock.
Aslaksen,Helmer,andNgSayTiong.“Calendars,Interpolation,GnomonsandArmillarySpheresintheWorkofGuoShoujing(1231–1314).”Article.DeptofMathematics,UniversityofSingpore,2000–2001.
Cortesão,Jaime.“ThePre-
![Page 2037: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2037.jpg)
ColumbianDiscoveryofAmerica.”GeographicalJournal89,no.1:39.
Davies,Arthur.“Behaim,MartellusandColumbus”RoyalGeographicalSocietyJournal143,pt.3:451–59.
Gadol,Joan.LeonBattistaAlberti:UniversalManoftheEarlyRenaissance.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1969.
![Page 2038: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2038.jpg)
Beals,KandSteele,H,UniversityofOregonAnthropologicalPaperNo.23,Oregon1981.
K.BibliographyforChapter22
Fernandez-Cobo,Marianna,andcolleagues.“StrainsofJCVirusinAmerind-speakersofNorthAmerica(Salish)andSouthAmerica(Guarani),Na-DenespeakersofNew
![Page 2039: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2039.jpg)
Mexico(Navajo)andmodernJapanesesuggestlinksthroughanAncestralAsianPopulation.”AmericanJournalofPhysicalAnthropology,118,154–168(2002)
Keddie,Grant.“ContributionstoHumanHistory,”No.3,RoyalBritishColumbiaMuseum,Vancouver,B.C.1990
![Page 2040: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2040.jpg)
Macedo,JustoCaceres.“Pre-HispanicCulturesofPeru”,PeruvianNaturalHistoryMuseum,Lima,Peru,1985
Novick,Gabrielandcolleagues.“Polymorphic-AluInsertionsandtheAsianoriginofNativeAmericanPopulations”in“HumanBiology”,Vol.70,No.1,1988Rostoworski,Maria.HistoryoftheIncaRealm.Cambridge:Cambridge
![Page 2041: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2041.jpg)
UniversityPress,1999.
![Page 2042: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2042.jpg)
PERMISSIONS
Iamgratefultothefollowingforpermittingmetoquotetheirwork:
Chapter1:HenryTsai,“PerpetualHappiness:TheMingEmperorYongle,”Seattle:UniversityofWashingtonPress,2001;
![Page 2043: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2043.jpg)
EdwardL.Dreyer,“ZhengHe:ChinaandtheoceansintheearlyMingDynasty,1405–1433,”onpage6andpage144,PearsonLongman,2006(www.ablongman.com).
Chapter2:HenryTsai,asabove;EdwardL.Dreyer,asabove;TaiPengWang;JosephNeedham,“ScienceandCivilisationinChina,”Vol.19,pp.49–50and109–
![Page 2044: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2044.jpg)
110(Vol.19)andVol.32pp.100–175,CambridgeUniversityPress,1954–;ProfessorAnthonyReid,“SouthEastAsiaintheAgeofCommerce1450–1680,”Vol.2,“ExpansionandCrisis”onpage39,YaleUniversityPress,1993;RichardHall“EmpiresoftheMonsoon—AHistoryoftheIndianOceananditsInvaders,”HarperCollins,1996.
![Page 2045: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2045.jpg)
Chapter3:ThatcherE.Deane,“InstrumentsandObservationsattheImperialAstronomicalBureauduringtheMingDynasty,”onpp.126–140,Osiris2ndseries,Vol.9,1994.JSTOR(UniversityofChicagoPress);JosephNeedham,asabove(SphericalTrigonometry),Vol.19pp.49–50and109–110,CambridgeUniversityPress,1954–;“AncientChinese
![Page 2046: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2046.jpg)
Inventions”ed.DengYinke,ChinaIntercontinentalPress;RosaMui,PaulDong,andZhouXinYam,“AncientChineseAstronomerGanDeDiscoveredJupiter’sSatellites2000YearsEarlierthanGalileo”;ProfessorHelmerAslaksenandNgSayTiong,“Calendars,Interpolation,GnomonsandArmillarySpheresintheWorkofGuoShouJing(1231–1314),”Departmentof
![Page 2047: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2047.jpg)
Mathematics,NationalUniversityofSingapore.
Chapter4:ProfessorRobertCribbs.
Chapter5:PaulLunde,“TheNavigatorAhmadIbnMajid”;RichardHall“EmpiresoftheMonsoon”atpp.88,128,asabove;IbnBattuta,“TheTravelsofIbnBattuta,”AD1325–1354pp.773,813,Trs.H.A.R.Gibb
![Page 2048: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2048.jpg)
andC.F.Beckingham,1994,HakluytSociety,London,1994.TheHakluytSocietywasestablishedin1846forthepurposeofprintingrareorunpublishedvoyagesandtravels.Forfurtherinformationpleaseseetheirwebsiteat:www.hakluyt.com;StanleyLanePool,“AHistoryofEgyptintheMiddleAges,”1894.
![Page 2049: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2049.jpg)
Chapter6:C.A.Redmount,“TheWadiTumilatandtheCanalofthePharaohs,”JournalofNearEasternStudies54,1995.JSTOR,UniversityofChicagoPress;StanleyLanePool,“AHistoryofEgyptintheMiddleAges,”asabove;JamesAldridge,“Cairo:BiographyofaCity,”Macmillan,1969,reproducedwithpermissionofPalgraveMacmillan;R.L.Hudson,
![Page 2050: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2050.jpg)
“ChinesePorcelainfromFustat,”TheBurlingtonMagazineforConnoisseursVol.61,No.354(Sept.1932),JSTOR—TheUniversityofChicago;FernandBrandel,“AHistoryofCivilisations,”Trs.RichardMayne,1995,reproducedbypermissionofPenguinBooksLtd.
Chapter7:FernandBrandel,“TheMediterraneaninthe
![Page 2051: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2051.jpg)
TimeofPhilipII,”reproducedbypermissionofPenguinBooksLtd.;JohnJuliusNorwich“AHistoryofVenice,”1983,reproducedbypermissionofPenguinBooksLtd.;FrancisM.Rogers,“ThetravelsoftheInfanteDomPedroofPortugal,”pp.46–49,256–266,325,Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,Copyright©1961bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege;
![Page 2052: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2052.jpg)
EuropeanJournalofHumanGenetics(2006)14(478–487);“Tibet,IndiaandMalayaasSourcesofWesternMedievalTechnology,”LynWhiteJr.,AmericanHistoricalReviewVol.65,No.3(1960)JSTOR;IrisOrigo,“TheMerchantofPrato:DailyLifeinamedievalItaliancity,”1992,reproducedbypermissionofPenguinBooksLtd.
![Page 2053: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2053.jpg)
Chapter8:LeonardOlschilli,“AsiaticExoticisminItalianArtoftheEarlyRenaissance,”TheArtBulletinVol.26,No.2(June1944)JSTOR;TimothyJ.McGee“DinnerMusicfortheFlorentineSignoria,1350–1450,”Speculumvol.14,no.1,Jan1999,JSTOR;MaryHollingsworth,“PatronageinRenaissanceItaly,”JohnMurray,1994;JamesBeck,“LeonBattistaAlbertiandthe
![Page 2054: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2054.jpg)
‘NightSky’atSanLorenzo,”ArtibusetHistoriae,Vol.10,No.19(1989)JSTOR;PatriciaFortiniBrown,“LaetenturCaeli:theJournalofFlorenceandtheAstronomicalFrescointheoldsociety,”JournaloftheWarburgandCourtauldInstitutes,Vol.44,1981,JSTOR.
Chapter9:ErnstZinner,“Regiomontanus:hislifeand
![Page 2055: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2055.jpg)
work,”Trs.E.Brown,Isis,Vol.83,No.4(Dec.,1992),pp.650–652,Amsterdam.
Chapter10:MarcelDestombesquotedbyProfessorArthurDavies,RoyalGeographicSocietyRecords,vol.143p.3;ErnstZinner“Regiomontanus:hislifeandwork,”Trs.E.Brown,asabove;“TheCatholicEncyclopedia”;YangLongShan,“Zhuyn
![Page 2056: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2056.jpg)
ZhouchuiLu”;JoanGadol,“LeonBattistaAlberti,UniversalManoftheEarlyRenaissance,”JSTOR,UniversityofChicagoPress,1969.
Chapter13:E.Zinner“Regiomontanus:hislifeandwork,”asabove.
Chapter14:JoanGadol,pp.155,159,asabove.
