I

CHAPTER-7

REFRENCES

1. Abbas, A.K., K.M. Murphy and A. Sher (1996) Functional diversity of helper T

lymphocytes. Nature 383: 787-793.

2. Abda, A.M., J. Henry and F. Jday (2011) Boundary data completion: the method of

boundary value problem factorization. Inverse Problems 27(5):055014

3. Afrin, F., and N. Ali (1997) Adjuvanticity and protective immunity elicited by

Leishmania donovani antigen encapsulated in positively charged liposomes. Infect

Immun 65:2371-2377.

4. Aggarwal, G., E.A. Worthey, P. D. McDonagh and P. J. Myler (2003) Importing

statistical measures into Artemis enhances gene identification in the Leishmania

genome project. BMC Bioinformatics 4: 23.

5. Alavar, J., C.Canavate, B.Guitierrez-Solar, M. Jimenez, F. Laguna, R. Lopez-Veler, R.

Molina and J. Moreno (1997) Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus co-

infection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:298-319.

6. Alexander, J., A.R. Satoskar and D.G. Russell (1999) Leishmania species: models of

intracellular parasitism. J Cell Sci 12 ( 18): 2993-3002.

7. Alexander, J., and D.G. Russell (1992) The interaction of Leishmania species with

macrophages. Adv Parasitol 31:175-254.

8. Alexander, J., K.C. Carter, N. Al-Fasi, A. Satoskar and F. Brombacher (2000).

Endogenous IL-4 is necessary for effective drug therapy against visceral

leishmaniasis. Eur J Immunol 30: 293-243.

9. Al-Jawabreh, A., L.F. Schnur, A. Nasereddin , J.M. Schwenkenbecher, Z. Abdeen, F.

Barghuthy, H. Khanfar, W. Presberet and G. Schonian (2004) The recent

emergence of Leishmania tropica in Jericho (A'riha) and its environs, a classical

focus of L. major. Trop Med Int Health 9(7): 812-816.

10. Al-Nahhas, S.A., and R.M. Kaldas (2013) Characterization of Leishmania species

isolated from cutaneous human samples from central region of Syria by RFLP

analysis. Hindawi publishing corporation ISRN Parasitology 308726.

11. Alvar ,J., P. Aparicio, A. Aseffa, M. Den Boer, C. Cañavate, J.P. Dedet, L. Gradoni, R

. ter Horst, R. López-Vélez and J. Moreno (2008) The re-The re-lationship between

leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 334-359.

II

12. Alvar, J., S. Croft and P. Olliaro (2006) Chemotherapy in the treatment and control of

leishmaniasis. Adv Parasitol 61: 223-274.

13. Anam, K., F. Afrin, D. Banerjee, N. Pramanik, S.K. Guha, R.P. Goswami, S.K Saha

and N. Ali (1999a) Differential decline in Leishmania membrane antigen-specific

immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgE, and IgG subclass antibodies in Indian kala-

azar patients after chemotherapy. Infect Immun 67: 6663–6669.

14. Anam, K., F. Afrin, D. Banerjee, N. Pramanik, S. K.Guha, R. P. Goswami, P. N.Gupta,

S. K. Saha, and N. Ali (1999b) Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and

diagnostic value of Leishmania donovani antigen-specific immunoglobulin G3 in

Indian kala-azar patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6:231–23

15. Anderson, C. F., M. Oukka, V.J. Kuchroo and D. Sacks, (2007) CD4 (+) CD25 (-)

Foxp3 (-) Th1 cells are the source of IL-10- mediated immune suppression in

chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 204: 285-297.

16. Anderson, C. F., S. Mendez and D. L. Sacks (2005) Non healing infection despite Th1

polarization produced by a strain of Leishmania major in C57BL/6 mice. J Immunol

174: 2934-2941.

17. Ansari, N. A., V. Ramesh and P. Salotra (2006) Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis

factor-α, interleukin-6, and IFN- γ receptor 1 are the major immunological

determinants associated with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis

194:958–65.

18. Ansari, N.A., R. Kumar, S. Gautam, S. Nylen, O.P. Singh, S. Sundar and D. Sacks

(2011) IL-27andIL-21 are associated with Tcell IL-10 responses in human visceral

leishmaniasis. J Immunol 186: 3977-3985.

19. Ansari, N.A., S.Saluja and P. Salotra (2006) Elevated levels of interferon

gamma,interleukin-10, and interleukin-6 during active disease in Indian kala azar.

Clin Immunol 119:339-45.

20. Antonelli, L. R., W. O. Dutra, R. P. Almeida, O. Bacellar, E. M. Carvalho and K. J.

Gollob, (2005) Activated inflammatory T cells correlate with lesion size in human

cutaneous leishmaniasis. Immunol Lett 101: 226-230.

21. Arnoldi, J., and H. Moll (1998) Langerhans Cell Migration in Murine Cutaneous

Leishmaniasis: Regulation by Tumor Necrosis Factor Interleukin-l/3, and

Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α. Developmental Immunology 6:3-11.

III

22. Assreuy, J., F.Q. Cunha, M. Epperlein, A. Noronha-Dutra and C.A. O’Donnell et al.,

(1994) Production of nitric oxide and superoxide by activated macrophages and

killing of Leishmania major. Eur J Immunol 24: 672–676.

23. Atta, A.M., A. D. Oliveira, J. Correa, M. L. Atta, R. P. Almeida and E. M. Carvalho

(1998) Anti-leishmanial IgE antibodies: a marker of active disease in visceral

leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 426-430.

24. Baccala, R., K. Hoebe, D. H. Kono, B. Beutler and A. N. Theofilopoulos (2007) TLR-

dependent and TLR-independent pathways of type I interferon induction in

systemic autoimmunity. Nat Med 13: 543–551.

25. Bamford, R.N., A.P. Battiata and J.D.Burton, H. Sharma and T. A. Waldmann (1996)

Interleukin (IL)-15/IL-T production by the adult T-cell leukemia cell line HuT-102

is associated with a human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I R region/IL-15 fusion

message that lacks many upstream AUGs that normally attenuate IL-15 mRNA

translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:2897-902.

26. Beadling, C., K.W. Johnson and K.A.(1993) Isolation of interlukin2-induced immediate

early genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(7): 2719-2723.

27. Beer, P., A.E.C. de Harit, L.L.Deng, S.J. Semião-Santos, B. Chantal and M. Grootheest

(1991) A killing disease epidemic among displaced sudanese population identified

as visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44: 283-289.

28. Behin, R., and L. Jacques (1984) Immune response to Leishmania. Crit Rev Trop Med 2: 141-

188.

