WWI: The Great War

1914-19181914-1918

WWI: The Seeds of War What leads to WWI?What leads to WWI?

ImperialismImperialism

NationalismNationalism

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Alliances…Alliances…

Powder Keg…The Assassination…Powder Keg…The Assassination…

WWI: The Assassination28 June, 1914

The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (and his wife) was caused by The Black The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (and his wife) was caused by The Black Hand, a Hand, a Serbian Nationalist groupSerbian Nationalist group, with anti-Austrian viewpoints. , with anti-Austrian viewpoints.

In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia – an area that shared culture and language In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia – an area that shared culture and language with Serbia… with Serbia… Serbians wanted to free their “brethren” (Bosnia) from Austrian rule to Serbians wanted to free their “brethren” (Bosnia) from Austrian rule to join the Greater Serbia (Yugoslavia)join the Greater Serbia (Yugoslavia)

As a political statement, As a political statement, the` Black Hand decided the` Black Hand decided to kill the Archduke of to kill the Archduke of Austria.Austria.

WWI: The Assassination28 June, 1914

While in a parade in Sarajevo (the capitol of While in a parade in Sarajevo (the capitol of Bosnia) the Archduke was assassinated. The Bosnia) the Archduke was assassinated. The assassination started out unsuccessful, with assassination started out unsuccessful, with the first six attempts failing. Luck turned in the first six attempts failing. Luck turned in the assassins’ favor however when the car the assassins’ favor however when the car carrying the archduke took a wrong turn. The carrying the archduke took a wrong turn. The seventh assassin, who was out of place, seventh assassin, who was out of place, found himself with the opportunity to fire; he found himself with the opportunity to fire; he did, and the archduke was killed…did, and the archduke was killed…

Tensions between Serbia and Austria Tensions between Serbia and Austria rose, as Austria sent an ultimatum to rose, as Austria sent an ultimatum to Serbia, and at the same time Austria Serbia, and at the same time Austria sent a strong message to the other sent a strong message to the other ethnic minority groups in their area… ethnic minority groups in their area… Don’t even think about rebelling!Don’t even think about rebelling!

To make matters more To make matters more complicated….Serbia is a protectorate of complicated….Serbia is a protectorate of Russia. Russia. Assassination Video

WWI: The War on Land *By August 1914 the powers of Europe had lined up against By August 1914 the powers of Europe had lined up against

each other…each other…

Allied Powers - Great BritainAllied Powers - Great Britain FranceFrance RussiaRussia SerbiaSerbia BelgiumBelgium *Japan*Japan *Montenegro*Montenegro

Central Powers - GermanyCentral Powers - GermanyAustria-HungaryAustria-HungaryOttoman EmpireOttoman EmpireBulgariaBulgaria

WWI: The War on LandSchlieffen Plan- Germany thought that Russia would be slow to mobilize for war, so Germany must invade and defeat France quickly before Russia is ready for war.

German progress was German progress was slower than expected due slower than expected due to terrain and to terrain and resistance…resistance…

WWI: The War on LandWhat ends up developing is what Germany feared…What ends up developing is what Germany feared…A two front warA two front war

A Western Front-A Western Front-FranceFrance

An Eastern Front-An Eastern Front-RussiaRussia

WWI: The War on LandThe Battle of the Marne

Marne – Sept. 5-10, 1914Marne – Sept. 5-10, 1914French and German troops collide French and German troops collide in northeastern France… After 4 in northeastern France… After 4

days of shelling the French were able to days of shelling the French were able to push the Germans back 50 miles from push the Germans back 50 miles from Paris…Paris…

German retreat from the area German retreat from the area signals the end to the signals the end to the

Schlieffen Schlieffen Plan.Plan.

WWI: The War on LandYears of Deadlock

The Race to the North Sea results in a long line of trenches on the The Race to the North Sea results in a long line of trenches on the western front… Trenches resulted in a stalemate by November western front… Trenches resulted in a stalemate by November 1914…1914…

WWI: Trench Warfare

Trenches emerged during Trenches emerged during the First World War as a the First World War as a means of defense, primarily means of defense, primarily from the invention of the from the invention of the machine gun.machine gun.

