1.airpollution introduction r1
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INTRODUCTION
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What is Air Pollution?
Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen
which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9%nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Humanactivities can release substances into the air, some of whichcan cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.
One type of air pollution is the release ofparticles into theair from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a goodexample of thisparticulate matter. The particles are verysmall pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about
.0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred toas "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuelsin automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source ofpollution in the air.
http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-black-carbon-f.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-black-carbon-f.html -
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Another type of pollution is the release ofnoxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide,carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, andchemical vapors. These can take part in
further chemical reactions once they are inthe atmosphere, forming smog and acidrain.
Pollution also needs to be considered inside
our homes, offices, and schools. Some ofthese pollutants can be created by indooractivities such as smoking and cooking.
http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-outdoor-f.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-outdoor-f.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-outdoor-f.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-outdoor-f.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-outdoor-f.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-outdoor-f.html -
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Definition One of the formal
definitions of airpollution is asfollowsThepresence in theatmosphere of one
or morecontaminants insuch quality and forsuch duration as isinjurious, or tends
to be injurious, tohuman health orwelfare, animal orplant life.
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Also defined asanyatmospheric
condition inwhich certainsubstances arepresent in such
concentrationsthat they canproduceundesirable
effects on manand hisenvironment
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Also defined aspollution
referred totroposphere,within whichmost of thepollutants have afairly limited lifespan before theyget washed outby rain, removed
by reaction ordeposited on theground
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UNPOLLUTED AIR
The gaseous composition of unpolluted air
The Gases Parts per million (vol)
Nitrogen 756,500 Oxygen 202,900
Water 31,200
Argon 9,000
Carbon Dioxide 305
Neon 17.4
Helium 5.0
Methane 0.97-1.16
Krypton 0.97
Nitrous oxide 0.49
Hydrogen 0.49
Xenon 0.08
Organic vapours ca.0.02
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History of Air Pollution
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1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of sea coal
13771399 - Richard II restricts use of coal
14131422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of coal
1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn of theRoyal Society publishes Fumifugium; or theInconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated; togetherwith Some Remedies Humbly Proposed
1784Watts steam engine; boilers to burn fossil fuels(coal) to make steam to pump water and move machinery
Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by power plants, trains,ships: coal (and oil) burning = smoke, ash
1907 - Formation of the predecessor to the Air & WasteManagement Association
1930 - 1950s - Air Pollution Episodes
55
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1955 First Federal Air Pollution Control Act - funds forresearch (USA)
1960 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act - funds for research(USA)
1963 Clean Air Act (USA)-Three stage enforcement-Funds for state and local agencies
1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act (USA)
-Emission regulations for cars to begin in 1968 1967 Air Quality Act (USA)
-Criteria documents-Control technique documents
1970 Clean Air Act Amendments (USA)-National Ambient Air Quality Standards-New Source Performance Standards
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Air Pollution Episodes Period of poor air quality, up to several
days, often extending over large
geographical area.
Winter: cold, stable weather conditionstrap pollutants close to sources andprevent dispersion. Elevated
concentrations of range of pollutantsbuild up over several days
Summer: hot and sunny weather.Pollutants emitted within the U.K. orEurope transported long distances,
reacting with each other in sunlight toproduce high levels of ozone, & otherphotochemical pollutants.
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Meuse Valley-Belgium, 1930
63 died (mostly elderly)
Sore throats, shortness of breath, cough, phlegm, nausea,
vomiting
SO2, sulfur dioxide
H2O
SO4 sulfuric acid mist
Cattle, birds and rats died
Got little news coverage Fumigation of a valley floor caused by an inversion layer
that restricts diffusion from a stack
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Donora, PennsylvaniaOct. 1948 Monongahela River Valley
Industrial townsteel mill, sulfuric acid plant, freight yard,etc.
Population14,000
Steep hills surrounding the valley
Oct 26temperature inversion (warm air trapping cold airnear the ground)
Stable air, fog, lasted 4.5 days
Environs of Donora, Pennsylvania. Horseshoe curve of
Monongahela River is surrounded by mountains. Railroadtracks are located on both sides of the river. Low-lyingstretch of Monongahela valley between railroad and river isnatural trap for pollutants.
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Poza Rico, Mexico 1950
Single sourcehigh sulfur crude oil Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Flare went out
Inversion in valley 22 sudden deaths, 320 hospitalized All ages
Forerunner of Bhopal
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Seveso, Italy --Dioxin
July 10, 1976, north of Milan
A valve broke at the Industrie Chimiche
Meda Societa Azionaria chemical plant
Cloud of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) traveled southwest through
Seveso toward Milan
Contaminant of herbicide
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Bhopal, India Dec. 3, 1984 Union Carbide pesticide plant leak kills up to 2,000 with
up to 350,000 injured and 100,000 with permanentdisabilities
Methyl isocyanate (MIC)used as an intermediary inmanufacture of Sevin (Carbaryl)
CO + Cl = phosgene Phosgene + methylamine = MIC
MICirritant to the lungs---edema, fluid (cause of death,bronchospasms, corneal opacity
Hydrogen cyanide?
Sabotage or industrial accident?
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World-wide Air Pollution Episode
November 27-December 10, 1962
Thousands of excess deaths in many cities including
NYC, London, Boston, Paris
New Orleans Oct-Nov 1958 asthma deaths.