29. Belkaid, Y., C.A. Piccirillo, S. Mendez, E.M. Shevach and D.L.Sacks (2002)

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and

immunity. Nature 420(6915):502-507.

30. Bensoussan ,E., A. Nasereddin, F. Jonas, L. F.Schnur and C.L. Jaffe (2006) Comparison

of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 44: 1435-

1439.

31. Berman, J.D. (1997) Human leishmaniasis: Clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic

developments in the last 10 years. Clin Inf Dis 24:684-703.

32. Bhattacharjee, S., G. Gupta, P. Bhattacharya, A. Mukherjee, S.B. Mujumdar, A. Pal and

S. Majumdar (2009) Quassin alters the immunological patterns of murine

macrophages through generation of nitric oxide to exert antileishmanial activity. J

Antimicrob Chemother 63: 317-324.

IV

33. Bogdan, C., H. Moll, W. Solbach and M. Rollinghoff (1990) Tumour necrosis factor-

alpha in combination with interferon-gamma, but not with interleukin 4 activates

murine macrophages for elimination of Leishmania major amastigotes. Eur J

Immunol 20: 1131-1135.

34. Bray, R. S. (1976) Immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. In S. Cohen and E. H. Sadun

(ed.), Immunology of parasitic infections. Blackwell Scientific Publications,

Oxford, England 65-76.

35. Brittingham , A ., C.J. Morrison, W.R. McMaster, B.S. McGwire, K.P. Chang and

D.M. Mosser (1995) Role of the Leishmania surface protease gp63 in

complement fixation, cell adhesion, and resistance to complement-mediated lysis.

The Journal of Immunology .155: 3102-11.

36. Brown, M.A., and J. Hural (1997) Functions of IL-4 and control of its expression. Crit

Rev Immuno 17 (1997): 1-32.

37. Buxbaum, L.U., and P. Scott (2005) Interleukin 10 and Fcγ Receptor Deficient Mice

Resolve Leishmania Mexicana Lesions. Infec Immunity 73(4): 2101-2108.

38. Caldas, A., C. Favali, D. Aquino, V. Vinhas, J. van Weyenbergh, C. Brodskyn, J. Costa,

M. Barral-Netto, and A. Barral (2005) Balance of Il-10 and Interferon-Gamma

Plasma Levels in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: Implications in the Pathogenesis.

BMC Infect Dis 5:113.

39. Carvalho, E. M., O. Bacellar, C. Brownell, T. Regis, R. L. Coffman and S. G. Reed

(1994) Restoration of IFN-gamma production and lymphocyte proliferation in

visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol 152: 5949-5956.

40. Carvalho, E.M., O.Bacelar and C.E. Brownell et al. (1994) Restoration of IFN-gamma

production and lymphocyte proliferation in visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol

152:5949-5956.

41. Carvalho, E.M., R. Badaro, S. G. Reed, T. C. Jones, and W. D. Johnson (1985) Absence

of gamma-interferon and interleukin 2 production during active visceral

leishmaniasis. J. Clin. Investig 76:2066–2069.

42. Choudhry, A., P.Y. Guru, R.P. Saxena, A. Tandon and K.C.Saxena (1990) Enzyme-

Linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis of kala-azar in Bhadohi (Varanasi),

India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 363-366.

43. Chouihi, E., F. Amri, N. Bouslimi, E. Siala and K. Selmi (2009) Cultures on NNN

medium for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Pathol Bio 57: 219-224.

V

44. Clements, M. F., K. Gidwani, R. Kumar, J. Hostomska, D. S. Dinesh, V.Kumar, P.Das,

I. Muller, G. Hamilton, V. Volfova, M. Boelaert, M. Das, S. Rijal, A. Picado,

P.Volf, S. Sundar, C. R. Davies and M. E. Rogers (2010) Measurement of recent

exposure to Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of Indian visceral leishmaniasis, by

using human antibody responses to sand fly saliva. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82:801-

807.

45. Convit, J., M. Ulrich, C.T. Fernández, F.J.Tapia, G. Cáceres-Dittmar, M. Castés and

A.J. Rondón (1993) The clinical and immunological spectrum of American

cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 444- 448.

46. Costa, A.S.A., G.C. Costa, D. M. C. de Aquino, V. R. R. de Mendonça, A. Barral, M.

Barral-Netto, A.de Jesus Mendes Caldas (2012) Cytokines and visceral

leishmaniasis: a comparison of plasma cytokine profiles between the clinical forms

of visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 107(6): 735-

739.

47. Croft, S.L., and G.H. Coombs (2003) Leishmaniasis current chemotherapy and recent

advances in search for novel drugs. Trends in Parasitology 19: 502-508

48. Croft, S.L., K. Seifert and V. Yardley (2006) Current scenario of drug development for

leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res 123: 399-410.

49. Crowther J.R. (2001) The ELISA guide book. Methods in molecular biology 149.

50. Cruz I, J. Nieto, J. Moreno, C. Cañavate, P. Desjeux and J. Alvar (2006)

Leishmania/HIV co-infections in the second decade. Indian J Med Res 123: 357-

388.

51. Da Matta, V. L., S. Hoshino-Shimizu, R. Dietze and C. E. Corbett (2000) Detection of

specific antibody isotypes and subtypes before and after treatment of American

visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Lab Anal 14: 5-12.

52. Dafa'alla, T.H., H.W. Ghalib, A. Abdel-Mageed and J.F. Williams (1992) The profile of

IgG and IgG subclasses on onchocerciasis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 88:258-263.

53. Davila, A.M., and H. Momen (2000) Internal-transcribed-spacer (ITS) sequences used

to explore phylogenetic relationships with in Leishmania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol

94(6): 651-654.

54. De Janeiro, R. (2009) Leishmaniasis epidemiology network South America. Manual

Molecular procedure 27-29.

VI

55. De Waal Malefyt, R., J. Abrams, B. Bennett, C.G. Figdor and J.E. De Vries (1989)

Interleukin 10(IL10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an

autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes. J Exp Med 17: 1209-1220.

56. Decuypere, S., M. Vanaerschot, K. Brunker, H. Imamura, S. Muller, B. Khanal, S.

Rijal, J. C. Dujardin and G. H. Coombs (2012) Molecular mechanisms of drug

resistance in natural Leishmania populations vary with genetic background. PLoS

Negl Trop Dis 6: e1514.

57. Defrance ,T., B. Vanbervliet, J. P. Aubry, Y.Takebe, N. Arai, A. Miyajima, T. Yokota,

F. Lee, K. Arai, J. E. de Vries and J. Banchereau (1987) B cell growth-promoting

activity of recombinant human interleukin 4. J Immunol 139:1135-1141.