![Page 2057: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2057.jpg)
Chapter15:RobertTemple,“TheGeniusofChina:3,000YearsofScience,DiscoveryandInvention,”pp.243,259,animprintofCarltonPublishingGroup,20MortimerSt.,LondonW1T3SW;ChrisPeers,“WarlordsofChina700BCtoAD1662,”1998,ArmsandArmourPress,ImprintofCassellGroup,WellingtonHouse,125Strand,London;“AncientChineseInventions”
![Page 2058: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2058.jpg)
p.112,ChinaIntercontinentalPress;LynnWhite,Jr.,“TheInventionoftheParachute,”TechnologyandCulture9:3(1963),462–467.©SocietyfortheHistoryofTechnology.ReprintedwithpermissionofTheJohnHopkinsUniversityPress;Reti,Ladisloa,“FrancescodiGiorgioMartini’sTreatiseonEngineeringandItsPlagiarists,”TechnologyandCulture,4:3(1963),287.©
![Page 2059: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2059.jpg)
SocietyfortheHistoryofTechnology.ReprintedwithpermissionofTheJohnHopkinsUniversityPress;FrankD.PragerandGustinaScaglia,“MarianoTaccolaandhisbookdeIngeneis,”MITPress,1972;PaoloGalluzzi,“TheArtofInvention:LeonardoandtheRenaissanceEngineers.”
Chapter17:JohnHobson,“TheEasternOriginsof
![Page 2060: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2060.jpg)
WesternCivilisation,”CambridgeUniversityPress,2004;JosephNeedham,“ScienceandCivilisationinChina,”Vol.28,p.225,asabove;SheldonShapiro,“TheOriginoftheSuctionPump,”TechnologyandCulture5,(1964),571.©SocietyfortheHistoryofTechnology.ReprintedwithpermissionofTheJohnHopkinsUniversityPress;ChristopherHibbert,“TheRiseandFallofthe
![Page 2061: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2061.jpg)
HouseofMedici,”1974,reproducedbypermissionofPenguinBooksLtd.
Chapter18:“TheGeniusofChina:3,000YearsofScience,DiscoveryandInvention,”RobertTemple,asabove;JosephNeedham,“ScienceandCivilisationinChina,”asabove;WilliamBarclayParsons,“EngineersandEngineeringintheRenaissance,”Baltimore,
![Page 2062: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2062.jpg)
1939.
Chapter19:JohnR.Spencer,“Filarete’sDescriptionofaFifteenthCenturyItalianIronSmelteratFerriere,”TechnologyandCulture4:2(1963),201–206.©SocietyfortheHistoryofTechnology,reprintedwithpermissionofTheJohnHopkinsUniversityPress;LynThorndyke,“AnUnidentifiedWorkby
![Page 2063: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2063.jpg)
Giovannida’Fontana:Liberdeomnibusrebusnaturalibus,”Isis,Vol.15,No.1,Tab.1031pp.31–46,JSTOR;Wertime,TheodoreA.,“TheComingofAgeofSteel,”TechnologyandCulture,5:3(1962),pp.391–397.©SocietyfortheHistoryofTechnology,reprintedwithpermissionofTheJohnHopkinsUniversityPress;RobertTemple,“TheGeniusofChina:3,000Years
![Page 2064: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2064.jpg)
ofScience,DiscoveryandInvention,”asabove;JosephNeedham,asabove;AllenStuartWellers,“FrancescodiGiorgioMartini,1439–1501,”Chicago,1943.
Chapter20:“AncientChineseInventions,”asabove;JosephNeedham,asabove.
Chapter21:Dr.GunnarThompson;ErnstZinner,as
![Page 2065: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2065.jpg)
above;NoelM.Swerdlow,“TheDerivationandFirstDraftofCopernicus’sPlanetaryTheory:ATranslationoftheCommentarioluswithCommentary,”ProceedingsoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety,Vol.117,No.6,SymposiumonCopernicus(Dec.31,1973),pp.423–512,JSTOR,UniversityofChicagoPress;NewEncyclopaedia
![Page 2066: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2066.jpg)
Britannica,15thedition,1994,EncyclopaediaBritannica,Inc.
![Page 2067: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2067.jpg)
PHOTOGRAPHCREDITS
Iamverygratefultothefollowingforpermittingmetoreproducethebeautifulillustrationsinthisbook:
InternalBlack-and-WhiteImages
WendiWatson:Ellipse
![Page 2068: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2068.jpg)
aroundthesundiagram;Latitudediagram;Longitudediagram;Positionofshipsdiagram;ShipABandpointCdiagram;Lunarmansion;Torquetumdiagram;Starmapdiagram.
TheGeneralCollectionofChineseClassicsofScienceandTechnology;TheNungShu;theChineseScienceandTechnologicalHistoryReview;TheFireDragon
![Page 2069: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2069.jpg)
Book:Chinesemeasuringheight;Chinesecannon;Chineserevolvingtypetableprinting;Chinesearticulatedsiegeladder;Chinesewaterpoweredhorizontalwheel;Chinesewaterwheelbucketpump;ChineseOxchainpump;Chinesehorsemill;Chineseverticalwaterwheel;Chinesechainpump;Chinesewaterpoweredmachine;Chineseloomandspinningmachine;Chineseirrigation;
![Page 2070: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2070.jpg)
Irrigationwheel;Chinesetilthammer;Chinesewaterpoweredbellow;Chinesecannonballsandpetards;DragonKite;Chinesetrebuchet;Chinesefirelance;Chinesearmoredship;Chinesemobilesiegeladder;Chinesemobileshield;Chinesecrossbow;Chineseanimalswithspears;Chineseanimalswithfire;Chinesefortress.
![Page 2071: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2071.jpg)
BibliotecaNacionaldeEspaña,Madrid:fromLeonardo’sMadridCodices:Leonardotoothgearedwheels,fol.15v;Leonardocranks,chaindrives,fol.35v;Leonardocrossbow,fol.51r;
BibliotecaAmbrosiana,Milano:fromLeonardo’sCodexAtlanticus:Leonardopaddleboat,fol.954r;Leonardoparachute,fol.1058v;Leonardocannon,fol.
![Page 2072: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2072.jpg)
154v;Leonardoprintingpress,fol358r-b;Leonardomachinegun,fol.56v.
BayerischeStaatsbibliothek,Munchen:Taccola’swaterpoweredbellows.CodexLatinusMonacensis197pt.II,fol.43v;Taccolafirelance.CodexLatinusMonacensis197pt.II,fol.75v;Taccolahorsewithspears.CodexLatinusMonacensis28800,
![Page 2073: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2073.jpg)
fol.67v;Taccoladogswithfire.CodexLatinusMonacensis197pt.II,fol.67r.
BibliotecaComunale,Siena:Italiancannonballsandpetards.Ms.D.IV,fol.48v;Italianarmoredboat.Ms.S.IV,fol.49r.
BibliotequeNationaledeFrance,Paris:Santinihorsemill.ManuscriptLat.7239,
![Page 2074: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2074.jpg)
fol.50r;PisanelloMongolsketches;AlbertiskyCanisMajor;PisanelloMongolface.
BibliotecaApostolicaVaticano:AnonymousSieneseparachute.Ms.Additional,fol.200v;DiGiorgiowaterpoweredhorizontalwheel.Ms.LatimusUrbinate1757,fol.138r
![Page 2075: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2075.jpg)
BibliotecaMediceaLeurenziana,Firenze:DiGiorgiomeasuringheight.Ms.Ashburnham361,fol.29r;DiGiorgiochainpump.Ms.Ashburnham361,fol.35r.
BibliotecaNazionaleCentraleFirenze:Taccolawaterwheelbucketpump.ManuscrittoPalatino767,p.11;Taccolaoxchainpump.ManuscrittoPalatino766,p.
![Page 2076: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2076.jpg)
19;Taccolaverticalwaterwheel.Ms.Palantino767,p.65;DiGiorgiomobilesiegeladder.Ms.II.I.141,fol.201r;DiGiorgiomobileshields.Ms.Palatino767,p.143.
BritishMuseum,London:AnonymousSieneseEngineer,flyingman.Ms.Additional34113,fol.189v;DiGiorgiotrebuchet.Ms.197,b.21,fol.3v.
![Page 2077: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2077.jpg)
CambridgeUniversityPress:Chinesetoothedgearwheels.Needhamvol.4,pt.2,sect.27,p.85;Cranks,chaindriveChina.Needhamvol.4,pt.2,sect.27,p.102;Chinesepaddleboat.Needhamp.431;Chineseflyingcar.Needhamp.572.
ColorInsertImages
Iammostgratefultothefollowingforallowingthe
![Page 2078: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2078.jpg)
reproductionoftheirphotographs:
Colorinsert1:ZhengHeinMalacca,2007,©IanHudson
Colorinsert1:1418/1763LiuGangmap,2007,©LiuGang
Colorinsert1:SummerPalace,Beijing,bronzefigureonmarble.©LibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.;
![Page 2079: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2079.jpg)
SummerPalace,Beijing,1902.©LibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.
Colorinsert1:TheForbiddenCity,Beijing,2007.©IanHudson
Colorinsert1:TheGreatWallofChinaatSimatai,2007.©IanHudson;Blueandwhiteporcelain.©PercivalDavidFoundation.
