a brief history of russia kievan rus to mode
TRANSCRIPT
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A Brief History of Russia,Kievan Rus' to Modern Day
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What do you think of when you think about Russianhistory?
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Kievan Rus' ()9th century to 13th century A.D.
Kievan Rus' is the modern-era namethat refers to the former collection ofRus states at the beginning of the 9thcentury-founded in Novgorod in 862 A.D.
Brutally destroyed by the Mongols in1240, after being invaded in 1237.
These Mongols, known as t
he Tatars,annihilated Kievan Rus' and formed the
Golden Horde, which ravaged the various principalities foryears after, until the rise of Moscow in the 14th century
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Christianity in Kievan Rus'
Vladimir the Great (958-1015) brought Christianity(Russian Orthodoxy) to the land in 988
A.D.
Christianity was forced on the Slavs by Vladimir (later Vladimirthe Saint), afterhaving rejected both Islam and Judaism
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Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia
Ivan IV (1530-1584) was the first Tsar (RussianforCaesar, or ruler) of Moscow
Creates the first true Russian state, crushingthe powers of both the Boyars (landowners)and rival princes of the Khanates, Siberia,and Astrakhan
Extremely intelligent, but would often fallvictim to his own mental illness
His strict peasant laws would eventually lead
to hundreds of years of serfdom in Russia
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Ivan the Terrible?
He had eight wives, including his firstwife, Anastasia Romanova, whom hebelieved murdered by Boyars
His son and heir apparent, Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, grew upjust as cruel and devoted as his father
Ivan the Terrible hits his son's pregnant wife, causing her to
miscarry. A fight ensues between fat
her and son, and Ivan
hitshis beloved son in the head withhis scepter.
Ivan Ivanovich would later die from his wounds, leaving hisyounger, weaker brother behind to be Tsar
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Peter the Great: Changing Russia
Peter the Great (Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov,1672-1725)
Westernized Russian education andgovernment, expanded empire
Forced the statesmen and militaryto cut their beards (a sign of status)and adopt modern clothing
Desposed of many plots that would seehim dead, including his own sister(whom he had sent to a convent) andhis son Alexei, whom he tortured until
he died
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Peter the Great causes a stir
Ended arranged marriages, called them barbaric
Forced the government officials and courtiers to shave theirprized beards, those who would not were forced to pay a BeardTax of one hundred rubles
In 1699, he changed the day of the New Year from September1st to January 1st, and noted theyear would now be counted from the birth
ofCh
rist
Created a Table of Ranks, where boyarswere ordered based on their merit andloyalty, instead of their birth
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Serfdom, Peasantry, and Revolution
Serfdom, as a practice, was abolished in 1861 by Alexander II
These great reforms spurred industrialization in Russia, but didnot end the political unrest of the peasants or the landowners
While serfs were free, they had so much debt still owed, theycould not purchase their own land
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Russian Revolution of 1905
Came from unrest: worker strikes, mutinies, and massivepeasant upheaval
Outcome: constitutional monarchy, the Duma, the multi-partysystem and the Russian Constitution of 1906
Tsar Nicholas II promises new liberties and reforms, yet the
Duma government continues to fail
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World War I and the Abdication ofNicholas II
The hardships and losses from Nicholas II's involvement inWorldWar I causes mass riots and in-country rebellions
As of 1917, Russia was on the verge of collapse, andNicholas II abdicates on March 15, 1917
Nicholas II and his family are killed by therevolutionaries on July 16, 1918
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October Revolution
A new, temporary government AlexanderKerensky, lost ground to the radical, orBolshevik, wing of the Socialist DemocraticLaborParty.
On Nov. 7, 1917, the Bolshevik revolution, engineered byN. Lenin (Lenin was the pseudonym taken byVladimir IlichUlyanov) and Leon Trotsky, overthrew the Kerenskygovernment and authority was vested in a Council ofPeople'sCommissars, with Lenin as premier
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From Russian Civil War to the U.S.S.R.
1922: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is establishedunder Lenin
1924: Lenin dies, fueling competition in the party between JosefStalin, the General Secretary and Leon Trotsky, who wasdismissed, banished, and eventually murdered. All of this, plusmassive purges in the 1930s, was orchestrated by Stalin, whotook overPremiership of the Soviet Union in 1941
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Josef Stalin: A Legacy of Horror
Born in Georgia as IosebBesarionis dze Jughashvili in1878. He took the name "Stalin",which meant "Man of Steel"
-Purges-Murders/Deaths: historians cannot decideon the vast number, between 4 and 20 million-Secret Pact with Hitler prior to World War II
in 1939, called the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact-Cult ofPersonality-Anti-Semetic terrorism, including the"Doctor's Plot"-Removal of Religious influence
-Strict Ideological Control
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Cold War to Collapse
Stalin dies in 1953 under mysterious circumstances
Series of successors, hostility between U.S. and the SovietUnion led to the Cold War, a war fought with threats and fear,nuclear weapons and psychological warfare
Soviet Union officially collapses on December 25, 1991