1.advanced landscape design-lecture 1,2,3

8/2/2019 1.Advanced Landscape Design-lecture 1,2,3

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ADVANCED LANDSCAPE DESIGN

ELECTIVE

ARC 511.1

By Ar. Bhavna Mishra

LECTURE 1,2,3

WEEK 1,2


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Whats the Difference?

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Introduction to Landscape Design

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What is Landscape Design? Landscape design is the art of developing

property for its greatest use and enjoyment.

Effective landscape design is also a sciencebecause it involves understanding theenvironment around your home and selectingplants that perform well in that environment.

A well-conceived landscape design, properly

installed and well maintained, adds value toyour property and enhances the quality ofyour life.

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Aspects of Landscape Design

Involves the planting of:Ornamental trees

Shrubs

Vines

Ground Covers ( including grasses)

Flowers ( annuals and perennials)

Bulbs

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Aspects of Landscape Design

Also involves physical features orhardscapes. Hardscapes include :FencesTerracesRetaining Walls

PatiosWalksAny non plant features

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Factors of Landscape DesignFactors that influence landscapes: Terrain Climate Homes BuildingsOther Physical Structures Intended Use of the Property

Client Needs

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Show What You Know!!

In your own words, define landscape design.

List three aspects in a landscape design.

List three hardscapes used in a landscapedesign.

List three factors that affect the landscapedesign.

How are the above important to agriculture?

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Benefits of Landscape Design

There are four ways in which thelandscape is valuable:

Aesthetically

Economically

Functionally

Environmentally

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Aesthetic Value An attractive landscape that adds beauty or is

pleasing to your senses.

The visual beauty of your home and property can be

enhanced through creative landscaping whileundesirable features can be downplayed.

The sounds that a landscape offers, like a breezerustling the leaves in the trees or the sounds of birds

or of water splashing in a fountain, enhance theaesthetic qualities of your home environment.

The aroma of flowers or the smell of a freshly mowedlawn and even the taste of fruit from plants that youmight have in the landscape are soothing.

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Economic Value The well-done landscape adds economic value to

your home and property. The value of your home can be increased by as

much as 6 to 15 percent as a result of a goodlandscape.

It is not the most valuable feature of your property;the house is.

The function of the landscape is to enhance thebeauty and therefore the economic value of yourhouse.

Can also reduce energy bills by buffering seasonaltemperatures.

Trees and shrubs can be used to reduce windspeed, making your outdoor living area more

comfortable.

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Functional Value Well-placed trees, shrubs, turf, and construction features

increase your use of the property.

A little shade in the right place, a little sun in another, a

place for the kids to play, a private patio, pool, or deckall add to the enjoyment of being outside.

Landscaping helps you solve landscape problems andcut down on maintenance.

Groundcover used on a steep hill in the yard can help

you avoid lawn maintenance headaches and, on avery steep slope.

Groundcover may be essential to prevent erosion.

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Environmental Value Temperatures can be buffered in the summer and

winter.

Glare and wind can be reduced and water can beused more efficiently.

Plants in the landscape help clean the air of dustand some pollutants.

Your landscape also provides a habitat for all kindsof wildlife.

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Level of Commitment Do it Yourself

Or-

Hire a Landscape Architect They are trained in the art of design and the

drafting of a landscape plan. Have knowledge of plant ID, know cultural

requirements of plants, constructionpractices and principles of design.

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Exit Ticket

Landscape Design is the art of?

Name five factors involved in landscape

design. Name five aspects involved in landscape

design.

List the four benefits of landscape design.

How does the environmental and economicalbenefit positively affect our agricultureindustry?

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ECOLOGY ANDLANDSCAPE DESIGN

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Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and the totality ofthe physical and biological factors affecting them or influenced by them.

Ecology (from Greek: , "house"; -,"study of") is the scientific study of the relationsthat living organisms have with respect to eachother and their natural environment. Variables ofinterest to ecologists include the composition,distribution, amount (biomass), number, andchanging states of organisms within and among

ecosystems.

