1physics-an introduction ssc presentation

8/6/2019 1physics-An Introduction Ssc Presentation

1/28

Chapter#1Chapter#1

PHYSICSPHYSICS--AN INTRODUCTIONAN INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter you will learn:In this chapter you will learn:

1.1. Introduction to PhysicsIntroduction to Physics

2.2. Different branches of PhysicsDifferent branches of Physics3.3. Scientific MethodScientific Method4.4. Teachings of Islam and Science.Teachings of Islam and Science.

5.5. The contribution to science by Muslim andThe contribution to science by Muslim andPakistani scientistsPakistani scientists


2/28

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

Students will learnStudents will learnand understand theand understand thedefinition of physicsdefinition of physics

and branches ofand branches ofphysicsphysics

Method: LECTURE TIME:40min

LECTURE#01


3/28

DifferentDifferent questionsquestions arisearise inin ourour mindmind whenwhen wewe looklook at at variousvariousphenomenaphenomena ofof naturenature aroundaround usus..

1.1. WeWe startstart thinkingthinking whywhy thethe SunSun alwaysalways risesrises inin thethe EastEast andand seatsseatsinin thethe West?West? HowHow dodo motormotor carscars move?move?

2.2. HowHow doesdoes anan aeroplaneaeroplane flyfly inin thethe sky?sky? WhyWhy dodo landland andand seasea

breezesbreezes blowblow inin thethe coastalcoastal areas?areas?3.3. HowHow isis SoundSound producedproduced whenwhen wewe speak?speak?4.4. HowHow ourour imageimage isis seenseen inin aa mirror?mirror? HowHow roomroom isis lightedlighted byby justjust

pushingpushing anan electricelectric switch?switch?5.5. WeWe getget thethe answeranswer toto thesethese questionsquestions inin PhysicsPhysics.. AllAll phenomenaphenomena

ofof thisthis kindkind inin thethe universeuniverse areare relatedrelated toto mattermatter andand energy,energy,

thus,thus,

PhysicsPhysics isis thatthat branchbranch ofof sciencescience whichwhich dealsdealswithwith thethe studystudy ofof propertiesproperties ofof matter,matter,energyenergy andand theirtheir mutualmutual relationshiprelationship..

DEFINITION OF PHYSICS


4/28

BRANCHES OF PHYSICSBRANCHES OF PHYSICSDue to expanding scope and research in Physics, it isDue to expanding scope and research in Physics, it is

usually divided into following branches.usually divided into following branches.

1.1. MechanicsMechanicsItIt isis thethe studystudy ofof motionmotionandand thethe physicalphysical effectseffects

whichwhich influenceinfluence motionmotion..

22.. HeatHeat andandThermodynamicsThermodynamics

ItIt dealsdeals withwith thethe thermalthermalenergyenergy possessedpossessed bybythethe moleculesmolecules ofof mattermatterandand itsits useuse whenwhen it itflowsflows fromfrom oneone bodybody totoanotheranother..


5/28

33.. SoundSoundIt deals with theIt deals with thephysical aspects ofphysical aspects ofaudible sound energy.audible sound energy.

4. Light4. Light

It deals with theIt deals with the

physical aspects ofphysical aspects ofvisible light.visible light.


6/28

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS


7/28


8/28

5. Electromagnetism5. Electromagnetism

It is the study of electromagneticIt is the study of electromagneticphenomena and mutual relationshipphenomena and mutual relationshipbetween magnetism and electricity.between magnetism and electricity.

6. Atomic and Molecular Physics6. Atomic and Molecular Physics

Matter is composed of atoms andMatter is composed of atoms andmolecules. The study of theirmolecules. The study of theirproperties is called Atomic andproperties is called Atomic andMolecular Physics.Molecular Physics.

7. Nuclear Physics7. Nuclear Physics

It is the study of the properties ofIt is the study of the properties ofisolated nuclei of the atoms.isolated nuclei of the atoms.


9/28

8. Plasma Physics8. Plasma Physics

Matter assumes the state of gas,Matter assumes the state of gas,comprising of ions and electrons, at acomprising of ions and electrons, at a

very temperature. This is calledvery temperature. This is calledPlasma. The study of properties ofPlasma. The study of properties ofmatter in this state is called Plasmamatter in this state is called PlasmaPhysics.Physics.

