1.status of urban air pollution 2.impacts of urban air pollution 3.steps to be taken to control...
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1.Status of urban air pollution
2.Impacts of urban air pollution
3.Steps to be taken to control
urban air pollution
STATUS OF AIR QUALITY STATUS OF AIR QUALITY IN KARACHI, PAKISTANIN KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Main causes:
Rapid urbanisation
Growing energy needs
Uncontrolled Industrial growth
Increase in Traffic
Indiscriminate Refuse Burning
Major Factors Causing Air PollutionMajor Factors Causing Air Pollution
0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000
Tokyo
Bombay
Lagos
São Paulo
Dhaka
Karachi
Mexico City
Shanghai
New York
Calcutta
Delhi
Beijing
Metro Manila
Cairo
Los Angeles
20151996
The 15 Largest cities in the world, 1996, 2015
INTRODUCTION :
POPULATION 12 MILLION KARACHI POPULATION TO 30%TOTAL URBAN POPULATION
TOWNS 18
UNION COUNCILS 178
CANTONMENT BOARDS 06
POPULATION 05% P/A
POPULATION IN KARACHI
REGISTERED VEHICLES 14,63,691(UPTO 31-03-2003CARS 45.3%MOTOR CYCLES 37.0%AUTO RICKSHAWS 2.8%TAXIS 3.8%BUSES & MINI-BUSES 1.6%TRUCKS 1.7%OTHERS 7.5%TRACTORS 0.3%VEHICLE GROWTH 10% PERANNUM
ROAD ACCIDENTS-2000 1089NONFATAL 531FATAL 558
VEHICLE CENSUS IN KARACHI
Source: Transport and communication, CDGK
SHARE OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES IN KARACHI
Cars Motor CyclesRickshaws
Taxis Buses & Mini BusisTrucks
Others Tractors
Transportation and Urban Environment
Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution
Major share of CO, VOC, SO2 and NOx pollution is coming from Urban Transportation
Ambient air quality falling below air quality standards
Growing as one of the major GHG contributors
Alarming trends of vehicular growth in Karachi
Exhaust Emission of Pakistani Cars, US-EPA & European Emission Standards for Cars for the year
2000 (g/Km)Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Emission Standards for Both Gasoline & Diesel Vehicles
US EPA 2.13 0.25 0.62
European 2.30 0.20 0.15
Pakistani Cars as under:
Honda Civic (Gasoline)
2.30 0.20 0.15
Honda City (Gasoline)
2.30 0.20 0.15
Toyota Corolla 2 D (Diesel)
1.2 0.4 0.5
1999-2000
22.6%
3.1%
34.3%2.7%
34.7%
2.7%
Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
Agriculture
Transport
Other Govt.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR
(Excluding fuels consumed in thermal power generation
Type of Vehicles
%age comp.*
Total
Vehicles
Average
Run/day
Units # Particulate
Kg /Unit#
SO2
Kg/Unit#
NOx
Kg/Unit#
CO
Kg/Unit#
Light duty
(Cars)
39.6 405108 28 km 1000 km
3743 907 36298 453728
Motorcycles/
Scooters
31.9 326337 10 km 1000 km
652 65 229 55483
Light duty
Rickshaws
17.1 174933 100 km 1000 km
5773 1399 55979 699732
Heavy duty Diesel
Powered
Bus/Trucks
9.3 95139 100 km 1000 km
7136 14271 199792 120826
Other (Light duty diesel power etc.)
Total
2.1 21483
10,23,000
50 km 1000 km
484 419 1063 1182
Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion
Sources in Karachi (2000)
Hourly average wind at
Karachi Airport for the
months of January, 2003
METEOROLOGY THE AREA
Hourly average wind at Karachi
Airport for the months of April,
2003
SUPARCO’S 20 YEARS IN ENVIRONMENT
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT STUDY.
1. Karachi(1984-2004)2. Rawalpindi-Islamabad (1996, 2004)3. Lahore (1995, 2004)
4. Peshawar (2003-2004) 5. Quetta (2003-2004)
6. Northern Areas (2001)7. Multan (2003)
o ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS
o EIAs OF INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
o CLOUD AND FOG CHEMISTRY IN NORTH AND NORTH EASTERN PART OF PAKISTAN
CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF
PAKISTANPAKISTANUNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECTUNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECT
To establish year long To establish year long
record of concentration record of concentration
levels and behavior of levels and behavior of
ambient air pollutants ambient air pollutants
along with metrological along with metrological
data and traffic count in data and traffic count in
six major cities with six major cities with
temporal and spatial temporal and spatial
parameters. parameters.