![Page 2080: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2080.jpg)
Colorinsert1:Chinesejunk,1906.©LibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.;Camelsatsunset,2007.©IanHudson
Colorinsert1:RedSea,2007.©IanHudson;Cairo/Nilelithograph.©LibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.
Colorinsert2:Venicepanorama,1900.©LibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.
![Page 2081: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2081.jpg)
Colorinsert2:Venicemap,©Doge’sPalaceMuseum,Venice.
Colorinsert2:Schönerglobes,1515and1520;TheStraightsofMagellan.
Colorinsert2:©GavinMenzies,Waldseemüllermap,Americaswithnewlatitudesandlongitudes;MapshowingWaldseemüllerprojectedontoaglobe,ascorrectedby
![Page 2082: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2082.jpg)
GavinMenzies.
Colorinsert2:TheWaldsemüllermapof1507sidebysidewiththeWaldsemüller1506“GreenGlobe,”©BibliothequeNacionaledeFrance,Paris.
Colorinsert28:MapshowingCGA5aprojectedoverWaldsemüller.©BibliotecaEstense,Modena.
![Page 2083: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2083.jpg)
Colorinsert3:PopePiusII,Pinturicchio.
Colorinsert3:Florence;LeonardodaVinci(self)portrait.
Colorinsert3:Renaissancetimeline.WendiWatsonand©GavinMenzies
Colorinsert3:Needham’spostcard.©PepysianLibrary,MagdalenCollege;
![Page 2084: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2084.jpg)
1408Ephemeris.table,©PepysianLibrary,MagdalenCollege
Colorinsert3:Regiomontanus’Ephemeristable,©BritishLibrary;ArmillarysphereatBeijingObservatory.©GunnarThompson.
Colorinsert3:Submarinesurfacing,©GavinMenzies;Dr.S.L.LeeMedallion.©
![Page 2085: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2085.jpg)
Dr.S.L.Lee.
![Page 2086: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2086.jpg)
SEARCHABLETERMS
Note:Entriesinthisindex,carriedoververbatimfromtheprinteditionofthistitle,areunlikelytocorrespondtothepaginationofanygivene-bookreader.However,entriesinthisindex,andotherterms,maybeeasilylocatedbyusingthesearchfeatureof
![Page 2087: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2087.jpg)
youre-bookreader.
Pagereferencesinitalicsrefertoillustrations.
Abbott,Dallas,260,261Adamic,Louis,241–42Aden,40,44AeneasSylviusPiccolomini,133–34Africa
Arabsin,58Chineseto,4,41,43,48citrustreesin,252Florentineknowledgeof,97onmapsandglobes,66,106,107,
![Page 2088: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2088.jpg)
111,112,128,286Merinosheepfrom,282monsoonsand,39,40Portugueseexploitationof,104,111,115,121,287tsunamiin,277seealsoEgypt
Aghemo,Aurelio,106AgüerayArcas,Blaise,234Alarcón,Hernandode,280Al-AshrafBarsbay,54,56Al-AzharMosque,55,56,57,58Al-AzharUniversity,55–56Alberti,LeonBattista
Beckon,92–93,137Chineseknowledgeusedby,134,176,216,243,254DePicturaby,156,158–60,161,196,251
![Page 2089: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2089.jpg)
DereAedificatoriaby,161,213DescriptiourbisRomaeby,164–65,196DeStatuaby,156,159,161,196Latinfluencyof,124LeonardodaVinciand,155–65,176,196,212–13Ludimatematiciby,161,162–63Medicifamily’spatronageof,89,90onperspective,253Regiomontanusand,138,139,143,147SanLorenzodomepaintedby,91,92–93,137onsilkindustry,200Taccolaand,158,182,212,213Toscanelliand,93,137,138,139
Alberti,Lorenzo,155
![Page 2090: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2090.jpg)
Albuquerque,Alfonsode,239–40,242Aldebaran,36,37,153Aldridge,James,52AlexanderIII,pope,64AlexandertheGreat,48Alexandria,48,51,59,64,65,69,70,71,72,74,75,85,122,222Alfoim,Perode,240Alfonsinetables,142,143,145,150,151,152AlfonsoV,kingofPortugal,94,121,122al-Ghouri,caravanseriof,57AlonsoPinzón,Martín,xi,109alum,205AmadisofGaul,The,236America
cactusesfrom,68Columbusand,104–7,108–9,126
![Page 2091: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2091.jpg)
conquistadoresin,284–87Europeandiscoveryof,126,131Fontana’sknowledgeof,222,223,240,287onmapsandglobes,xii,70–71,111–14,118,128,129–31Portugueseexplorationof,287Saint-Dié’sroleinnaming,115,116–18Toscanelliand,xiv,96–100,104,107,109,126seealsoCentralAmerica;NewWorld;NorthAmerica;SouthAmerica
AncientChineseInventions(Deng),23,231Andes,111,112,270,272,274,275,276animals,47,183,191–92,193,194,
![Page 2092: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2092.jpg)
252,268seealsodogs;pigs;sheep
Antarctica,108,129,131,270Antilia,islandof,97,100,106,107,118,120,126,238Arabia,52ArabianSea,43Arab(s)
onAlexandertheGreat,48astro-navigation,17–19,40,154Cairobuiltby,50calendars,40cemeteryinChina,46eclipticcoordinatesystem,145,154,176frankincense,46gold,57–58interpreters,40medicine,237
![Page 2093: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2093.jpg)
ports,40sheepof,285ships,81trade,40,46,252seealsoIslam;Muslims
Aragon,asseafaringpower,64,286–87Archimedes,146,147,187architecture,Renaissance,160ArcticPole,94,112,119,122
seealsoNorthPoleArequipaUniversity,275Aristarchus,146Aristotle,51,57,139,154,159,176,243,247Armenia,Armenians,56,123ArtofInvention,The:LeonardoandtheRenaissanceEngineers(Galluzzi),184,195Aruqtai,5
![Page 2094: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2094.jpg)
Asia,128,132Aslaksen,Helmer,27astrolabe,145,154,156,164astronomy,astronomers,134–54
Arab,17–19,40,56,154Babylonian,29Chinese,32,32–34,35,120,125,137,139,140,243,250–51European,29–30,86,88,93knowledgetransferral,37–38,243–48,251–52,253–54Medicipatronageof,87,205seealsocalendar(s),Shoushiastronomical;specificastronomers
Atahualpa,273,275AtlanticOcean,121,222,286,287Augustus,197Australia
Asianpigsin,262
![Page 2095: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2095.jpg)
citrustreesin,252goldin,252Mahuikatsunamiin,260,261–62,276mapsof,xii,66Portugueseknowlegeof,240Venetianknowledgeof,222–23,240
Avars,69,70Avignon,87Azores,63,252Aztecs,279,287
Babylon,Babylonians,50,51,52,53Babylonianwriting,50Bach,JohannSebastian,236Baghdad,45BaiShouyi,48
![Page 2096: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2096.jpg)
Balboa,VascoNúñezde,xii,111,280–81,283Baldovinetti,Alesso,87balloons,hot-air,170,175BandaAtjeh,42
seealsoPulauRondobanking,bankers
Italian,58,72–73,74,87–88,89,155,157,205Karimas,40,46,54
Bara,Lovorka,69Barbarossa,HolyRomanemperor,210Bardifamily,74Barzizza,Gasparino,155battleship,water-wheeled,22BazaldeenKulamiKarimi,46bazookas,16Beals,HerbertK.,266Beck,James,92–93,137
![Page 2097: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2097.jpg)
Beijing,33,34,36,154,206,207Bell,Cedric,257–63,269Bellarmine,Cardinal,249Berenson,Bernard,86BertoladeNovale,212Bessarion,Cardinal,98Betelgeuse,36,37Bianchini,Francesco,147–48,154Bianco,Andrea,238,241,254BibliothèqueNationaledeFrance,118,127Bisagudo,PedroVaz,241BiSheng,125,231–32Bisticci,Vespasianoda,89Bitruji,al-,147Boas,Franz,264boat,paddle-wheel,167–68,169,175,183,185–86Bohemia,Martinof,xibooks,20–22,
![Page 2098: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2098.jpg)
57,81,89,157,158,187,200,222,235,236,237
seealsospecificbooksBoyle,Robert,24Bracciolini,Poggio,89Braudel,Fernand,201Brazil,xii,117,121,238,239,240,241,242,252,270,280bridges,95,96,113,114,120,124,125,174,175,208,275BritishLibrary,14,161,177,179,187–88,189BritishMuseum,153,177–78Brown,PatriciaFortini,90–91Brunelleschi,Filippo,83–84,88,136,155,156–57,182Bruni,Leonardo,88,158Bryant,EdwardA.“Ted,”259–60,261Bueri,Piccarda,93