In 1914 weapons development In 1914 weapons development hits its peak:hits its peak:

-The French develop a 75mm artillery gun that could be fired without re-aiming… The French develop a 75mm artillery gun that could be fired without re-aiming… just reload!just reload!

-The machine gun comes about, originally firing up to 500 rounds per minute @ The machine gun comes about, originally firing up to 500 rounds per minute @ 2,000 yards… A problem considering generals are still using cavalry charges… 2,000 yards… A problem considering generals are still using cavalry charges…

WWI: Trench WarfareGerman trenches were better… They were:German trenches were better… They were:

-Big, Deep, and DRY!!!Big, Deep, and DRY!!!

-They had electricityThey had electricity

- Sound-proof doors- Sound-proof doors

- Bunk beds and small kitchens- Bunk beds and small kitchens

WWI: Trench WarfareWestern trenches were poorer… They were:Western trenches were poorer… They were:

-Wet and muddy… often with Wet and muddy… often with setting watersetting water

-The setting water brought The setting water brought diseasesdiseases

- The trenches were open to The trenches were open to noise, weather, shells…noise, weather, shells…

WWI: Trench WarfareThe trench system had many problems…The trench system had many problems…

-Rats would feed off of the Rats would feed off of the rotting flesh of the deadrotting flesh of the dead

- The stench of rotting flesh was - The stench of rotting flesh was everywhere!everywhere!

- Generals were still fighting the Generals were still fighting the wars of their youthwars of their youth(a.k.a. wars where they would (a.k.a. wars where they would charge the enemy)charge the enemy)

-WWI battles lasted months… WWI battles lasted months… Not days or hours like previous Not days or hours like previous battlesbattles

WWI: New TechnologyCasualties were high due to the new technology and trenches…Casualties were high due to the new technology and trenches…

-Soldiers died by shells, Soldiers died by shells, snipers, gas, long range snipers, gas, long range artillery, bullets, & artillery, bullets, & bayonetsbayonets

- In the battle @ Somme In the battle @ Somme 30,000 British soldiers died 30,000 British soldiers died in the first 4 hours…in the first 4 hours…

- A 10 month total @ A 10 month total @ Verdun saw 1 million Verdun saw 1 million killed…killed…

- Shrapnel and evacuation were the big killers…- Shrapnel and evacuation were the big killers…

WWI: The War on LandVerdun and the Somme *

Verdun – February, 1916Verdun – February, 1916Germany stages a surprise attack on France at Verdun (a massive Germany stages a surprise attack on France at Verdun (a massive fortress in northeastern France on the Meuse River).fortress in northeastern France on the Meuse River).

This battle was one of the longest and bloodiest of the war…This battle was one of the longest and bloodiest of the war…

More than 750,000 French and German More than 750,000 French and German soldiers lost their lives… When fighting soldiers lost their lives… When fighting stopped the Western Front had only stopped the Western Front had only moved 10 miles…moved 10 miles…

Somme – July 15-November 28, 1916Somme – July 15-November 28, 1916Britain launches an attack against Germany in the valley of the Somme Britain launches an attack against Germany in the valley of the Somme River in northern France… This battle too was inconclusive, but Britain River in northern France… This battle too was inconclusive, but Britain did introduce the tank (with little success)…did introduce the tank (with little success)…

WWI: War at SeaGreat Britain dominated the watersGreat Britain dominated the waters

-successful blockade of German ports -successful blockade of German ports

Germany responded by using U-Boats to sink ships heading to Great Germany responded by using U-Boats to sink ships heading to Great BritainBritain

WWI: US Enters

Even though America wanted to remain neutral, U-Boat attacks to Even though America wanted to remain neutral, U-Boat attacks to American trade vessels propel America into the war…American trade vessels propel America into the war…

-Sinking of the Lusitania-Sinking of the Lusitania

Zimmerman Telegraph and the use of unrestricted sub-warfare by Zimmerman Telegraph and the use of unrestricted sub-warfare by Germany brought the US into the war.Germany brought the US into the war.

Insure that debts from GB would be repaid.Insure that debts from GB would be repaid.