9.9.Solid State PhysicsSolid State Physics

The study of specific properties ofThe study of specific properties ofmatter in solid form is called Solidmatter in solid form is called SolidState Physics.State Physics.


10/28

There are some branches of Physics, under which we studyThere are some branches of Physics, under which we studythe combined concepts of Physics andthe combined concepts of Physics and

other branches of science.other branches of science.Some of these branches are given below:Some of these branches are given below:

1. Astrophysics1. Astrophysics

It deals with the branchIt deals with the branchof knowledge of heavenlyof knowledge of heavenlybodies and interactionbodies and interactionbetween matter andbetween matter andenergy in space.energy in space.


11/28

2. Geophysics2. Geophysics

The study of the internal structureThe study of the internal structureof the Earth and its activities likeof the Earth and its activities likeseismography is calledseismography is calledGeophysics.Geophysics.

3. Biophysics3. Biophysics

The study ofBiologicalThe study ofBiologicalSciences on the basicSciences on the basic

principles of Physics is calledprinciples of Physics is calledBiophysics.Biophysics.


12/28

QuestionsQuestions


13/28

LECTURE # 03LECTURE # 03

Method: Lecture Time: 40minMethod: Lecture Time: 40min

The students will be able to understand theThe students will be able to understand theScientific Method.Scientific Method.


14/28

SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHODScientific method is a specific method used to search for truth. It isScientific method is a specific method used to search for truth. It is

based on the following steps:based on the following steps:

1.Observation1.ObservationThe first step in scientificThe first step in scientificmethod is to makemethod is to make

observations of natural processobservations of natural processand to collect the dataand to collect the dataabout themabout them. This may be done. This may be doneeither by ordinary observationseither by ordinary observationsor by obtaining the resultsor by obtaining the resultsfrom different experiments.from different experiments.For example, it is our commonFor example, it is our commonobservation that shadow of anobservation that shadow of anopaque object is formed whenopaque object is formed whenit is placed on the path of lightit is placed on the path of lightcoming from the Sun or acoming from the Sun or alamp.lamp.


15/28

2. Hypothesis2. Hypothesis

On the basis of the dataOn the basis of the datacollected throughcollected throughobservations orobservations orexperimentation, we canexperimentation, we candevelop a hypothesis.develop a hypothesis. This isThis isdone to test its logical result,done to test its logical result,

i.e., it is assumed that naturei.e., it is assumed that naturewill act in a particular waywill act in a particular wayunder certain specificunder certain specificcircumstances. From thecircumstances. From theabove example, we assumeabove example, we assumethat shadows of opaquethat shadows of opaque

objects are formed whenobjects are formed whenthey come in the path ofthey come in the path oflight because light travels inlight because light travels ina straight line.a straight line.


16/28

3. Experiment3. Experiment

Experiment is an organizedExperiment is an organizedrepeatable process which is used torepeatable process which is used totest the truth of the hypothesis.test the truth of the hypothesis.

To verify the assumption made in theTo verify the assumption made in theabove example, three card boardsabove example, three card boards

A,B and C, each with hole, areA,B and C, each with hole, are

placed in a straight line, such thatplaced in a straight line, such thatthe hole in card A is in front of athe hole in card A is in front of alamp. When we see through thelamp. When we see through thehole, In card C, we can see the lighthole, In card C, we can see the lightof the lamp. If any of these cards isof the lamp. If any of these cards isdisplaced, we cannot see lightdisplaced, we cannot see light

through the hole. Thus, thisthrough the hole. Thus, thisexperiment proves that light travelsexperiment proves that light travelsin a straight line.in a straight line.


17/28

Lecture#04Lecture#04

Method: Lecture Time: 40minMethod: Lecture Time: 40min

Objective:Objective:The student will be able to understand theThe student will be able to understand the

Scientific Method.Scientific Method.


18/28

4. Theory4. Theory

After the successful verification of anAfter the successful verification of anassumption and with the help of carefulassumption and with the help of careful

experimentation, it becomes a theoryexperimentation, it becomes a theoryand is applicable to similar phenomenon.and is applicable to similar phenomenon.With the help of the above experimentWith the help of the above experimentthe assumption has been proved thatthe assumption has been proved that

light travels in a straight line. So it thenlight travels in a straight line. So it thenbecomes a theory.becomes a theory.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD


19/28

5. Prediction5

. PredictionAfter the careful analysis of a theory weAfter the careful analysis of a theory wecan make predications about certaincan make predications about certainunknown aspects of nature. To verify theunknown aspects of nature. To verify the

prediction, a new experiment has to beprediction, a new experiment has to bedesigned. If the experimental result is indesigned. If the experimental result is in

accordance with the prediction then thisaccordance with the prediction then this

theory becomes a law.theory becomes a law.