![Page 2099: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2099.jpg)
Buñuel,Luis,279Burckhardt,Jakob,160,251Butters,Suzanne,219Byzantium,64–65,75,77,84,85,92,145
Cabral,PedroAlvarez,xii,240,242cactuses,American,68Caesar,Julius,197Cairo,49–59
Chinesetradewith,8,9,19,28,40,43,45,47–48,72–73,75asHormuz,47Indiantradewith,47Karimin,40,46,54Venetiantradewith,64,65,71,72,74,75,81seealsoBabylon
![Page 2100: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2100.jpg)
Cairo:BiographyofaCity(Aldridge),52–53calculus,27,37CalderóndelaBarca,Pedro,282calendar(s)
Gregorian,22–23,24Islamic,18,40monsoonsmarkedon,40ofRegiomantus,150Shoushiastronomical,22–28,35,41,81,93,134,135–36,140,154,159,235,243,248
Calicut,8,10,38,40,42,43–44,46,79,86,222CalixtusIII,pope,134CambridgeUniversity,PepysLibraryat,28,135–36cameraobscura,36,90,137,140,156Camões,Luisde,10
![Page 2101: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2101.jpg)
canals,45,48–49,52,70,130,131,206–9,210–14,253,276cannons,16,22,41,173,174,175,219,220,223,225–27,237,253,259Capac,Huayna,273CapeofGoodHope,78,79,128,140,144–45,151,239,240,243CaptivatingViewsoftheOcean’sShores,47Caribbean,105,106,107,130,242Cassini,GiovanniDomenico,139CatholicChurch,45,132–35,150,157–58,249
seealsoJesuits;PapalStates;specificchurches;specificclergy
CatholicEncyclopedia,The,132Caverio,Nicholas,118CentralAmerica,121,128,130,287ceramics,Chinese,46,53–54,57,65,
![Page 2102: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2102.jpg)
76,81,268seealsoporcelain
Chambers,Geoffrey,258–59ChangLeepigraphy,8ChaoHeng,220CharlesV,kingofSpain,103ChartresCathedral,197ChartsofZhengHe’sVoyages,The,42ChengHua,266ChenShuiyuan,18–19ChenXinLang,46Ch’iaoWei-Yo,125,207,208Chidynasty,171Chile,269–70,271,274,276,280Ch’inChiu-shao,16,161ChineseReligionsandNationalMinorities(BaiShouyi),48ChuLung-Pin,221Church,Sally,10,266
![Page 2103: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2103.jpg)
Cicero,235Cid,El,284Cipangu,96,97,100,113,114,118,120,126
seealsoJapancitrus,252CivilizationoftheRenaissanceinItaly,The(Burckhardt),160ClementIV,pope,123clocks,36–37,137,140,145Codicetto(diGeorgio),186,190coinage,57–58,133,262,265,267,274Coloma,John,105ColombiaRiver,Chinesesettlementson,268–69Columbus,Bartholomew,106,151Columbus,Christopher,xi,xii,xiv,38,67,89,96,97,98,99,100,101,104–5,108,109,122,126,129,130,136,139,
![Page 2104: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2104.jpg)
140,151–52,222,238,239,242,243,284comets,24,27,135,136–37,140,147,158,260–61,262,263–64ComingoftheAgeofSteel,The(Wertime),218Commines,Philippede,205compass,16,17,175CompromiseofCaspe,285,286Condulmer,Gabriele,96Confucius,125conquistadores,Spanish,253,278–88Contarinifamily,74Conti,Niccolòda,44,73,74,77,78,79,103,129ContributionstoHumanHistory,267Cook,Captain,xii,74,152,265Copernicus,Copernicantheory,27,243–48,249–50,251
![Page 2105: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2105.jpg)
copper,58,59,231,252,265,274coral,197Coramandel,40Corfu,65,70corn,21,52,85,189,214,253Correrfamily,74,96Corsali,Andrea,240Côrte-Real,Miguel,241Cortés,Hernan,280,284,286,287Cortesão,Jaime,241Cosmos(monk),132Cossa,Baldassare,87Coster,LaurensJanszoon,233–34Cotner,Dave,263,264,266cotton,21,199–200,252,272,275Crete,65,72,75,77Cribbs,Robert,34–35,37Croatia,64,65–69,72,241–42
seealsoDalmatia
![Page 2106: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2106.jpg)
Crossman,L.S.,266Crusades,64,75,85,115Cryfts,Johann,141cryptography,14,156,157,159,160,161,163,251currency,58,123,274currents,17,270–71Curtze,148CustomsandInstitutionsoftheOldCapital(Chou),221
Dalmatia,65–69,72,76,241–42
seealsoCroatiaDandiBandar,43Dandolo,Doge,64,75Dandolo,Mario,78Darius,50,51DarkAges,Europein,57
![Page 2107: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2107.jpg)
Datini,FrancescodiMarco,87Davies,Arthur,105–6,128Deane,ThatcherE.,19DeArchitettura(Vitruvias),187deChávez,Nuñode,280deChávezfamily,283DeIngeneis(Taccola),182–83,184,190–91DengYinke,23DePictura(Alberti),156,158–60,161,196,251DereAedificatoria(Alberti),161,213DereMilitari(Santini),223DescriptiourbisRomae(Alberti),164–65,196deSoto,Hernando,280,281DeStatua(Alberti),156,159,161,196Destombes,Marcel,105,107deValverde,FriarVicente,280
![Page 2108: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2108.jpg)
Diamond,HMS,75,81Dias,Bartolomeu,xii,128,140,144–45,151,240,243DíazdeVivar,Rodrigo,284diCambio,Arnolfo,181diGeorgioMartini,Francesco
oncanalsandlocks,158,212,213,253onChineseinventions,161,163,164,187,189–94,254LeonardodaVinciand,xiii-xiv,177,178–81,195–96,212,213,253pumpsdesignedby,202,203,204,211Taccolaand,xiv,182,184–87,211,212fromTuscany,157weaponsdesignedby,223–30
DiodorusSiculus,51
![Page 2109: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2109.jpg)
diVirga,Albertin,xii,66,73,74DNA,67,69–70,259,269,271,275Doges’Palacein,44,73,77,79,103,128,129,130dogs,20,269Donatello,156–57Dong,Paul,26,250Dragon’sTail,78,102,126DreamPoolEssays(ShenKua),209,231–32Dreyer,EdwardL.,5Dubrovnik,65DucciodiBuoninsegna,86Dunstable,John,236
earth
positionof,141,142,143,145,247,249,253
![Page 2110: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2110.jpg)
roundnessof,18,96,97trajectoryof,25–26,34–35,138,139,145,146–47,150,159,243,244–45,246
Easter,133,150,152EasternOriginsofWesternCivilization,The(Hobson),199eclipses
longitudeand,27,34,151–52lunar,34,135,143,151predictionof,24,27,135,144,150–52,251solar,135,151–52,153
EgyptArmeniainvadedby,123Chinesetradewith,xv,42,44–48,53–54,57civilizationof,271Jewsfrom,46,57
![Page 2111: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2111.jpg)
monsoonsandshippingschedule,40partofRomanEmpire,132pyramidsin,45,48,49seealsoCairo
EmpiresoftheMonsoon(Hall),44Enlightenment,the,57EpitomeastronomiaeCopernicanae(Kepler),248EpitomeoftheAlmagest,The(PeurbachandRegiomontanus),246,247EssaysintheStudyofSienesePainting(Berenson),86Euclid,163,187EugeniusIV,pope,78,89,92,93,95,96,97,101,108,119–20,123,134,155,158,161,182,204,212,243,251eunuchs,3,5,6,45Eutocius,147
![Page 2112: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2112.jpg)
Extremadura,Extremadurans,278–86
Fabriano,Gentileda,76FangBin,5Farang,132–33FeiizhouHualikoHuarem,48Ferdinand,kingofSpain,104–5,285Fernandes,Valentin,78,79Fernandez-Cobo,Mariana,269Fernando,Don,ofPortugal,78Ferrara,dukeof,201Ferrello,Bartolome,263,264Filarete,216,217,218,219Fiore,Jacobelódel,76FioredelaMar(ship),239,240firearms,173–74,219–30,237
seealsospecificfirearmsfireworks,221–22
![Page 2113: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2113.jpg)
flamethrowers,16,21,204,219,220–21,222flight,manned,170–72Florence,83–93
Chinesedelegationin,38,132,134–36,140,161,176,233Chinesefemaleslavesin,81,82Councilof,78–79,90–91,92,158PonteVecchioin,174pontificatein,70,93,96,124,155,161,204silkindustryin,200,201,204,205Venetianwealthand,157seealsospecificFlorentinos;specificsites
Florida,238,252,279,280Fontana,Giovannidi,222–23,224,227,240,254ForbiddenCity,3,4,5,14,124,233
