1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat WarMr. CargileMr. Cargile

Mission Hills High Mission Hills High SchoolSchool

San Marcos, CASan Marcos, CA

Mr. CargileMr. CargileMission Hills High Mission Hills High

SchoolSchoolSan Marcos, CASan Marcos, CA

Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints

“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”

“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”

“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”

“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”

A War of WordsA War of WordsWorld War I and the events World War I and the events surrounding it brought a number surrounding it brought a number of new terms into people’s of new terms into people’s everyday vocabularies.everyday vocabularies.

A War of WordsA War of Words

1. Armistice 5. propaganda

2. Blockade 6. reconnaissance

3. Convoy 7. ultimatum

4. Mandate 8. no-man’s land

I. Origins of the I. Origins of the Crisis in Europe Crisis in Europe and the Middle and the Middle

EastEast

I. Origins of the I. Origins of the Crisis in Europe Crisis in Europe and the Middle and the Middle

EastEast

A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans

A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans

The Balkans in 1878The Balkans in 1878

1. By the late 19th cent. The 1. By the late 19th cent. The once-powerful Ottoman once-powerful Ottoman Empire was in decline & Empire was in decline & losing the outlying losing the outlying provinces closest to provinces closest to Europe.Europe.

A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans

A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans

The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913The Balkan Wars: 1912-19132. The European powers meddled in the affairs of the Ottoman 2. The European powers meddled in the affairs of the Ottoman

Emp., sometime in cooperation, at other times as rivals.Emp., sometime in cooperation, at other times as rivals.

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The Balkans in

1914

The Balkans in

19143. In reaction, the Young 3. In reaction, the Young

Turks conspired to Turks conspired to force a constitution force a constitution on the Sultan, on the Sultan, advocated centralized advocated centralized rule & Turkification of rule & Turkification of minorities, & carried minorities, & carried out modernizing out modernizing reforms.reforms.

4. The Turks turned to 4. The Turks turned to Germany for Germany for assistance & hired a assistance & hired a German general to German general to modernize Turkey’s modernize Turkey’s armed forces.armed forces.

B. B. CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

B. B. CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

MMAAIINN

MMAAIINN

1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System

1.1. The major European countries were The major European countries were organized into two alliances: organized into two alliances:

The Triple Alliance (Germany, The Triple Alliance (Germany, A-H, & Italy) and the Triple A-H, & Italy) and the Triple Entente (Br., France, & Entente (Br., France, & Russia). Russia).

2.2. The military alliance system was The military alliance system was accompanied by inflexible accompanied by inflexible mobilization plans that depended mobilization plans that depended on rXrs to move troops according on rXrs to move troops according to precise schedules.to precise schedules.

2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System

3. When A-H declared war on Serbia 3. When A-H declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, diplomats, on July 28, 1914, diplomats, statesmen, and monarchs quickly statesmen, and monarchs quickly lost control of events. lost control of events.

4. The alliance system in combination 4. The alliance system in combination with the rigidly scheduled with the rigidly scheduled mobilization plans meant that war mobilization plans meant that war was automatic.was automatic.

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial RivalriesColonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

ColonialRivalrie

s:

Africain

1914

ColonialRivalrie

s:

Africain

1914

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism4. Aggressive Nationalism

1.1. Nationalism was deeply rooted in Nationalism was deeply rooted in European culture, where it served European culture, where it served to unite individual nations while to unite individual nations while undermining large multiethnic undermining large multiethnic empires.empires.

2.2. Because of the spread of Because of the spread of nationalism, most people viewed nationalism, most people viewed was as a crusade for liberty or as was as a crusade for liberty or as revenges for past injustices; the revenges for past injustices; the well-to-do believed that war could well-to-do believed that war could heal the class divisions in their heal the class divisions in their societies.societies.

C. The “Spark”C. The “Spark”C. The “Spark”C. The “Spark”

1. The Outbreak of War1. The Outbreak of War

1.1. The Outbreak of WarThe Outbreak of War

o The weakening of the Ottoman Empire, The weakening of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of independent & fiercely the rise of independent & fiercely nationalists states in the Balkans, & nationalists states in the Balkans, & Austrian attempts to expand in the Austrian attempts to expand in the area raised tension between Austria & area raised tension between Austria & Russian-backed Serbia.Russian-backed Serbia.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand [heir to the Austrian throne] & His

Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand [heir to the Austrian throne] & His

Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo1.1. On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist

assassinated Ferdinand.assassinated Ferdinand.

2. Austria decided that Serbia should be 2. Austria decided that Serbia should be harshly punished & issued an harshly punished & issued an ultimatumultimatum

3. Germany offered 3. Germany offered Austria Austria unconditional unconditional support & Russia support & Russia backed the backed the Serbs.Serbs.

4. Fearful of falling 4. Fearful of falling behind in behind in mobilization, all mobilization, all major powers major powers rushed towards rushed towards war.war.

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

Question: Why was speed so important to the Schlieffen Plan?

Possible Answer: Because the plan called for Germany to defeat France and then return its troops to the east before Russia fully mobilized.

SHLEE-fuhn

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

MobilizationMobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war

in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war

in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

1917: "I Want You for U.S. Army" lithograph. This image first appeared on the cover of a magazine called Leslie's Weekly with the title, "What Are You Doing for Preparedness?"

A Young Australian Recruit

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

Financing the WarFinancing the War

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

SpiesSpies

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Human-Environment Interaction:

Instructions: Read the handout given by Mr. Cargile and don’t forget to analyze the document. Then answer the questions on the back. Yes, in complete sentences and yes, you need to answer all eight. If you need to use another sheet of paper for question eight feel free.

Addendum:1. You may write on this sheet of paper.

2. You may work in your groups to answer.

3. Be prepared to discuss in front of the class

Turn to p-368 369

Question: Why was the Battle of Marne so significant?

Answer: It meant the ruin of the Schlieffen Plan and forced Germany to fight a war on two fronts.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The Tsar with General Brusilov

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

Discussion QuestionHow did Europe’s colonial subjects help in the war effort?How did Europe’s colonial subjects help in the war effort?

AnswerAnswer: Some fought as soldiers, while others worked as laborers keeping the frontlines supplied.

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

1.1. The U.S. grew rich during the war by The U.S. grew rich during the war by selling goods to Britain and France.selling goods to Britain and France.

2.2. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, businesses engaged in war production businesses engaged in war production made tremendous profits.made tremendous profits.

The U.S. joins the allies.The U.S. joins the allies.

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total 2,133,190 387,800