15 biodiversity and conservation
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By:-
DR. VIK RAM SINGH
TANUSHREE SINGH
YEAR OF PUBLICATION-2010
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means-
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prior permission of the Authors and Publisher
SAVANT INSTITUTE
TM
CLASS XII
BIOLOGY
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BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
_____________________ Slide 1 ______________________
_____________________ Slide 2 ______________________
Biodiversity
§Heterogeneity exists at all levels of biological organizationranging from macromolecules within cells to biomes.
§ The term biodiversity was coined by the socio-biologist
Edward Wilson.
§ There are more than 20,000 species of ants, 3,00,000
species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes and nearly
20,000 species of orchids.
_____________________ Slide 3 ______________________
Slide 4
Types of biodiversity
_____________________ Slide 5 _________________
Species diversity
§ The diversity at the species level.
§ For example, the Western Ghats have a greater amp
species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.
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Slide 6
Ecological diversity
§ At the ecosystem level, India, for instance, with its deserts,
rain forests, mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries,
and alpine meadows has a greater ecosystem diversity than
a Scandinavian country like Norway.
_____________________ Slide 7 ______________________
Genetic diversity
§ A high degree of genetic variation shown by a single
species.
§ For example, the genetic variation shown by the medicinal
plant
§ Rauwolfia vomitoria in terms of the potency and
concentration of the reserpine that the plant produces.
§ India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of
rice, and 1,000 varieties of mango.
_____________________ Slide 8 ______________________
Estimates of species
§ A total of 1.5 million, plant and animal species as per IUCN,
2004.
§ Robert May - 7 million global species.
§ More than 70 per cent of all the species recorded are
animals, while plants are 22 per cent of the total.
§ Among animals, insects have maximum number of species.
And the class Insecta constitutes more than 70 per cent of
the total animal species.
§ The number of fungi species in the world is more than the
combined total of the species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles
and mammals.
Slide 9
Global biodiversity distribution
_____________________
Slide 10
________________
Indian biodiversity
§ India has 8.1 per cent of the global species diversity
world.
§ It is one of the 12 mega diversity countries of the wor
§ Nearly 45,000 species of plants and twice as m
animals are from India.
§ There are more than 1,00,000 plant species and mo
3,00, 000 animal species yet to be discovere
described.
_____________________ Slide 11 ________________
Biogeographical regions of India
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Slide 12
Distribution
Latitudinal gradient
§ There is a latitudinal gradient in diversity. Species diversity
decreases as we move away from the equator towards the
poles. Latitudinal range of 23.5° N to 23.5° S harbour more
species than temperate or polar areas.
§For example, Colombia located near the equator has nearly1,400 species of birds while New York at 41° N has 105
species and Greenland at 71° N only 56 species.
§ In India, with much of its land area in the tropical latitudes
has more than 1,200 species of birds.
_____________________ Slide 13 _____________________
§ A forest in a tropical region like Equador has up to 10 times
as many species of vascular plants as a forest of equal area
in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.
§ South American Amazonian rain forest has more than
40,000 species of plants, 3,000 of fishes, 1,300 of birds, 427of mammals, 427 of amphibians, 378 of reptiles and of more
than 1,25,000 invertebrates. There are at least two million
undiscovered insect species.
_____________________ Slide 14 _____________________
Decrease in the number of ant species from equatortowards poles
_____________________ Slide 15 _____________________
Reasons
§ While the temperate regions were subjected to frequent
glaciations in the tropical latitudes have remained relatively
undisturbed for millions of years so there was a long time for
species diversification.
§ Tropical environments are less seasonal, relatively
constant and predictable. Such constant environ
promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater s
diversity.
_____________________ Slide 16 ________________
§ There is more solar energy available in the tropics,
contributes to higher productivity; this in turn
contribute indirectly to greater diversity.
Species-Area relationships
§ Alexander von Humboldt observed that within a
species richness increased with increasing explored
but only up to a limit.
