1968-1979 and 1980-1984 liberal. 48 years old, unwed and much younger than most politicians of the...
TRANSCRIPT
PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU
1968-1979 and 1980-1984Liberal
“TRUDEAUMANIA”
48 years old, unwed and much younger than most politicians of the time
brought youthfulness and promise of change
TRUDEAU AS MINISTER OF JUSTICE
Wrote, sponsored and saw a bill passed that altered the justice system in Canada: Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69
The act entailed: decriminalizing homosexual relations, legalizing abortion granting women equal pension rights imposing new gun ownership laws criminalizing drunk driving
SOCIAL POLICIES AND CHALLENGES
Trudeau had a vision of Canada becoming a “Just Society”
"I've always dreamt of a society where each person should be able to fulfill himself to the extent of his capabilities as a human being, a society where inhibitions to equality would be eradicated. This means providing individual freedoms, and equality of opportunity, health, and education, and I conceive of politics as a series of decisions to create this society."
• - Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Official Languages Act, 1969
Multiculturalism Act, 1987
Charter of Rights and Freedom, 1982
Official Languages Act, 1969
In 1969 the Canadian gov’t passed the Official Languages Act making English & French both official languages
Central feature of Trudeau’s new federalism
Mandated that the federal government conduct its business & provide government services in English or French
Federal employees who dealt with Canadians ha to speak both languages
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982
The Charter forms the first 35 sections of the Constitution Act signed by Queen Elizabeth on April 17, 1982
In line with Trudeau’s vision of an independent and nationalist nation that prioritized fundamental human rights and freedoms
Sought to prevent laws that unfairly discriminate or take away human rights
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982 Continued
prohibited discrimination against individuals based on: ethnicity, gender, religion or sexuality
the legal protection of the rights of minorities to their language and education in that language
Reception of the Charter
The Charter was received with both excitement and anxiety
People rejoiced with the fact that the charter (as part of the constitution) has the power to expand and protect human rights
Others were wary b/c it would transfer some power from elected officials to the courts Some saw this as anti-democratic
Multiculturalism Act, 1987
Not passed until 1987, three years after Trudeau had resigned as Prime minister & retired from public office
Trudeau’s time as Prime Minister = responsible for the gradual redirection of Canada towards a public policy that encouraged Canadian’s to be loyal citizens to Canada while celebrating their cultural heritage
While Trudeau was Prime Minister the initiative was not given the higher levels of federal funding that it later received
Reaction to the Multiculturalism Initiative
The initiative was seen as a way for Trudeau to deny the demands of the Quebecois who thought of Canada was bi-cultural
Vs.
ECONOMIC POLICIES AND CHALLENGES
Economy began to slow down in early 1970 By mid 1970s – high inflation and high
unemployment rates
Many failed attempts at getting employers and unions to voluntarily agree to wage restrictions
ANTI-INFLATION ACT of OCT 1975
Limited increases in wages and prices
Applied to all federal employees and private companies with 500 or more employees
Farmers and fishers, for example, were exempt from price controls
Increases in wages were capped at 10% in first year, 8% in second year and 6% in third year
Anti-Inflation Act of Oct 1975
PUBLIC REACTION Many were against wage controls because it
limited their earning potential Some workers, esp low-paid, workers in
schools, hospitals and municipal govt, were affected the most
Unions were severely restricted in their ability to bargain for higher pay
Largest organized labour protest in North American history led by Labour Council on Oct 14,
1976 – more than 1 million workers walked off their jobs
RESULT
Wage and price controls removed in 1978 Anti- Inflation Board dissolved in 1979 FAILURE for Trudeau
Canadian Energy Policy
BACKGROUND: 1973 Arab-Israeli war
increase in cost of oil Arab countries
drastically reduced oil exports to US thus Alberta oil became more valuable
Trudeau put tax on Alb’s oil exports to help pay for oil in central and eastern Canada
Canada’s oil reserves had been under control of US corporations thus most of the profits went to US
NDP first proposed idea of creating govt-run oil company
Liberals had minority govt thus NDP held balance of power Petro-Canada was created
Became symbol of Canadian nationalism
National Energy Program Oct 1980
Govt wanted more control over country’s energy
Trudeau declared that Alb’s oil profits must be shared throughout the country
Three Main Objectives:1. Increase Canadian ownership in oil
industry2. Make Canada self-sufficient in oil3. Make more money for fed govt
Alberta’s Reaction
• Believed that NEP was designed to strip their province of its natural wealth
• Premier of Alb, Lougheed, announced that oil shipments to rest of Canada would be cut
• NEP was revised so that Canadian oil price = world price
• NEP left legacy of Albertan toward anger toward Trudeau
Trudeau’s Economic Legacy
Canada's national debt = $18 billion when he took office
$200 billion when he left an increase of 1,100 %
Yes this is true!!!!
