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1 Copyright © 2017 by ASME

Proceedings of the ASME 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering

OMAE17

June 25-30, 2017, Trondheim, Norway

OMAE2017-61276

THE INFLUENCE OF SiO2 AND TiO2 NANOPARTICLES ON THE PROPERTIES OF

WATER-BASED MUD

Petar Mijić University of Zagreb

Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering

Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia [email protected]

Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec University of Zagreb



Borivoje Pašić University of Zagreb



ABSTRACT

About 75% of all formations drilled worldwide are

shale formations and 90% of all wellbore instability problems

occur in shale formations. This increases the overall cost of

drilling. Therefore, drilling through shale formations, which

have nanosized pores with nanodarcy permeability still need

better solutions since the additives used in the conventional

drilling fluids are too large to plug them. One of the solutions

to drilling problems can be adjusting drilling fluid properties

by adding nanoparticles. Drilling mud with nanoparticles can

physically plug nanosized pores in shale formations and thus

reduce the shale permeability, which results in reducing the

pressure transmission and improving wellbore stability.

Furthermore, the drilling fluid with nanoparticles, creates a

very thin, low permeability filter cake resulting in the reduction

of the filtrate penetration into the shale. This thin filter cake

implies high potential for reducing the differential pressure

sticking. In addition, borehole problems such as too high drag

and torque can be reduced by adding nanoparticles to drilling

fluids.

This paper presents the results of laboratory

examination of the influence of commercially available

nanoparticles of SiO2 (dry SiO2 and water-based dispersion of

30 wt% of silica), and TiO2 (water-based dispersion of 40 wt%

of titania) in concentrations of 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% on the

properties of water-based fluids. Special emphasis is put on the

determination of lubricating properties of the water-based

drilling fluids. Nanoparticles added to the base mud without

any lubricant do not improve its lubricity performance,

regardless of their concentrations and type. However, by

adding 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp to the base mud with lubricant, its

lubricity coefficient is reduced by 4.6%, and by adding 1 wt%

TiO2-disp to the base mud with lubricant, its lubricity

coefficient is reduced by 14.3%.

Key words: torque and drag, silica and titania nanoparticles,

lubricity, rheology, filtration

INTRODUCTION

The application of nanoparticles has become quite

popular in different disciplines and has recently captured the

attention of the oil industry. Nanoparticles are defined as

structures with sizes in nm range (10-9 m). One nanometer

corresponds to the distance between 2 to 20 atoms, positioned

one next to another [1]. Like any other industry, the oil industry

can also acquire benefits from nanotechnology which deals with

the usage of nanomaterials [2, 3]. Nanomaterials used in drilling

fluids (muds) are those with particle sizes between 1 to 100

nanometers [1, 3, 4, 5]. According to literature, the idea of

adding nanoparticles to drilling mud as an additive was


introduced in the oil industry a few years ago, but its application

in the process of drilling is still in the initial stage [6].

Nanoparticles can be added to some fluid, usually water, to get

a dispersion of nanoparticles or can be completely dry like

powder. Based on the concentration of the nanoparticles in

drilling fluids they can be classified as: (1) simple nanofluids

with one nanosized additive added to drilling fluid and (2)

advanced nanofluids with two or more nanosized additives [3,

4].

Recent research shows that nanoparticles suitable as

drilling fluids additive include: (1) silica (SiO2) [7, 8, 9, 10], (2)

titania (TiO2) [11], (3) aluminum oxide (Al2O3) [11], (4) copper

oxide (CuO) [11, 12], (5) multi-walled carbon nanotube [10,

11], (6) hematite (Fe2O3) [9], (7) magnetite (Fe4O3) [13], (8)

nano graphene [14], (9) boron-based nanoadditive [15], (10)

calcium carbonate (CaCO3) [10, 16], (11) iron (III) hydroxide

(Fe(OH)3) [16] and (12) ZnO [12].

Conversion of macroparticles into nanoparticles results

in a multiple increase (more than a million fold) in the specific

surface area to the volume of particles. Because of that, a

desired change in properties of drilling fluid is usually obtained

by adding nanoparticles only in small concentrations (< 1%)

[5].