§ In fact, the relation between species richness and are
wide variety of taxa turns out to be a rectangular hype
_____________________ Slide 17 ________________
§ On a logarithmic scale, the relationship is a straig
described by the equation log S = log C + Z log A
Where,
S = Species richnessA = Area
Z = Slope of the line (regression coefficient)
C = Y-intercept
_____________________ Slide 18 ________________
§ The value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, regard
the taxonomic group or the region
§ But, if you analyse the species -area relationships
very large areas like the entire continents, you will fi
the slope of the line to be much steeper (Z values
range of 0.6 to 1.2).
§For example, for frugivorous (fruit-eating) birdmammals in the tropical forests of different continen
slope is found to be 1.15. _____________________ Slide 19 ________________
Species area relationship
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Slide 20
Loss of biodiversity
§ Human activities have led to biodiversity loss in the past.
§ For example, the colonization of tropical Pacific Islands by
humans led to the extinction of more than 2,000 species of
native birds.
§ The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784
species (including 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates and 87
plants) in the last 500 years.
_____________________ Slide 21 _____________________
§ Some extinct animals include the dodo (Mauritius), quagga
(Africa), thylacine (Australia), Steller’s Sea Cow (Russia)
and three subspecies (Bali, Javan, Caspian) of tiger.
§ There were five episodes of mass extinction of species in
Earth’s history.
§ The extinction rates are now estimated to be 100 to 1,000
times faster than the previous extinctions.
_____________________ Slide 22 _____________________
Status of some threatened groups
_____________________ Slide 23 _____________________
Effects of biodiversity loss
In general, loss of biodiversity in a region leads to the following:§ Decline in plant production
§ Lowered resistance to environmental perturbations such as
drought
§ Increased variability in certain productivity, resource usage
and pest and disease cycles.
Slide 24
Causes of biodiversity losses
There are four major causes - ‘ The Evil Quartet’. These
follows:
§ Habitat loss and fragmentation
§ Over-exploitation
§ Alien species invasions
§ Co-extinctions
_____________________ Slide 25 ________________
Habitat loss and fragmentation
§ For example, habitat loss in tropical rain forests – fro
to 6% of land surface.
§ Clearing of forests for soya bean cultivation or conver
grasslands for raising beef cattle.
§ Effects of pollution.
_____________________ Slide 26 ________________
Over-exploitation
§ Many species extinctions in the last 500 years (Stelle
cow, passenger pigeon) were do to overexploitathumans. marine fish populations endangering con
existence of some commercially important species.
_____________________ Slide 27 ________________
Alien species invasions
§ When alien species are introduced unintentiona
deliberately for whatever purpose, some of them
invasive, and cause decline or extinction of indig
species.
§ The Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria in east
led eventually to the extinction of an ecologically uniq
_____________________ Slide 28
________________
Co-extinctions
§ When a species becomes extinct, the plant and
species associated with it in an obligatory way also b
extinct.
§ When a host fish species becomes extinct, its
assemblage of parasites also meets the same fate.
§ Another example is the case of a co-evolved plant-po
mutualism where extinction of one invariably leads
extinction of the other.
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Slide 29
_____________________ Slide 30 _____________________
Stable community
§ A stable community does not show too much variation in
productivity from year to year. It resists disturbances and it
must also be resistant to invasions by alien species.
§ David Tilman’s long-term ecosystem experiments proved
that plots with more species showed less year-to-year
variation in total biomass and a greater diversity contributed
to higher productivity.
_____________________ Slide 31 _____________________
The rivet popper hypothesis
§ The ‘Rivet Popper Hypothesis’ used by Stanford ecologist
Paul Ehrlich.
§ In an airplane (ecosystem) all parts are joined together
using thousands of rivets (species).
§ If every passenger travelling in it starts popping a rivet to
take home (causing a species to become extinct), it may not
affect flight safety (proper functioning of the ecosystem)
initially. _____________________ Slide 32 _____________________
§ But as more and more rivets are removed, the plane
becomes dangerously weak over a period of time.
§ Furthermore, which rivet is removed may also be critical.