April 2,1917- US enters warApril 2,1917- US enters war

Wilson- “make the world safe for democracy”Wilson- “make the world safe for democracy”

WWI: Peace at Last US entry raised Allied moralUS entry raised Allied moral

There was no one decisive victory to end the war, the There was no one decisive victory to end the war, the GermanGerman War War Machine ground to a halt and the Allies will win.Machine ground to a halt and the Allies will win.

On the On the 11th11th hour, of the hour, of the 11th11th day, in the day, in the 11th11th month of the year month of the year 19181918 a a cease-fire was called.cease-fire was called.

WWI: Peace WWI was the bloodiest war to date in which WWI was the bloodiest war to date in which 3030 nations participated. nations participated.

Wilson’s 14 points-plan for peace during WWI and after Wilson’s 14 points-plan for peace during WWI and after

1 – 5: 1 – 5: causes of the warcauses of the war

6-13: boundary changes drawn along lines of 6-13: boundary changes drawn along lines of nationalitynationality

14: call for a “14: call for a “League of NationsLeague of Nations””

WWI: PeaceThe Treaty of Versailles

On Dec. 1918, Wilson and his wife travel to the Versailles Peace Conference, On Dec. 1918, Wilson and his wife travel to the Versailles Peace Conference, where America, where America, GermanyGermany, France, and , France, and ItalyItaly attended. attended.

Wilson ends up conceding his 14 points for the Wilson ends up conceding his 14 points for the League of NationsLeague of Nations..

On On June 28June 28, 1919, the treaty was signed, making , 1919, the treaty was signed, making 99 new nations, redrawing new nations, redrawing bordersborders, limiting the , limiting the GermanGerman army, Germany had to pay reparations and war army, Germany had to pay reparations and war damages totaling damages totaling 3333 billion dollars, and admit billion dollars, and admit ALLALL blame for war… Germany blame for war… Germany finds the treaty outrageous…plan was to punish Germanyfinds the treaty outrageous…plan was to punish Germany

The Treaty of Versailles laid the groundwork for The Treaty of Versailles laid the groundwork for WWIIWWII

WWI: The FalloutWar’s End Numbers by Country:War’s End Numbers by Country:

CasualtiesCasualtiesOthers - 25,000Others - 25,000Serbia-Montenegro - 48,000 Serbia-Montenegro - 48,000 Bulgaria - 87,000Bulgaria - 87,000US - 116,000US - 116,000Ottoman Empire - 325,000Ottoman Empire - 325,000Romania - 336,000Romania - 336,000Italy - 650,000 Italy - 650,000 British Empire - 908,000British Empire - 908,000Austria-Hungary - 1.2 millionAustria-Hungary - 1.2 millionFrance - 1.385 millionFrance - 1.385 millionRussia - 1.7 millionRussia - 1.7 millionGermany - 1.773 millionGermany - 1.773 million

WoundedWoundedOthers - 80,000Others - 80,000

Serbia-Montenegro - 143,000 Serbia-Montenegro - 143,000 Bulgaria - 152,000Bulgaria - 152,000

US - 234,000US - 234,000Ottoman Empire - 400,000Ottoman Empire - 400,000

Romania - 120,000Romania - 120,000Italy - 947,000Italy - 947,000

British Empire - 2.09 millionBritish Empire - 2.09 millionAustria-Hungary - 3.62 millionAustria-Hungary - 3.62 million

France - 4.266 millionFrance - 4.266 millionRussia - 4.95 millionRussia - 4.95 million

Germany - 4.216 millionGermany - 4.216 million

WWI: The Russian RevolutionDue to a revolution in Russia, they back out of the war… Signing a Due to a revolution in Russia, they back out of the war… Signing a peace treaty with Germany…peace treaty with Germany…

-March 1917- uprising (after Rasputin is killed)-March 1917- uprising (after Rasputin is killed)-Czar Nicholas II abdicates self, Provisional Government -Czar Nicholas II abdicates self, Provisional Government

put in placeput in place

Bolshevik Revolution and LeninBolshevik Revolution and Lenin-Vladimir Lenin (leader of the Bolsheviks, radical Socialists) seizes -Vladimir Lenin (leader of the Bolsheviks, radical Socialists) seizes power from the struggling provisional governmentpower from the struggling provisional government

Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk-Russian peace with Germany-Russian peace with Germany

TerrorTerror-killed Czar and family-killed Czar and family-used against political enemies-used against political enemies