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Slide 2 1914-1918: The World at War 1914-1918: The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Ms. Snyder CCHS Slide 3 Differing Viewpoints Family Feud Fall of the Eagles The War to End All Wars The War to Make the World Safe for Democracy Slide 4 Causes of the War Slide 5 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Slide 6 Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: Slide 7 The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey] Slide 8 Europe in 1914 Slide 9 2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73% Slide 10 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries Slide 11 4. Aggressive Nationalism Slide 12 Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The Powder Keg of Europe Slide 13 Powder Keg of Europe Two alliance system in existence French unhappiness at the loss of Alsace & Lorraine (F-P War) Arms race between Germany and France Naval rivalry between Britain and Germany Austria and Russia competing for influence in the Balkans Germany attempts to gain colonies annoying and frightening Fr., Br., R. Slide 14 The Spark Slide 15 Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family Slide 16 The Assassination: Sarajevo Video Slide 17 The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip Slide 18 Four Steps to War Austria Declares War against Serbia July 28, 1914 #1 Slide 19 A. July 5 The Blank Check Pay to A-H From G. Still Part of Step #1 You can rely on us Slide 20 B. July 23 The Ultimatum If you touch me, Ill If you make a move, Ill If you hit that little feller, Ill If you strike my friend, Ill.. If you hit him, Ill Hi there, if you dont Serbia Austria Russia Germany France Great Britain Slide 21 C. July 25 Serbia sends a reply and rejects part of the ultimatum The sentence that caused a war 6. The [Serbian] Government considers it its duty as a matter of course to begin an investigation against all those persons who have participated in the outrage of June 28th and who are in its territory. As far as the cooperation in this investigation of specially delegated officials of the [Austro-Hungarian] Government is concerned, this cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of criminal procedure. -- Serbian Response to the Ultimatum, 25 July, 1914 The Power Behind Austria (at the ultimatum steps). I dont quite like his attitude. Somebody Must be backing him. Serbia Austria Russia Slide 22 D. July 28 A-H Declares War Interestingly, the Kaiser thought the Serbs reply was SO conciliatory, that after reading it, he wrote: the reply amounted to a capitulation in the humblest style, and with it there disappeared all reason for war. Austrians look unfair, unreasonable, and war-mad to rest of the world Slide 23 Four Steps to War Russia Mobilizes A. Willy-Nicky Letters July 29, 1914 An unjust war has been declared on a weak country. The anger in Russia shared fully by me is enormous. I foresee that very soon I shall be overwhelmed by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war. To try and avoid such a calamity as a European war, I beg you in the name of our old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.-Nicky (July 29, 1914, telegram) #2 Kaiser Wilhem II Tsar Nicholas II Slide 24 B. Despite the correspondence with Wilhelm, Nicholas begins a partial mobilization - July 29, 1914 C.Russia begins general mobilization Generals cant mobilize against A-H without mobilizing against Germany too! July 30-31, 1914 Still Step #2 Slide 25 Four Steps to War Schlieffen Plan General Alfred von Schlieffen Deal with a potential 2-Front War France is weak => Defeat 1 st 90% of the German Army Based on assumption that Russia would be slow to mobilize #3 Slide 26 The Schlieffen Plan Slide 27 Wilhelm needed to know Frances Plan Aid Russia? Or Not? Germany issues Russia and France and ultimatum July 31, 1914 Still Step #3 Slide 28 A. Russian Ultimatum Demobilize get off the German border B. French Ultimatum Stay neutral dont get involved Still Step #3 Slide 29 C. The problem with the Schlieffen Plan Requires Germany to invade through neutral Belgium to get to Paris quickly Still Step #3 Belgium This is a huge risk Slide 30 C. The problem with the Schlieffen Plan continued Treaty of London 1839 Britain and Prussia Guaranteed Belgian neutrality But, theres no Plan B Russia is mobilizing too fast Still Step #3 Slide 31 D. August 1 G. Declares war on Russia Slide 32 August 3 G. Declares war on France Slide 33 F. August 3-4 Germany invades Belgium Slide 34 Four Steps to War England joins in German gamble - Belgium Britain upholds Treaty