16_cell_bio 7-14.pptx

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx

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CELL BIOLOGY (C)-2016

KAREN LANCOUR National Bio RulesCommittee Chairman

karenlancour@car!er"ne!

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


E#en! Rule$ % 2016

&I'CLAIER

*$ +re$en!a!*on ,a$ +re+areu$*n. ra/! rule$" ere a 3e$oe can.e$ *n !e 4nal co+ o/ !e

rule$" e rule$ ,*c ,*ll 3e *n ourCoace$ anual an '!uen!anual$ ,*ll 3e !e o5c*al rule$"

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


E#en! Rule$ % 2016

BE 'URE O CECK E

2016 E7EN RULE' 8ORE7EN 9ARAEER' AN&O9IC' 8OR EAC

CO9EIION LE7EL

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


RAINING AERIAL' ra*n*n. 9o,er 9o*n! % con!en! o#er#*e, ra*n*n. anou! - con!en! *n/ora!*on 9rac!*ce Ac!*#*!*e$ - $a+le $!a!*on$ ,*! ke

'a+le ournaen! % $a+le +ro3le$ ,*!ke

E#en! 'u+er#*$or Gu*e % +re+ !*+$: e#en!nee$: an $cor*n. !*+$

In!erne! Re$ource ; ra*n*n. C&<$ % on !e'c*ence Ol+*a ,e3$*!e a! ,,,"$o*nc"or. uner E#en! In/ora!*on

B*olo.-Ear! 'c*ence C&: Cell B*olo. C&

(u+a!e 201=) *n 'c*ence Ol+*a '!ore a!,,,"$o*nc"or

http://www.soinc.org/




8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


GAE 9LAN 9O>ER9OIN 8OR O7ER7IE> AN&OU 8OR &EAIL O8 IN8ORAION

NEE&E& INERNE RE'OURCE' AN& C& 8OR

ORE EL9 9RACICE ACI7IIE' O A'ER

'KILL' 'A9LE CO9EIION UN&ER IE&

CON&IION' O E?9ERIENCECO9EIION 'IUAION

OL& CO9EIION' AN& IN7IAIONAL'

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


'!uen! 9re+ara!*on ea ,ork $k*ll$ *e l**!$ An$,er*n. ue$!*on$ ea$ureen! an Calcula!*on$

Re/erence a!er*al$ Re#*e, 3a$*c +r*nc*+le$ o/ cell

3*olo.

Con$!ruc! $a+le $!a!*on$

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


Cell B*olo. (C) Co+e!*!*on % !o+*c$ car! 9roce$$ 'k*ll$ - o3$er#a!*on$:

*n/erence$: +re*c!*on$: a!aanal$*$: an calcula!*on$

E#en! 9arae!er$ % 3e $ure !o

ceck !e rule$ /or re$ource$allo,e an $a/e! .o..le$reu*re"

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


o+*c$ - Re.*onal an

'!a!e Biological monomers and polymers Cellular homeostasis (pH, osmolarity etc.) Enzymes and inhibition

Cell organellesstructures and their !unctions "i#erences bet$een eu%aryotic and pro%aryotic cells Bioenergetics &embrane structure and !unction *nclu*n. l*+* ra/!$:

!ran$+or! 7e$*cle /ora!*on: /u$*on Nucleo!*e !r*+o$+a!e$ *n ener.e!*c$ an $*.nal*n. Cell cycle and mitosis, role o/ ccl*n$ an k*na$e$ Chromosome structure

'ermentation products and uses

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


o+*c$ % Na!*onal$

All !o+*c$ /ro $!a!e an re.*onal +lu$ Cell communication, membrane receptors: an $*.nal

!ran$uc!*on poptosis an cancer Cell c!o$kele!on an *n!racellular !ra5ck*n. Inuce +lur*+o!en! $!e cell$ o$!#*ru$ *n!erac!*on$

C *s. C+ *s. C& plants 9ro!e*n /ol*n. an rela!e *$ea$e$ Cancerous *s. healthy cells enomics an e*c*neuan eal! Bioethics relating to abo*e topics