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WHAT IS LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY?

It focuses on

(1) the spatial relationships among landscape elements,

(2) the flows of energy, mineral nutrients, and species among the elements, and

(3) the ecological dynamics of the landscape mosaic through time (Forman 1983)

It focuses explicitly upon spatial patterns. Specifically, landscape ecology considersthe development and dynamics of spatial heterogeneity, spatial and temporalinteractions and exchanges across heterogeneous landscapes, influence of spatialheterogeneity on biotic and abiotic processes, and management of spatialheterogeneity (Risser et al. 1984)

It is motivated by a need to understand the development and dynamics of pattern inecological phenomena, the role of disturbance in ecosystems, and characteristicspatial and temporal scales of ecological events (Urban et al. 1987)

It emphasizes broad spatial scales and the ecological effects of the spatialpatterning of ecosystems (Turner 1989)

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Landscape ecology is the study of interactions between spatialpattern and ecological processes on a wide range of scales, and

represents a new ecological paradigm characterized by spatialexplicitness, scale multiplicity, and trans disciplinary.

The key topics in landscape ecology include:

spatial heterogeneity,

pattern-process-scale relationships, spatial scaling, human-land interactions, and landscape sustainability.

Landscape ecology provides an integrative theoretical basis and a suite

of technical tools for understanding biophysical and socioeconomicphenomena in various landscapes, as well as for biodiversityconservation, ecosystem management, landscape planning and design,and sustainability science.

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SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY

PATTERN, SCALE,DYNAMICS OF LANDSCAPE, FRAGMENTATION,ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE

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Spatial heterogeneity, (how to characterize it, where it comes from, howit changes through time, why it matters, and how humans manage it)

An environment is heterogeneous (composed of diverse elements) if aqualitative or quantitative variable such as plant cover or air temperature, hasdifferent values in different places.

Complexity and variability are two properties of ecosystem and are

measurable such as bio mass, concentration of nutrients in the soil, annualprecipitation etc.

Detecting pattern and the scale. Identifying and describing the agents of pattern formation. Characterizing the changes in pattern and process over space and time;

that is, the dynamics of the landscape, and summarizing it quantitatively. Understanding the ecological implications of pattern; that is, why it matters

to populations, communities, and ecosystems. Managing landscapes to achieve human objectives.

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TWO COMPONENTS WHICH DETERMINE SPATIALHETEROGENEITY:

1.Fragmentationis a leading cause of the loss of biodiversity andecosystem services and as such is a crucial topic in landscape ecology,conservation biology, and wildlife management.

2. Anthropogenic landscape heterogeneity is how humansaffect the heterogeneity through pattern and scale of the landscape.

Fragmentation is both a pattern and a process.

There are two agents of pattern formation in landscapes: natural andanthropogenic ones. But first, a distinction: land use, land cover .

Natural landscape heterogeneity often created by disturbance:-Fire, flood-also- topography, slope, aspect, elevation

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There are two agents of pattern formation in landscapes: natural andanthropogenic with different land use and land cover.

Natural landscape heterogeneityoften created by disturbance: fire and floodalso: topography, slope, aspect, elevation

The three main human activities that have transformed the landscape areagriculture (including grazing and forest harvest), road-building, andurbanization. Other human activities (e.g. mining) are relatively minor in scopein comparison.

Five main ways in which humans have historically affected the Earthssurface: humans have changed the relative abundances of organisms (especially

trees) from forest clearing for firewood and making agricultural fields. humans have extended or truncated the distribution of several species.

(including apples and olives, deliberately spread, and bald cypress,overused by Native and becoming locally extinct as a result).

opportunities were created for ruder species to invade at the edges ofhuman-disturbed areas.

nutrient status of soils was altered both through depletion and fertilization. landscape mosaic was altered, especially the distribution of forest vs. non

forest.

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An agricultural landscape alongthe Murray River, illustrating largeremnants in areas prone toflooding.