Using fluids, which contain nanoparticles can be

beneficial in solving other drilling problems such as borehole

instability, lost circulation, pipe sticking problems and bit

balling [17, 18, 19, 20].

In this paper authors focused on measuring the

lubricity performance of tested drilling fluids to show the

impact of adding SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles. Also, the impact

of adding SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles on other properties of

selected drilling fluids was tested.

TORQUE AND DRAG

Nowadays, with the intention to drill deeper and

longer, and with the rapid increase in the number of directional,

horizontal and extended reach wells, excessive values of torque

and drag while drilling can cause many problems. Regarding

directional or extended reach drilling, the main assumption is

that both torque and drag, are the result of frictional force

caused by contact between the drill string and wellbore, which

can be expressed by using coefficient of friction (CoF). High

friction between the drill string and wellbore may cause higher

hookload while tripping, which reduces the lifespan of drilling

equipment, shortens the well length substantially, and may also

cause many other problems that occur during the drilling of the

wellbore [21, 22]. One of the functions of the drilling fluid is to

minimize the coefficient of friction between the drill string and

wellbore, and thus minimize torque and drag problems [4, 19].

The conventional micro and macro-material based fluid used

for reducing drag and torque has limited capability to minimize

torque and drag [4, 19]. Because of that, drilling nanofluids

have been developed and applied in oil industry [21]. It is

believed that nanoparticles produce continuous and thin

lubricating film at the pipe-wall interface, which causes

significant reduction of the coefficient of friction and thus easy

sliding of the drill string along the wellbore surface [4, 19]. For

example, according to Hareland et al. (2012) it is shown that

adding nickel-based nanoparticles to drilling mud results in

reduction of the coefficient of friction by more than 25%.

LUBRICITY

As it was mentioned, significant function of drilling

fluid is the reduction of frictional forces between the drill string

and the wellbore. The reduction in coefficient of friction (CoF)

is a function of fluid composition [23, 24]. Standard drilling

fluid composition includes a conventional lubricant to improve

its lubricity. Lubricity is a very important parameter, especially

in cases when curved or horizontal section of the wellbore has

been drilled, as well as long drillstring is used to achieve the

target (for example, drilling an extended reach well). The

choice of the type of lubricant can be changed depending on the

availability and location of the well [7]. It is already known that

oil-based drilling fluids improve lubricity better than water-

based drilling fluids. This finding can be explained by the

superior lubricating ability of an oil-based drilling fluid.

According to Amorim et al. (2011) [25] the most efficient

lubricants are the ones that operate through several

mechanisms, depending on their chemical composition and on

their dispersion state in the fluid. The lubricants that are used in

water-based fluids consist of active-surface compounds with

affinity for metallic surfaces, which are in constant contact with

other metallic surfaces or geological formations [25]. Recent

research shows that nanoparticles could act as an additive for

improving lubricity and reduce friction between the drill string

and wellbore. The reason is that nanofluids have the potential to

form slightly lubricating film at the wellbore and pipe interface

[3]. Nasser et al. (2013) [26], researched the use of

nanographite, whose average particle size was 40 nm, in

concentration of 3% by weight. They researched the impact of

nanoparticles on density, viscosity, filtrate loss and lubricity of

a drilling fluid. The drilling fluid tested consisted of water,

bentonite, barite and starch. Their experimental work showed

that nanoparticles can enhance the properties of drilling fluids.

In 2014, Jabrayilov [19] conducted tribological and rheological

experiments using titania and silica nanoparticles as an additive

to examine the lubricity and rheology of the mud. In his

research, silica nanoparticles were added to fluids in

concentration of 0.25 wt% and reduced coefficient of friction

by 47% at the temperature of 50°C. Taraghikhah et al. (2015)

[8] tested the adding of silica nanoparticles (1-60 nanometer

range) to water-based and polymer-based drilling fluids in

concentrations of 0.25 wt%, 1 wt% and 2 wt%. Their research

showed that the increase in content of SiO2 nanoparticles in the

drilling fluid decreases the coefficient of friction during drilling.