PROJECT OBJECTIVESPROJECT OBJECTIVES
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Baloch
Colo
nyF.B
. Are
aNazim
abadG. J
auhar
Gizri
Korangi In
d. Are
aK. C
reak
SITE
Rashid
Man
has R
d.Gar
den Rd.
Elende
r Rd.
West
Whar
f
I.I.C
hundrigar R
d.Civ
ic C
entre
Max level of TSP & PM10 at Various Sites at
Karachi during June 2004
Co
n. i
n u
g/m
3
TSP
PM10
USEPA Limit (24h) for TSP is 260 ug/m3
USEPA Limit (24h) for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 Residencial Areas
Industrial Sites
Commercial Centers /Major Intersections
CONC.OF PARTICULATE MATTER (TSP & PM10) AT VARIOUS SITES AROUND CEMENT PLANTS DURING
2002.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
ESSA CEMENTFACTORY (1Km)*
DADABOHYCEMENT
FACTORY(1Km)*
PAK LANDCEMENT
FACTORY (3km)*
Hospital 7D(1 Kmfrom Javedan
Cement Factory
CO
NC
.OF
PA
RT
ICU
LA
TE
S (
ug
/m3
) TSP ug/m3
PM10 ug/m3
A view of a Cement Plant in Karachi
As the countries become motorized, vehicles will contribute increasingly to urban air pollution.
Vehicle emissions, including highly damaging emissions of lead and of fine particulate matter, are often among the main contributors to air pollution
(World Bank technical paper No. 508).
Views of Roads of Karachi
Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)
Increases in hospitalization for lung and heart problems
Increases in days of restricted activity in adults An increase in absenteeism in school children. • Mortality and other chronic effects associated with
long-term exposure to low concentrations of PM (starting at about 10 µg/m³).
Source: World Health Organization, European Center for Environment & Health
0
20
40
60
80
100
120 Sound Level in Six Cities of Pakistan
Sou
nd L
evel
(Mea
n of
Max
.)
1st Cycle 79.5 87 84.5 74.3 68.3 74.9
2nd Cycle 92 91 81 85 85 79
3rd Cycle 99 93.8 85 83 89 82
Karachi
Lahore
Peshawar
Quetta
Rawalpindi
Islamabad
NEQS Standard limit for Noise Level is 85 dB
Smog and reduced visibility in the atmosphere
of Karachi due to air pollution Vehicle emissions, together with stationary and natural sources, are important in the formation of ground level ozone, which causes health damage as well as damage to vegetation and crops.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Max levels of SO2, NOx, Ozone, CO at Various Sites at Karachi during June 2004
Con
c. O
f SO
2, N
ox,O
zone
in p
pb a
nd C
O in
ppm
SO2NOxOzoneCO
Residencial Areas Industrial Sites
Commercial Centers /Major Intersections
WHO standard for (8 hrs )CO id 8.7 ppm
WHO standard for (24 hrs )SO2 is 34 ppb
Max. Particulate matter observed in Six Major Cities of Pakistan
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
TSP
in u
g/m
3
2003(1st Cycle) 367.2 730 350 645 416 395.7
2003 (2nd Cycle) 332 996 401 659 420 421
2004(3rd Cycle) 339 785 341 492 389 433
2004 (4th Cycle) 390 886 489 680 435 472
Karachi Lahore Peshawar Quetta Rawalpindi Islamabad
US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP (Annual mean) is 260 ug/m3
Max. Concentration of PM10 in Six Major Cities of Pakistan
0255075
100125150175200225250275300325350375400
PM
10 C
on. i
n ug
/m3
2003(1st Cycle) 250 367.98 289 297.6 208 238.1
2003 (2nd Cycle) 219 290 230 285 201 216
2004(3rd Cycle) 227 293 213 201 173 224
2004 (4th Cycle) 280 300 310 310 230 240
Karachi Lahore Peshawar Q uettaRawalpind
iIslamabad
US EPA Permissible Limit
for PM10 (Annual mean is
150 ug/ m3
Max. SO2 Concentration at Six major Cities of Pakistan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SO
2 co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n p