![Page 2114: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2114.jpg)
FordBellLibrary,111Forlanni,Giovanni,73–74Foscari,Francesco,78,1981421(Menzies),xiii,101,102,128Frodsham,Charles,111Fulin,132–33Fustat,al-,50,51–52,53–54
seealsoCairo
Gadol,Joan,156,159,164–65,251GalileoGalilei,26,27,248–51Galluzzi,Paolo,184,186,187,191–92,193,194,195,196Galvão,Antonio,78,102,126,265Gama,Vascoda,10,223GanDe,26,250GarciádeParedes,Diego,280gems,94,95,96,119,125
![Page 2115: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2115.jpg)
GenghisKhan,55GeniusofChina,The(Temple),172,197,207–8Genoa,64,65,76,85,89,155,236geometry,159,160,236,251gifts,Chinese,19–28Giotto,86glass,197GlobeVert,118
seealsoGreenGlobe,of1506gnomon,23,27,36,137,140Goff,J.R.,260,261gold
intheAndes,274,275,280inAustralia,252Chinesetradein,57,120,124–25ascurrency,57–58,133,134inEgypt,55,57–58inFlorentinebuildings,90
![Page 2116: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2116.jpg)
inJapan,96,114,120,126inMaliandGuinea,58silverand,115inVenetianbuildings,75,76,77
Gómez,Esteban,xi,102GongZhen,17Gonzagasfamily,214grain,52GrandCanal
inChina,206–9inLombardy,210–11
Grayson,Cecil,160Greece,Greeks,xv–xvi,176,187,253,254GreenGlobe,of1506,118,121,122,125,126–27,128,129–30,131GregoryX,pope,123Griffin,Admiral,12,14Grotius,Hugo,265
![Page 2117: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2117.jpg)
Guadeloupe,106Guicciardini,Francesco,205Guillemard,F.H.H.,98–99guilt,Indiantestfor,44Gulf,Persian,40,41,43,47,239gunpowder,16,22,41,172,187,219–20,221–23,224–30,253GuoShoujing,18,23–24,25–26,27,30,33,35,37,125,147,150,154,163–64,244,245,248Gutenberg,Johannes,150,234GymnaseVosgien,117
HaiDaEr,18Hall,Richard,44Handynasty,8–9,16,27,167,169,197HanZhenghua,48Harrison,John,152,153
![Page 2118: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2118.jpg)
HarvardJournalofAsiaticStudies,188HarvatyeMariakyr,67,70–71Hayashida,Kenzo,12Heilbron,John,91helicopterrotor,170,175,180–81“HelicoptersandWhirligigs”(Reti),180–81Heliopolis,50,51HenryIII,kingofFrance,71HenrytheNavigator,287HenryTsai,4HenryV,kingofEngland,89Herodotus,50–51Hibbert,Christopher,205HimalayanMountains,39HistoriaMongalorum(PiandelCarpine),73Histories(Herodotus),50HistoryofEgyptintheMiddleAges,A
![Page 2119: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2119.jpg)
(Poole),51HistoryoftheIncaRealm(Rostworowski),273Hobson,John,199Holdaway,R.N.,258Hollingsworth,Mary,89,90HongBao,13,42,43,44,45,131HongWu,4,17,18,19,132–33,262Hooke,Robert,24,27Hormuz,47,48Hormuz,Straitof,41HouseofMedici,The:ItsRiseandFall(Hibbert),205HouXian,13HsuanTe,266seealsoXuanDe,emperorofChinaHuarache,Claudio,271–72Hubson,R.L.,53–54Hudson,Ian,164
![Page 2120: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2120.jpg)
HuiHsien,167HumboldtCurrent,270–71HuoLungChung,226,227Hvar,65,66,67,69,70,71,72
ibnAl-AsAmir,52IbnBattutah,45IbnKhusrau,Nasir,51IbnTagriBirdi,44ibnTulun,Ahmad,52Incas,253,271,273–76,278,279,280,287incense,58India
ambassadorsfrom,41Chinaknownas,99,113,121Chinesetradewith,40,46civilizationof,271
![Page 2121: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2121.jpg)
Karimwarehousesin,54onmapinVenice,77monsoonsin,39NileCanaltradewith,52shipsfrom,39–40
IndianOcean,28,36,37,39,40,42,67,104,128,145,223,240,277Indians,NorthAmerican,264–65,267,268,269–70
seealsoNativeAmericansInstituteandMuseumoftheHistoryofScience(IstitutoeMuseodiStoriadellaScienza),184,225InstituteofArchaeologicalStudies,U.S.,268“InventionoftheParachute,The”(White),177iron,22,216–19,221,222,226,227,231,232,237,252,257,258,265,267
![Page 2122: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2122.jpg)
Isabella,queenofSpain,104–5,285Islam,18–19,23,40,55–56,57,139,283,284,285,286,287,288
seealsoMuslimsItinerarium(WilliamofRubruck),73
JacobofAncona,73Jacob’sstaff,16,137,140Jamalad-Din,18,154James,Saint,284,286JangMin,15,17Japan,4,12,68,77,97,114,221,250,267,269JebelKhamish,43Jerusalem,64,115,238Jervis,Jane,136Jesuits,157–58,249,251,272Jews,14,46,57,73
![Page 2123: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2123.jpg)
JiegantouKingdom,48JiménezdeQuesada,Gonzalo,280JingdezhenKilns,19JingdoeXianzhi(JingdeCountyAnnals),232John,kingofEngland,285John,kingofPortugal,241JohnXXIII,pope,87JulioTellositemuseum,272junks,Chinese
constructionof,11–12crewof,14,20descriptionof,41,45–46femaleslaveson,20,45,46,68,70,81,82,86–87monsoonsand,39–40inRedSea–Nilecanal,48repairsto,11–12,41,71towingof,incanals,207
![Page 2124: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2124.jpg)
weaponson,41,45–46,220–21,222,224,227seealsoships,shipbuilding;wrecks,ofChinesejunks
Jupiter,26,27,146,149,150,151,249,250
KaiYuanZhanJing,250KaoYang,171Karim,Karimimerchants,40,46,54Keddie,Grant,267Kepler,Johannes,27,146,248Khufu,pharaoh,48Kinsai,95–96,97,100,113,118,120,122,125kite,168–69,224KoHung,170Koshiya,AbuHassan,18
![Page 2125: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2125.jpg)
KublaiKhan,10,12,23,123,207,221
LaetenturCaeli(Brown),90–91lakes,clear-water,32Lambert,William,153Lamont-DohertyEarthObservatory,260,261–62Lao-tzu,125Laplace,Pierre-Simon,26Larger,Benoit,116,117,127latitude
Arabconceptof,18Chinesecalculationof,24,29–38,42–43,142,145,147,154,176Columbus’scalculationof,151declinationtablesofthesuntodetermine,139descriptionandillustrationof,29,
![Page 2126: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2126.jpg)
30ephemeristablestodetermine,112,139,140,144–45,151,152,153,237,243errorsincalculationof,114,127onWaldseemüller’smapandGreenGlobe,111–12,122,127ofwreckedjunksinNewZealand,262
LaurenzianaCodex,179,180,211,212,213LaurenzianLibrary,179,204,211Lazari,V.,82LeLoi,3LeonardodaVinci,xiii–xiv,84,155,157,158–60,164,165,166–76,177,195–96,204,211,212,213,253LeonBattistaAlbertiandtheNightSkyatSanLorenzo(Beck),92–93
![Page 2127: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2127.jpg)
LiAnshan,48LibraryofCongress,110,128LiQi,15,17Lisbon,78,94,95,97,100,117,118,119,120,125LiuGang,8,9,47,129,272,273LiuHui,163LiuManchum,239Livorno,84LiXing,13Loaisa,FriarJerónimode,280locks,196,202,204,207–9,211–14,253Lombardy,210–13,214Lombe,John,199–200LongFei,266longitude
Arabconceptof,18Chinesecalculationof,24,27,29–
![Page 2128: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2128.jpg)
38,42–43,129,130,142,145,147,154,176Columbus’scalculationof,130,151–52,243descriptionandillustrationof,29,30eclipsesand,27,34,151–52ephemeristablestodetermine,112,140,144,146,150,151–53,237,243errorsincalculationof,37,127,130,152Jacob’sstafftodetermine,137onWaldseemüller’smapandGreenGlobe,111–12,122,124,127,129ofwreckedjunksinNewZealand,262
Lorenzetti,Ambrogio,86Lorenzetti,Giulio,73
![Page 2129: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2129.jpg)
Lovric,A.Z.,67–68,69,70LuBan,168–69Lucien,51Lud,Nicholas,117Lud,Vautrin,117Ludimatematici(Alberti),161,162–63,165Lumi,45,132,134
seealsoPapalStates;RomeLunde,Paul,40
Macedo,JustoCáceres,274machinesandmechanisms,20–21,166–96,197–98,199–204,213–14,217,218,253,266Machinis,De(Taccola),182,183,184Magellan,Ferdinand,xi–xii,xiv,98,101–4,108,110,111,112,126,129,
![Page 2130: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2130.jpg)