58. Depinay, N., J.F. Franetich J.F. A.C. Gruner M. Mauduit, J.M. Chavatte, A. J. Lutty and

L. Renia (2011) Inhibitory effect of TNF-α on malaria pre-erythrocytic stage

development: influence of host hepatocyte/parasite combination. Plos One 6(3): e

7464.doi:10.1371/journal.pone 0017464.

59. Desjeux, P. (2004) Leishmaniasis current situation and new perspectives Comp

Immunol Microbial Infect Dis 27: 305-318.

60. Diehl, S., and M. Rincon (2002) The two faces of IL-6 on Th1/Th2 differentiation. Mol

Immunol 39: 531-536.

61. Donnelly, K.B., H.C. Lima and R.G. Titus (1998) Histologic characterization of

experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice infected with Leishmania

braziliensis in the presence or absence of sand fly vector salivary gland lysate. J

Parasitol 84: 97-103

62. Downing, T., H. Imamura , S. Decuypere, T.G. Clark, G.H. Coombs, J.A.Cotton, J.D.

Hilley, S. de Doncker, I. Maes, J.C. Mottram, M.A.Quail, S. Rijal, M. Sanders, G.

Schönian, O. Stark, S. Sundar, M. Vanaerschot, C. Hertz-Fowler, J.C. Dujardin and

M. Berriman (2011) Whole genome sequencing of multiple Leishmania donovani

clinical isolates provides insights into the evolution and mechanisms of drug

resistance. Genome Res 21(12): 2143-2156.

63. Dujardin, J.C., L. Campino, C. Cañavate, J.P. Dedet, L. Gradoni, K. Soteriadou, A.

Mazeris, Y. Ozbel and M. Boelaert (2008) Spread of vector-borne diseases and

neglect of Leishmaniasis in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 14:1013-8.

64. El Amin, E.M., E.P.Wright and A. Vlug (1986) Characterization of the humoral

immune response in Sudanese leishmaniasis: specific antibody detected by class

and subclass-specific reagents. Clin Exp Immunol 64:14-9.

VII

65. El-On, J., E. Bazarsky and R. Sneir (2007) Leishmania major: In vitro and in vivo

antileishmanial activity of paromomycin ointment (Leshcutan) combined with the

immunomodulator Imiquimod. Exp Parasitol 116:156-162.

66. Engwerda, C.R., M. Ato, S. Stager, C.E. Alexander, A. C. Stanley and P.M. Kaye

(2004) Distinct roles for lymphotoxin-alpha and tumor necrosis factor in the

control of Leishmania donovani infection. Am J Pathol 165: 2123-2133.

67. Evans, K.J., and L. Kedzierski (2012) Development of Vaccines against Visceral

Leishmaniasis. Journal of Tropical Medicine doi:10.1155/2012/892817.

68. Farrell, N.P., J.Williamson and J.M. McLaren (1984). Trypanocidal and antitumor

activity of platinum metal and platinum metal drug dual function complexes.

Biochem Pharmacol 33: 961-971.

69. Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the

bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.

70. Finkelman, F.D., A. Svetic, I. Gresser, C. Snapper, J. Holmes, P.P. Trotta, I.M. Katona

and W.C. Gause (1991) Regulation by interferon alpha of immunoglobulin isotype

selection and lymphokine production in mice. J Exp Med 174: 1179-1188.

71. Fiorentino, D. F., A. Zlotnik, P. Vieira, T. R. Mosmann, M. Howard, K. W. Moore, A.

O’Garra (1991) IL-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine

production by Th1 cells. J Immunol 146: 3444-3451.

72. Follador, I., C. Araujo, O. Bacellar, C. B. Araujo, L.P. Carvalho, R. P. Almeida and

E.M. Carvalho (2002) Epidemiologic and Immunologic Findings for the

Subclinical Form of Leishmania braziliensis Infection. Clin Infect. Dis 34(11):54-

58.

73. Fruth, U., N. Solioz and J.A. Louis (1993) Leishmania major interferes with antigen

presentation by infected macrophages. J. Immunol 150:1857-1864.

74. Ganguly, S., N.K. Das, M. Panja, S. Pal, D. Modak, M. Rahaman, S. Malik, S. K. Guha,

N. Pramanik, R. Goswami, J. N. Barbhuiya, B. Saha and M. Chatterjee (2008)

Increased Levels of Interleukin-10 and IgG3 Are Hallmarks of Indian Post–Kala-

Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 197: 1762-1771.

75. Garraud, O., R. Perraut, G. Riveau and T.B. Nutman (2003) Class and subclass

selection in parasite-specific antibody responses. Trends Parasitol 19:300-304.

76. Gasim, S., A.M. Elhassan, E. A. Khalil, A. Ismail, A.M. Kadaru, A. Kharazmi and T.G.

Theander (1998) High levels of plasma IL-10 and expression of IL-10 by

VIII

keratinocytes during visceral leishmaniasis predict sub-sequent development of

post-kala- azar dermal leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Immunol 111: 64-69.

77. Gautam, S., R. Kumar, R. Maurya, S. Nylen, N. Ansari, M. Rai, S. Sundar and D. Sacks

(2011) IL-10 neu-tralization promotes parasite clearance in splenic aspirate cells

from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 204:1134-1137.

78. Ghalib, H.W. M. R. Piuvenzam, Y.A. Skeily, M. Sidding, F.A. Hashim, A.M. El-

Hassan, D. M. Russo, and S. G. Reed (1993) Interleukin 10 production correlates

with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infection. J Clin Invest 92(1): 324-

329.

79. Ghose, A. C., J. P. Haldar, S. C. Pal, B. P. Mishra and K. K. Mishra (1980). Serological

investigations on Indian kala-azar. Clin Exp Immunol 40:318-326.

80. Ghosh, K., G. Sharma, A. Saha, S. Kar and P.K. Das and A. Ukil (2013) Successful

therapy of visceral leishmaniasis with curdlan involves T-helper 17 cytokines. J

Infect Dis 207: 1016-1025.

81. Ghosh, M.K., A. Nandy, M. Addy, T.K. Maitra and A. C. Ghose (1995) Subpopulations

of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, dermal lesions and lymph nodes of post

kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients. Scand J Immunol 41:11–7.

82. Gidwani, K., S. Jones, R. Kumar, M. Boelaert and S. Sundar, (2011) Interferon-gamma

release assay (modified QuantiFERON) as a potential marker of infection for

Leishmania donovani, a proof of concept study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:

e1042.doi:10.1371/journal. pntd.0001042

83. Goto, H., and J.A. Lindoso (2004) Immunity and immunosuppression in experimental

visceral leishmaniasis. Braz J med Boil Res 37: 615-623.