20/28

6. Law6. LawThe law is such a statement regarding theThe law is such a statement regarding thebehaviors of nature which explains thebehaviors of nature which explains theobservations and aspects of nature. From theobservations and aspects of nature. From the

fact that light travels in a straight line, we canfact that light travels in a straight line, we canpredict that shadow of a ball will be roundpredict that shadow of a ball will be roundwhereas the shadow of a rectangular block willwhereas the shadow of a rectangular block willbe a rectangle. After testing the theory underbe a rectangle. After testing the theory under

different situations, this becomes a law ofdifferent situations, this becomes a law ofscience that light travels in a straight line.science that light travels in a straight line.


21/28

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS


22/28

GeophysicsGeophysicsThe study of the internal structure of the Earth and its activities like seismography is called Geophysics.The study of the internal structure of the Earth and its activities like seismography is called Geophysics.

BiophysicsBiophysicsThe study ofBiological Sciences on the basic principales of Physics is called Biophysics.The study ofBiological Sciences on the basic principales of Physics is called Biophysics.

1.31.3 IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS IN DAILY LIFEIMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS IN DAILY LIFEPhysicsPhysics playsplays anan importantimportant rolerole inin ourour dailydaily lifelife.. WeWe wakewake upup earlyearly inin thethe morningmorning whenwhen thethe AzanAzan isis

calledcalled fromfrom aa nearbynearby mosquemosque onon aa loudloud speakerspeaker.. AA loudloud speakerspeaker itselfitself isis aa wonderwonder ofof PhysicsPhysics.. WhileWhile openingopeningupup thethe waterwater taptap forfor ablutionablution forfor thethe prayerprayer oror forfor washingwashing up,up, havehave youyou everever thought!thought! WhatWhat makesmakes itit possiblepossibleforfor waterwater toto reachreach us?us? Certainly!Certainly! IsIs tootoo reachesreaches usus byby followingfollowing somesome lawslaws ofof PhysicsPhysics.. TheThe drawingdrawing waterwaterformform aa tubetube wellwell areare allall governedgoverned byby thethe lawslaws ofof PhysicsPhysics.. EveryEvery transporttransport thatthat wewe useuse forfor goinggoing toto school,school, ii..ee..,,thethe bus,bus, thethe car,car, thethe tongatonga oror thethe bicycle,bicycle, containscontains anan applicationapplication ofof PhysicsPhysics inin oneone wayway oror thethe otherother..

AtAt schoolschool thethe hoistinghoisting ofof flagflag onon flagflag polepole withwith thethe helphelp ofof aa pulleypulley andand thethe playingplaying ofof thethe NationalNationalAnthemAnthem ofof aa tapetape recorderrecorder areare inin accordanceaccordance withwith thethe rulesrules ofof PhysicsPhysics.. AtAt homehome oror inin thethe office,office, thethe lightlightproducedproduced byby thethe electricelectric bulbsbulbs isis alsoalso thethe blessingblessing ofof PhysicsPhysics..

TheThe dramasdramas shownshown onon televisiontelevision andand programsprograms recordedrecorded onon VV..CC..RR forfor entertainment,entertainment, areare alsoalso thetheoutcomeoutcome ofof thethe researchresearch inin PhysicsPhysics.. TheThe computer,computer, thethe solarsolar cellcell andand numerousnumerous suchsuch appliances,appliances, whichwhich arearecontinuallycontinually facilitatingfacilitating ourour lives,lives, areare thethe fruitsfruits ofof thethe hardhard workwork ofof PhysicistsPhysicists.. TheThe aeroplanesaeroplanes andand otherothermeansmeans ofof transporttransport havehave shortenedshortened thethe distancesdistances andand nownow menmen dodo notnot livelive inin isolationisolation.. RocketsRockets havehave marksmarksofof hishis greatnessgreatness onon thethe moonmoon andand isis nownow readyready toto launchlaunch expeditionsexpeditions toto thethe otherother planets,planets, byby buildingbuilding spacespacestationsstations.. AllAll thisthis hashas beenbeen possiblepossible becausebecause ofof PhysicsPhysics.. EvenEven thethe imaginationimagination ofof poetspoets cannotcannot reachreach thetheimmenseimmense distancedistance inin spacespace whichwhich todaytoday cancan easilyeasily bebe seenseen byby PhysicistsPhysicists.. TheThe PhysicistsPhysicists exploreexplore variousvariousaspectsaspects ofof nature,nature, theythey notnot onlyonly provideprovide usus physicalphysical comfortcomfort throughthrough theirtheir newnew inventionsinventions andand researchesresearches butbut