Consequently, they achieved an acceptable enhancement in

lubricity (69%) by adding only 1 wt% of nanoadditive. Taha

and Lee (2015) [14] conducted a laboratory test of nano


graphen as an additive able to reduce torque and compared it to

a well-known ester-based lubricant. The nanographen lubricant

had been evaluated in several different types of water based

drilling fluids using standard Lubricity Tester. Laboratory test

indicated that the nanographen reduces torque in a 1200 kg/m3

(10 lb/gal) conventional salt polymer mud by 70–80%, whereas

the ester- based lubricant achieved torque reduction of 30–40%.

In a 1620 kg/m3 (13.5 lb/gal) HTHP water-based mud torque

reduction was 50%. All tests in the laboratory had indicated that

the nanographen achieved higher torque reduction, thus

improving mud properties. According to Taha and Lee (2015)

[14], the optimum additive concentration was 5% by volume. In

2016 Krishnan et al. [15] conducted tests under extreme

pressure using the standard 1200 kg/m3 (10 lb/gal) and 1620

kg/m3 (13.5 lb/gal) water-based muds. They focused on the

application of boron-based nanomaterial enhanced additive.

Addition of 5% by volume of boron-based nanomaterial in 1200

kg/m3 (10 lb/gal) water-based mud provided torque reduction of

80% while for 1620 kg/m3 (13.5 lb/gal) mud the torque

reduction was 52%. Also, they noticed an increase in rheology

of the mud with the addition of this additive showing higher

plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP) and gel strength as

compared to the commercially available lubricant. After their

research, boron-based nanomaterial was used in the field in

Myanmar and performed excellently with torque reduction of

36.36% while the commercial lubricant provided torque

reduction of approximately 13.64%. Caldarola et al. (2016) [27]

investigated the lubricity of a fluid sample containing normal

sized barite and two fluid samples, containing chemically and

mechanically generated barite nanoparticles. The results

indicated a reduction in friction coefficient of more than 34%

by substituting normal sized barite with a concentration of 3

wt% of chemically generated barite nanoparticles. The friction

coefficient was reduced by more than 15% by substituting

normal sized barite with a concentration of 3 wt% of

mechanically generated nanoparticles.

According to all the above-mentioned authors,

nanoparticles in water-based drilling fluids act as lubrication

additives. Oil-based drilling fluid compared to water-based

drilling fluid has superior lubricating characteristics and is

commonly used in demanding environments. However, it is

more expensive and not environmentally friendly. Therefore,

the testing of new types of lubricants, such as nanoparticles, is

of increasing interest to the oil industry with the intention of

improving lubrication performance of water-based drilling

fluids.

LABORATORY TESTING

Laboratory testing was performed in Drilling Fluids

Laboratory at the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum

Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia. In order to better

understanding the impact of the addition of particular additives

on the properties of the drilling mud, simple bentonite drilling

fluid was chosen as base drilling mud. Preparation of base mud

was carried out following American Petroleum Institute

Standards, API Specifications 13A (1993) and API 13B-1

(1997). The high-yield bentonite is used for adjusting

rheological and filtration properties, NaOH to maintain

alkalinity and PAC LV to maintain filtration. Base mud

formulation is shown in table 1.

TABLE 1. BASE MUD FORMULATION

Base mud

formulation Quantity Purpose

Water - base fluid

Bentonite 30 g/l rheological and

filtration properties

NaOH 2 g/l alkalinity

PAC LV 2 g/l filtration

The research procedure is presented in Fig. 1.

FIGURE 1. RESEARCH PROCEDURE

According to Fig. 1., ten types of drilling fluid systems

were prepared and subjected to laboratory testing. One drilling

fluid system contains only lubricant (Halliburton Torq-Trim II),

six drilling fluid systems contain different types of nanoparticles

(designated TiO2-disp; SiO2-disp and SiO2-dry) in different


concentrations, while another two drilling fluid systems contain

both lubricant and nanoparticles. Nanoparticles used for

laboratory research are shown in Fig. 2. and in table 2. The

desired concentration of nanoparticles (0.5 wt% or 1 wt%) was

added to 1 liter of base drilling mud (table 3). It was added

slowly to minimize the agglomeration of nanoparticles and

mixed for 30 more minutes. To differentiate between the dry

SiO2 and the SiO2 from dispersion, the samples were marked as

SiO2-dry and SiO2-disp, respectively. The content of

nanoparticles, in volume of dispersion added in mud, is

expresed as wt% and in grams.