84. Goto, H., and M.G. Prianti (2009) Immunoactivation and immunopathogeny during

active visceral leishmaniasis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 51: 241-246.

85. Gyan, B.A., B. Goka, J.T. Cvetkovic, J.L. Kurtzhals, V. Adabayeri, H. Perlmann, A‐K.

Lefvert, B. D. Akanmori, and M. Troye‐blomberg (2004) Allelic polymorphisms in

the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4gene and malaria severity in

Ghanaian children. Clinical and experimental Immunology 138: 145-150.

86. Hailu, A., P.T. Van Der, N. Berhe and P.A. Kager (2004) Elevated plasma levels of

interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-gamma inducing cytokines and IFN-gamma

inducible CXC chemokines in visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 561-

567.

IX

87. Haldar, A. K., P. Sen and S. Roy (2011) Use of Antimony in the Treatment of

Leishmaniasis: Current Status and Future Directions. Mol Biol Int 571242 doi:

10.4061/2011/571242.

88. Haldar, A.K., V. Yadav, E. Singhal, K.K. Bisht, A. Singh, S. Bhaumik, R. Basu, P. Sen

mail and S. Roy (2010) Leishmania donovani isolates with antimony-resistant but

not-sensitive phenotype inhibit sodium antimony gluconate-induced dendritic cell

activation. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000907. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000907.

89. Haldar, J.P., S. Ghose, K.C. Saha and A.C.Ghose (1983) Cell-mediated immune

response in Indian kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Infect Immun

42: 702-7.

90. Harris, E., E. Videa, E. Perez, E. Sandoval, Y. Tellez, M.L. Perez,R.Cuadra,

J.Rocha,W. Idiaquez, R.E. Alonso, M.A. Delgado, L.A. Campo, F. Acevedo, A.

Gonzalez, J.J. Amador and A. Balmaseda 2000) Clinical, Epidemiologic, and

Virologic Features of Dengue in the 1998 Epidemic in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med

Hyg 63:5-11.

91. Hedrick, R.P., M. El-Matbouli, M.A. Adkinson and E. McConnell (1998) Whirling

disease: re-emergence among wild trout. Immunol Rev 166:365-376.

92. Heinzel, F.P., D.S. Schoenhaut, R.M. Rerko, L.E. Rosser and M.K. Gately (1993)

Recombinant Interleukin 12 cures mice infected with Leishmania major. J Exp

Med 177: 1505-1509.

93. Hermoso, T., Z. Fishelson, S. I. Becker, K. Hirschberg and C.L. Jaffe (1991)

Leishmanial Protein Kinases Phosphorylate Components of the Complement

System. The EMBO Journal. 10: 4061-4067.

94. Herwaldt, B. L. (1999) Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354:1191–1199.

95. Himmelrich, H., C. Parra-Lopez, F. Tacchini-Cottier, J. A. Louis and P. Launois (1998)

The IL-4rapidly produced in balb/C mice after infection with Leishmania major

down regulates IL-12 receptor beta 2 chain expression on CD4+ T cells resulting in

a state of unresponsiveness to IL-12. J Immunol 161:6156-6163.

96. Holaday, B.J., M.D. Sadick, Z.E. Wang, S.L. Reiner, F.P.Heinzel, T.G. Parslow and

R.M. Locksley (1991) Reconstitution of Leishmania immunity in severe combined

immunodeficient mice using Th1- and Th2-like cell lines. J Immunol 147(5):1653-

1658.

X

97. Hommel, M., W. Peters, J. Ranque, M. Quilici and G. Lanotte (1978) The micro-ELISA

technique in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol

72:213-218.

98. Ishida, H., C. Matsuzaki-Moriya, T.Imami, K. Yanagisawa, Y. Nojima, K. Suzue, M.

Hirai, Y. Iwakura, A. Yoshimura, S. Hamano, C. Shimokawa and H.Hisaeda

(2010) Development of experimental cerebral malaria is independent of IL-23 and

IL-17. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 402(4):790-795.

99. Iskander, R., P.K. Das and R.C. Aalberse (1981) IgG4 antibodies in Egyptian patients

with schistosomiasis. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 66: 200.

100. Jahn, A., J.M. Lelmett and H.J. Diesfeld (1986) Seroepidemiological study of kala-azar

in Beringo District, Kenya. J Trop Med Hyg 89: 91-94.

101. Jassim, A., K. Hassan and D. Catty (1987). Antibody isotypes in human

Schistosomiasis mansoni. Parasit Immunol 9:627-650.

102. Jefferis, R. (1990) Structure/function relationships of IgG subclasses. In F. Shakib (ed.),

The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis of structure, function and

regulation. Pergamon Press, London, England 93-108.

103. Kane, M., and D.M. Mosser (2001) The role of IL-10 in promoting disease progression

in leishmaniasis. J Immunol 166:1141-1147.

104. Kar, S., G. Sharma and P.K. Das (2011) Fucoidan cures infection with both antimony

susceptible and resistant strains of Leishmania donovani through Th1 response and

macrophage-derived oxidantnts. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 618–625.

105. Karp, C. L., S. H. El-Safi, T. A. Wynn, M. M. H. Satti, A. M. Kordofani, F. A. Hashim,

M. Hag-Ali, F. A. Neva, T. B. Nutman and D. L. Sacks (1993) In vivo cytokine

profiles in patients with kala-azar. Marked elevation of both interleukin 10 and

interferon gamma. J Clin Investig 91:1644-1648.

106. Kemp, M., T.G. Theander and A. Kharazmi (1996) The contrasting roles of CD4+ T

cells in intracellular infections in humans: leishmaniasis as an example. Immunol

Today 17: 13–16.

107. Kenney, R.T., D.L. Sacks, A.A. Gam, H.W. Murray and S. Sundar (1998) Splenic

cytokine responses in Indian kala-azar before and after treatment. J Infect Dis

177:815- 818.

108. Kima, P. E., N. H. Ruddle and D. Mcmahon-Pratt (1997) Pre-sentation via the class I

path- way by Leishmania amazonensis infected macrophages of an endogenous

leishmanial antigen to CD8+T cells. J Immunol 159: 1828-1834.

XI

109. Kubo, M. and M. Yasutaka (2012) Transcriptional regulation of the anti-inflammatory

cytokine IL-10 in acquired immune cells. Fronteirs Immune 3(275): 1-9.

110. Kurkjian, K.M., A.J. Mahmutovic and K.L. Kellar, R. Haque, C. Bern and W. E. Secor

(2006) Multiplex analysis of circulating cytokines in the sera of patients with

different clinical forms of visceral leishmaniasis. Cytometry A 69: 353-358.