A modified landscape extensivelycleared, containing few remnants.Linear remnant vegetation followsroad reserves and drainage lines.

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Results of fragmentation: loss of habitat area and since there is a strong species-area

relationship, this loss means a decline in species diversity. creation of another type of land cover, which may result in speciesreplacement

increased habitat isolation (resulting in inbreeding) increased patch edge decreased habitat connectivity

changes patch microclimate (and hence, soil and vegetation) increased temperature, decreased humidity slower decomposition rates (because decomposer richness decreased) decreased reproductive output of plants (because pollinator richness

decrease) increased susceptibility of patches to disturbance (wind damage and tree

mortality increases) disrupt dispersal/flows may promote coexistence of competitors across the entire landscape if

they occupy different patches effects are often species-specific effects are often time-lagged

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WHY STUDY ECOLOGY FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN ?(WHILE MAKING A MACRO LEVEL STUDY)

We can examine the appearance and patterns of land as aresult of the interactions with its ecosystems by studying theecology.

1. WE STUDY THE SCALEThis term is used inconsistently throughout the literature. You will needto learn to read between the lines to determine how each authorintends to use this term.

Extent: defined as the size of the study area or the duration of time

under consideration. Note that this definition includes both a spatialand temporal component.

Grain: a potentially confusing term. Defined as the finest level ofspatial resolution possible within a given data set.Be careful! Some authors treatgrainandscaleas equivalent terms!

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WHICH MAP IS LARGE SCALE?

SCALE: A CONFUSINGTERM

Scale: grain + extent?

Maps with large extent are usuallycoarse-grained; fine-grainedmaps usually have small extent.

Scale: grain only?

Large/small Scale:geographersdefinition or common (incorrect)definition?

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THE FORMAL DEFINITION OF MAP SCALE IS COUNTER-INTUITIVE!

Map Scale 1:100,000 1:100

Map ratio 1/100,000 =0.000001

1/100 = 0.01

The way geographers &cartographers describethese maps.

Small scale (mapratio is smaller!)

Large scale(map ratio islarger!)

The way most people would(incorrectly) describe these

maps.

Large scale (onlylarge features

visible! And largeextent.)

Small scale(small features

visible! Andsmall extent.)

A less confusing way todescribe these maps

Coarse-scale orcoarse grained

Fine-scale orfine-grained

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2. STUDY OF LANDSCAPE BY VARIOUS

INTERDISCIPLINARIESSPATIAL ANALYSIS BY STUDY OF Ecology, Biology, Computer Science,Geography, Statistics, Aerospace Engineering (remote sensing), Physics ???

EXAMPLE OF USE OF STATISTICS FOR STUDYING THEDIFFERENT PLOTS OF LAND

Experimental papers submittedto the journal Ecology between1980-86

>50% of unused plots are 95% used plots


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Scalable soil landscapemodels

EXAMPLE OF USINGGEOPHYSICS ANDREMOTE SENSING

FOR THE SPATIALANALYSIS

In this project we follow the idea that the distribution of soil types within alandscape is not only the result of some random process but can beexplained or even predicted based on more easily availableenvironmental data as e.g. topography, geology and land use followingthe concept of pedometrics and digital soil mapping.

This a process by which we can measure the variations in the spatialheterogeneity.

And these changes vary with time and place.

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3. STUDY OF LANDSCAPE

METRICS As with many new fields of study, the early years of

landscape study focused on the development of tools todescribe landscape patterns

These metrics include, patch size, shape, proximity, edge,density, dominance, diversity, fractal dimension, and manymore.

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1. Configuration: The arrangementof elements

4.Patch: An area that differsin some way from thesurrounding landscape

3.Fragmentation: Thebreakup of a landscapeinto patches or spots

2.Connectivity: Continuityof a habitat across a

landscape

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1. What is spatial heterogeneity? And what are the factorsaffecting it?

