Chapter 3

Lecture 7The Engineering Profession and Code of Ethics

1MHA,2015,AAiT1What is Engineering?Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of [hu]mankind.2MHA,2015,AAiT2The Engineering Design Process1 - Customer need or business opportunity2 - Problem definition/specifications and constraints3 - Data and information collection4 - Development of alternative designs5 - Evaluation of designs/selection of optimal design 6 - Implementation of optimal design7 - Testing and evaluation of the design8 - Redesign and retest, if necessary3MHA,2015,AAiT3Job SatisfactionNumber one cause of unhappiness among people in the World. Financial problems? Relationship problems? Health problems? Job dissatisfaction?Yes!NoNoNoWhat is it about engineering that is so satisfying?4MHA,2015,AAiTRewards and Opportunities of an Engineering CareerVaried opportunitiesChallenging workIntellectual developmentSocial impactFinancial securityPrestigeProfessional environmentUnderstanding how things workCreative thinkingSelf esteem5MHA,2015,AAiT5Varied OpportunitiesThe day you walk down the aisle to receive your degree in engineering, you have closed no doors.

There is nothing you cannot become from that day forward!!!6MHA,2015,AAiTPeople Educated as EngineersEngineerProfessionJimmy CarterPresident of the United StatesAlfred HitchcockFilm Director/ProducerEleanor BaumFirst Woman Dean of EngineeringHerbie HancockJazz MusicianFrank CapraAmerican Film DirectorPaul MacCreadyInventor/Winner of Kremer PrizeEllen OchoaSpace Shuttle AstronautHyman G. RickoverFather of the Nuclear NavyBill NyeHost of TV Show Bill Nye, The Science GuyBoris YeltsinPresident of RussiaAlexander CalderSculptorBill KochYachtsman/Captain of America Cup Team7MHA,2015,AAiTEngineerProfessionW. Edwards DemingFather of Modern Management Practice (TQM)Grace Murray HopperU.S. Navy Rear Admiral/Computer EngineerMing TsaiRestaurateur and Star on TVs Food NetworkHu JintaoPresident of the Peoples Republic of ChinaMontel WilliamsSyndicated Talk Show HostJohn H. SununuPolitical Pundit/Governor of New HampshireSamuel BodmanU.S. Secretary of EnergyDonald ThompsonCEO and President, McDonalds Corp.Rowan AtkinsonBritish Actor/Comedian/ScreenwriterRudolph DieselInventor of the Diesel Engine8MHA,2015,AAiTEngineerProfessionMichael BloombergBillionaire/Mayor of New York CityLonnie G. JohnsonInventor (SuperSoaker)A. Scott CrossfieldX-15 Test PilotDon Louis A. FerreGovernor of Puerto RicoYasser ArafatPalestinian Leader/Nobel Peace Prize LaureateTom LandryDallas Cowboys Head CoachIgor SikorskyInventor of Single Rotor HelicopterMohamed MorsiPresident of EgyptShiela WidnallSecretary of the Air ForceDavid A. WolfAstronaut/Medical Doctor/Electrical EngineerRobert A. MoogFather of Synthetic MusicChester CarlsonInventor of Xerox ProcessJohn A. McConeDirector of Central Intelligence AgencyArthur C. NielsenDeveloper of Nielsen TV Ratings9MHA,2015,AAiTFinancial RewardDisciplineAverage SalaryEngineering$60,639Computer Sciences 60,038Business 51,541Health Sciences (including Nursing)46,567Mathematics and Sciences 42,355Communications 42,286Education 39,080Humanities & Social Sciences 36,319Average for All Disciplines$44,259Beginning Offers to 2012 Bachelors Degree Graduates

10MHA,2015,AAiT10PrestigeEngineers are critical to:International competitivenessStandard of livingNational securityPersonal healthPublic safety11MHA,2015,AAiTGreatest Engineering Achievements of 20th Century20. High performance materials19. Nuclear technologies18. Laser and fiber optics17. Petroleum and gas technologies16. Health technologies15. Household appliances14. Imaging technologies13. Internet12. Space exploration11. Interstate highways12MHA,2015,AAiT12Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century (continued)10. Air-conditioning and refrigeration 9. Telephone 8. Computers 7. Agricultural mechanization 6. Radio and television 5. Electronics 4. Safe and abundant water 3. Airplane 2. Automobile 1. Electrification13MHA,2015,AAiT13Engineering Job FunctionsAnalysisDesignTestDevelopmentSalesResearchManagementConsultingTeachingEntrepreneurship

14MHA,2015,AAiT14Employment Areas for Individuals with Engineering DegreesEmployment AreaPercentageBusiness/Industry 80.3%Federal Government 5.4%State/Local Government5.7%Educational Institutions5.1%Self-Employed3.5%Total100%15MHA,2015,AAiTManufacturing Industry Sectors Employing Largest Number of EngineersComputer and electronic productTransportation equipmentMachineryFabricated metal productChemicalElectronic equipment, appliance, and component