AlsoAlso provideprovide thethe vitalvital evidencesevidences requiredrequired toto understandunderstand naturenature.. IfIf onon oneone handhand thethe atomatom bombbomb hashas emergedemerged

asas aa meansmeans forfor destructiondestruction andand devastationdevastation butbut onon thethe otherother handhand itit hashas greatgreat sourcesource ofof energyenergy toto meetmeet ouroureverever increasingincreasing demandsdemands.. IfIf everever manman isis ableable toto controlcontrol thethe fusionfusion reaction,reaction, hehe wouldwould nevernever faceface thetheShortageShortage ofof energyenergy inin thethe worldworld foreverforever..


23/28

If this process of research and quest continues in the field of Physics, the future will be much moreIf this process of research and quest continues in the field of Physics, the future will be much morebeautiful than the present. Physics has not only made progress in its own field but it has also introducedbeautiful than the present. Physics has not only made progress in its own field but it has also introduced

newnewavenues of research in other fields of knowledge. If microscope had not been invented then there wouldavenues of research in other fields of knowledge. If microscope had not been invented then there would

notnot

have been any progress in Biology and going a step further, the electron microscope has unveiled manyhave been any progress in Biology and going a step further, the electron microscope has unveiled manyhidden realities. Xhidden realities. X--rays Ultrasonic, LASER, E.C.G, E.E.G, Fibre optics and humerous diagnostic techniquesrays Ultrasonic, LASER, E.C.G, E.E.G, Fibre optics and humerous diagnostic techniquesof medical science.of medical science.

To day living on the Earth, we can communicate with the astronauts in the space. The games ofTo day living on the Earth, we can communicate with the astronauts in the space. The games ofcricket, hockey of Olympics being played anywhere in the world can be witnessed directly by us on ourcricket, hockey of Olympics being played anywhere in the world can be witnessed directly by us on ourtelevision sets and all this is a wonder of innovative research in Physics.television sets and all this is a wonder of innovative research in Physics.

Not only this but Physics has also registered its glory on Commerce and Industry, Trade,Not only this but Physics has also registered its glory on Commerce and Industry, Trade,Agriculture,Agriculture,

Education and, in a nut shell, on all the departments of human life and because research in Physics,Education and, in a nut shell, on all the departments of human life and because research in Physics,standard of living is improving day by day.standard of living is improving day by day.1.41.4 SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD

Scientific method is a specific method used to search for truth. It is based on the following steps:Scientific method is a specific method used to search for truth. It is based on the following steps:1.1. ObservationObservation

The first step in scientific method is to make observations of natural process and to collect the dataThe first step in scientific method is to make observations of natural process and to collect the dataabout them. This may be done either by ordinary observations or by obtaining the results from differentabout them. This may be done either by ordinary observations or by obtaining the results from differentexperiments. For example, it is our common observation that shadow of an opaque object is formed whenexperiments. For example, it is our common observation that shadow of an opaque object is formed when

ititis placed on the path of light coming from the Sun or a lamp (Fig 1.1)is placed on the path of light coming from the Sun or a lamp (Fig 1.1)2.2. HypothesisHypothesis

On the basis of the data collected through observations or experimentation, we can develop aOn the basis of the data collected through observations or experimentation, we can develop ahypothesis. This is done to test its logical result, i.e., it is assumed that nature will act in a particular wayhypothesis. This is done to test its logical result, i.e., it is assumed that nature will act in a particular wayunder certain specific circumstances. From the above example, we assume that shadows of opaque objectsunder certain specific circumstances. From the above example, we assume that shadows of opaque objectsare formed when they come in the path of light because light travels in a straight line.are formed when they come in the path of light because light travels in a straight line.3.3. ExperimentExperiment

Experiment is an organized repeatable process which is used to test the truth of the hypothesis.Experiment is an organized repeatable process which is used to test the truth of the hypothesis.To verify the assumption made in the above example, three card boards A,B and C, each with hole,To verify the assumption made in the above example, three card boards A,B and C, each with hole,


24/28

light through the hole C (Fig. 1.2light through the hole C (Fig. 1.2 b). Thus, this experiment proves that light travels in a straight line.b). Thus, this experiment proves that light travels in a straight line.