2. What are the landscape metrics used to determine alandscape?

3. What are the various interdisciplinary studies involved inanalyzing the landscape?

4. Define scale.

5. What are the factors that account to landscape ecology?Explain.

6. What is anthropogenic influence over the landscape pattern?

QUESTIONNAIRE

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LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION

AND ENVIRONMENTAL

LANDSCAPES

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ROLE OF LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION

It plays a critical role in preserving the ecology of therapidly changing landscape.

It helps maintain complex desert, forest, and grassland

ecosystems and numerous watersheds.

It provides the connective tissue that sustainsbiodiversity and seasonal wildlife migration patterns forcountless wildlife species.

The protection of these lands facilitates the protection ofarchaeological structures and sites, providing peoplewith the rare opportunity to connect with the past.

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CONSERVING LANDSCAPES1. A National Monument Area: one specific monument which aims to

represent a nation, or a series of structures or areas deemed to be of nationalimportance and therefore afforded protection by the state.

INDIA GATE

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2. AConservation Area: a tract of land that has been awarded protected status inorder to ensure that natural features, cultural heritage or biota are safeguarded. Aconservation area may be a nature reserve, a park, a land reclamation project, orother area.

The canyons of Carlifornia

The red rock canyonLas Vegas

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3. Wilderness Area: large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining theirnatural character and influence, without permanent or significant humanhabitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural

condition.

The Rann of Kutch , Gujurat.

The Vermillion cliffs .

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4. Wilderness Study Area:contains undeveloped land retaining itsprimeval character and influence, withoutpermanent improvements or humanhabitation, and managed to preserve itsnatural conditions.

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5. Wild and Scenic River: Selected rivers in the United States are preservedfor possessing outstandingly remarkable scenic, recreational, geologic, fish andwildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar values. Rivers, or sections of rivers, so

designated are preserved in their free-flowing condition and are not dammed orotherwise impeded. Designation as a wild and scenic river is not the same as anational park designation, and generally does not confer the same level ofprotection as a Wilderness Area designation. Instead of enacting mandatoryconservation measures, the goal is often to preserve the character of a river.

Clakamas RiverWallola and Grande

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6.National Scenic Trail: National Scenic Trail is a designation for protected areasin the United States that consist of trails of particular natural beauty.

7. Historic Trail: are designated to protect the remains of significant overland orwater routes to reflect the history of the nation. Most of them are highway routesand are not hiking trails, although they provide opportunities for hiking and otheroutdoor activities along their routes.

8. Forest Reserve

9. Outstanding Natural Area

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CONSERVATION can be carried out by:

protecting and improving the quality of existing habitat particularly corehabitat .

increasing the amount of habitat and connectivity between fragments. Thisincludes the reduction or elimination of landscape discontinuities so as toreduce edge effects and provide dispersal and migration opportunities for

species;

the restoration of buffer or transitional zones in critical sensitive places suchas riparian areas;

the restoration of wildlife corridors and stepping stone habitat to ensure

adequate migration flows within the wider landscape matrix; and

prevention of further habitat loss

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LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION PROJECT - INDIA

A World Bank Project

The Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihoods Improvement Project

develop and promote new models of conservation at the landscape scalethrough enhanced capacity and institution building for mainstreaming

biodiversity conservation outcomes.

There are four components to the project.1. The first component of the project is demonstration of landscape

conservation approaches in two pilot sites: this component will developtools, techniques, knowledge and skills towards improved conservation

and rural livelihoods outcomes in the little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat andAskot in Uttarakhand;

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2. the second component to the project is to strengthening knowledge

management and national capacity for landscape conservation: thiscomponent will support improved knowledge and capacity building onlearning and experience from the two demonstration landscapes and otherlocal conservation models;

3. the third component of the project is to scaling up and replication ofsuccessful models of conservation in additional landscape sites: thiscomponent would support the further testing and replication of landscapeconservation approaches to two additional high biodiversity landscapesfrom the third year onwards with project financing; and

4. the fourth component of the project is to national coordination forlandscape conservation: this component will support coordination forlandscape conservation at the Ministry of Environment and Forests(MOEF).