16MHA,2015,AAiT16Non-manufacturingIndustry Sectors Employing Largest Number of Engineers

Professional, scientific, and technical servicesInformationConstructionWholesale tradeAdministrative and supportManagement of companies and enterprisesUtilitiesMining17MHA,2015,AAiT1750 Greatest Technological Inventions of Past 25 Years50 to 4140 to 3130 to 2120 to 1110 to 1Hybrid carsLithium rechargeable batteriesHome audio editing JPEGGenetic sequencingMini discDVDHome video editingMicrobloggingWeb-based emailColor plasma displayCD-RCamcordersCaller IDSearch enginesOptical computer mouseVoice mailDigital SLR camerasMobile broadbandSmart phonesLED headlightsOnline stock tradingMulti-core processorsBlogsText messagingElectronic tollsDoppler radarSatellite radioMP3 playersWi-FiOLED TVMPEG-4Flip phones Electronic word processingMP3Blu-rayFlash memoryDigital HDTVDVRBroadband InternetSatellite TVBluetoothInstant messagingDNA profilingPersonal computersRecordable DVDsCommercialized GPSConsumer digital camerasSocial networking serviceWorld Wide Web18MHA,2015,AAiTMajor Events and Changes Affecting the FutureFall of the Berlin WallAdvances in computer technologyAdvances in communicationsThe knowledge and information explosionGlobalization (outsourcing, off-shoring)Environmental challenges/sustainabilityWorld population explosionDemocratizationPandemic diseases/drug resistant germsClimate change/natural disastersNuclear explosionEvents of September 11, 2001/threat of terrorism

19MHA,2015,AAiT1914 Grand Challenges for EngineeringMake solar energy economicalProvide energy from fusionDevelop carbon sequestration methods

Manage the nitrogen cycleProvide access to clean waterRestore and improve urban infrastructureAdvance health informatics20MHA,2015,AAiT14 Grand Challenges for Engineering (continued)Engineer better medicinesReverse-engineer the brainPrevent nuclear terrorSecure cyberspaceEnhance virtual realityAdvance personalized learningEngineer the tools of scientific discovery21MHA,2015,AAiTSustainabilitySustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Examples of problemsGlobal warming/climate changeOzone depletionWater quality and quantity Air pollutionDependence on fossil fuels/energy crisisUnsustainable agricultureThreat of diseaseWaste management and land pollutionOver-consumptionWorld hungerLoss of ecosystems/deforestation/ animal extinction

22MHA,2015,AAiTAttributes of Green Engineering and Sustainable DesignsDesigns that use less energy or reduce emissionDesigns with minimal carbon footprintsDesigns that reduce material usage or waste in manufacturingDesigns with no toxic materialsDesigns that comply with environmental standards and regulationsManufacturing processes that use less energy and natural resourcesProducts that can be disposed of safely, including biodegradable materials and packagingManufacturing processes that minimize the usage or production of substances of concernDesigns that use renewable/recyclable/recycled materialsProducts that require less packaging