130,238,242Magellan,Straitof,78,99,101,102–3,112,122,126,129,130,131MaHa,18Mahdi,Al-,52MaHuan,43–44,79maize,252,275,276Makah,266,267Madkrizi,al-,52–53,57Malacca,11,40,41,239,240MalaccaStrait,39Malikan-Nasir,al-,Sultan,52Mamluks,45,46,53,54,58,59,72mandarins,3–5,6Mansur,AbuJa’faral-,52Mantegna,Andrea,214Mantua,76,85ManuelI,kingofPortugal,117Maoris,258–59,260
![Page 2131: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2131.jpg)
map(s),252,286Alberti’s,164–65Chinese,45,47,48,70–71,129,130,238–41,272,275coloredsymbolson,68Columbus,106–7Conti’sacquisitionof,44,79copiesof,235–36diVirga’s,66atDoges’Palace,73–74,77,103,128,129,130DomPedro’s,78German,withDalmatiannames,68Harris,128,272Leonardo’s,165LiuGang’s1418,273Mamlukauthoritieson,59MarcoPolo’s,128,129,130Martellus’s,127–28
![Page 2132: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2132.jpg)
Medicifamily’spatronageof,87,89,157,205PiriReis,xii,130–31Pizzigano’s1424,73,151Portuguese,101,102Regiomontanus’s,97–98,108,149,153–54,158RenéII’s,116Schöner’s,98,99–100,103–4,107,110,112–14,130,131ShanhaiYudiQuantu,130Toscanelli’s,94–96,97–98,104,119–26,147,158Waldseemüller’s1507,xi,xii,99,103,106–7,110–28,129,238,265world,9,29,89,116,238–41Zatta’s,265ZhuSiben’s,128seealsoGreenGlobe,of1506
![Page 2133: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2133.jpg)
MarianodiJacopo,178seealsoTaccola,MarianodiJacopo“theJackdaw”
Martellus,Henricus,127–28MartinezdeRoriz,Canon,104
seealsoMartins,CanonFernanMartinofBohemia,102Martins,CanonFernan,94–97,98,118–19,121,126,136,140MartinV,kingofAragon,285MartyrdomoftheFranciscanFriars,The(Lorenzetti),86Masaccio,156–57MaSaYiHei,18Maskelyne,Nevil,152–53Mästlin,Michael,248mathematics,16,125,142,145,147–49,176,250,251,253,254Matzen,Andrew,261
![Page 2134: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2134.jpg)
Mauro,Fra,73,89Maya,the,260,279,287Mayer,Simon,250MayorofZalamea,The(CalderóndelaBarca),282MaZheng,19McGee,TimothyJ.,88McMillan,Hamilton,242Mecca,23,44,45,46,47,52,56MechanicalProblems,The,187Medici,Cosimode’,89,90,205Medici,Giovannide’,87,88,93Medici,Lorenzode’,90,117Medicifamily,87–88,89–90,93,157,158,200,204–5,219,224medicine,ArabandChinese,237Medina-Sidonia,duchessof,240,242Mediterranean,xv,41,43,48,53,58,59,63,70,71,77,86,201
![Page 2135: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2135.jpg)
MengxiBitan(Shen),231mensa,88–89,158Menzies,Marcella,xiii,50,65,66,75,106,115,166,177,181,206,214,273MerchantofPredo,The(Origo),58Mesta,the,282–83Milan,89,166,201,210–11,212,214–15,236,253Mingdynasty,4,5,8,9,18,19,24,37,45,54,64,132–33,134,137,188,227,232–33,239,266MingShi-lu,5,10,45,47,48,266MingShiWaiguaZhuan,47Mirabilia(Sévérac),73mirrors,183Misr,50,51–52,53–54
seealsoCairoMithridatesII,197Mocenigo,Tommaso,76,198
![Page 2136: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2136.jpg)
Mongols,5,6,54–55,69,70,80,80,81–82,86–87,135,221,269
seealsoAvarsmonsoons,39,42moon,26,27,29–38,43,90–91,92,135,137,140,142,143,144,145,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,243,250Morocco,45Morrison,Tony,130mortars,16,174,221,222,223,253Mosili,47
seealsoCairoMuhammad,55Mui,Rosa,26,250Muiz,Caliph,51–52Müller,Johann,143
seealsoRegiomontanusMünchenCodex197,223Munoz,Inez,280
![Page 2137: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2137.jpg)
MuseoArqueológicoRafaelLarcoHerrera,271–72music,236,251muskets,219Muslims,18–19,23–24,44,45,124
seealsoIslam
Nanjing
astronomersin,35languageschoolin,124navigationfrom,6,33,36,37,39shipbuildingin,11ZhengHe2002conferenceat,239ZhuDi’svictoryat,4
Narwhal,HMS,30,32,65NativeAmericans,71
seealsoIndians,NorthAmericanNaturalHistory(Pliny),51
![Page 2138: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2138.jpg)
NauticalAlmanac,152–53navigation
Arab,17–19,40,154author’sexperiencein,144Chinese,17,18,27–39,40–43,128,129,139–40,149–51,238,241,272ephemeristablesfor,43,98,112,140,144–48,149–53,164,187,237,243,244,245importanceofimprovedtechniquesfor,17,19,29,252inscriptionsoncharts,viifromNanjing,6,33,36,37,39Peruvian,274printingvaluablefor,235–36“StarryNight”softwarefor,90,150–51sundeclinationtablesfor,72,138–39,140,146–47,156,158,160,243
![Page 2139: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2139.jpg)
Venetian,72seealsospecificnavigationaltools;specificnavigators
“NavigatorAhmadIbnMajid,The”(Lunde),40NechoII,pharaoh,50,51Needham,Joseph,15,21,139,149,153,161,164,170,189–90,197,203–4,209,218,219,223,232–33,234NeiKulan,132–33Nelson,Horatio,41Newman,ThomasM.,266NewTheoryofPlanets,A(Peurbach),143–44Newton,SirIsaac,27,247,250NewWorld,140,144,152,157,237,241,243,252
seealsoAmerica;NorthAmerica;SouthAmerica
![Page 2140: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2140.jpg)
NewZealand,257–63,264,276NgSayTiong,27NicholasofCusa,88,121,126,134,141–42,143,145–46,154,155,158,163,243,245,248,251,254NicholasV,pope,158Nilometer,52NobleSpaniard,The(Maugham),281–82Nomdel’Amérique,Le(Ronsin),118NorthAmerica
Chineseexpeditionto,9,43Chinesehorsesin,252,277copperin,252Croatianexpeditionto,66–67,70–71,241–42mapsof,xii,73–74,77,112–13,128,129tsunamiin,266–69
![Page 2141: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2141.jpg)
seealsoAmerica;NewWorld;SouthAmerica
NorthPole,9,32,33,42seealsoArcticPole
Notay,pope,158NotebookonSeaBottomCurrents,17NotesontheBarbarians,9NotesontheBarbariansintheWesternOceans,47Novick,Gabriel,271NujunAzZahiraFiMulekMisrWalKahira,Al(TagriBirdi),44NungShu,20–21,175,188,189–94,195,197–98,201–2,209,211,212,213,216,232
oak,72observatories,23,137,145,260,261
![Page 2142: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2142.jpg)
Oliver,John,34Olschki,Leonardo,86–87OmarKhayyám,287Onslaught,HMS,12operas,88Oregon,Chinesepresence,263–65Orellana,Franciscode,280,281OrientalCeramicSocietyofFrance,53Origo,Iris,58,82OspedaleMaggiore(Filarete),216OttomanEmpire,Ottomans,69,70,92OzetteArchaeologicalProjectResearchReports,266–67
Pachacuti,276PacificOcean,110,111,112,113,121,122,128,129,130,131,238,242,270,277,281
![Page 2143: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2143.jpg)
PanBiao,11PapalStates,xv,45,87,132–33,134,205
seealsoCatholicChurch;Jesuits;specificpopes
parachute,169,170,175,177–79,196Parenti,Marco,98Parsons,William,212Pascal,Blaise,15–16Passaro,Berenzode,212Patagonia,xiii,67,101,130,131PaulIII,pope,245PaulusthePhysician,119
seealsoToscanelli,PaoloPayn,Marshall,34Pazzifamily,224pearls,20,21,96,114,120,122,125,126,133Peckar,StephenF.,261
![Page 2144: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2144.jpg)
Pedro,Dom,kingofPortugal,73,77,78,79,102,126Pelletier,Monique,127pepper,95,119,122,125Pepys,Samuel,24perfume,57,58Perii,Marijana,69Persia,Persians,47,57,197,219PersianGulf,41,43,47,239perspective,90,143,156–57,158,159–63,165,176,195–96,251,253Peru,252,269–70,271–76,280Peruzzifamily,74Peters,Winston,259PetertheGreat,czarofRussia,72Peurbach,143,144,145,156,246Philippines,68,102PiandelCarpine,Giovannida,73PieroAverlino,Antoniodi,216
![Page 2145: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2145.jpg)