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Carac!er*$!*c$ o/ a Cell Con!a*n *.l or.an*eolecular an 3*oce*cal$$!e$ an are u$e !o $!ore*n/ora!*on

U$e ener. Ca+a3le o/ o#een! 'en$e en#*ronen!al can.e$ Can u+l*ca!e (!ran$/er .ene!*c

*n/ora!*on !o oD$+r*n.) -

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9rokaro!*c #$"

Eukaro!*c 9rokaro!*c %

$*n.le cell ,*!

nuclear a!er*al3u! no nucleare3rane ore3rane 3ounor.anelle$

Eukaro!*c % o$!cell$ % ,*!or.an*e nucleu$an e3rane3oun or.anelle$

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REGION' O8 E

EUKARYOIC CELL 'ur/ace o/ !e

cell % +ro!ec!*on:

coun*ca!*on:o#een!

C!o+la$ %ac*ner o/ cell

Nucleu$ % con!rolcen!er

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An*al Cell % Co+are

!o a /ac!orF

Kno, !e /unc!*on o/ cell or.anelle$

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9lan! Cell % '+ec*al

8ea!ure$ Cell ,all %

+ro!ec!*on an

$u++or! Cloro+la$! - /or

+o!o$n!e$*$ Lar.e cen!ral

#acuole- /or $!ora.e an

*ncrea$e $ur/acearea

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co+onen!$ ,*!

/unc!*onF Support - Cell wall , cell membrane cytoskeleton, microtubles

Controls material entering and leaving - Cell membrane, pores

Internal transport system – Endoplasmic reticulum

Powerhouse - mitochondria

Control center – nucleus, organelle D! "or mitochondria and chloroplast

Production o" key products – ribosomes, endoplastic reticulum, chloroplasts

Packaging center "or shipment o" products – #olgi !pparatus, E$

Shipment o" materials out o" cell - #olgi !pparatus, vesicles

Storage o" li%uids and solids – &acuole, vesicles, plastids,

$ecycling center – 'ysosomes and peri(osomes

Convert light energy to chemical energy - chloroplasts

!llows new cell "actories to be produced – nuclear D!, centrioles, cell wall

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C!o$kele!o

n

In!ere*a!e 4laen!$ are ore +eranen! !an *cro!u3ule$ an*cro4laen!$- !e +ro#*e !en$*le $!ren.! /or !e cell

*cro!u3ule$-co+o$e o/ !u3ul*n - ac! a$ a $caDol !o e!er*ne cell$a+e: an +ro#*e a $e! o/ !rack$ /or cell or.anelle$ an #e$*cle$ !oo#e on" *cro!u3ule$ al$o /or !e $+*nle 43er$ /or $e+ara!*n.croo$oe$ ur*n. *!o$*$" >en arran.e *n .eoe!r*c +a!!ern$*n$*e Ha.ella an c*l*a: !e are u$e /or locoo!*on"

*cro4laen!$-co+o$e o/ ac!*n - *cro4laen!$ a$$oc*a!*on ,*! !e+ro!e*n o$*n *$ re$+on$*3le /or u$cle con!rac!*on" *cro4laen!$can al$o carr ou! cellular o#een!$ *nclu*n. .l**n.: con!rac!*on:

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


Nucleu$

Nuclear

en#elo+e %ou3lee3rane

croa!*n %

&NA RNA nucleolu$ %

R*3o$oe $u3-

un*!$

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e '!ruc!ure

a" Nucle$o$oe$ % Coreo/ &NA ,ra++earoun J *$!one

+ro!e*n$ +lu$ l*nker&NA

3" 'oleno* % co*l*n. o/nucleo$oe$ l*ke+one cor

c" Croa!*n 43er %$er*e$ o/ nucleo$oe$

" e!a+a$ecroo$oe$

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Celle3rane

Co+o$*!*on a*nl +ro!e*n an +o$+ol*+* $oe+ro!e*n$ e!en !ru e3rane

9ro!e*n /unc!*on rece+!or$: !ran$+or! *n an ou! o/cell$: $!ruc!ure

L*+*$ *n e3rane can o#e la!erall a! a3ou!2u$ec 'a!ura!e /a!! ac*$ *n 9-l*+*$ ake e3rane ore

r*.* un$a!ura!e /a!! ac*$ ,*ll *ncrea$e !e Hu**!o/ e3rane"