of 1839 #4 The greatest war of modern times, and perhaps in the whole history of the human race, was begun by Germany using the crime of a schoolboy as an excuse The Great War -the Standard History (1914) [A British patriotic magazine published weekly] Slide 35 August 4 Britain declares war on Germany Slide 36 The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime. (Sir Edward Grey) Slide 37 Whos To Blame? Slide 38 German Atrocities in Belgium Slide 39 Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism! Slide 40 Recruitment Posters Slide 41 A Young Australian Recruit Slide 42 Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Slide 43 New French Recruits Slide 44 A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier Slide 45 Slide 46 Women and the War Effort Slide 47 Financing the War Slide 48 For Recruitment Slide 49 Munitions Workers Slide 50 French Women Factory Workers Slide 51 German Women Factory Workers Slide 52 Working in the Fields Slide 53 A Woman Ambulance Driver Slide 54 Red Cross Nurses Slide 55 Women in the Army Auxiliary Slide 56 Russian Women Soldiers Slide 57 Spies e Mata Hari e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e Mata Hari e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! Slide 58 Posters: Wartime Propagand a Slide 59 Australian Poster Slide 60 American Poster Slide 61 Financing the War Slide 62 German Poster Think of Your Children! Slide 63 The Western Front: A War of Attrition Slide 64 A Multi-Front War Slide 65 The Western Front Germany, France, Britain and Belgium 475 miles long from Switzerland to North Sea Slide 66 The Western Front Race to the Sea Each side trying to outflank the other War of Attrition = a struggle in which you harm your opponent in a lot of small ways, so that they become gradually weaker Slide 67 1 st Battle of the Marne Sept 5-12, 1914 Paris Marne River Slide 68 600 Taxis Allied counter-attack Prevented fall of Paris Forced German retreat Schlieffen Plan isnt going to work Set the stage for trench warfare Slide 69 Slide 70 Trench Warfare Slide 71 No Mans Land Slide 72 Verdun February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. Slide 73 The Somme July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. Slide 74 War Is !! Slide 75 Sacrifices in War Slide 76 Krupps Big Bertha Gun Slide 77 The Eastern Front Slide 78 The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915 Slide 79 Turkish Cavalry in Palestine Slide 80 T. E. Lawrence & the Arab Revolt, 1916-18 Slide 81 T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19 Slide 82 The Tsar with General Brusilov Slide 83 The Colonial Fronts Slide 84 Sikh British Soldiers in India Slide 85 Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] Slide 86 Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade Slide 87 Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916 Slide 88 Americ a Joins the Allies Slide 89 The Sinking of the Lusitania Slide 90 The Zimmerman Telegram Slide 91 The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming! Slide 92 Americans in the Trenches Slide 93 The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology Slide 94 French Renault Tank Slide 95 British Tank at Ypres Slide 96 U-Boats Slide 97 Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats Slide 98 The Airplane Squadron Over the Brenta Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 Slide 99 The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The Red Baron] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie Mick Mannoch, Br. Slide 100 Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant Slide 101 Looking for the Red Baron? Slide 102 The Zeppelin Slide 103 Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers Slide 104 Poison Gas Machine Gun Slide 105 Art of World War I Slide 106 A Street in Arras John Singer Sargent, 1918 Slide 107 Oppy Wood John Nash, 1917 Slide 108 Those Who Have Lost Their Names Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914 Slide 109 Gassed and Wounded Eric Kennington, 1918 Slide 110 Paths of Glory C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917 Slide 111 German Cartoon: Fit for active service!, 1918 Slide 112 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 100,000,000 died Slide 113 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed! Slide 114 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead Slide 115 The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died Slide 116 World War I Casualties Slide 117 Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come! Slide 118 Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800