1958: bryce canyon national park. 1970 1991 vegetation dynamics also known as plant succession...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1958: Bryce Canyon National Park
![Page 2: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1970
![Page 3: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1991
![Page 4: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Vegetation dynamics
• Also known as plant succession– Sequence of compositional and structural
vegetation changes through time• Why study succession?
![Page 5: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Succession
• Pragmatic reasons: forest management and restoration
![Page 6: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Succession
• Study of succession raises other questions: – How is nature organized?– Are communities highly
integrated or are they more individualistic?
![Page 8: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Succession
• Two types of succession
– Primary
– Secondary
![Page 9: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Recovery following eruption on Mount St. Helens---primary or secondary? Or is this an overly simplistic dualism?
![Page 13: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Early views on ecological change
• Pervasive order, nature as clockwork of God• Nature has telos, a guiding hand to
development• Change is to admit imperfection• Succession (and evolution) runs counter to
religious doctrine• Nature as a cathedral, holy and timeless,
without change, a static view of nature
![Page 14: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Early views on ecological change
• Darwin (1859, On the Origin of Species)– Originally held religious, static views of nature– Observation of competition in nature
contradicted the perfection of holy design– Competition, natural selection drives change– Change and flux in nature accepted– No telos: there is no external, god-like entity
orchestrating natural selection towards an endpoint in a rigid, predetermined way.
![Page 17: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
History of plant succession
• Holistic, equilibrial, organismal views (Clements)• Individualistic views (Gleason, Whittaker, Watt,
Egler)• Ecosystem ecology and resurgence of holistic,
organismal views (Odum)• Disturbance and non-equilibrium ecology• Synthesis views that combine holistic and
individualistic perspectives
![Page 18: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Frederic Clements(1874-1945)
Key terms associated with hisfacilitation model of succession:
immutabledeterministicequilibrialorganismalholistic superorganismalorderlyintegrated
![Page 20: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Contributions of Clements
• Defined primary and secondary succession• Popularized a misleading concept often abused: nature
will always grow back to its climax state• Immutable pioneer-to-climax sequence brought out
critics who saw natural disturbance as overlooked phenomena
• Introduced idea that evolution works at higher levels than the individual
• Superorganismal concept has been discredited, but he still receives undue criticism---he had a much more nuanced conception of a climax
![Page 23: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Henry Allen Gleason(1882-1975)
Key terms associated with hiscontinuum concept:
individualisticreductionistrandomcontingentnon-equilibrialdisorganized
![Page 25: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Contributions of Gleason
• Major works published in mid 1920’s, but not acknowledged for 30 years because of the shadow of Clements
• Contributed to development of non-equilibrium ecology• His work allowed for a much richer possibility of new and
novel plant communities • Idea of loosely organized plant communities has been
abused: if nature is unorganized, then why worry about human impacts, right?
![Page 28: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The decline of Clementsian dominance and the turn toward Gleasonian
individualism
• Dust Bowl (1930’s)
• Chestnut blight (1950’s)
• Scholars– R.H. Whittaker – Frank Egler– A.S. Watt
![Page 29: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
American chestnut (Castanea dentata)
![Page 32: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 34: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
R.H. Whittaker (1920–1980)
IndividualisticGleasonianMathematicalGradient analysisSmoky Mountains
![Page 36: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Individual species, not entire populations, replace each other during succession (time) and across space (ecotone).
• In absence of disturbance or environmental discontinuities (a sudden change in soil type or topography) boundaries between plant communities are not sharp.
![Page 37: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
A.S. Watt (1947)
Gap phase dynamicsEndogenous disturbanceStability through constant changeDynamic equilibriumSpace time substitution
![Page 38: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Gap phase dynamics
![Page 39: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Space-time substitution in a chronosequence
![Page 40: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
F. Egler’s (1954) Initial relay floristics model of succession
IndividualisticContingentNoveltyLife history traits
![Page 41: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Life history traits
![Page 42: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Initial relay floristics (Egler)
• Grasses and forbs (A)
– r-selected, efficient long-distance dispersal, fast-growing, shade intolerant
• Pines (B)
– Shade intolerant, intermediate growth rate• Oaks ,hickories (C)
– C: k-selected, more local dispersal, slow growing, shade tolerant
![Page 45: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The rise of ecosystem approaches to the study of succession: revising Clementsian
ideas of development and equilibrium
Eugene Odum(1913-2002)
Systems ecologyEcosystemsHolisticCommunity controlledEquilibriumBiomassMutualismsZero growth economyHomeostasisScale
![Page 48: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Odum: the strategy of ecosystem development (1969)
• Succession is orderly, directional, and predictable• Succession is community-controlled, though physical
environment often sets limits • Culminates in a stabilized ecosystem in which a
maximum in biomass and mutualisms are maintained for the available energy flow.
• Strategy of succession is increased control of, or homeostasis with, the physical environment to achieve maximum protection from its perturbations.
![Page 49: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Rejection of equilibrium views and questions about how to incorporate
exogenous disturbance
![Page 51: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Inhibition model of succession
![Page 52: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Connell and Slatyer (1977)
![Page 54: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Did the Gleasonian individualistic paradigm go to far?
![Page 55: 1958: Bryce Canyon National Park. 1970 1991 Vegetation dynamics Also known as plant succession –Sequence of compositional and structural vegetation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d825503460f94a67bc5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Tom Vale (Plants and People,1982)