seealsoFilaretePigafetta,Antonio,102pigs,215,262,268,278pine,11,72Pinturicchio,133,134Pisa,84,89,165,204,248Pisanello,Antonio,76,79–81,134,135,214,254PiusII,pope,133,134,205Pizarro,Francisco,253,272,273,274,275,278,280,281,287Pizarrofamily,278,280,282,283Pizzigano,Zuane,73,151planets,26,27,29–38,135,137,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153–54,157,159,243,245,246,247,248,249,250,253
seealsoJupiterPlato,57
![Page 2146: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2146.jpg)
Pliny,51plumblines,16Polaris,26,30,32,33,35,36,37,42,43Pollux,43Polo,Bellela,129Polo,Marco,65,73,77,79,95,103,120,122–23,124–25,126,128,129,171–72,207Polo,Niccolò,73,95,120,123polynyas,32PoncedeLeón,Juan,238Poole,StanleyLane,46–47,51porcelain,40,44,52,53–54,81,266,267Pordenone,Odoricof,73Portugal,Portuguese,104,115,121,127,239,240,241,242–43,284,287potatoes,276
![Page 2147: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2147.jpg)
Powers,Major,265Prager,FrankD.,182,183Prazak,Charles,242“Pre-ColumbianDiscoveryofAmerica,The”(Cortesão),241PrehispanicCulturesofPeru(Machedo),274printing,125,145,174–75,188,231–37,252,253ProfilesofForeignCountries,134Promis,Carlo,180Ptolemy,51,132,139,141,142,143,145,147,153,154,159,164,176,243,244,247,249PuertoRico,106,126,151Pula,133PulauRondo,37,42
![Page 2148: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2148.jpg)
Qindynasty,48Qingdynasty,47Quanzhou,40,46,124,174
RabanSauma(Odoric),73Ramusio,Giambattista,73RaspaduraCanal,130Reconquista,the,281,282,284–85,286RecordsofJourneystotheWesternRegion,9RecordsonTributesfromWesternOceans,47Redmount,CarolA.,50RedSea,39–48,77,239RedSea–Nilecanal,45,48–59,70Regiomontanus,97–98,101,108,112,114,118,121,134,138,139,140,142–
![Page 2149: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2149.jpg)
54,156,157,158,160,161,163,164,165,238,243–48,251,254Reid,Anthony,11remaindertheorum,Chinese,147–49,161RenéII,dukeofLorraine,115,116,117,118Reti,Ladislao,179–81Revolutionibusorbiumcoelestieum,De(Copernicus),245,246Ribero,Diego,272,275rice,199,201–4,205,209,214,252,253,257,267Richard,Helene,127Ringman,Matthias,117Roberti,Ercole,76rockets,221,222,253Rodrigues,Francisco,239RodriguezCabrillo,Juan,263
![Page 2150: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2150.jpg)
Rogers,F.M.,77,78–79RomanEmpire,Romans,xv–xvi,85,132,176,187,201,253,254Rome,52,86,87,134,158,164,182,204,213Ronsin,Albert,115,117–18,127Roriz,Martinezde,94Rorqual,HMS,12,81RostworowskideDiezCanseco,María,273,274RoyalNavy,12,14,138,152Rubruck,Williamof,73Ruggiero,Marino,242Ruiz,Bartholome,274
sacrifice,ritual,275sailors,20SaintMark’sBasilica,64,75–76,77
![Page 2151: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2151.jpg)
Saladin,54–55Salvestrinifamily,181SanAntonio,xiSandaucourt,Jean-Basinde,117SanLorenzo,Churchof,89,90,91,92–93,137,159,160SantaMariadelFiore,Cathedralof,83–84,92–93,136,137–38,140,155,158Santiago,Orderof,284–85Santinello,Giovanni,158Santini,Paolo,223Scaglia,Gustina,182,183,186–87Scaglierifamily,214Schöner,Johannes,xii,98,99–100,101,103–4,107–8,109,110,112–14,121,131,165Schroeter,J.Fr.,152Scott,Captain,131
![Page 2152: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2152.jpg)
Self,A.G.,98Sesostris,51Sévérac,Jordande,73SevilleCathedral,151Sforza,Francesco,210–11,212Sforza,Galeazzo,201ShahRokh,5ShanHaiChingKuangChu,171ShanhaiYudiQuantu,128,129,130Shapiro,Sheldon,202–3Sheban,19sheep,278,282,285ShenKua,209,231,232ShihHsuPai,220–21ships,shipbuilding
Arab,81astrologersandgeomancerson,41Chinese,11–15,39–40,41–42,273–74
![Page 2153: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2153.jpg)
inChineseports,40,95,119designsof,183,236–37inFlorence,84fromIndia,39–40interpreterson,15,16,41locksfor,196,202,204,207–9,211–14,253Spanish,286inVenetianports,74–75weaponson,220–21,222,224,227seealsoboat,paddle-wheel;junks,Chinese;specificships
Shu-shuChiu-chang,16,148–49,161,162–63ShuXian,47ShuyuZhouziLu(Yan),18,133Sideriusnuncius[Starrymessenger](Galileo),249silk,40,44,46,52,57,65,73,74,76,
![Page 2154: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2154.jpg)
81,87,197–201,204–5,214,272,275SilkRoad,69silver
fromtheAndes,253,274,275,284inCairomarkets,55,57Chinesetradein,197ascurrency,19,133,134goldand,115inSaint-Dié,115
SimaQian,169Simocatta,Theophylactis,132sinetables,143,243–44SixtusV,pope,224slaves,female,20,45,46,68,70,81,82,86–87Soderini,GonfalierPier,117solarsystem,90–91,157,159,176,243,245
seealsospecificpartsofthesolar
![Page 2155: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2155.jpg)
systemSongdynasty,15,22,46,134,219,220SouthAmerica
Asianchickensin,252Croatianexpeditionto,67GuadelupeVirginimagein,284Incasin,287Magellan’sexpeditionto,101,130mapsof,77,103,107,108,110,111,112,113,114,127,128,129,238,242snailsfrom,252sweetpotatoesfrom,252wreckedChinesejunksin,269–77seealsoAmerica;NewWorld;NorthAmerica
SouthernCross,240SouthPole,131SouzaTavares,Francisde,78
![Page 2156: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2156.jpg)
Spain,Spanish,253,278–88Spencer,John,216–17Speyer,Johannevon,235SpiceIslands,130,239,240spices,57,58,65,74,94,95,97,119,120,122,125,240Spinifamily,87squares,15,16SriLanka,38,40,42“StarryNight”(software),90,150–51stars,27–28,29–38,42,43,90–91,92,93,108,135,137,140,142,144,145,146,157,243,247steel,14,214,216–19,223,227,252Steele,Harvey,266Stock,Manuel,240Strabo,51Strozzifamily,89Suidynasty,207,231
![Page 2157: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2157.jpg)
Sumatra,42sun,25–26,27,29–38,43,90–91,92,135,137–39,140,141,142,145,146–48,149,150,151,153–54,156,158,159,160,243,245,246,247,248,253sundials,145Sungdynasty,54,168,169,221,226surveying,16,149,157,159,163,164–65,183sweetpotatoes,252Swerdlow,NoelM.,245,246,247
Tabula(Regiomontanus),108Tabulaediretorium(Copernicus),244Taccola,MarianodiJacopo“theJackdaw,”181–87
Albertiand,158,212,213onChineseinventions,161,163,
![Page 2158: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2158.jpg)
164,189–94,202–3,204,209,211,216,222,223,224,226,227,254diGeorgioand,xiv,182,184–87,211,212LeonardodaVinciand,xiv,195–96,212
Tafur,Piero,44Taicangstele,9,13TaiPengWang,xiii,17,27–28,37,40,42,45,132TalksatFisherman’sRock(Shih),220–21Tamburlaine,54Tangdynasty,8,9,54,197,206,207,219,231TangXiren,37,42Ta-Yenrule,148–49,161Tazimerchant,46teak,11
![Page 2159: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2159.jpg)
telescope,145,249,250Tello,Julio,273Temple,Robert,207,221theft,57Thompson,Gunnar,66,128,129TianWenShu,18Tibet,77,82,207TierradelFuego,126,131,279time,Chinesecalculationof,36–37TimesAtlasofWorldExploration,The,xiitorquetum,34,140,142,143,145,154,158Toscanelli,Paolo,xiv,83,88,89,90,93,94–100,101,104,107,109,113,114,118–26,127,128,130,134,136–40,142,143,147,149,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,163,164,182,238,242,243,248,251,254
![Page 2160: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2160.jpg)
Trattatomanuscripts,179–80,181,193,195,203,204,211TravelsoftheInfante,DomPedroofPortugal,The(Rogers),77–78trebuchet,225triangles,right-angle,16trigonometry,15,16,18,26,136,143,147,158,163,183,244TsoChuan,167tsunami,259–68,269–70,276–77Tsunami:TheUnderratedHazard(Bryant),259–60TupacYupanqui,273,275,276Tuscany,20,82,86–87,157,200,224