No!e A$ !e+ ro+$: or.an*$$ +u! ore un$a!ura!e/a!! ac*$ *n e3rane

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L*+* Ra/!$

8lu* o$a*c oel % +ro!e*n*ce3er.$ Hoa!*n. *n a $ea o/

+o$+ol*+*$ L*+* ra/!$ % no! rano 3u! ,*!

$!ruc!ure *n l*+* ra/!$ % /unc!*on *n$*.nal*n.

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e3rane 9ro!e*n$

! A

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o#een! Acro$$e3rane$

• Diffusion: molecules moving from high to low

concentration; concentration = #molecules/volume

•Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selective

membrane; amount of water is opposite of number

molecules-if water is high, solute (molecules is low!

•"acilitative diffusion: ust li$e diffusion (high to lowbut a protein carrier is involved %ote: diffusion will

continue but rate of transport with carrier will level

off because carrier becomes saturated

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O$o$*$

&'pertonic - high solute concentration relative

to another solution

&'potonic - low solute concentration relative toanother solution

sotonic - solute concentration is the same as

that of another solution

an e $ ur.or

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an e $ % ur.or9re$$urean 9la$ol$*$

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An*al Cell$ % *n*Deren! $olu!*on$

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9a$$*#e ran$+or! %no ener. u$e

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Ac!*#e ran$+or! % u$e$ener.

Enoc!o$*$ an

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Enoc!o$*$ anEoc!o$*$

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onoer$ an

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onoer$ an9oler$

onoer +oler ea+le Rea.en!$

$*+le $u.ar(ono$accar*e

)

+ol$accar*e

$!arc: cellulo$e:.lco.en (an*al)

Bene*c!$-.luco$eIo*ne-$!arc

a*no ac* +ro!e*n:+ol+e+!*

e

a*r: ene:eo.lo3*n:

*n$ul*n

N*nr*n:B*ure!

nucleo!*e nucle*c ac* &NA: RNA e!l .reen

/a!!ac*.lcerol

/a! or !r*.lcer*e

cook*n. o*l:3u!!er

.rea$e !e$! ,*!3ro,n +a+er

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Ce*cal In!erac!*on$

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+

ro.en *onconcen!ra!*on

L*u* a 3e ac*: 3a$e or neu!ral M *$ neu!ral

Belo, M *$ ac**c A3o#e M *$ 3a$*c Lo.ar*!*c BuDer$ *n cell$

Ac*$ an

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Ac*$ anBa$e$

Ac*-a $u3$!ance !a! can !ake u+ an elec!ron+a*r !o /or a co#alen! 3on

Ba$e-a $u3$!ance !a! can ona!e an elec!ron

+a*r !o /or a co#alen! 3on Conen$a!*on reac!*on-,en !,o olecule$

are co3*ne *n!o one olecule ,*! !erelea$e o/ one ,a!er olecule A B C

2O E 2 a*no ac*$ are Po*ne !o.e!er !o/or a *+e+!*e olecule

rol$*$ reac!*on-,en one olecule *$3roken *n!o !,o olecule$ ,*! !e a*!*on

o/ ,a!er olecule C 2O A B E*$accar*e al!o$e ,a!er 2 luco$e

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Ene$

Ca!al$!$ ae o/ 9ro!e*n a a#e non-+ro!e*n +ar!$ Lo,er Ac!*#a!*on Ener. No! can.e ur*n. reac!*on Ene-$u3$!ra!e co+le In*3*!*on

Co+e!*!*#e - 3*n*n. a! ac!*#e $*!e

Nonco+e!*!*#e-3*n*n. a! a $*!e o!er !an !e

ac!*#e $*!e

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Ena!*c ecan*$$

Ene$ 3r*n. reac!*n.olecule$ *n!o clo$e+ro**!