§ Loss of rivets on the wings (key species that drive major
ecosystem functions) is obviously a more serious threat to
flight safety than loss of a few rivets on the seats or windows
inside the plane.
_____________________ Slide 33 _____________________
Reasons for biodiversity conservation
§ They can be grouped into three categories:
ü Narrowly utilitarian
ü Broadly utilitarian
ü Ethical.
§ Narrowly utilitarian causes are driven by human
which include - food, firewood, fibre, construction m
industrial products and products of medicinal impo
Bioprospecting - exploring molecular, genetic and s
level diversity for products of economic importance.
_____________________ Slide 34 ________________
§ Broadly utilitarian causes are based on the major
ecosystem services such as Oxygen replenishment atmosphere, pollination through pollinators –
bumblebees, birds and bats, the aesthetic pleasu
nature.
_____________________ Slide 35 ________________
§ The ethical argument for conserving biodiversity rel
what we owe to millions of plant, animal and m
species with whom we share this planet. Philosophic
spiritually, we need to realize that every species h
intrinsic value, even if it may not be of current
economic value to us. We have a moral duty to care f
well-being and pass on our biological legacy in good
to future generations.
_____________________ Slide 36 ________________
Strategies for diversity conservation In situ conservati
§ When we conserve and protect the whole ecosyst
biodiversi ty at all levels is protected - we save the
forest to save the tiger.
§ It is expensive.
§ Invariably, the number of species waiting to be save
extinction far exceeds the conservation resources ava
_____________________ Slide 37 ________________
Examples of in situ conservation
§ India now has 14 biosphere reserves, 90 national par
448 wildlife sanctuaries.
§ Sacred grooves of India are found in Khasi and Jaint
in Meghalaya, Aravalli hills of Rajasthan, Western
regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the S
Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Prade
Meghalaya, the sacred groves are the last refuges
large number of rare and threatened plants.
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Slide 38
The important biosphere reserves in India
_____________________ Slide 39 _____________________
Important national parks and sanctuaries
_____________________ Slide 40 _____________________
Biodiversity hotspots
§ There are 34 ‘biodiversity hotspots’ which are rich in species
diversity and are endemic to that area.
§ These hotspots are also regions of accelerated habitat loss.
§ Hotspots of Indian sub-continent include Western Ghats, Sri
Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya.
§ The strict protection of these hotspots could reduc
ongoing mass extinctions by almost 30 per cent.
_____________________ Slide 41 ________________
EExx ssiittuu ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn
§ In a situation where an animal or plant is endange
threatened they are taken out from their natural habi
placed in a special setting where they can be protect
given special care.§ Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safar
are examples of ex situ conservation.
§ Cryopreservation: The gametes and seeds of thre
species can be preserved at very low temperatures
banks have been set up for this purpose.
§ Plants can be propagated using tissue culture method
_____________________ Slide 42 ________________
The strategies of conservation
_____________________ Slide 43 ________________
Earth summit
§ A convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Su
was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, for the conserva
biodiversity and sustainable utilization of its benefits.
§ The World Summit on Sustainable Development was
2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa. 190 countries p
their commitment to achieve a significant reduction
current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional an
levels by the year 2010.
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CURRICULUM BASED WORKSHEET
Worksheet - I
1. What is IUCN Red List? Give any two uses of this list.
2. List any four factors which may lead to loss of
biodiversity.
3. Biodiversity decreases as one moves from equator
towards poles. Justify with a example.
4. What are exotic species? Explain with the help of twoexamples, how the exotic species disturb the native
species of an ecosystem.
5. Describe in detail the species area relationship of
biodiversity.
6. Define biodiversity?
7. Define ecological / ecosystem diversity. Represent
schematically. How it is related to genetic and species
diversity
8. Write an account on biodiversity in India.
Worksheet - II
1. Who proposed the Rivet – Popper hypothesis? Explain
the same.
2. What is meant by term ‘Hot Spot’ in biodiversity? List
two criteria used for determining a ‘Hot Spot’ Name two
hot spots of India.
3. Why should we conserve the biodiversity explain the
reasons.
4. What is meant by endemism?
5. What are alien species?
6. What is cryopreservation? Give its one application.
7. What were Tilman’s observation?
8. What is meant by fragmentation of habitat? How does it
affect species diversity?
CURRICULAM ASED CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
1 Mark Questions
1. Name any two threatened animals species of India
2. Who coined the term biodiversity?
3. What is genetic diversity?
4. Write the scientific name of the plant that yields
reserpine.
5. Which region in India has the maximum number of
amphibian species?
6. Which of the two, India or Scandinavia has more
ecosystem diversity?
7. What is the global species diversity according to Robertmay?
8. Name the Indian hot spots that extend into other
countries.
9. Why is it said that ecosystems with diversity can
withstand environmental changes better the others?
10. What are the reasons for biodiversity conservatio
11. What is ex situ conservation?
12. Name any two conventional methods of e
conservation.
13. What are seed banks?
14. What is species diversity? Explain.
15. Definition speciation?
16. Why do we need Biosphere Reserves?
2 Marks Questions
17. What does the term genetic diversity refer to? W
the significance of large genetic diversity in popu
18. Which type of conservation measures, in situ or
will help the larger number of species to su
Explain.
19. Sometimes introduction of an exotic species u
native species of the ecosystem. Substantia
statement with two examples from India.
20. Mention the characteristics of a stable community
21. Name any four recent extinctions of animals.
22. Which region / biome in the world is considered
‘lungs of the planet’? Give two reasons
degradation.
23. What is co – extinction? Explain.
24. What are hot spots? How many hot spots are ide
in the world?
25. What is mass extinction? Give example, how
species of the Red list face extinction?
3 Marks Questions
26. Describe with example the latitudinal gradie
biodiversity.
27. Explain the three hierarchical levels of biodi
giving their characteristics.
28. What do you mean by Species-Area relationsh
diversity?
29. What is the significance of Species diversity
ecosystem?
30. What is the importance of biodiversity in ecosyste
31. How many terrestrial hot spots in all are presen
world? Describe briefly the hot spots of India.
32. Write a brief note on the Earth Summit held in 1
Rio de Janeiro.
33. Write a note on the biodiversity Conservation in I
34. Write a note on the magnitude of biodiversity.
5 Marks Questions
35. Describe in detail the causes of biodiversity loss.
36. What are sacred groves? Where are sacred g
found in India? Name any four. What is
characteristic feature?
37. Write critical notes on ex situ conservat
biodiversity.
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QUESTION BANK FOR COMPETITIONS
1. Genetic variation between distinct populations of same
species is known as :
(a) Genetic diversity (b) Species diversity
(c) Ecosystem diversity (d) Biodiversity
2. Spot the site, which is not a biodiversity hot spot?
(a) Central Chile (b) Pakistan
(c) California Floristic Province
(d) Brazil’s Cerrado3. Dodo became extinct due to :
(a) Global environmental changes
(b) Over exploitation of resources
(c) Invasion of non-native species
(d) Pollution
4. Which of the following is not a world heritage site?
(a) Habitat degradation and loss
(b) Invasion of non-native species
(c) Pollution (d) All of these
5. Which of the following is an endemic species of India?
(a) Periyar National Park
(b) Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
(c) Nanda Devi National Park(d) Kaziranga National Park
6. Which of the following is biodiversity hot spot in India?
(a) Whales (b) Lion tailed macaque
(c) Asian elephant (d) Panda
7. Which of the following is biodiversity hot spot?
(a) Panchmarhi (b) Sunderbans
(c) Western Ghats (d) Gulf of Mannar
8. Who introduced the concept of biodiversity hot spot?
(a) WWF
(b) Christopher Columbus
(c) Charles Darwin
(d) Norman Myers
9. Lion tailed macaque is found in :
(a) Western Ghats (b) Caucasus
(c) Eastern Ghats (d) Western Himalaya
10. Nandan kanan zoo is known for the :
(a) Nilgiri Tahr (b) Hippopotamus
(c) White tiger (d) Whale
11. Animals and plants are best protected in :
(a) Zoos (b) Botanical gardens
(c) Sanctuaries (d) National parks
12. The Ranthambore National Park is located in :
(a) Rajasthan (b) Gujarat
(c) U.P. (d) Maharashtra
13. Lions in India are now found in :(a) Jim Corbett N.P.
(b) Forests of Madhya Pradesh
(c) Forests of Western Ghats
(d) Girforests
14. The national bird of India is :
(a) Horn bill (b) Black swan
(c) House sparrow (d) Peacock
15. ‘Project tiger’ in India was started in the year :
(a) 1973 (b) 1981
(c) 1985 (d) 1986
16. Which one of the following is First National Park in Ind
(a) Kanha NP (b) Periyar NP
(b) Corbett NP (d) Bandipur NP
17. Kanha National Park is famous for :(a) Birds (b) Rhinoceros
(b) Tigers (d) Crocodiles
18. The breeding place of Flamingo (Hansawar) in India
likely :
(a) Sambhar lake (b) Chilka lake
(c) Rann of Kachchh (d) Ghana vihar
19. Which one of the following fish is introduced in In
foreigners ?
(a) Labeo rohita (b) Pomphret
(c) Mystus singhala (d) Clarius betrachus
20. Bandipur in Karnataka is the site of Project :
(a) Elephant (b) Hangul
(c) Tiger (d) Peacock21. Red Data Book deals with :
(a) Endemic plant (b) Plants that are ex
(c) Animals on verge of extinction
(d) Plants showing photoperiodism
22. The species becomes extinct most easily by :
(a) Urbanisation (b) Heavy rains
(c) Deforestation (d) Sliding of hills
23. Androgenic haploids are used for :
(a) Raising stock for micropropagation
(b) Induction of mutations
(c) Knowing effect of all genes
(d) Preparation of homozygous diploids24. MAB stands for :
(a) Man and Biology programme
(b) Mammals and Biology programme
(c) Mammals and Biosphere
(d) Man and Biosphere programme
25. Which animal is the symbol of the World Wildlife Fund
(a) Tiger (b) Red Panda
(c) Horn bill (d) White bear
26. Red Data books are produced by :
(a) IUCN (b) WWF
(c) IBWL (d) None of these
27. Commercial latex is obtained from :(a) Euphorbiaceae (b) Acacia arabica
(c) Tectona grandis (d) Manihot esculenta
28. Dudhwa National Park is located in :
(a) Himachal Pradesh (b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Arunachal Prade
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29. The species of animals protected in Kaziranga sancturary is:
(a) Macaca mullata (b) Panthera tigris
(c) P. leo (d) Rhinoceros unicornis
30. What is keystone species?
(a) A species which makes up only a small proportion of
the total biomass of a community, yet has a huge
impact on the community organization and survival.
(b) A common species that has plenty of biomass yet has
fairly low impact on the community’s organization.
(c) A rare species that has minimal impact on the biomassand on other species in community.
(d) A dominant species that constitutes a large proportion
of the biomass and which affects many other species.
31. Identify the correct matched pair :
(a) Montreal protocol – Global warming
(b) Kyoto protocol – Climate change
(c) Ramesar convention – Ground water pollution
(d) Basal convention – Biodiversity conservation
32. Biodiversity Act of India was passed by the parliament in the
year :
(a) 1996 (b) 1992
(c) 2002 (d) 2000
33. Hot spots of biodiversity are area :(a) Where maximum number of fauna are found
(b) Where maximum number of flora are found
(c) Where maximum diversity is found
(d) Where maximum natural resources are found
34. In India, we find mangoes with different flavours, colours,
fibre content, sugar content and even shelf life. The large
variation is on account of :
(a) Species diversity (b) Induced mutations
(c) Genetic diversity (d) Hybridization
35. Sardar Sarover Dum is built on the river :
(a) Jhelum (b) Narmada
(c) Tapti (d) Vyas