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1789-1800

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Essential Question: What were the precedents that Washington established as the first president of the United States?

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Predicting: How might the first leader of a new nation shape future leaders roles? Traditions Setting limits on powers Showing how duties will be performed

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April 30, 1789 George Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States John Adams is Vice President Washington knew that the precedents, or traditions he established would shape the future of the US

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Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Handled relations with other nations Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton Handled financial matters Cabinet Secretary of Treasury, State, Defense, Attorney General President has power to dismiss cabinet officers without senate approval

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Congress established a federal court system State laws remained but federal courts had the power to reverse state decisions Supreme Court would have final authority John Jay chosen as first chief justice of the Supreme Court

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New Nation faced a huge national debt Amount of money owed by the United States government Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton wanted to improve the governments financial reputation

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Pay millions of dollars in debt to other countries Pay off debts to American citizens that had been borrowed through bonds Paper notes promising to repay money at a later date Hamilton faced much opposition Original bond owners felt betrayed Southern states were angry because they collected much less debt than northern states Compromise wins out States would be paid back Nations capital would be in the South National Bank was created

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Hamilton called for a tariff to protect American industry from foreign competition The South opposed because they had little industry Hamilton called for national taxes to help pay off debt Tax on whiskey implemented

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Precedents Established by Washington Foreign policy of neutrality Creation of the cabinet Two terms in office The Inaugural Address

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Essential Question: What challenges did the US face during Washingtons administration?

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Growing resistance by Pennsylvania farmers to tax on whiskey 1794 Armed mob attacked tax collectors and burned buildings Washington and his advisors decided to crush the rebellion with force Sends message that government will use force if necessary to keep the social order

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Americans move onto Native American territory and fighting breaks out British in Ohio River Valley and encourage Native Americans to attack American settlers Some Americans want to form an alliance with France against Britain

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The French tried to involve the US in a conflict with England Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality Prohibits Americans citizens from fighting in the conflict Barred British and French warships from American ports British were still impressing Americans which angered the US Conflict ended with Jays Treaty but did not address impressment

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1795 Pinckneys Treaty gave US access to Mississippi River and New Orleans Washington did not seek a third term 1797 Farewell Address Attacked political parties Advised US to stay out of foreign affairs

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How did the British challenge U.S. neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain? Answer the Essential Question: What challenges did the US face during Washingtons administration?

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Essential Question: How did the Federalist and the Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?

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By 1796, Americans began to take opposing sides on issues Washingtons cabinet members, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton often disagreed Political Parties, often called factions, emerged

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Republicans 1. Were led by Thomas Jefferson 2. Believed people should have political power 3. Favored strong state government 4. Emphasized agriculture 5. Favored strict interpretation of Constitution 6. Were pro-French 7. Opposed national bank 8. Opposed protective tariff

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Federalists 1.Were led by Alexander Hamilton 2.Believed wealthy and educated should lead 3.Favored strong central government 4.Emphasized trade and manufacturing 5.Favored loose interpretation of Constitution 6.Were pro-British 7.Favored national bank 8.Favored protective tariff

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Candidates sought office for the first time as members of political parties Federalists and Republicans held caucuses Meeting where party members choose their parties candidate for office Federalist John Adams ran against Republican Thomas Jefferson Adams wins, Jefferson becomes Vice President

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French regarded the 1794 Jays Treaty as an American attempt to help Britain French began seizing American ships and impressing American people 1797 Adams sent three diplomats to Paris to resolve the dispute French diplomats, known as X,Y and Z, demanded a bribe that America refused America was prepared for war but eventually the issue was resolved

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Due to conflict with France, Americans became more suspicious of aliens Many supported the French Revolution Their loyalty was questioned Alien and Sedition Acts were passed (1798) Strict laws to protect the nations security President could imprison aliens or send them out of the country for speaking out against the government

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James Madison and Jefferson said the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional Hoped states would nullify the acts Hurt Adams chances for reelection

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Using the diagram below, summarize each event and explain how it influenced the next one. Essential Question: How did the Federalist and the Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?