2-3 Carbon Compounds Carbon atoms: - -have 4 valence e- -They easily bond with H, O, P, N, S and other carbons. -Has the ability to form chains, rings, and branches. C-C-C-C C Organic Chemistry- the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Macromolecules Macromolecules Macromolecules= giant molecules they form from polymerization=joining smaller molecule together to make a large molecule. Monomers= small compounds Polymers= compounds made of monomers joining together. 4 Groups of Macromolecules n Carbohydrates-sugars, starches, & cellulose n Lipids-fats, oils, & waxes n Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA, genetic material n Proteins-polypeptide chains of amino acids All have carbon as their backbone, all are made by polymerization. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen occur most frequently in organic compounds For each category of organic compound you need to: (Carbohydrate, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids) Name of the monomer Draw a monomer Functional groups Functions in living things Examples of specific types of this organic compound 4 Groups of Macromolecules Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis CARBOHYDRATES (sugars) Carbohydrates- made up of Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. FUNCTION: 1) Store energy 2) Make up cell structures /support 3 different types Monosaccharides=single sugars Disaccharides = 2 sugars Polysaccharides= many sugars Monosaccharides n These are the smallest unit of carbohydrates. n They consist of a single sugar unit. n They are sweet to taste and soluble in H2O. n Examples: 1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose Monosaccharides n 1) Glucose- body's main source of energy & a product of photosynthesis. Source of energy for the brain. (low glucose =impaired mental processes.) Excess glucose in our body is stored as glycogen in the liver & as fat in the tissues. Diabetes, Hypoglycemia Disaccharides n C 12 H 22 O 11 n Disaccharides are made of two monosaccharides that are joined together. n Common disaccharides are: 1) Maltose 2) Sucrose 3) Lactose Disaccharides n 1) Maltose: glucose + glucose. Forms in the gut when starches are digested. Monomer Polymer = Glycerol & Fatty Acids = Lipids Examples: 1. Fats and oils 2. Waxes 3. Steroids 4. Phospholipids Image from: LIPIDS When you think of fats, think lipids. Lipids- mostly Carbon, Hydrogen STRUCTURE: 1. One Glycerol molecule (basis of all fats & is made up of a three-carbon chain.) 2. Three Fatty Acid chains (long chain of carbon atoms connected to each other ) LIPIDS What type of reaction is this? Hint! Lipids Not soluble in water (HYDROPHOBIC) FUNCTION: Energy Storage Structure of cell membranes Insulation. Lipids are also used to make fats (solids), oils (liquids), steroids & waxes. Lipids 1) Fats & Oils (triglycerides): Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature Contain lots of Hydrogen No Carbon-to-Carbon double bonds within the fatty acid chain. Unsaturated Fats: Liquids at room temp.. Contains less Hydrogen. Contain 1 or more Carbon-to-Carbon double bonds. Lipids 2) Waxes: used to coat & protect things in nature. Bees wax, ear wax, plant leaves & makeup Lipids 3) Steroids : made of 4 Carbon rings. Ex: cholesterol, sex hormones, birth control pills & anabolic steroids. Lipids 4. Phospholipids: make up the membranes that surround your cells Lipids Fatty Acid Tails= Nonpolar and Hydrophobic Phosphate head= Polar and Hydrophilic Monomer Polymer = nucleotide = Nucleic acid 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen base 2 types: 1. DNA 2. RNA Image from: Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids- Made of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorus. Nucleic acids= building blocks of living organisms Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Polymer= Nucleic Acids Monomer= Nucleotide FUNCTION: 1) Contain directions to make proteins 2) Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid sugar deoxyribose. double chain of nucleotides Contains genetic information RNA=ribonucleic acid sugar ribose. single chain of nucleotides Translates DNA into protein!! Monomer Polymer = amino acids = Proteins -Amino group = NH 2 -Hydrogen -Carboxyl group = COOH-Side Chain -Central carbon Enzymes Collagen Hemoglobin Antibodies Image from: Proteins Proteins- Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Made of monomers = amino acids Polymer= Protein Monomer= Amino Acid What type of rxn brings the 2 Amino Acids together?? Proteins STRUCTURE: All amino acids have 5 main parts: - Amino group = NH 2 - Carboxyl group = COOH - Central carbon - Hydrogen - Side group = R Amino acids bond together to make long chains= Proteins (polypeptides) Proteins: Amino Acids General structure AlanineSerine Amino group Carboxyl group There are only 20 different types of Amino Acids PROTEINSPROTEINS Amino Acid + Amino Acid= Dipeptide Dipeptide + more Amino Acids= Polypeptide PROTEINSPROTEINS The instructions for arranging amino acids into different proteins are stored in DNA. Mistakes in just one amino acid in a polypeptide chain or protein can have fatal consequences (MUTATIONS). PROTEINSPROTEINS FUNCTION: Each protein has a specific role. --Control rates of reactions (enzymes) --Regulate cell processes --Form bones and muscles --Transporters PROTEINSPROTEINS Important Proteins: Collagen- found in skin, ligaments, tendons and bones. Muscle- contains proteins that enable your muscles to contract. Antibodies- help defend your body against infection. Hemoglobin- found in blood and carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues. Enzymes- speed up rxns in your body. PROTEINSPROTEINS FOODFOOD SCIENCE 2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes n Chemical Reaction= process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. n Chemical reactions always involve: breaking bonds formation of new bonds. n Chemical reactions contain two parts: the reactants the products. n Reactant= the substances that exist before the reactions occurs. n Products= the substances that are produced by the reaction. n Reactants Products Chemical Reactions n Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken. n Energy changes: n 1. Exothermic n 2. Endothermic Chemical Reactions n Exothermic= chemical reaction that gives off energy during a chemical reaction. Releasing: Heat, Light or Sound n Bonds are breaking. n Endothermic= chemical reactions that absorb energy. n Requires a source of energy. Heat n Bonds are formed Chemical Reactions n Activation energythe energy that is needed to get a reaction started. n It usually comes in the form of heat energy n Example- you must apply force when striking a match to get the fire to start. Chemical Reactions n Catalyst- a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required Chemical Reactions The addition of an enzyme lowers the activation energy. n Enzymes= biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. n Enzymes are proteins especially made for a specific rxn. n Reusable n Are temperature and pH dependent Chemical Reactions Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products n Enzymes= Rxn specific n ex: only the enzyme maltase will break down the disaccharide maltose into two monosaccharide. n Contains two parts: Lock and Key Model Chemical Reactions n Lock and Key Model n Substrate the molecule that is broken apart or put together = THE KEY! n Active site (on enzyme) area where the substrate binds to and the reaction takes place = THE LOCK! Chemical Reactions