bb
2003(1st Cycle) 38.5 37 30 46.2 25 34
2003 (2nd Cycle) 34.3 52.5 33 42.5 29 34.6
2004 (3rd Cycle) 42 53 43 29 27 33
2004 (4th Cycle) 44 55.7 42 45.5 37 37.5
Karachi Lahore Peshawar Quetta Rawalpindi Islamabad
USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for SO2 is 140 ppb
NEQS Permissible Limit (Annual mean) for SO2 is 38 ppb
Max. CO Concentration in Six Major Cities of Pakistan
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
CO
in p
pm
2003(1st Cycle) 21 14 21.8 16.7 8.7 7.8
2003 (2nd Cycle) 20 11 21 15 12 8
2004 (3rd Cycle) 24 12 26 13 14 10
2004 (4th Cycle) 22.8 16.5 26.8 18 16.5 12.5
Karachi Peshaw ar Lahore Quetta Raw alpindi Islamabad
USEPA Permissible Limit (8h) for CO is 10 ppm
Max. Oxides of Nitrogen in different Cities of Pakistan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Karachi Lahore Peshawar Quetta Rawalpindi Islamabad
Cities
NO
x i
n p
pb
1999
2003(1st Cycle)
2003 (2nd Cycle)
3rd Cycle
USEPA Permissible Limit (Annual mean) for Nox is 50 ppb
Chock Yateem Khana, Lahore 2004
Mezan Chock, Quetta, June 2003
Max. Ozone Concentration in Major Cities of Pakistan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ozo
ne C
on
cen
trati
on
in
pp
b
2003(1st Cycle) 45.6 43.5 46 43 39 35
2003 (2nd Cycle) 38 45 38 41.1 40.5 36.7
2004 (3rd Cycle) 41 49 44 25 34 32
2004 (4th Cycle) 48 51 48 44.4 42 38.5
Karachi Lahore Peshaw ar Quetta Raw alpindi Islamabad
Seasonal CO Concentration Variations in Six Major Cities of Pakistan (Max. & Mean of max.)
21
14
21.8
16.7
8.7
24
12
26
1314
1010
7
14
10.2
5 5
11.5
9.1
6.3
15
8
17
7
20
11
21
15
12
7.8
15.1
10.3
5.5
10
88
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Karachi Peshawar Lahore Quetta Rawalpindi Islamabad
CO
in
pp
m
1st Cycle
3rd Cycle
1st Cycle(max.Avg.)
2nd Cycle (max.Avg.)
3rd Cycle(max. Avg.)
2nd Cycle
USEPA Permissible Limit (8h) for CO is 10 ppm
Karachi: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)
Peshawar: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)
Lahore:1st Cycle (Postmonsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)
Quetta:1st Cycle: (Summer)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)
Rawalpindi:1st Cycle: (monsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)
Islamabad:1st Cycle: (monsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)
Concentration of Trace Constituent in Aerosol Samples at Different sites at Karachi
Site Conc. SPARCENT
Max Max
2000 2003
SITE KHI
Max Max
2000 2003
F.B. Area
Max Max
2000 2003
Garden Road
Max Max
2000 2003
West wharf
Max Max
2000 2003
Elender Rd.
Max Max
2000 2003
Pb 0.75 4.46 12.3 4.23 15.2 3.7 15.63 4.31 15.71 4.6 16.25 3.1
Ni -- 0.28 0.31 0.85 0.93 0.44 0.48 1.12 0.23 0.52 0.57
Mn 0.15 0.16 3.8 4.2 0.9 0.99 0.7 0.1
0.7 077 1.1 1.21
Co 0.1 0.12 0.61 0.67 1.39 1.53 1.1 0.29 1.14 1.25 1.57 1.73
Zn 3.77 4.15 3.54 3.89 12.98 14.3 1.0 0.12 0.91 1 8.0 14.2
Cr 0.08 0.09 1.67 1.84 1.66 1.8 3.04 0.73 2.86 3.15 2.36 2.59
KARACHI AIR POLLUTION MAPKARACHI AIR POLLUTION MAP
IMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTIONIMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTION
Economic and Health Impacts
Health Impacts
Increased Mortality and
Morbidity
2-5% of all deaths in developing countries due to exposure to particulates
Acute respiratory Infection (ARI)
Reduced IQ in children
Economic Impacts
Increased health
costs
Loss of crops and property
Decline in tourist revenue
Transboundary Impacts Haze & smog
Acid deposition – acid rain
Climate change – green-house
gases
Ozone depletion – ecosystem
damage
Measures To Be Taken ...