4.4. TheoryTheoryAfter the successful verification of an assumption and with the help of careful experimentation, itAfter the successful verification of an assumption and with the help of careful experimentation, it

becomes a theory and is applicable to similar phenomenon. With the help of the above experiment thebecomes a theory and is applicable to similar phenomenon. With the help of the above experiment the

assumption has been proved that light travels in a straight line. So it then becomes a theory.assumption has been proved that light travels in a straight line. So it then becomes a theory.

5.5. PredictionPredictionAfter the careful analysis of a theory we can make predications about certain unknown aspects ofAfter the careful analysis of a theory we can make predications about certain unknown aspects of

Nature. To verify the prediction, a new experiment has to be designed. If the experimental result is inNature. To verify the prediction, a new experiment has to be designed. If the experimental result is in

accordance with the prediction then this theory becomes a law.accordance with the prediction then this theory becomes a law.

6.6. LawLawThe law is such a statement regarding the behaviour of nature which explains the observations andThe law is such a statement regarding the behaviour of nature which explains the observations and

experiments of the past and can predict about other aspects of nature. From the fact that light travels in aexperiments of the past and can predict about other aspects of nature. From the fact that light travels in a

straight line, we can predict that shadow of a ball will be round whereas the shadow of a rectangular blockstraight line, we can predict that shadow of a ball will be round whereas the shadow of a rectangular block

will be a rectangle. After testing the theory under different situations, this becomes a law of science thatwill be a rectangle. After testing the theory under different situations, this becomes a law of science thatlightlight

travels in a straight line.travels in a straight line.

1.51.5 TEACHINGS OF ISLAM AND SCIENCETEACHINGS OF ISLAM AND SCIENCE

A scientist by nature, is enthusiastic to find the realities of nature. He does not identify his personalA scientist by nature, is enthusiastic to find the realities of nature. He does not identify his personaldesires with observations and experimentation. A scientist is always an admirer of the truth anddesires with observations and experimentation. A scientist is always an admirer of the truth and

reality and has courage to reject false theories.reality and has courage to reject false theories.

There are hundreds of verses of the Holy Quran in which Allah urges the believers that they shouldThere are hundreds of verses of the Holy Quran in which Allah urges the believers that they should

study nature and ponder upon it.study nature and ponder upon it.

Therefore, religious scholars have been termed as the heirs and successors of the Holy ProphetTherefore, religious scholars have been termed as the heirs and successors of the Holy Prophet

(peace be upon him) and the superiority of Scholar has been described in the Surah Al(peace be upon him) and the superiority of Scholar has been described in the Surah Al--Zumar in the HolyZumar in the Holy

Quran as:Quran as:


25/28

Say (Unto them, O Muhammad, Peace be upon him):Say (Unto them, O Muhammad, Peace be upon him):

Are those who know equal with those who know not?Are those who know equal with those who know not?

(Al(Al--Zumar, Verse 9)Zumar, Verse 9)

The study of science is based upon observations. This has been started in many verses of the HolyThe study of science is based upon observations. This has been started in many verses of the Holy

Quran.Quran.So in Surah AlSo in Surah Al--Zumar, Allah says:Zumar, Allah says:

Hast thou not seen how Allah hath sent down water formHast thou not seen how Allah hath sent down water form

the sky and hath caused it to penetrate the Erath as waterthe sky and hath caused it to penetrate the Erath as water

springs, and afterwards thereby produceth crops of diverssprings, and afterwards thereby produceth crops of divers

hues; and afterward they wither and thou seest htem turnhues; and afterward they wither and thou seest htem turn

yellow; then He maketh them chaff. Lo! Herein verily is ayellow; then He maketh them chaff. Lo! Herein verily is a

reminder for men of understanding.reminder for men of understanding.