H ndreds Tro bled b 'World Trade Center Co gh NYC fire fighters
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Hundreds Troubled by 'World Trade Center Cough NYC fire fighters,
school workers have 9/11 breathing problems, new studies say
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Types of Air Pollution Personal air exposure
-It refers to exposure to dust, fumes and gases towhich an individual exposes himself
Occupational air exposure
-It represents the type of exposure of individuals topotentially harmful concentration of aerosols,
vapors, and gases in their working environment.
Community air exposure
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Community air exposure
-This is most serious, complex, consists of varieties
of assortment of pollution sources, meteorological
factors, and wide variety of adverse social,
economical, and health effects.
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Sources of Air Pollution
A. Natural: From natural sources Ex:
Volcanoes, Storms etc
B. Anthropogenic: From Manmade sources
Ex: Industrial, Mobile etc.
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Classification of Air Pollutants
A. Based origin1.Primary Pollutants: Pollutants which are directly
emitted in to the atmosphere and found there in the form
in which they were emitted. Ex. Sulfur oxides (SOX),
Nitrogen oxides (NOX), Hydrogen Carbon (HC) etc.
2.Secondary Pollutants: Pollutants which are formed inthe atmosphere by chemical or photochemical reactions
involving primary pollutants. Ex. Ozone (O3), Peroxy
acetyl nitrate (PAN) etc.
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Carbon Monoxide Produced by burning of organic material
(coal, gas, wood, trash, etc.)
Automobiles biggest source (80%)
Cigarette smoke another major source
Toxic because binds to hemoglobin,reduces oxygen in blood
Not a persistent pollutant, combines withoxygen to form CO2
Most communities now meet EPAstandards, but rush hour traffic canproduce high CO levels
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Sulphur Dioxide Produced by burning sulfur containing fossil fuels
(coal, oil)
Coal-burning power plants major source
Reacts in atmosphere to produce acids
One of the major components of acid rain
When inhaled, can be very corrosive to lung tissue
London-1306 banned burning of sea coal
-1952 killer fog: 4,000 people died in 4 weeks tied to sulfur compounds in smog
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Nitrogen Oxides Produced from burning of
fossil fuels
Contributes to acid rain,smog
Automobile engine mainsource
New engine technologyhas helped reduce, butmany more cars
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Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons - organic compounds with
hydrogen, carbon
From incomplete burning or evaporatedfrom fuel supplies
Major source is automobiles, but somefrom industry
Contribute to smog
Improvements in engine design havehelped reduce
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Particulates Particulates - small pieces of solid materials
and liquid droplets (2.5 mm and 10 mm)
Examples: ash from fires, asbestos frombrakes and insulation, dust
Easily noticed: e.g. smokestacks
Can accumulate in lungs and interfere withthe ability of lungs to exchange gases.
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Secondary Pollutants
Ozone
PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate)
Photochemical smog
Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)
O
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Ozone Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas
composed of three oxygen atoms.
It is both a natural and a man-madeproduct that occurs in the Earth'supper atmosphere (the stratosphere)and lower atmosphere (thetroposphere).
Tropospheric ozonewhat webreathe -- is formed primarily fromphotochemical reactions betweentwo major classes of air pollutants,
volatile organic compounds (VOC)and nitrogen oxides (NOX).
PAN
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PAN Smog is caused by the interaction of some hydrocarbons and oxidants
under the influence of sunlight giving rise to dangerous peroxy acetyl
nitrate (PAN).
Ph t h i l
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Photochemical smog Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen
oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons,etc. The smog often has a brown haze due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide. Itcauses painful eyes.
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C. Based on State of Matter
1.Particulates: Pollutants which are finely divided solidsand liquids Ex. Dust, Smoke, Fly ash, Mist, Spray etc.
2.Gases: Pollutants which are gases by nature. Ex.Carbon monoxide(CO), Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides,
Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrogen Chloride, Ozone (O3) etc.
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Regional air pollution
Urban air pollution
Indoor air pollution
Health impacts of air pollution
Health Costs of Air Pollution
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Asia1
An estimated 487,000premature deaths occur each
year due to outdoor airpollution.
China2
Environmental and healthcosts of air pollution in Chinais about 7 % of GDP [budget
deficit in 2003 = 3.3% of GDP]5
Estimates shows that thesecosts could rise to 13% ofChinas GDP by 2020
Bangkok
Health cost of air pollution $640 million $800 million by 2020
0
50
100
150
200
Mumbai Metro Manila Jakarta Kathmandu
Valley
US$
millions(p.a
MortalityMorbidity
Exposed to diesel exhaust6
Exposed to clean air6
Economic Implications of Health Impacts4
Health Costs of Air Pollution
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An estimated 487,000
premature deaths in Asia occureach year due to outdoor airpollution1
A total of 3,547 persons werekilled in international terrorist
attacks in 20012
Costs of Air Pollution
Emissions from residential areas
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9,979 Kg of CO2 /year4,535 Kg of CO2 / year
Average home emit more than twice as much carbon dioxide as the average car1
Emissions from residential areas
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RESPIRATORY
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RESPIRATORY
SYSTEMModern concerns
relate more to the
lung than the
respiratory tract
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PARTICULATE MATTER
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Size matters
particles need to be
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