1900 - 1980

Born in Frankfurt, Germany A not too happy childhood Two significant events

◦ Suicide of parents friend◦ WWI◦ “My main interest was clearly mapped out. I

wanted to understand the laws that govern the life of the individual man, and the laws of society”

Studied psychology, sociology, and philosophy at the University of Heidelberg

Married his first analyst, Frieda Reichmann In the 1930’s was writing critical articles

disputing Freud’s refusal to admit the impact of socioeconomic forces on personality.

Became “hated within the Freudian establishment with a special passion”

Worked with Karen Horney for approx. 10 years Wrote around 50 books Died of a 4th heart attack in 1980

We have several basic existential needs:◦ Relatedness (to others)◦ Transcendence (purpose)◦ Rootedness (to the world and nature)◦ Sense of Identity (“I am I”)◦ Frame of orientation

As people have achieved more freedom, they have become more lonely, insignificant and alienated from nature(less freedom = greater connectedness)

There are three psychic mechanisms for escaping the negative aspects of freedom

Authoritarianism◦ “the tendency to give up the independence of one’s own individual self and to fuse

one’s self with someone or something outside oneself in order to acquire the strength which the individual is lacking”

◦ Can take two forms: Masochism (join oneself to something more powerful)

Feelings of inferiority and inadequacy Compliant to others

Sadism Strive for power over others

Gain power over the weak by making them dependent on me Exploiting others for my benefit or pleasure Making others suffer physically or psychologically

Destructiveness (Malignant Aggression)◦ Does not depend on a continuous relationship

with another but seeks to eliminate people or things from our lives (If it/they do not exist, I can’t be hurt) Nastiness of life attributed to this

◦ If blocked will be turned on self (If I do not exist, I can’t be hurt)

Automation Conformity◦ We give up our individuality to become whatever

other people desire us to be◦ Temporarily find security but at the price of the

self The more we conform the more powerless we feel,

the more powerless we feel the more we must conform

◦ Most socially significant

Proposed both productive and nonproductive personality types (character orientations)◦ Productive: healthy personality types

Ideal state of human development ◦ Nonproductive: unhealthy

Most personalities are a combination of types with one dominant

Biophilous◦ In love with life and are attracted to growth,

creation, and construction◦ Try to influence others by love, reason, and

example Are concerned with the growth and development of

self and others◦ Extreme of this would be a saint

Being◦ Define self by what you are not by what you have◦ Self worth comes from within not from comparing

self to others◦ Cooperate, love, and live productively with others

Receptive type◦ Can only relate to the world from things outside of themselves◦ Expect to get whatever they want from others◦ Receivers not givers◦ Negative qualities:

Passivity, submissiveness, and lack of self control◦ Positive qualities:

Loyalty, acceptance, and trust

Exploitative type◦ Relate to the world outside of themselves◦ Aggressively take what they want from others◦ What is taken is of greater value than what is given freely to

them◦ Negative qualities:

Egocentric, conceited, arrogant, and seducing◦ Positive qualities:

Impulsive, proud, charming, and self-confident

Hoarding type◦ Security in hoarding and saving what they have already

obtainted◦ Compulsive orderliness about their possessions, thoughts and

feelings◦ Build walls around themselves and let little out◦ Negative traits:

Rigidity, sterility, obstinacy, compulsivity, lack of creativity◦ Positive traits:

Orderliness, cleanliness, puctuality

Marketing type◦ Our personality becomes a commodity to by sold◦ Superficial qualities such as smiling, being agreeable, laughing at the

boss’s jokes are more important than inner characteristics and abilities◦ Are without a past or future, and have no permanent principles or values◦ Somewhat connected to automation conformity◦ Negative traits:

Aimless, opportunistic, inconsistent, and wasteful◦ Positive traits:

Changeability, open-mindedness, adaptability, and generosity

Having type◦ Personal meaning comes from possessions ◦ “Keeping up with the Jones’s”◦ “ The one who dies with the most toys wins!”◦ Any society with a majority of these type people is

a sick society

Necrophilous type◦ Attracted to death, corpses, decay, dirt, etc.◦ Often hate humanity and are racists, warmongers, and bullies

Not all are savages, but appear harmless and leave a wake of emotional destruction

Their destructive behavior is a reflection of their basic character

◦ Dwell in the past and are cold and aloof◦ Devoted to law and order

Malignant Narcissism◦ Perception of reality is impeded so that

everything belonging to the narcissist is highly valued while everything belonging to others is devalued.

Incestuous Symbiosis◦ Inseparable and often intertwined with a host

person or thing losing their individual identities Can be with a person, ideology, job, nation, etc.

◦ Feel extremely anxious or frightful if the symbiotic relationship is challenged

◦ Distorts an individuals reasoning powers, destroys the capacity for authentic love, and prevents people from achieving independence and integrity