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Industrial Engineering I

Chapter 1Introduction to Industrial Engineering

Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of

complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, and implementation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge,

information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and

methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems

or processes

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1.1 Definition Fierce Competition in Economy. Customers demands are rising. Challenge for industries to produce goods

of right quantity, quality , in time and at minimum cost.

Industrial Engineering plays a pivotal role in meeting these challenges.

We have various techniques in Industrial Engineering to analyse and improve the work methods, to eliminate waste, proper allocation and utilization of resources.

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1.1 Definition American Institute of Industrial Engineers

(AIIE) defines Industrial Engineering as follows;

Industrial Engineering is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated system of men, materials and equipment. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skills in the mathematical, physical sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such system.

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1.1 Definition The prime objective of industrial

engineering is;1- To increase the productivity.2- Eliminating waste and non-value

added activities.3- Improving the effective utilization

of resources.

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1.2 History & Development It is linked with industrial revolution and passed

through many phases to reach present advanced stage.

Frederick Taylor is named as father of scientific management and industrial engineering.

But before Frederick Taylor, Adam Smith gave concept of Division of Labour through his book The Wealth of Nations.

Also James Watt, Boultin Mathew and Robinson obtained a place in the history of Industrial Engineering because of their work related with improvements in the performance of machines and industries.

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1.2 History & Development Period between 1882-1912 was the

critical period in the history of Industrial Engineering. Important works during this period are;

Factory system, Owner, Engineer and Manager concept.

Equal work, equal pay and incentives. Scheduling and Gantt Charts. Engineers interest in cost control and

accounting.

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1.3 Contributions to Industrial Engineering1. Adam Smith (1776): through his book titled

Wealth of Nations laid foundation to scientific manufacturing. Through his concept of division of labour which included the skill development, time savings and the use of specialized machine was able to influence.

2. James Watt (1864): Steam Engine advanced the use of mechanical power to increase productivity.

3. Charles Babbage worked on the same line as Adam Smith.

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1.3 Contributions to Industrial Engineering4- Frederick Taylor (1859-1915): was a mechanical

engineer and initiated investigations of better work methods and develop an integrated theory of management principles and methodologies. He proposed following actions;

Data Collection and standards for workers. Scientifically training of workers. Cooperation between management and labour

for better production. Divide work between management and labour

and assigning to those who are best suited.

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1.3 Contributions to Industrial Engineering5- Henry L. Gantt (1993): His contributions are; Work in the area of motivation field, development

of task and bonus plan. Measurement of management results by Gantt

Charts. Recognition of social responsibility of business

and industry. Advocated training of workers by management.6- Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (1917): developed

method study as a tool for work analysis. He developed micro-motion study, a breakdown

of work into fundamental elements called therbligs.

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1.3 Contributions to Industrial Engineering7- Harrington Emerson(1913): Developed his

managerial concepts simultaneously with Taylor, Gantt and Gilbreth.

Amongst his contributions is the Emerson’s Efficiency Bonus Plan, an incentive plan which guarantees the base day rate and pays a graduated bonus.

He also proposed twelve principles of efficiency.8- L.H.C Tippet (1937): Developed the concept of work

sampling to determine the equipment and manpower utilization and setting performance standards for long cycle, heterogeneous jobs involving team work.

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1.4 Activities of Industrial Engineering The primary activities as spelled

out by AIIE are;

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1.5 Industrial Engineering Approach In carrying out various activities, the

industrial engineer; Gathers and analyses facts. Prepares the alternative solutions

taking in to consideration all the constraints both internal and external.

Selects the best solution for implementation.

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1.5 Industrial Engineering Approach At problem identification/definition stage

following steps must be taken;1- All the facts about the operation are collected

and recorded using various recording techniques like charts, diagrams or models.

2- Critical Examination of all facts by asking series of questions.

3- Alternative ways are found by techniques like brainstorming.

4- based upon the criteria fixed for evaluation, the best alternative is selected.

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1.6 Objectives of Industrial Engineering The basic objectives of Industrial

Engineering departments are;1- To establish methods for

improving the operations and controlling the production costs.

2- To develop programmes for reducing these costs.

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1.7 Functions of An Industrial Engineer

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1.8 Techniques of Industrial Engineering Following tools and techniques are used to improve

productivity of the organization by optimum utilization of resources.

1- Method Study.2- Time Study (Work Measurement).3- Motion Economy.4- Financial and Non Financial Incentives.5- Value Analysis.6- Production, Planning and Control.7- Inventory Control.8- Job Evaluation.9- Material Handling Analysis.10-Ergonomics (Human Engineering).11- System Analysis.12- Operations Research Techniques.

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1.9 Place of Industrial Engineering in Organization

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1.10 Industrial Engineering in Service Sector Large number of industrial engineers

are in demand and attracted to careers in exciting, challenging and rewarding new fields.

The various service industries are;1- Health Service.2- Government Organizations.3- Banking.

The various topics concerning industrial engineers include:

accounting: the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities

operations research, also known as management science: discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions

operations management: an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services.

project management: is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems.

job design: the specification of contents, methods and relationship of jobs in order to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the social and personal requirements of the job holder.

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The various topics concerning industrial engineers include:

financial engineering: the application of technical methods, especially from mathematical finance and computational finance, in the practice of finance

management engineering: a specialized form of management that is concerned with the application of engineering principles to business practice

supply chain management: the management of the flow of goods. It includes the movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption.

process engineering: design, operation, control, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes.

systems engineering: an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how to design and manage complex engineering systems over their life cycles.

ergonomics: the practice of designing products, systems or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people that use them.

safety engineering: an engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety.

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The various topics concerning industrial engineers include: cost engineering: practice devoted to the management of project

cost, involving such activities as cost- and control- estimating, which is cost control and cost forecasting, investment appraisal, and risk analysis.

value engineering: a systematic method to improve the "value" of goods or products and services by using an examination of function.

quality engineering: a way of preventing mistakes or defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering solutions or services to customers.

Industrial plant configuration: sizing of necessary infrastructure used in support and maintenance of a given facility.

facility management: an interdisciplinary field devoted to the coordination of space, infrastructure, people and organization

engineering design process: formulation of a plan to help an engineer build a product with a specified performance goal.

logistics: the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet some requirements, of customers or corporations.

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