Similarly in Surah AlSimilarly in Surah Al--Baqarah, Allah says:Baqarah, Allah says:

Your Allah is one Allah; there is no God but Him, the beneficent,Your Allah is one Allah; there is no God but Him, the beneficent,

the Merciful. Lo! In the creation of the heavens and the Earth, andthe Merciful. Lo! In the creation of the heavens and the Earth, and

the Earth, and the difference of night and day, and the ships whichthe Earth, and the difference of night and day, and the ships which

run upon the sea with that which is of use to men, and the waterrun upon the sea with that which is of use to men, and the waterwhich Allah sendeth down form the sky, thereby reviving the Earthwhich Allah sendeth down form the sky, thereby reviving the Earth

after its death ordinance of the winds, and the clouds obedientafter its death ordinance of the winds, and the clouds obedient

between heaven and Earth: are signs (of Allahs sovereignty) forbetween heaven and Earth: are signs (of Allahs sovereignty) for

people who have sense.people who have sense.

(Al(Al--Baqarah, verse 163:164)Baqarah, verse 163:164)


26/28

The Holy Quran orders the conquest of nature with the help of the knowledge, along with deepThe Holy Quran orders the conquest of nature with the help of the knowledge, along with deep

thought, to benefit from it so that Muslims may be successful in life and the life hereafter.thought, to benefit from it so that Muslims may be successful in life and the life hereafter.

1.61.6 CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE BY MUSLIM AND PAKISTANI SCIENTISTSCONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE BY MUSLIM AND PAKISTANI SCIENTISTS

It is normally thought that Europeans received the light of scientific knowledge from GreekIt is normally thought that Europeans received the light of scientific knowledge from Greek

scientistsscientistslike Pythagoras, Euclids, Archimedes, Aristotle and Plato, who are thought to be the fathers of scientists,like Pythagoras, Euclids, Archimedes, Aristotle and Plato, who are thought to be the fathers of scientists,

but Greeks were ignorant of the arduous testing path to research and curiosity i.e., Observation,but Greeks were ignorant of the arduous testing path to research and curiosity i.e., Observation,

Experimentation and Measurements etc. Their theories were based on general observations. The true spiritExperimentation and Measurements etc. Their theories were based on general observations. The true spirit

of research and observation and experimentation was transferred to Europeans by Muslim scientists.of research and observation and experimentation was transferred to Europeans by Muslim scientists.

Alberuni, Alkindi and IbnalAlberuni, Alkindi and Ibnal--Haithem are the pioneer Arabs whose researches were translated intoHaithem are the pioneer Arabs whose researches were translated into

European languages and they were made the stepping stone of knowledge for the European scientists.European languages and they were made the stepping stone of knowledge for the European scientists.

Let us see what are the achievements of Muslim scientists. As we are concerned with Physics in this book,Let us see what are the achievements of Muslim scientists. As we are concerned with Physics in this book,

we shall mention those Muslim and Pakistani scientists who achieved greatness in the field of Physics.we shall mention those Muslim and Pakistani scientists who achieved greatness in the field of Physics.

IBNIBN--ULUL--HAITHEMHAITHEM--ABU ALI HASSAN BIN HUSSAINABU ALI HASSAN BIN HUSSAIN

He was born in Busra in 965 A.D. This great scientist is known for his exceptional work in the fieldHe was born in Busra in 965 A.D. This great scientist is known for his exceptional work in the fieldofof

optics. The name of his Famous book on light is Aloptics. The name of his Famous book on light is Al--Manazir. In this book he explained the nature of light forManazir. In this book he explained the nature of light for

the first time. He declared light to be a form of energy in the days when scientists sere unaware even ofthe first time. He declared light to be a form of energy in the days when scientists sere unaware even ofthethe

Word energy. The Modern Physics verifies this theory.Word energy. The Modern Physics verifies this theory.