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LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION MEASURES

(a) Participatory ecological and social mapping to identify areas ofhigh biodiversity value and resource dependencies and threats in order to definetargeted interventions to improve conservation outcomes and communitylivelihoods in the landscapes;

(b) Improved management of biodiversity rich areas within and outside the

protected areas in the landscape;

(c) Mainstreaming of biodiversity considerations in production areas within thelandscapes; and

(d) Development and implementation of livelihood strategies to enhance local

community benefits from sustainable management of natural resources linked toconservation.

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Edge effects -

The term refers to the fact that many organisms exhibit responses to the presenceof habitat edges. Because edges represent the boundary between two habitattypes, one may encounter representative species from both habitat types there.

(This blended area is sometimes considered to be a unique habitat type called anecotone.)

simultaneous access to more than one [habitat type] led to higher abundances andspecies richness at edges, meaning that edge effects were initially seen as beingpositive. Many wildlife management and conservation efforts were initiallyfocused on creating and maximizing edges.

However, while it is true that some species do tend to congregate at habitatedges for a variety of reasons:

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REASONS

change in microclimate present at an edge that represents an intermediatebetween 2 habitat types means that a species can experience a change inconditions without necessarily being exposed to completely differentconditions

difference in visibility (useful for both predators and prey)

a simple unwillingness to venture out into the other habitat type while beingcrowded or wanting to disperse many other species tend to avoid edges,meaning that the effectivepatch size is smaller than the actual patch size (aninsidious trait because actual patch size can be measured but mislead us intothinking that we have more effective habitat than we in fact do have)

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LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY FOCUSES ON SIX MAJOR AREASOF INQUIRY:

to identify and understand how various processes generate and maintainlandscape pattern

to quantify landscape pattern and determine the scale(s) at which spatial patternemerges

to explore the effect that spatial pattern has on biotic and abiotic processes

to study the interactions and exchanges that occur across spatiallyheterogeneous landscapes

to understand the role of human land-use activities on landscape structure and

function

to develop sound ecological principles for the management of landscapeheterogeneity

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SOME GENERAL QUESTIONS THAT ARE ADDRESSEDWITHIN THE SCOPE OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY ARE:

What biotic and abiotic processes are responsible for the formation anddynamics of landscape patterns?

At what scale does spatial structure emerge on landscapes?

How does spatial pattern affect ecological processes, such as the movement

of organisms (or the flow of water, materials or nutrients) across landscapes?

How does landscape structure affect the spread of disturbances, such as fireor disease or invasive species?

How can a landscape ecological perspective contribute to better resource orland management?

What can landscape ecology contribute to the conservation of biodiversity?

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1) Roots and history of Landscape ecology

2) Detecting and characterizing landscape patterns

-Defining what a "patch" is, and devising aggregate descriptions ofcollections of patches (their sizes, diversity, and such);

-Examining landscape fragmentation (and its converse, connectedness);

-How does pattern develop: there are three agents of pattern formation(physical template of environmental constraints -- soils, topography,climate; biotic processes -- establishment and growth, dispersal, andmortality; and disturbance regimes -- fires, floods, storms, and human landuse (which we will contrast to natural disturbances);

-Landscape dynamics, or how landscape pattern changes through time.Along the way, we'll touch on GIS and remote-sensing technologies asthese relate to landscape ecology (note that these are taught in other

courses on campus, so our treatment will be superficial).LECTURE 3

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3) Importance of scale

4) Techniques we use to analyze spatial pattern

5) Implications of landscape heterogeneity and pattern

Individuals (habitat selection);

Populations and meta populations (including source-sink relations; habitatconnectedness and population persistence);

Communities, and questions about diversity.

6) practical applications of the principles from landscape ecology

conservation biology and natural resource management

landscape architecture

ameliorating effects from urbanization

1.advanced landscape design-lecture 1,2,3

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