111. Kurkjian, Katie M., Aida J. Mahmutovic, Kathryn L. Kellar, Rashidul Haque, Caryn

Bern, and W. Evan Secor. "Multiplex analysis of circulating cytokines in the sera

of patients with different clinical forms of visceral leishmaniasis."Cytometry Part

A 69, no. 5 (2006): 353-358.

112. Launois, P., F. Tacchini-Cottier, C. Parra-Lopez and J.A. Louis (1998) Cytokines in

parasitic diseases: the example of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int Rev Immunol 17:

157-180.

113. Laurenti, M. D., M. Gidlund, D.M. Ura, I. L. Sinhorini, C. E.Corbett and H. Goto

(1999) The role of natural killercells in the early period of infection in murine

Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 32:323-325.

114. Le Bon, A., G. Schiavoni, G. D'Agostino, I. Gresser, F. Belardelli and D.F. Tough

(2001) Type I interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote

isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity 14: 461-470.

115. Lee, D., O. Redfern and C. Orengo (2008) Predicting protein function from sequence

and structure. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8: 995.

116. Leon, B., M. Lopez-Bravo and C. Ardavin (2007) Monocyte-derived dendritic cells

formed at the infection site control the induction of protective T helper 1 responses

against Leishmania. Immunity 26: 519-531.

117. Lima, G.M., A.L. Vallochi, U. R. Silva, E. M. Bevilacqua, M. M. Kiffer and I.A.

Abrahamsohn (1998) The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the resistance

to cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Immunol Lett 64: 145-151.

118. Lopez, K.S., S. Dinges, K. Griewank, Y. Iwakura, M.C. Udey and E. von Stebut (2009)

IL-17 promotes progression of cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible mice. J

Immunol 182:3039-3046.

119. Lowry, O.H., N.J. Rosenbrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall (1951) Protein

measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193: 265-275.

120. Luzza, F., T. Parrello, G. Monteleone, L. Sebkova, M. Romano, R. Zarrilli, M. Imeneo

and F. Pallone (2000) Up-regulation of IL-17 is associated with bioactive IL-8

XII

expression in Helicobacter pylori- infected human gastric mucosa. J Immunol 165:

5332-5337.

121. Lyons, S., H. Veeken and J. Long (2003) Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV inTigray,

Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 8(8): 733-739.

122. Malla, N., and R.C. Mahajan (2006) Pathophysiology of visceral leishmaniasis: some

recent concepts. Indian J Med Res 123(3):267-274.

123. McCartney, S., W. Vermi, S. Gilfillan, M. Cella, T.L. Murphy, R.D. Schreiber, K.M.

Murphy and M. Colonna(2009) Distinct and complementary functions of MDA5

and TLR3 in poly(I:C)-mediated activation of mouse NK cells. J. Exp Med

206(13) 2967-2976.

124. McDowell, M.A., M. Marovich, R. Lira, M. Braun and D. Sacks (2002) Leishmania

priming of human dendritic cells for CD40 ligand induced interleukin-12p70

secretion is strain and species dependent. Infection and Immunity 70:3994-4001.

125. McFarlane, E., C. Perez, M. Charmoy, C. Allenbach, K.C.Carter, J. Alexander and F.

Tacchini-Cottier (2008) Neutrophils contribute to development of a protective

immune response during onset of infection with Leishmania donovani. Infect

Immun 76: 532-541.

126. McHugh, C.P., P.C.Melby and S.G. LaFon (1994) Leishmaniasis in texas:

epidemiology and clinical aspects of human cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55(5):

547-555.

127. Melby, P. C., F. J. Andrade-Narvaez, B. J. Darnell, G. Valencia-Pacheco, V. V. Tryon

and A. Palomo-Cetina (1994) Increased expression of pro inflammatory cytokines

in chronic lesions of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 62:837-842.

128. Miles, S. A., S.M. Conrad, R.G. Alves, S. M., Jeronimo, and D.M. Mosser (2005) A

role for IgG immune complexes during infection with the intracellular pathogen

Leishmania. J Exp Med 201: 747-754.

129. Mookerjee-Basu, J., A. Mookerjee, P. Sen, S. Bhaumik, P. Sen, S. Banerjee, K. Naskar,

S.K. Choudhuri, B. Saha, S. Raha and S. Roy (2006) Sodium antimony gluconate

induces generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide via phosphoinositide

3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in Leishmania donovani-

infected macrophages Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 50:1788-1797.

130. Moore, E., D. O. Flaherty, H. Heuvelmans, J. Seaman, H. Veeken, S. De Wit and R. N.

Davidson (2001) Comparison of generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate for

XIII

the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 79:

388-393.

131. Moore, I.D., T.W.Norton, and J. E. Williams (1993) Modelling environmental

heterogeneity in forested landscapes. J. Hydrol 150: 717-747.

132. Moore, K.W., A. Ogarra, R. de Waal Malefyt, P. Vieira, T.R. Mosmann (1993)

Interleukin-10. Annu Rev Immunol 11:165-190.

133. Moore, K.W., A. O’Garra, R. De Waal Malefyt, P. Vieira and T.R. Mosmann (1993)

Interleukin-10. Annu Rev Immunol 11165-11190.

134. Moreno, I., R. Molina, A. Toraño, E. Laurin, E. García and M. Domínguez (2007)

Comparative real-time kinetic analysis of human complement killing of

Leishmania infantum promastigotes derived from axenic culture or from

Phlebotomus perniciosus. Microbes Infect 9:1574-1580.

135. Moreno, J., and J. Alvar (2002) Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the

experimental model. Trends Parasitol 18:399-405.

136. Mosmann, T.R., and R. L. Coffman (1989) TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of

lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol

7:145-173.

137. Murphy, M.L., U. Wille, E. N. Villegas, C.A. Hunter and J.P. Farrell (2001) IL-10

mediates susceptibility to Leishmania donovani infection. Eur J Immunol 31: 2848-

2856.

138. Murray, H.W., and C.F. Nathan (1999) Macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo:

reactive nitrogen vs oxygen intermediates in the killing of intracellular visceral

Leishmania donovani. J Exp Med 189:741-746.

139. Murray, H.W., J.D. Berman, C.R. Davies and N.G. Saravia (2005) Advances in

leishmaniais. Lancet 366: 1561-1577.

140. Murugaiyan, G., A. Mittal, R. Lopez-Diego, L. M. Maier, D. E. Anderson and H. L.

Weiner (2009) IL-27 is a key regulator of IL-10 and IL-17 production by human

CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 183: 2435-2443.

141. Musa, A.M., S. Noazin, E.A. Khalil and F. Modabber (2010) Immunological

stimulation for the treatment of leishmaniasis: a modality worthy of serious

consideration. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 1-2.