IbnIbn--ulul--Haithem was well aware of the refraction of light. He presented the theory that when a rayHaithem was well aware of the refraction of light. He presented the theory that when a rayofof

light enters form one medium to another, it deviates from the original path. He discovered both the laws oflight enters form one medium to another, it deviates from the original path. He discovered both the laws ofrefraciton after performing a series of experiments on refraction of light. He also made researchesrefraciton after performing a series of experiments on refraction of light. He also made researchesonon

the spherical mirrors. By making a small hole in the door of a window during solar eclipse, he viewed thethe spherical mirrors. By making a small hole in the door of a window during solar eclipse, he viewed the


27/28

ABUABU--REHMAN MUHAMMAD BIN AHMADREHMAN MUHAMMAD BIN AHMAD--ALBERUNIALBERUNI

He was born in about 973 A.D in a village near Khawarzim. He joined Mehmood Ghaznave as hisHe was born in about 973 A.D in a village near Khawarzim. He joined Mehmood Ghaznave as his

courtier after the conquest of Khawarzim in 1017 A.D. Mehmood Ghaznave built an observatory when hecourtier after the conquest of Khawarzim in 1017 A.D. Mehmood Ghaznave built an observatory when he

realized that Alberuni is interested in observation and experimentation. After the death of Mehmood, in therealized that Alberuni is interested in observation and experimentation. After the death of Mehmood, in the

reign of his son Masood, Alberuni wrote a book, Qanoonreign of his son Masood, Alberuni wrote a book, Qanoon--ulul--Masoodi. In this book he discussed theMasoodi. In this book he discussed themeasurement of Earth, shape of Erath, the movement of the Sun and the moon, the shinning of moon andmeasurement of Earth, shape of Erath, the movement of the Sun and the moon, the shinning of moon and

Its phases and the movement of five large planets. One of his greatest achievement is the determination ofIts phases and the movement of five large planets. One of his greatest achievement is the determination of

longitude and latitude of the Earth.longitude and latitude of the Earth.

In another book KitabIn another book Kitab--ulul--Astarlab, he explained the methods to work out the circumference of theAstarlab, he explained the methods to work out the circumference of the

Earth and the depth of river. He also explained the method of determining the density of metals. AlberuniEarth and the depth of river. He also explained the method of determining the density of metals. Alberuni

revealed that the Indus Valley was infact the basin of a big ocean which gradually filled with mud. Thisrevealed that the Indus Valley was infact the basin of a big ocean which gradually filled with mud. This

theory has been confirmed even by modern Geologists.theory has been confirmed even by modern Geologists.

YAQOOBYAQOOB--IBNE ISHAQIBNE ISHAQ--ALKUNDIALKUNDI

He was born in Busra in the 3He was born in Busra in the 3rdrd century Hijra. He was not only a philosopher but also a greatcentury Hijra. He was not only a philosopher but also a great

scientist and physicist. His books regarding sound and music show that the Muslims were well conversantscientist and physicist. His books regarding sound and music show that the Muslims were well conversant

centuries ago with music which is nowcenturies ago with music which is now--aa--days popular in European countries.days popular in European countries.

PAKISTANI SCIENTISTSPAKISTANI SCIENTISTS

DR. ABDUS SALAMDR. ABDUS SALAMProfessor Dr. Abdus Salam is the only Pakistani scientist who was awarded the prestigious NobelProfessor Dr. Abdus Salam is the only Pakistani scientist who was awarded the prestigious Nobel

prize in 1979 on his work of combining two basic forces of nature i.e., weak nuclear force andprize in 1979 on his work of combining two basic forces of nature i.e., weak nuclear force and

electromagnetic force.electromagnetic force.


28/28

DR. ABDUL QADEER KHANDR. ABDUL QADEER KHAN

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is worldDr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is world--renowned Pakistani atomic scientist. After getting higher educationrenowned Pakistani atomic scientist. After getting higher education

he worked as an expert at Uren co Enrichment Plant in Holland. THE patriotic spirit forced him to return tohe worked as an expert at Uren co Enrichment Plant in Holland. THE patriotic spirit forced him to return to

Pakistan in 1975. He started work as director and atomic scientist in Kahuta Research Laboratories,Pakistan in 1975. He started work as director and atomic scientist in Kahuta Research Laboratories,

Islamabad. In recognition of his services to the nation, the laboratory was renamed as Dr. A.Q. KhanIslamabad. In recognition of his services to the nation, the laboratory was renamed as Dr. A.Q. KhanLaboratories.Laboratories.

On 28On 28thth May in 1998, at CHaghi in Baluchistan, six successful nuclear experiments were carreid outMay in 1998, at CHaghi in Baluchistan, six successful nuclear experiments were carreid out

under his supervision along with his fellow scientists and Pakistan became the seventh Nuclear Power in theunder his supervision along with his fellow scientists and Pakistan became the seventh Nuclear Power in the

world.world.

1physics-an introduction ssc presentation

Documents