Ene$ or*en! reac!an!$

*n!o +o$*!*on$ !o *nuce/a#ora3le *n!erac!*on$ Ene$ al!er !e ce*cal

en#*ronen! o/ !e reac!an!$

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I+or!anc

e o/ A9 Ener. $!ora.e

ce*cal /or cell+roce$$e$

o$! o/ A9 *$+rouce #*a elec!ron!ran$+or! ca*n

a*n rea$on !a! cell$nee o.en !o allo,!e !o ake lo!$ o/A9

In#ol#e *n 3o!o!o$ n!e$*$ an

9 ! ! *

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9o!o$n!e$*$

Photosynthesis – ra++*n. o/ $unl*.! ener. /ollo,e 3*!$ con#er$*on !o ce*cal ener. (A9: NA&9: or 3o!)an !en $n!e$*$ *n!o $u.ar +o$+a!e$ ,*c con#er!*n!o $ucro$e: cellulo$e: $!arc: an o!er en +rouc!$" I!*$ !e a*n +a!,a 3 ,*c ener. an car3on en!er !e

/oo ,e3$"

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9OO'YNE'I'

,o aPor +ar!$ o/ +o!o$n!e$*$ L*.! reac!*on$ (9o!ol$*$)

con#er$*on o/ l*.! ener. *n!o A9an NA&9

&ark reac!*on$ Calvin Cycle (!e!eroce*cal $!a.e) u$e o/ener. (A9 ; NA&9) !o /orcar3ora!e$ 9ur+o$e o/ +o!o$n!e$*$ a*n 3*o$n!e!*c +a!,a 3

,*c car3on an ener. en!er!e ,e3 o/ l*/e >ere *! occur$ % *n !e Cloro+la$!

L*.! reac!*on$ - .ranu($e#eral !lako*$) an!lako* e3rane$

&ark reac!*on$ - $!roa

-

http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/calvin_cycle

http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/calvin_cycle

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-Reac!*on$

Non-ccl*c +o!o+o$+orla!*on (9o!o$$!e II-96J0 an !en 9o!o$$!e I % 96J0) -lon. +a!,a - Occur$ *n eukaro!*c +lan!$ % al.ae: o$$e$: /ern$: con*/er$: ; Ho,er*n.+lan!$O.en an NA&9 are .enera!e

)'clic photophosphor'lation * (+hotos'stem *+ * short pathwa'

Occurs in pro$ar'otes ()'anobacteria with electrons being used over and over again

%o o.'gen or %D+ are generated

ec ron ran$+or

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ec ron ran$+orCa*n

ar

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arReac!*on$

(l*.!-*ne+enen!reac!*on$)

)0 c'cle - )alvin c'cle ()alvin-

1enson c'cle•2aor metabolic pathwa' b'

which )O3 is fi.ed duringphotos'nthesis * about 456

of plants on earth are )0

plants•lso $nown as the carbon

fi.ation stage, this part of

the photos'nthetic processoccurs in the stroma of

chloroplasts!•2aor purpose - use energ'

from light reactions to fi.

)O3 into organic molecules

C ll R * !*

http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/stroma

http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/stroma

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Cell Re$+*ra!*on

Cellular Respiration - Or.an*c $u3$!ance$ are 3rokeno,n !o $*+ler +rouc!$ ,*! !e relea$e o/ ener.

,*c *$ *ncor+ora!e *n!o $+ec*al ener.-carr*n.olecule$ (A9) an *$ e#en!uall u$e /or e!a3ol*c+roce$$e$" All cell$ carr on $oe /or o/ cellularre$+*ra!*on" o$! +lan!$ an an*al$ reu*re o.en"

NOE e aoun! o/ NE A9 +rouc!*on #ar*e$ /rocell !o cell"

8/15/2019 16_CELL_BIO 7-14.pptx


Glcol$*$

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8eren!a!*on$

Alcholic Fermentation - Cer!a*n !+e$ o/ 3ac!er*a anea$! - Ethanol - 2 A9 (no NA&)

Lactic Acid Fermentation - cer!a*n !+e$ o/ 3ac!er*a an

o#er,orke u$cle$ Lac!*c ac* *$ /oun *n o.ur!: $auerkrau!: an

o#er,orke u$cle$ 2 A9 (no NA&) """ *n!en$e u$cle ac!*#*! (l*!!le

O2 a#a*la3le)

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8eren!a!*on 9rouc!$an !e*r U$e$

Car3on *o*e % 3rea

ak*n. Alcool % ,*ne ak*n. an

3re,*n.