142. Nelms, K., A.D. Keegan, J. Zamorano, J.J. Ryan and W.E. Paul (1999) The IL-4

receptor: Signaling Mechanisms and Biologic Functions. Annual Review of

Immunology 17: 701-738.

XIV

143. Neogy, A. B., A. Nandy, B. G. Dastidar and A. B. Chowdhury (1987). Antibody

kinetics in kala-azar in response to treatment. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81:727-729.

144. Nylen, S., A. Khamesipour, A. Mohammadi, R. Jafari-Shakib, L. Eidsmo, S. Noazin, F.

Modabber and H. Akuffo (2006) Surrogate markers of immunity to Leishmania

major in leishmanin skin test negative individuals from an endemic area revisited.

Vaccine 24: 6944-6954.

145. Nylen, S., and D. Sacks (2007). Interleukin-10 and the pathogenesis of human visceral

leishmaniasis. Trends Immunol 28: 378-388.

146. Nylen, S., R. Maurya, L. Eidsmo, K. D. Manandhar, S. Sundar and D. Sacks (2007)

Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+ CD25

+

(Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 204(4):

805-817.

147. Olivier, M., D.J. Gregory and G. Forget (2005) Subversion mechanisms by which

Leishmania parasites can escape the host immune response: a signaling point of

view. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 293–305.

148. Palma, G.I., and N.G.Saravia (1997) In situ characterization of the human host response

to Leishmania panamensis. Am J Dermatopathol 19:585-590.

149. Pearson, R.D., and R.T. Steigbigel (1981) Phagocytosis and killing of the protozoan

Leishmania donovani by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Immunol

27:1438-1443.

150. Perasons RD, De Queiroz Sousa A. (1995) Clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis. Clin

Infect Dis. 22: 1-13.

151. Peruhype-Magalhães, V., O.A. Martins-Filho, A. Prataz, L.A. Silva, A. Rabello, A.

Teixeira-Carvalho, R.M. Figueiredo, S. F. Guimarães-Carvalho, T.C.A.Ferrari and

R. Correa-Oliveira (2005) Immune response in human visceral leishmaniasis:

analysis of the correlation between innate immunity cytokine profile and disease

outcome. Scand J Immunol 62: 487-495.

152. Peters, N.C., J.G. Egen, N. Secundino, A. Debrabant, N. Kimblin, S. Kamhawi, P.

Lawyer, M.P. Fay, R.N.Germain and D. Sacks (2008) In vivo imaging reveals an

essential role for neutrophils in leishmaniasis transmitted by sandflies. Science

321:970-974.

153. Peters, W. (1981) The treatment of kala-azar. New approach to an old problem. Indian

Journal of Medical Research 73: 1-18.

XV

154. Pinelli, E., S. Y.van der Kaaij, R. Slappendel, C. Fragio, E. J. Ruitenberg, W. Bernadina

and V. P. Rutten (1999) Detection of canine cytokine gene expression by reverse

transcription polymerase chain reaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 69: 121-126.

155. Pita-Pereira, D., G.D. Souza, A. Zwetsch, C.R. Alves, C. Britto and E.F. Rangel (2009)

First report of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) neivai (Diptera: Psychodidae:

Phlebotominae) naturally infected by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in a

periurban area of South Brazil using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay.

Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 593-595.

156. Rais, S., A. Perianin, M. Lenoir, A. Sadak, D. Rivollet, M. Paul and M. Deniau (2000)

Sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) potentiates oxidant production in murine

visceral leishmaniasis and in human blood. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:

2406-2410.

157. Ravindran, R., K. Anam, B. C. Bairagi, B. Saha, N. Pramanik, S. K. Guha, R. P.

Goswami, D. Banerjee and N. Ali (2004) Characterization of immunoglobulin G

and its subclass response to Indian kala-azar infection before and after

chemotherapy. Infect Immun 72: 863-870.

158. Redhu, N. S. A. Dey and S. Singh (2006) Use of Immunoglobulin G Avidity to

determine the course of disease in visceral and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13 (8): 969-971.

159. Reiner, N. E., W. Ng, C. B. Wilson, W. R. McMaster and S. K. Burchett(1990)

Modulation of in vitro monocyte cytokine responses to Leishmania donovani.

Interferon-γ prevents parasite-induced inhibition of interleukin 1 production and

primes monocytes to respond to Leishmania by producing both tumor necrosis

factor-α and interleukin 1. Journal of Clinical Investigation 85(6) 1914-1924.

160. Reiner, S.L., and R. M. Locksley (1995) The regulation of immunity to Leishmania

major. Annu Rev Immunol 13:151–177.

161. Reithinger, R., J.C. Dujardin, H. Louzir, C Pirmez, B. Alexander and S. Brooker (2007)

Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 581-596.

162. Ribeiro-de-Jesus, A., R.P. Almeida , H. Lessa, O. Bacellar and E.M. Carvalho (1998)

Cytokine profile and pathology in human leishmaniasis. Braz J Med Biol Res

31:143.

163. Rijal, S., S. Koirala, P. Van der Stuyft M. Boelaert (2006) The economic burden of

visceral leishmaniasis for households in Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100,

838–841.

XVI

164. Rijal, S., S.Uranw, F. Chappuis, A. Picado, B. Khanal, I.S. Paudel, E.W. Andersen, F.

Meheus, B. Ostyn and M.L.Das (2010) Epidemiology of Leishmania donovani

infection in high transmission foci in Nepal. Trop Med Int Health 15:21-28.

165. Ritmeijer, K., H. Veeken, Y. Melaku, G. Leal, R. Amsalu, J. Seaman and R. N.

Davidson (2001) Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis: generic and proprietary sodium

stibogluconate are equivalent; HIV co-infected patients have a poor outcome.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95(6): 668-

672.

166. Ritter, U., F. Frischknecht and G. van Zandbergen, (2009) Are neutrophils important

host cells for Leishmania parasites? Trends Parasitol 25: 505-510.

167. Ritter, U., H. Moll, T. Laskay, E. Brocker, O.Velazco, I.Becker and R. Gillitzer (1996)

Differential expression of chemokines in patients with localized and diffuse

cutaneous American leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173: 699-709.

168. Roberts, L.J., E. Handman and S.J. Foote (2000) Science, medicine, and the future:

leishmaniasis. British Medical Journal 321(7264): 801-804.

169. Roger, K.A. G.K. Derkry, M.L. Mbow, R.D. Gillespie, C.L. Brodskyn and R.G. Titus

(2002) Type 1 and type 2 response to Leishmania major. FEMS Microbial Lett

209: 1-7.