Gasoline lead phase out program
Diesel sulphur phase out program
Control on the entry of older & polluting vehicles in to urban areas
Conversion of vehicles to CNG buses
Improved road network by means of a network of flyovers
Implementation of Public Transport System
STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION
REGULATORY MEASURES
Standards and Regulatory Authorities
Enforcement of NEQS
Public Awareness and Judicial Action
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA’s)
STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTIONTO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION
Tax Incentives for Cleaner Fuel Use
Taxes Based on Pollution Load
Taxes for Using Leaded Gasoline
Subsidies
STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTIONTO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS/
CLEANER PRODUCTION ECONOMIC
INSTRUMENTS
Energy Efficient Industrial Processes Fuel-efficient Stoves
Energy Efficient Appliances and Lighting
Electrostatic Precipitators in Power Plants &
Cement Plants
Cleaner Alternative Fuels
Unleaded and low sulphur motor fuels
Compressed natural gas ( CNG)
STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTIONTO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION
Catalytic Converters for Vehicles
Alternative Energy Sources such as
Wind Power, Photovoltaic
STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTIONTO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION
Adopt suitable best practices from other cities
Identify and reduce air pollution loads
Encourage public transport use
Make cleaner fuel use mandatory -
stop leaded gasoline and high sulphur
diesel
Encourage Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind
Power, Photovoltaic
Enforce regulations stringently
STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTIONTO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION
PREVENTIVE
Obtain political commitment (macro policy)
Draft and adopt suitable regulations and
standards
Identify and adopt appropriate technologies
Promote environmental education and public
awareness
Invite stakeholder participation in pollution
reduction activities
Seek consensus on actions
STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTIONTO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION
PREVENTIVE
Promote pro-active land-use planning
Explore least cost solutions - undertake economic analysis of options
Reduce open burning
Reduce dust on roads
Winter Fog Study
Identify the CAUSES of Fog Identify the CAUSES of Fog
Investigate the Chemical Composition Investigate the Chemical Composition
of Fogof Fog
Environmental Impacts Assessment ofEnvironmental Impacts Assessment of Dense FogDense Fog
OBJECTIVES
Fig 1(c): Winter Fog as observed by NOAA-15 Satellite at Fig 1(c): Winter Fog as observed by NOAA-15 Satellite at 0812 Hrs, 300812 Hrs, 30thth Dec. 1999. Dec. 1999.
SATELLITE IMAGES OF SATELLITE IMAGES OF FOGFOG
INC
RE
AS
ING
DE
GR
EE
OF
F
OG
DE
NS
ITY
SUPARCONOAA15,28122000 0834PST
A blanket of fog over parts of Pakistan on November 27, 2004, created A blanket of fog over parts of Pakistan on November 27, 2004, created
poor visibility and led to several traffic-related deathspoor visibility and led to several traffic-related deaths
2000
MEAN VISIBILITY DURING DECEMBER 1997-2000 OVER DEHLI AND LAHOREMEAN VISIBILITY DURING DECEMBER 1997-2000 OVER DEHLI AND LAHORE
1998 1997
M I L E S
DECEMBERLAHOREDEHLI
1999
Mean visibility of Lahore & Islamabad Mean visibility of Lahore & Islamabad
SO42-
NO3-
Se x 103
As x 103
Sb x 103
Jan. 1999
Concentrations in ug/m3 of SO42- , NO3
- , Se, As, and Sb in 12 hour samples at Lahore, Pakistan.
1 2 3 4 5 610
40
70
100
35
20
50
6
10
14
5
15
25
0
20
40
60
Sb x 103
As x 103
NO3-
SO4-2
Se x 103
SO4-2/Se
December 1999 - January 200025 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10
Concentrations in ug/m3 of SO4 – 2, NO3
-, Se and SO4- 2/Se ratios in aerosol
samples at Lahore, Pakistan.
FogFog Clear
Excessively high sulphate (Excessively high sulphate (SO4-2) concentrations varying SO4-2) concentrations varying from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 concentrations were observed during the fog. concentrations were observed during the fog.
Measured atmospheric SOMeasured atmospheric SO44
-2-2/Se ratios and wind data suggest /Se ratios and wind data suggest
that the sources of SOthat the sources of SO44
-2-2 in Lahore were located several hundred in Lahore were located several hundred
kms away to the south. kms away to the south.
Since India ranks fourth among the countries in coal Since India ranks fourth among the countries in coal consumption, the SOconsumption, the SO22 emissions and sulphate (SO emissions and sulphate (SO44) aerosols ) aerosols
from coal combustion in India results in the formation of this from coal combustion in India results in the formation of this fog. fog.
Pollutant are emitted by combustion of fossil fuels in industries Pollutant are emitted by combustion of fossil fuels in industries and especially in thermal power plants located in northeastern and especially in thermal power plants located in northeastern India. India.
Other sources of these pollutants include refuse burning, open Other sources of these pollutants include refuse burning, open dump burning, vehicular automobiles and aircrafts.dump burning, vehicular automobiles and aircrafts.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION