1517-1560s

1. The current evolution vs. “intelligent design” debate has roots in early modern period• Christianity achieved global presence for first time• Scientific Revolution fostered different approach to

the world• continuing tension between religion and science in

the Western world2. Early modern period was a time of cultural transformation• Christianity and scientific thought connected people• Scientific Revolution caused new cultural encounter

between science and religion• science became part of the the modern global world

3. Europeans were central players, but did not act alone

a protest to reform the Roman Catholic Church which turned into a

religious revolt against the power of the pope and the church teachings

Summary:RCC faced internal problemsRenaissance spirit encouraged Martin Luther to

challenge the churchRCC fights back in the Catholic Counter-

ReformationReformation will have social, political, and

economic effects

RELIGIOUS REASONS:1. Popes were more worldly than religious; bishops acted like nobles

rather than servants of God; monks not completing their religious duties

2. Selling of indulgences by the church (money paid to be forgiven for sins)

3. Decline in morality and values and increase in corruption in Church4. Teachings of the church5. Interpretation of the Bible6. Kings objected to papal taxes; opposed political and economic goals

of the RCC;7. national revenues going to church did not benefit kings directly8. Power and wealth in direct contrast to teachings of Bible--> living like

kings and nobles9. Simony and Nepotism= selling of church positions and appointing

relatives to positions10.Great Schism= 1377-1417, fight and ultimate split over election of the

Pope hurt prestige of church

POLITICAL:1. Kings resented the pope’s claim of supremacy and

interference in politics2. Nationalism increased caused the Pope (in Italy) to be

looked at as a foreign ruleECONOMIC:

1. Kings resented the wealth and taxes, property of the church

2. Business people resent ban on USURY(interest)INTELLECTUAL:

1. Renaissance spirit encouraged people to think and question leads to support of the people

2. Invention of the printing press and VERNACULAR (local) language spread ideas quickly

1. This is the main reason Luther was able to convert people!!2. COMMUNICATION AND SPREAD OF WORD

1. 1517- Luther (German monk) was troubled by the church selling of indulgences so he wrote the 95 Theses and hung them on the church door2. 1520- Pope Leo X issued a BULL (an official statement) threatening excommunication unless Luther recanted. Luther refused and was excommunicated.3. 1521- sent to Worms, Luther stood trial. King issued EDICT OF WORMS declaring Luther an outlaw and heretic4. 1522- Luther returned to Wittenberg -new separate religious group known as the LUTHERANS5. 1524-25- Prince’s army crushed peasant revolt-many turned away from his religious leadership6. 1529- Prince’s loyal to pope agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideas. Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement and became known as PROTESTANTS

Lutherans Catholics

Salvation- justification by faith

Bible- can be interpreted by each individual and written in vernacular

Priests- lead secular life and free to be married; regular people run church business

Religious authority- Bible is final word, NOT the Pope

Salvation- good deeds, sacraments, INDULGENCES

Bible- only Pope could interpret Bible, written in Latin

Priests- celibacy, chosen by God

Religious authority- Pope is final word

1. Reformation spreads to SwitzerlandWho was John Calvin?

leader of Protestant center, French law student who was more interested in religion than law.

disagreed with idea of salvation-PREDESTINATION (God had

determined who would be saved even before time began left France in 1534 and went to Switz. and published book

of his beliefs (Institutes of Christian Religion) followers became known as CALVINISTS and

controlled Geneva town councilBelief in PREDESINATION-God willed eternal

damnation for some people and salvation for othersstressed education, cannot where bright colors, read

Bible daily,cannot dance, drink, play cards, listen to music, and

cannot know the future

2. Reformation spreads to EnglandWho was King Henry VIII?

1. Complicated man, wrote pamphlet against Martin Luther and his ideas2. Married Catherine, Queen of Spain(daughter of Isabella and Ferd.) after

she married Henry’s older brother who died3. 1527- fell in love with another women Anne4. Catherine of Aragon could not produce heir so he married Anne Boleyn5. Divorce not permitted by Catholic Church, asked for annulment birth

of Anglican Church which becomes the puritans (pilgrims)6. Henry was excommunicated when Arch Bishop granted him a divorce

from Catherine (would get married 5 more times)7. Act of Supremacy in 1534- made Anglican Church of England

independent from the Pope, with king at its head8. Protestantism will become the official religion of England due to9. Queen Elizabeth I- daughter of Anne (never marries and has no

children )

Puritans- English CalvinistsHuguenots-French Calvinists

Presbyterians-Scotland

1. Catholic Counter Reformation1. Churches response to the PR2. Two Goals:

1. Stop the spread of PR and win back areas that have gone Protestant2. Strengthen church and reaffirm church dogma

1. Loyola-Jesuits to win back Poland and Hungary2. Holy Inquisition-Spain and Italy3. Council of Trent- series of meetings called by pope to strengthen

dogma and churchI. ended church abuses-indulgences, simony, and nepotismII. higher standards for clergyIII. Reaffirm(a) Pope is supreme(b) only church can interpret Bible(c) salvation achieved by faith, good works, and sacraments

1. Ended religious unity in Europe under the Catholic Church1. Left German states divided between Lutheran in the north and Catholic in the south2. Helped encourage education, reading, and thinking3. As power of the Church weakened it in increased the power of the kings and middle

class4. Political and religious wars broke out between 1550-1650

1. Spanish Armada, 1588-Spanish vs. English1. Cause-King Philip wants to increase power and bring Catholicism back to Spain2. Result- England wins, stays Protestant

2. Huguenots War-civil war in France1. Cause Huguenots and Catholics over who would control throne2. Result-Henry IV takes throne after converting to Cath. Beginning of Bourbon

Dynasty; EDICT OF NANTES-protected liberties of Huguenots-allowed Protest. And Cath. To live together

3. Thirty Years War- German states, France, Sweden, Denmark vs. Spain and Austria1. Cause-Emperor Ferdinand II tries to increase power of Habsburg Family (ruling in

Holy Roman Empire)2. Result-

1. Peace of Westphalia-prevention of Habsburg from dominating Europe2. Peace of Augsburg- Germany remains divided between Protest. North and

Cath. South3. Hundreds of small German states remain independent4. Ended unity of Holy Roman Empire

1. The Reformation was a movement toa. reorganize gov’t control in northern

Europeb. reform practices of the Roman Catholic

Churchc. destroy the old economic system of

feudalism in Franced. increase the power of the Pope

2. In the 95 Theses, Martin Luther protested all of the following except:

a. sale of indulgencesb. translation of the Bible into

Germanc. simonyd. nepotism

3.All of the following are true of the Act of Supremacy except:

a. made the Anglican Church independent from the Pope

b. made the king of England head of the Anglican Church

c. created an English Papacyd. was passed in 1534

4. The Counter Reformation did all of the following except:

a. led to the excommunication of Martin Luther

b. reaffirmed the supremacy of the Popec. led to the founding of the Society of the

Jesuitsd. destroyed the Protestant movement

Which situation is considered a cause of the other three?

(1) Religious unity declines throughout Europe.

(2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation begins. (3) The power of the Roman Catholic Church decreases. (4) Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five

Theses.

Which action could be considered an effect of the Protestant Reformation?

(1) posting of the Ninety-five Theses (2) decline in the power of the Roman

Catholic Church (3) sale of indulgences (4) end of religious warfare