23MHA,2015,AAiTEngineering as a ProfessionCharacteristics of a learned professionProfessional registration Graduation from accredited engineering program Pass Fundamentals of Engineering Exam (FE) Complete four years of acceptable engineering practice Pass the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) ExamProfessional societies24MHA,2015,AAiT24the Ethics of Engineering25MHA,2015,AAiT25IntroductionEngineers are expected to maintain high standards of ethical conduct, in their professional lives, by the society and their profession.26MHA,2015,AAiT26The Nature of EthicsEthics is concerned with standards, rules or guidelines for moral or socially approved conduct such as being honest or trustworthy, or acting in the best interest of society.Ethical standards apply only to conduct which could have some significant effect on the lives of people in general.27MHA,2015,AAiT27Legal Standards vs. Ethical StandardsLegal standards, defined by legal body, determine what the law is and who should obey it.Ethical standards exist independently of any particular group of experts.28MHA,2015,AAiT28The Nature of Engineering EthicsEngineering ethics is an applied form of ethical standards which apply to any human occupation (ethical duties of honesty, fair dealing with other people, obeying the relevant laws, )29MHA,2015,AAiT29Model Rules of Professional Conduct CodeThe PreambleThe Engineers Obligation to SocietyThe Engineers Obligation to Employers and ClientsAn Engineers Obligations to Other Engineers30MHA,2015,AAiT30The PreambleIt is ethically wrong to cause harm to people promote the public welfare. to maintain a high standard of integrity and practice among engineers.31MHA,2015,AAiT31The Engineers Obligation to SocietyWhile performing services, the engineers foremost responsibility is to the public welfare.Engineers shall approve only those designs that safeguard the life, health, welfare and property of the public, If an engineers professional judgment is overruled resulting in danger to the life, health, welfare or property of the public, the engineer shall notify employer or client and authority.32MHA,2015,AAiT32The Engineers Obligationto SocietyEngineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports.Engineers shall not express a professional opinion publicly unless it is based upon knowledge of the facts and competent evaluation.Engineers should explicitly identify the parties on whose behalf they are expressing the opinion, and reveal the interests the parties have in the matters.33MHA,2015,AAiT33The Engineers Obligation to SocietyEngineers shall not associate in business ventures with persons engaging in dishonest, fraudulent, or illegal business practice.Engineers who have knowledge of a possible violation of any of the rules listed shall provide pertinent information and assist the state board.34MHA,2015,AAiT34The Engineers Obligation to Employers and ClientsEngineers shall not undertake technical assignments for which they are not qualified by education or experience. Engineers shall approve or seal only those plans or designs that deal with subjects in which they are competent.Engineers may coordinate an entire project provided that each design component is signed or sealed.35MHA,2015,AAiT35The Engineers Obligation to Employers and ClientsEngineers shall not reveal professional information without prior consent, except when required by law.Engineers shall not solicit or accept valuable considerations from contractors.Engineers shall disclose to their employers or clients potential conflicts of interest.36MHA,2015,AAiT36The Engineers Obligation to Employers and ClientsAn engineer shall not accept compensation from more than one party for services on one project unless the details are fully disclosed and agreed.To avoid conflict of interest, engineers shall not solicit or accept a contract from a governmental body on which a principal or officer of the firm serves as a member.37MHA,2015,AAiT37An Engineers Obligations to Other EngineersEngineers shall not misrepresent or permit misrepresentation of their or any of their associates academic or professional qualifications.Engineers shall not give, solicit, or receive any gifts or commission in order to obtain work.Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, the professional reputations, prospects, practice or employment of other engineers.38MHA,2015,AAiT38Engineering Ethics and Legal IssuesEngineers are expected to obey the general rules and regulations of the societies which they live in.Every engineer needs to have a good basic grasp of basic transaction legal matters.39MHA,2015,AAiT39Biomedical Engineering Professional Obligations Biomedical engineers in the fulfillment of their professional engineering duties shall:

1. Use their knowledge, skills, and abilities to enhance the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

2. Strive by action, example, and influence to increase the competence, prestige, and honor of the biomedical engineering profession.

40MHA,2015,AAiTBiomedical Engineering Health Care Obligations Biomedical engineers involved in health care activities shall:

1. Regard responsibility toward and rights of patients, including those of confidentiality and privacy, as their primary concern.

2. Consider the larger consequences of their work in regard to cost, availability, and delivery of health care.

41MHA,2015,AAiTBiomedical Engineering Research ObligationsBiomedical engineers involved in research shall:

1. Comply fully with legal, ethical, institutional, governmental, and other applicable research guidelines, respecting the rights of and exercising the responsibilities to colleagues, human and animal subjects, and the scientific and general public.

2. Publish and/or present properly credited results of research accurately and clearly.

42MHA,2015,AAiTBiomedical Engineering Training Obligations Biomedical engineers entrusted with the responsibilities of training others shall:

1. Honor the responsibility not only to train biomedical engineering students in proper professional conduct in performing research and publishing results, but also to model such conduct before them. 2. Keep training methods and content free from inappropriate influence from special interests. 43MHA,2015,AAiTEthics: ChallengerRoger Boisjoly tried to stop the launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. Despite Boisjoly's objections, the ship was sent up, only to explode just over a minute after take-off, killing all the astronauts on board. Boisjoly had more than 25 years of experience in the aerospace industry when, in 1985, he found a problem with the Challenger's seals that he thought could jeopardize the safety of the mission. Although he was asked to soften the urgency of the problem he had found, Boisjoly continued to voice his concern about going ahead with the launch. Unfortunately, Boisjoly was left out of the final decision to send up the shuttle. http://www.graduatingengineer.com/articles/feature/12-7-99b.html44MHA,2015,AAiTCase Scenario:Exam CopyWhile preparing for a major engineering exam, a fellow classmate approaches you and informs you that he has a copy of the exam and asks if you would like a copy of it. You know that if you take the copy of the exam you will get a perfect score and most likely end the semester with an A in the course. Will you take the copy of the exam? Why or why not?45MHA,2015,AAiTCase Scenario:Leaving Out DataYou have spent many months in the lab recording test data on a particular material that you have designed. All the prior tests indicate that this material can be very useful in the industrial world. Yet towards the end of the 8th month of the material research, you discover that at a relatively high temperature the material will experience catastrophic failure. This new flaw in the material will make the material useless. But, if you dont tell anyone about this high temperature flaw, you can potentially make millions of dollars. Do you leave out the data that basically kills your material? Explain your decision in detail.46MHA,2015,AAiTHappy Learning !!!

47MHA,2015,AAiT