1450-1750

Early RussiaEarly Russia

Muscovy RussiaMuscovy Russia

Territorial Shift:Kievan & Novgorod Roots to Moscow as center of power

Ivan the Great Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505)(r. 1462-1505)

Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

RURIK DYNASTY

Russian Russian BoyarsBoyars

Duma ManorsAgrarianFeudal

ObligationsNo affiliation with Rome, but like Europe…

Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity

• Russian Orthodox Church

• Separated from Constantinople

• Greek Influences

Russia in the Late 1500sRussia in the Late 1500s

Ivan IV: The Terrible•Expansion•Repress Western Influences•Cultural- Eastern

Dress, mathematics, gender

•Eastern View Trade, settlement

Time of Troubles (1604-1613)

Civil WarMichael Romanov elected

1667: Stephen Razin Rebellion

Internal Church Difficulties

Michael Romanov Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)(r. 1613-1645)

•Expanding territories•Mobile Society •“Plantation” economy• Centralization

of Serfdom

SimilarCoercive labor, agricultural production,

subject to will of noble classes, movement restricted, limited resources (standard of living), hereditary status

DifferentThe “other” – race v common ethnicity/religionFamilial recognition – chattel slavery v familial

plotsAutonomy: Communal v individual – degree of

management Impact on…Nobles

Dependency

Peter the Great Peter the Great (r. 1682-(r. 1682-1725) 1725)

Enter….the

reformer

Modern MilitaryStreltsy UprisingSettled internal conflictsNorthern War 1700-1721

St Petersburg “Window to the West” Winter PalaceDirectional Shift Again

Russia & Sweden After the Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern WarGreat Northern War

St Petersburg- Winter Palace

Political & Economic Changes Autocratic Tsar & Bureaucracy

State built to support militaryHoly Synod (Church as bureau of state)

Russian MercantilismHigher taxes, Impressments of Management & Labor, encouraged exports, Baltic fleet, commercial companies provided with government subsidies

“The economic system rested largely on impressment of both management and labor, not on private profit and wages as the increasingly capitalist West. In this way Peter’s efforts to force Russia to a European level of material productivity widened the gap between Russia and western Europe.”

Social & Cultural Revolution

State Service key to status, not birth right Education: simplification of the Cyrillic alphabet, Western scholars, scientists, engineers

Cultural changes re: etiquette, dress

Gov’t aggressively secular

Autocracy & BureaucracySerfdom/Exploited Peasantry

Resentment of Foreigners Europeanized upper classEnd of Isolation from European-

The Pendulum The Pendulum of Russian Historyof Russian History

Pro-WestPro-WestFor Progress & ChangeFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,Encourage New Ideas,

Technologies, etc.Technologies, etc.

Anti-WestAnti-WestIsolationistIsolationistXenophobicXenophobic

Ultra-ConservativeUltra-Conservative

Most TsarsMost Tsars

Russian Russian Orthodox Orthodox ChurchChurch

MilitaryMilitary

BoyarsBoyars

peasantspeasants

A few TsarsA few Tsars

Intellectual elitesIntellectual elites

Merchants/Merchants/businessmenbusinessmen

Young members of the Young members of the middle class.middle class.

REFORM-MINDEDREFORM-MINDEDLEADERLEADER DEMAGOGUEDEMAGOGUE