170. Rousseau, D., S. Demartino, F. Anjuère, B. Ferrua, K. Fragaki, Y. Le Fichoux and J

Kubar(2001) Sustained parasite burden in spleen of Leishmania infantum

infected BALB/c mice is accompanied by expression of MCP-1 transcripts and

lack of protection against challenge. Eur Cytokine New 12:340-347.

171. Ruiz, H.J. and Becker (2007) CD8 cytotoxic T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite

Immunnolgy 29(12): 671-678.

172. Russell, D.G., S. Xu and P. Chakraborty (1992) Intracellular trafficking and the

parasitophorous vacuole of Leishmania Mexicana infected macrophages. J Cell Sci

103: 1193-1210.

173. Ryan, J. R., A. M. Smithyman, G. H. Rajasekariah, L. Hochberg, J. M. Stiteler and S.

K. Martin, (2002) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on soluble

promastigote antigen detects immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies in sera

from cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 40:1037-

1043.

174. Sacks, D. L., and P. V. Perkins (1984) Identification of an infective stage of Leishmania

promastigotes. Science 223:1417-1419.

XVII

175. Safro, B.Y., N.O. Wilson, V.C. Bond an d J.K. Stiles (2011) Plasmodium berghei

ANKA infection increases Foxp3, IL-10 and IL-2 in CXCL-10 deficient

C57BL/6mice. Malaria Journal 10(69): 1-12.

176. Saitou, N. and M. Nei (1987) The neighbor- joining method: A new method for

reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Bio Evol 4: 406-425.

177. Salhi, A.,V. Rodrigues, J.F. Santoro, H. Dessein, A.Romano, L. R. Castellano , M.

Sertorio, S. Rafati, C. Chevillard ,A. Prata, A. Alcaïs, L. Argiro and A. Dessein

(2008) Immunological and genetic evidence for a crucial role of IL-10 in cutaneous

lesions in humans infected with Leishmania braziliensis. J Immunol 180: 6139-6148.

178. Sambrook and J.D.W. Russel (2001) Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold

Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.

179. Sane, S.A., N. Shakya and S. Gupta (2011) Immunomodulatory effect of picroliv on the

efficacy of paramomycin and miltefosine in combination in experimental visceral

leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 127: 376-381.

180. Schonian, G., A. Nasereddin, N. Dinse, C. Schweynoch, H.D. Schallig , W. Presber and

C.L. Jaffe (2003) PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and

imported clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 47: 349-358.

181. Schonian, G., L. Schnur and M. Fahri (2001) Genetic heterogeneity in the species

Leishmania tropica revealed by different PCR-based methods. Trans R Soc Trop

Med Hyg 95:217-24.

182. Schwartz, E., H. Cristoph and B. Johannes (2006) New world cutaneous leishmaniasis

in travelers. The Lancet Infectious Disease 6(6): 342-349.

183. Scott, P. and R.M. Locksley (1991) Helper T-cell subsets in mouse leishmaniasis:

induction, expansion and effector function. J. Exp. Med., 168:1675-1684.

184. Seaman J, Mercer AF, Sondrop E. (1996) The epidemic of VL in Western Upper Nile,

sourthern Sudan: course and impact from 1984 to 1994. Int J Epidemiol. 25(4):

862-871.

185. Seifert, K. (2011) Structures, targets and recent approaches in anti-leishmanial drug

discovery and development. Open Med Chem J 5: 31–39.

186. Sen, E., S. Chattopadhyay, S. Bandopadhyay, T. De and S. Roy (2001) Macrophage

heterogeneity, antigen presentation, and membrane fluidity: implications in

visceral leishmaniasis. Scan J Immunol 53:111-120.

187. Shakya, N., S.A. Sane, P. Vishwakarma and S, Gupta (2012) Enhancement

intherapeutic efficacy of miltefosine in combination with synthetic bacterial

XVIII

lipopeptide, Pam3Cys against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol

131: 377–382.

188. Sharma ,M.C., A. K. Gupta, V. N. Das, N. Verma, N. Kumar, R. Saran and S. K. Kar

(2000). Leishmania donovani in blood smears of asymptomatic persons. Acta Trop.

76(2):195-196.

189. Sharma, N.L., V.K. Mahajan, A. Kanga, A. Sood, V.M. Katoch, I. Mauricio,

U.C.Parwan, V.K.Sharma and R.C. Sharma (2005) Localized cutaneous

leishmaniasis due to leishmania donovani and leishmania tropica: preliminary

findings of the study of 161 new cases from a new endemic focus in himachal

pradesh, India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg 72(6) : 819-824.

190. Shiddo, S. A., G. Huldt, L.A. Nilsson, O. Ouchterlony and R. Thorstensson (1996).

Visceral leishmaniasis in Somalia. Significance of IgG subclasses and of IgE

response. Immunol Lett 50: 87-93.

191. Singh, A.K., B. Papadopoulou and M. Ouellette (2001) Gene amplification in

amphotericin B-resistant L-tarentolae. Exp Parasitol 99: 141-147.

192. Singh, R., R.K. Das and S. K. Sharma (2001) Resistance of sandflies to DDT in Kala-

azar endemic districts of Bihar. India. Bull World Health Organ 79: 793.

193. Singh, S. P., D. C. Reddy, M. Rai and S. Sundar (2006) Serious underreporting of

visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India. Trop Med Int

Health 11: 899-905.

194. Smelt, S.C., C.R. Engwerda, M. McCrossen and P.M. Kaye (1997) Destruc- tion of

follicular dendritic cells during chronic visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol 158:

3813-3821.

195. Smelt, S.C., S. E. Cotterell, C. R. Engw-erda and P.M. Kaye (2000) B cell-deficient

mice are highly resistant to Leishmania donovani infection, but develop neutrophils

mediated tissue pathology. J Immunol 164:3681-3688.

196. Sundar S, D. K. More, M. K. Singh, V. P. Singh, S. Sharma, A. Makharia, P. C. K.

Kumar, and H. W. Murray (2000) Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral

leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic. Clin Infect

Dis 31: 1104-1107.

197. Sundar, S., and M. Rai (2002) Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.Clin Diag

Lab Immunol 9: 951-958.

XIX

198. Sundar, S., B. B. Thakur, A.K. Tandon, N. R. Agrawal, C. P. Mishra, T. M. Mahapatra,

and V. P. Singh. (1994) Clinico-epidemiological study of drug resistance in Indian

kala-azar. British Medical Journal 308: 307-307.

199. Sundar, S., G. Agrawal, M. Rai, M. K. Makharia, H. W. Murray and D. NJ Lockwood

(2001) Treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis with single or daily infusions of

low dose liposomal amphotericin B: randomised trial. BMJ 323:419-22.