POLITICAL POLICIES AND CHALLENGES
IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1976 Came in to effect in 1978 Gave more power to provinces to set their
own immigration laws Established three categories of immigrants:1. Refugee Status –those forced to leave their
country because of invasion, disaster or persecution
2. Family Status – Sponsored by family members
3. Independent Status – “POINTS SYSTEM” assigns points for education, experience, language, adaptability and age
WHITE PAPER – JUNE 1976 In 1969 Trudeau scraped 1876 Indian
Act and proposed June 1969 “White Paper”
INTENTIONS:a. integrate Aboriginal Canadians into the rest
of society, rather than treat them as a separate group
b. advancement of individual rights instead of collective rights of Aboriginal people
c. Responsibility of Aboriginal people services would be on provincial govt
Wanted to eliminate “Indian” as a distinct
legal status in hopes of achieving greater equality
REACTION TO WHITE PAPER many natives opposed these plans creation of National Indian
Brotherhood, leaders claimed they were interested in self-govt not assimilation
Trudeau withdrew White Paper and did very little to deal with this issue until 1973 with Supreme Court decision confirming legality of Aboriginal land claims
THE OCTOBER CRISIS, 1970 1970 the Quebecois
separatism took a violent turn
The FLQ kidnapped British Trade Commissioner, James Cross and later the Quebec Minister of Labour, Pierre Laporte
Trudeau responded by ordering the army to patrol the streets and gov’t buildings in Ottawa
WAR MEASURES ACT Trudeau then invoked the
War Measures Act (1914) suspended civil liberties allowed the police to
search and seize people without a warrant
arrest suspects without being charged with an offence or being brought to trial
RESULT OF THE WAR MEASURES ACT The October Crisis was the first time
that the act had been invoked during peacetime
Hundreds of citizens (mainly Quebecois) were detained by police for suspected FLQ connections
Some were jailed for months without being charged
Pierre Laporte was murdered James cross returned Increased support for political means of
attaining independence
Trudeau’s decision to invoke the act was a great source of controversy
Tommy Douglas, leader of the federal NDP, condemned the actions of the FLQ, yet criticized the government for its response
Likened the War Measures Act to “using a sledgehammer to crack a peanut”
CONSTITUTION ACT, 1982 – REPATRIATION Brought the country’s constitution to
Canada from Britain for the first time Partition refers to making the constitution
only amendable by Canada without the involvement of the British Parliament
April 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II declared Canada’s independence from the British Parliament
PIERRE TRUDEAU REPATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION
Canada’s Foreign Policies
FOREIGN POLICIES Relations with USA Relations with the world Peace Initiative Relations with China Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
(GLWQA) NATO Arctic
CANADA AND US RELATIONS Had no feel for American society,
politics, or popular culture Relations with US Presidents varied
US RELATIONS Cont. Trudeau said the overwhelming
American presence in Canada posed “a danger to our national identity from a cultural, economic and perhaps even military point of view.”
Nixon said “It’s time for us to recognize,” he stated, “that we have very separate identities; that we have significant differences; and that nobody’s interests are furthered when these realities are obscured.”