seealsoFlorence
Uhle,Max,273UlughBegh,139
![Page 2161: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2161.jpg)
Uzielli,Gustavo,98,121,147
Valdivia,Pedrode,280Vancouver,George,265VancouverIsland,74,264–66,267,268–69Vecci,Giustizieri,235Veneziano,Antonio,76Venice,Venetians,77–82
Alexandriarouteto,69,70,71,72–73Chinesefemaleslavesin,68Chinesetradewith,38,73,242–43Croatiancoastcontrolledby,241–42DNAof,69,71EugeniusIVbornin,96Florenceand,86,198
![Page 2162: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2162.jpg)
galleysbuiltandmannedby,41,71–72Ottomannavydefeatedby,92patentlawin,200–201Piedmontand,215printingin,234–37silkindustryin,200–201,204spicetradewith,58wealthof,64–65,74–76,85,157seealsospecificsites;specificVenetians
Verona,76,79,80,198,199,200,214–15Vespucci,Amerigo,38,89,112,117–18,127,129,130,139,140,151,152,243Vicenza,76,198,200Vienna,AustrianNationalLibraryin,108
![Page 2163: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2163.jpg)
Viracocha,emperoroftheIncas,280Visconti,Filippo,210Viscontifamily,89Vitruvius,187
Waldseemüller,Martin,xi,xii,99,103,106–7,110–28,129,165,238,265Walther,Bernard,108WangChen,168,188,201WangGui,19WangHeng,13WangJinghong,xv,7,13,43WangQi,129WangZhen,232WashingtonPotters,268waterclock,Chinese,36–37waterlevels,16weapons,21,41,45–46,171–74,175,
![Page 2164: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2164.jpg)
182,187,219–30,237,253seealsospecificweapons
weavers,weaving,134,200Wertime,TheodoreA.,217–18wheat,52,201White,Lynn,82,177Whyte,Adele,258–59Wieser,FranzVon,66WollongongUniversity,260,261wool,86,87,200,275,280,282wrecks,ofChinesejunks,10
onAmericanwestcoast,263–64,266–70inAustralia,262–63inJapan,xiv,221machinesforlifting,xivinNewZealand,257,258,259–62inWesternCanada,263–65
Wu-chingTsung-yao,21,204,226
![Page 2165: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2165.jpg)
WuTi,197WuZheng,19WuZhong,13
XhengHe,123–24XiaYuanji,5XiFeilong,37,42XiLongfei,10Ximénes,Leonardo,138XiyuShu,18XiZezong,26,250XuanDe,emperorofChina,xiii,xv,6,7,8,14,19,20,22,24,41–42,45,81,124,235,265–66XuanzongShi-lu,7
YanCongjian,18,133
![Page 2166: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2166.jpg)
Yang,emperorofChina,207YangXi,37,42YangYao,22YangZhen,13Yen,Princeof,4
seealsoZhuDi,emperorofChinaYongle,4,17
seealsoZhuDi,emperorofChinaYongleDadian,14–16,164,233Yoshamya,Mitjel,67,68YouTon,47Yuandynasty,4,17,18,23,24,54,129,132,135,220,232,268Yuanshi-lu,24,135YuLizi,132YungLo,54,266
seealsoZhuDi,emperorofChina
![Page 2167: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2167.jpg)
Zaiton,95,119,122Zatta,Antonio,74,265ZhangDa,13ZhangXingGang,48Zhanzon,emperorofChina,220ZhaoRuqua,46,134ZhengAhLi,18ZhengHe
achievementsof,7–8,9–10asambassador,bearinggifts,19–20,24,27,28,238,241Americaexpedition,71,129–31,239Arabsand,40astronomicalknowledgeimpartedby,243Cairoexpedition,42,47,48,55,56,57,59,722002conferenceon,239
![Page 2168: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2168.jpg)
Contiand,44,79onDalmatiancoast,65,66,67,70deathof,43fleetdestroyedbyatsunami,257,258–77fleetpreparations,3–4,6,10–14,134Florenceexpedition,70,123–24,134–35,161,176,197,233inHormuz,48Indiajourney,42,43–44languageschoolestablishedby,124MaHuanhistorianof,43–44,79inMecca,47asaMuslim,18–19,45,56,124navigationalaidsof,17,18,27–28,37–38,40,42–43,128,129,139–40,149–51,238,241,272popeand,123–24,134–35,243
![Page 2169: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2169.jpg)
printingduringtimeof,40,187–88,233,235–36religioustoleranceobservedby,124routeof,42–43silkduringthetimeof,197sponsorshipof,xv,4,6,7,9–10tombof,80Veniceexpedition,70,71,75,81,209,222,223,235–36weaponsonshipsof,41,222,223YongleDadianand,15–16,164,233
ZhouMan,13ZhouXinYan,26,250ZhuDi,emperorofChina,xiii,3,4–5,14,15,17,19,24,45,47,54,80,124,132,133,134,232–33,265–66ZhufanZhi(Zhao),134ZhuGaozhi,5–6
![Page 2170: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2170.jpg)
ZhuLiang,13ZhuSiben,125,128ZhuZhanji,emperorofChina,6,41–42,135
seealsoXuanDe,emperorofChina
ZhuZhen,13Zinner,Ernst,98,149,150,153–54,243,244,245Zonghua,47Zuilkarnain,48
![Page 2171: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2171.jpg)
AbouttheAuthor
The author of 1421: The Year ChinaDiscovered America, GAVINMENZIES was born in England andlivedinChinafor twoyearsbefore theSecond World War. He joined theRoyal Navy in 1953 and served insubmarines from 1959 to 1970. SinceleavingtheRoyalNavy,hehasreturnedto China andAsiamany times, and inthecourseofhisresearch,hehasvisited120countries,morethan900museumsand libraries, and every major seaportof the late Middle Ages. Menzies is
![Page 2172: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2172.jpg)
marriedwithtwodaughtersandlivesinNorthLondon.
www.GavinMenzies.net
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com forexclusive information on your favoriteHarperCollinsauthor.
![Page 2173: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2173.jpg)
ALSOBYGAVINMENZIES
1421:TheYearChinaDiscoveredAmerica
![Page 2174: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2174.jpg)
Credits
JacketillustrationofhelicopterbyLeonardodaVinci©Bulloz/Réuniondesmuséesnationaux/ArtResource,NY
![Page 2175: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2175.jpg)
Copyright
1434.Copyright©2008byGavinMenzies.AllrightsreservedunderInternationalandPan-AmericanCopyrightConventions.Bypaymentoftherequiredfees,youhavebeengrantedthenon-exclusive,non-transferablerighttoaccessandreadthetextofthise-bookon-screen.
![Page 2176: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2176.jpg)
Nopartofthistextmaybereproduced,transmitted,down-loaded,decompiled,reverseengineered,orstoredinorintroducedintoanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,inanyformorbyanymeans,whetherelectronicormechanical,nowknownorhereinafterinvented,withouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofHarperCollinse-books.
![Page 2177: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2177.jpg)
EPub©EditionMAY2008ISBN:978006198324510987654321
![Page 2178: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2178.jpg)
AboutthePublisherAustraliaHarperCollinsPublishers(Australia)Pty.Ltd.25RydeRoad(POBox321)Pymble,NSW2073,Australiahttp://www.harpercollinsebooks.com.auCanadaHarperCollinsPublishersLtd.2BloorStreetEast-20th
![Page 2179: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2179.jpg)
FloorToronto,ON,M4W1A8,Canadahttp://www.harpercollinsebooks.caNewZealandHarperCollinsPublishers(NewZealand)LimitedP.O.Box1Auckland,NewZealandhttp://www.harpercollinsebooks.co.nzUnitedKingdomHarperCollinsPublishersLtd.77-85FulhamPalaceRoad
![Page 2180: 1434 - DropPDF1.droppdf.com/files/DxDhS/1434-gavin-menzies.pdf · 1434 The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance ... and Leonardo Da Vinci 15](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040112/5e708e1792557643192917cc/html5/thumbnails/2180.jpg)
London,W68JB,UKhttp://www.harpercollinsebooks.co.ukUnitedStatesHarperCollinsPublishersInc.10East53rdStreetNewYork,NY10022http://www.harpercollinsebooks.com