1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat WarBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer

Horace Greeley H. S.Horace Greeley H. S.Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S.Horace Greeley H. S.

Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

Because of tensions, all the countries Because of tensions, all the countries tried to keep an army prepared for tried to keep an army prepared for

war – it helped develop PRIDE war – it helped develop PRIDE (patriotism) in country(patriotism) in country

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

However, the country that increased their military the MOST was Germany…and this made everyone else nervous

3. Imperialism and its rivalries

3. Imperialism and its rivalries

Imperialism

Imperialism had divided AFRICA, EUROPE, ASIA, AMERICAS

WHY?

The imperial powers were competing for power EVERYWHERE in the world…a world war was bound to happen

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Nationalism = a deep devotion to one’s nation

Nationalism is a good thing if its patriotic It can be a bad thing if it causes tension,

competition and a sense of superiority over others

France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary and Russia were all competing for resources, markets and territory

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

Ottomans and the Balkans “Sick man of Europe” – behind

economically, technologically & militarily Rebellions and independent movements

(Greece, Serbia) France and Britain controlled much of

Ottoman empire…angered Russia and the “Young Turks” who advocated “Turkification”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

The “Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by a 19-year old Serbian nationalist

Austria declared war on Serbia – but Russia was an ally of Serbia…Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary…all the other alliances came into play!

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

Attack and defeat France, then run back to fight Russia…move fast

Russia lags behind industrially, takes long to mobilize

MobilizationMobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

SpiesSpies

e “Mata Hari”

e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

e German Spy!

e “Mata Hari”

e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

e German Spy!

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

“The men slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud and dreamed mud”…500 miles from N. Sea to Swiss border – 4 years: 2-3 miles

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Trench Warfare

Rats, no bathroom, sleep in mud, blood all over, lie next to the dead

Western Front was almost 500 miles from the North Sea to the Swiss border

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

e German offensive against French

e Each side: 500,000 casualties.

eOnly 4 miles for Germans, 5 for Britain

e German offensive against French

e Each side: 500,000 casualties.

eOnly 4 miles for Germans, 5 for Britain

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turks secretly sign alliance with Germany…British try to close the strait…fail

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

British ask Hussein ibn Ali to lead Arab revolt ag. Turks…helped put down the Ottoman Empire / B. make promises to Jews as well

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WAR

Civil unrest in Russia due to poor leadership and shortages of food and fuel

COMMUNISM in RUSSIA (USSR) Lenin gets out of WWI, but at a huge price Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed by

Germany and Russia

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Versailles Treaty

Defeated powers kept out US (Wilson), Britain (Lloyd George),

French (Clemenceau)…ignore everyone else (Italians, Japanese hope for all races to be treated equally, African Congress, Arabs, etc…)

“Three all-powerful, all-ignorant men, sitting there carving up the continents

WILSON

Idealist – wanted everyone to have self-determination (create nations based on ethnic or linguistic divisions)

LEAGUE OF NATIONS (world organization to safeguard the peace and foster international cooperation

FRANCE AND BRITAIN

France wants REVENGE

Britain wants MONEY

Compromise that no one liked – Treaty of Versaille

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

Germany pays reparations/indemnity Germany has VERY limited military Germany gives up Alsace and Lorraine,

colonies and eastern territory in Europe Germany has a GUILT CLAUSE – takes

responsibility for starting WWI