200. Sundar, S., M., Rai, J. Chakravarty, D. Agarwal, N, Agrawal, M. Vaillant, P. Olliaro

and H. W. Murray (2008) New treatment approach in Indian visceral leishmaniasis:

single-dose liposomal amphotericin B followed by short-course oral miltefosine.

Clin Infect Dis 47(8): 1000-1006.

201. Sundar, S., T.K. Jha, C.P. Thakur, J. Engel, H. Sindermann, C. Fischer, K. Junge, A.

Bryceson and J. Berman (2002) Oral Miltefosine for Indian Visceral

Leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med 347: 1739-1746.

202. Sunder, S., J. Chakavarty, V.K. Rai, N. Agrawal, S.P. Singh, V. Chauhan, H.W.

Murray(2007) Amphotericin B treatment for Indian visceral leishmaniasis:

response to 15 daily versus alternate- day infusions. Clin Infect Dis 45: 556-561.

203. Tamura, K., D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei and S. Kumar (2011)

MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood,

Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Mol Bio Evol.

204. Tamura, K., M. Nei and S. Kumar (2004) Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies

by using the neighbor-joining method. PNAS USA 101: 11030-11035.

205. Tangteerawatana, P., S. Pichyangkul, M. Hayano, T. Kalambaheti, S. Looareesuwan M.

T. Blomberg and S. Khusmith (2007) Relative levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in

complicated malaria: associationwith IL-4 polymorphism and peripheral

parasitemia. Acta Tropica 101: 258-265.

206. Tejle, K., M. Lindroth, K. E.Magnusson and B. Rasmusson (2008) Wild type

Leishmania donovani promastigotes block maturation, increase integrin expression

and inhibit detachment of human monocytes derived dendritic cells the influence of

phosphor glycans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 279:92-102.

207. Thakur, C. P., M. Kumar and A.K. Pandey (1991) Comparison of regimens of treatment

of antimony-resistant kala-azar patients: a randomized study. American Journal of

Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 45: 435-441.

208. Thakur, C.P., G.P. Sinha, A.K. Pandey, N. Kumar, P. Kumar, S. M. Hassan, S. Narain

and R. K. Roy (1998) Do the diminishing efficacy and increasing toxicity of

XX

sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India,

justify its continued use as a first-line drug? An observational study of 80 cases.

Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92(5):561-569.

209. Thakur, C.P., M. Kumar, S.K. Singh, D. Sharma, U. S. Prasad, R. S. Singh, P. S.

Dhawan and V. Achari (1984) Comparison of regimens of treatment with sodium

stibogluconate in kala-azar. British Medical Journal 288(6421): 895-897.

210. Thornton, A.M., C.A. Piccirillo and E.M. Shevach (2004) Activation requirements for

the induction of CD4+CD25

+ T cell suppressor function. Eur J Immunol 34:366-

376.

211. Tiuman, T.S., A.O. Santos, T. Ueda-Nakamura, B.P. Filho, C.V. Nakamura (2011)

Recent advances in leishmaniasis treatment. Int J Infect Dis 15: 525–532.

212. Tumang, M.C.T., C. Keogh and L.L. Moldawer (1994) Role and effect of TNF-α in

experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol 153: 768-775.

213. Tuon, F. F., V. S. Amato, M. E. Graf, A. M. Siqueira, A. C. Nicodemo, and V. Amato

Neto, (2008) Treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis a systematic

review with a meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 47:109-24.

214. Ulrich, M., V. Rodriguez, M. Centeno and J. Convit (1995) Differing antibody IgG

isotypes in the polar forms of leprosy and cutaneous leishmaniasis characterized by

antigen-specific T cell anergy. Clin Exp Immunol 100: 54-58.

215. Unanue, E.R., and P.M. Allen (1987) The basis for the immunoregulatory role of

macrophages and other accessory cells. Science 236:551-557.

216. Van Thiel, P., T. Leenstra, H. de Vries, A. van der Sluis, T. van Gool, A. Krull, M. van

Vugt, P. de Vries, J. Zeegelaar, A. Bart, W. van der Meide, H .Schallig, W. Faber

and P. Kager (2010) Cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania major infection) in

Dutch troops deployed in northern Afghanistan: epidemiology, clinical aspects and

treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 1295-1300.

217. Vanaerschot, M., I. Maes, M. Ouakad, V. Adaui, L. Maes, S. De Doncker, S. Rijal, F.

Chappuis, J.C. Dujardin and S. Decuypere (2010) Linking in vitro and in vivo

survival of clinical Leishmania donovani strains. PLoS ONE 5 (8): e12211.

218. Vanaerschot, M., S. De Doncker, S. Rijal, L. Maes, J.C. Dujardin and S. Decuypere

(2011) Antimonial resistance in Leishmania donovani is associated with increased

in vivo parasite burden. PLoS One 6: e23120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023120.

219. WHO, (2010) Control of the leishmaniases. World Health Organ. Tech Rep Ser XII–

XIII: 1–186

XXI

220. WHO, (2011) Leishmaniasis: Magnitude of the Problem. World Health Organization.

221. Wilson, A.J., D.W. Coltman, J.M.Pemberton, A.D.J.Overall, K.A. Byrne and L.E.B.

Kruuk (2005) Maternal genetic effects set the potential for evolu- tion in a free-

living vertebrate population. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 405-414.

222. World Health Organization (1990) Control of leishmaniasis. Technical report series -

793 Printed in Switzerland.

223. World Health Organization (1998) Leishmania and HIV in gridlock.

WHO/CTD/LEISH/98.1 and UNAIDS/98.23.

224. Wozencraft, A.O., and J.M. Blackwell (1987) Increased infectivity of stationary-phase

promastigotes of Leishmania donovani: Correlation with enhanced C3 binding

capacity and CR3-mediated attachment to host macrophages. Immunology 60: 559-

563.

225. Wyllie, S., M.L. Cunningham and A.H. Fairlamb (2004) Dual action of antimonial

drugs on thiol redox metabolism in the human pathogen Leishmania donovani. J

Biol Chem 279: 39925–39932.

226. Young, D.G., and P.G. Lawyer (1987) New World vectors of the leishmaniases. In

Current Topics in Vector Research 4:29-71.

227. Zijlstra, E.E., A.M. Musa, E.A.G. Khalil, I.M. El Hassan and A.M. El-Hassan (2003)

Post-Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Lancet 3:87-98.

228. Zlotnik, A., and K.W. Moore (1991) Interleukin 10. Cytokine 3:366-371.

229. Zwingenberger, K., G. Harms, C. Pedrosa, S. Omena, B. Sandkamp and S. K. Neifer

(1990) Determinants of the immune response in visceral leishmaniasis: evidence

for predominance of endogenous interleukin 4 over interferon- production. Clin.

Immunol. Immunopathol 57: 242-249.