Lac!*c Ac* % lac!*c ac*3ac!er*a /eren! *lk *n!o+rouc!$ a$ o.ur!

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Kre3 Ccle % C*!r*c Ac*

Ccle

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O*a!*#e9o$+orla!*on

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Cell Ccle

G1 Phase % *.ra!e o/3*o$n!e$*$ an

.ro,! ' Phase % &NA

con!en! ou3le$ancroo$oe$

re+l*ca!e G2 Phase - 4nal

+re+ara!*on$ /or*!o$*$

Phase % *!o$*$an C !ok*ne$*$

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*!o$*$ Prophase – croa!* +a*r$

co*l u+: $+*nle /or$:nuclear e3rane *$$ol#e$:croa!* +a*r$ a!!ac !o$+*nle 43er$ (*cro!u3ule$)

Metaphase – croa!* +a*r$ o#e !o !e eua!or:croa!* +a*r$ al*.n a! !eeua!or

Anaphase – croa!*$$e+ara!e *n!o *n*#*ual

croo$oe$: croo$oe$are +ulle a+ar! !o,ar !eeua!or 3 !e $+*nle 43er$(*cro!u3ule$)

Telophase - croo$oe$unco*l: $+*nle *$$ol#e$:

nuclear e3rane re/or$ Cytokinesis – *#*$*on o/ !e

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Con!rol o/ Cell Ccle

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Cancer ; '!e Cell$

Cancer *$ a *$orer *n ,*c $oe o/ !e 3o<$ cell$ lo$e !e a3*l*! !ocon!rol .ro,!

Cancer cell$ o no! re$+on !o !e $*.nal$ !a! con!rol !e .ro,! o/

o$! cell$ Cancer cell$ *#*e uncon!rolla3l e /or a$$e$ o/ cell$ calle !uor$: ,*c can aa.e $urroun*n.

!*$$ue$ Cancer cell$ o no! $!o+ .ro,*n. ,en !e !ouc o!er cell$ e con!*nue !o .ro, an *#*e un!*l !e*r $u++l o/ nu!r*en!$ *$ u$e

u+ e$e cell$ a 3reak loo$e /ro !uor$ an $+rea !rou.ou! !e

3o

'!e Cell$ are un$+ec*al*e !a! a#e !e +o!en!*al !o *Deren!*a!e *n!oan !+e o/ cell

e are /oun *n uan e3ro$: u3*l*cal cor 3loo an $oe aul!

cell$ e are u$e !o re+a*r *nPur*e$ a$ 3ra*n an $+*nal cor: cure $oe

Death o Cells – 3 *nPur*ou$ a.en!$

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A+o+!o$*$ - A /or o/ cell ea! *n,*c a +ro.rae $euence o/

e#en!$ lea$ !o !e el**na!*on o/ cell$,*!ou! relea$*n. ar/ul $u3$!ance$*n!o !e $urroun*n. area

Necro$*$ - e uncon!rolle cell ea!

!a! occur$ a$ a re$+on$e !o le!al*nPur lea*n. !o a $e#ere +$*calaa.e *n !e cell a$ ,ell a$ !e !*$$uecon!a*n*n. *!

P .or 3 3e*n. *nuce !o co*!$u*c*e

/

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o/ 7*ru$e$

Non-cellular*n/ec!*ou$ a.en!

Co+o$e o/ &NA orRNA an a +ro!e*ncoa!

Re+l*ca!e$ onl a/!er

*!$ .ene!*c a!er*alen!er$ a o$! cell

'u3#er!$ !e o$!<$

e!a3ol*c ac*ner

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7*ral Re+rouc!*on

16_cell_bio 7-14.pptx

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