US RELATIONS Cont. Nixon gov’t tried to pressure
Canada to participate in the Vietnam War peace talks.
condemned the Nixon administration for prolonging the war and refused to help
disliked the US Strategic Defense Initiative, known as “Star Wars.”
Believed that Star Wars would increase arms race
US RELATIONS Cont.Press conference in 1983, expressed
concern over US policy in Central and South America
Complained that US supported Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala which were countries that abused human rights
1983 – allowed the US to test the accuracy of cruise missiles, without war heads, in northern Alberta
Aboriginals and many environmentalists objected
However courts ruled against them, and the testing continued
CANADA & THE WORLDHis efforts in foreign
affairs gained him worldwide respect
“a modest power”concentrate on its
internal problemsEmbarked on a peace
mission to reduce nuclear tensions between Soviet Union and US
met with little success
CANADA & THE WORLD CONT.Established friendly
relations with Cuba Believed that Canada
should keep its own independent foreign policy
Strongly opposed apartheid in South Africa
1970 – imposed an arms embargo on South America
1977 – stopped all trade assistance programs
CANADA & THE WORLD CONT.
NATO Trudeau believed that all
aspects of Canada’s foreign and defense policy must firstly serve the country’s national interests.
NATO did not do this. 1969, Trudeau made the
decision to withdraw half of the Canadian force from NATO Europe
NATO had grown too large in Canadian peacemaking
ARCTIC Asserted authority over its
Arctic waters because its responsibility for protecting the Arctic environment.
1970, Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act
Anticipated a whole body of vital international law and of practice regarding the regulation of the transport by sea of bulk cargoes.
Article 234 in Law of Sea Convention
To enhance Canada’s control over its arctic waters
PEACE INITIATIVE•August 30, 1983 Soviets shot down Korean Airlines Boeing 747 -10 Canadians died.•Trudeau wanted to take action!•Sept. 21, 1983- went to 23 heads of states and wanted to spread the world that “world leaders had an obligation to urge the superpowers to back off.”•Purpose-reduce Cold War tensions, Reduce nuclear arms by asking help from other countries.
PEACE INITIATIVE CON’T Travelled:
France Netherlands Belgium Italy West Germany United Kingdom United States Soviet Union United Nations in New York
Got support from Premier Zhao Ziyang Result- East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Romania were
cooperating with Trudeau to end the tensions with Soviet Union- a step towards ending tensions with the USA.
The initiative led Trudeau to receive the Albert Einstein Peace Prize on November 13, 1984.
RELATIONS WITH CHINA Wanted to end China’s isolation from the
rest of the world US opposed this First time in more than 20 years that
China had diplomatic relations in North America
RELATIONS WITH CHINA CONT.
1970- Canada recognized People’s Republic of China (PRC)
Become largest trading partner
Became friends with China without USA’s approval- reduce dependence from USA
GREAT LAKES WATER QULAITY AGREEMENT (GLWQA) Agreement b/w Canada and
USA. Great Lakes shared between
Canada and USA. Drinking water to millions of
Canadians and Americans April 15th, 1972- Trudeau and
Nixon signed the agreement. Purpose- improve
environmental conditions in the Great Lakes.
1978 purpose- "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem.”
Being revised till today!
WORK CITIED
Kinsman, Jeremy. "Who Is My Neighbour? Trudeau and Foreign Policy." N.p., Aug. 2002. Web. 25 Mar. 2013.
"Great Lakes." Government of Canada, Environment Canada. Environment Canada, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.
"The Canada Page." The Canada Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. Oliver, Dean F. "Canada and NATO." Canadian War Museum.
Canadian Museum Civilization Corporation, n.d. Web. 03 Apr. 2013. Young, Oran R. "Canada and the United States in the Arctic: Testing
the Special Relationship." Canada and the United States in the Arctic: Testing the Special Relationship. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Apr. 2013.
Baldwin, Douglas, and Patricia Baldwin. Prime Ministers of Canada: Trudeau Era.Canada: Library and Archives Canda Cataloguing in Publication, 2007. Print.
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