FIGURE 2. NANOPARTICLES USED IN LABORATORY

RESEARCH

TABLE 2. TYPICAL DATA FOR NANOPARTICLES USED IN

LABORATORY RESEARCH

Brand name AERODISP®

W 740 X

AERODISP®

W 7330 N

Elite-

indus

NSiP20

Manufacturer Evonik

Industries

Evonik

Industries

Anhui

Elite

Industrial

Co.,

LTD.

Appearance water-based

dispersion

water-based

dispersion

white

powder

Nanoparticles

content

39-41 wt% of

titania (TiO2)

30 wt% of

silica (SiO2)

99.9%

silica

(SiO2)

Density @20º

(kg/m3) 1410 1200 -

Stabilizing

agent - NaOH -

Average

particle size

(D50)

70 nm 120 nm 20 nm

pH 5-7 9.5-10.5 6-8

TABLE 3. DRILLING FLUID FORMULATIONS

No. Drilling fluid systems Concentration

1 Base mud (BM) 1 liter

2

BM+lub,2 vol%

20 ml lubricant (2% by

volume of base mud)

3 BM+0.5 wt% SiO2-disp

0.5 wt% SiO2

nanoparticles, 5 g SiO2

nanoparticles (14 ml

dispersion)

4 BM+0.5 wt% TiO2-disp

0.5 wt% TiO2

nanoparticles, 5 g TiO2

nanoparticles (9 ml

dispersion)

5 BM+0.5 wt% SiO2-dry 5 g SiO2-dry

6 BM+1 wt% SiO2-disp

1 wt% SiO2

nanoparticles, 10 g

SiO2 nanoparticles (28

ml dispersion)

7 BM+1 wt% TiO2-disp

1 wt% TiO2

nanoparticles, 10 g

TiO2 nanoparticles (18

ml dispersion)

8 BM+1 wt% SiO2-dry 10 g SiO2-dry

9 BM+lub,2 vol%+0.5 wt%

SiO2-disp

20 ml lubricant (2% by

volume of base mud),

0.5 wt% SiO2

nanoparticles, 5 g SiO2

nanoparticles (14 ml

dispersion)

10 BM+lub,2 vol%+1 wt%

TiO2-disp

20 ml lubricant (2%

lubricant by volume of

base mud), 1 wt% TiO2

nanoparticles, 10 g

TiO2 nanoparticles (18

ml dispersion)

Lubricity measurement

The lubricity coefficient of muds was determined using

an OFITE EP-Lubricity Tester, according to the methodology of

measurement recommended by the manufacturer’s manual [28].

Before any measurement of lubricity of drilling fluid systems

was done, test was performed with deionized water to calibrate

the instrument. The initial torque was zero and the speed was 60

rpm. Then a 150 in-pounds force was applied for 5 minutes to

obtain the correction factor (CF). After mixing the drilling fluid

system for 30 minutes, the fluid was transferred to the sample

cup and torque reading was obtained. The testing was

performed at room temperature. After 5 min the torque meter

reading was obtained at 60 rpm and 150 in-pounds of load.

Lubricity coefficient was calculated according to Eq. (1). [28]:

(1)


Lubricity coefficient for tested drilling muds (No. 1-8

from table 3) is shown in Fig. 3.

FIGURE 3. LUBRICITY COEFFICIENT OF TESTED MUDS

According to Fig. 3., adding nanoparticles did not

decrease lubricity coefficient. Only by adding the lubricant to

the base drilling mud a positive impact on the mud’s lubricity

has been attained. Adding 1 wt% of titania nanoparticles results

in the decrease of lubricity coefficient to the value quite similar

to the one achieved with the base mud without the addition of

nanoparticles (0.37). Regardless of the type and concentrations,

the usage of silica nanoparticles increases the value of lubricity

coefficient. On the basis of these results it was decided to carry

out additional tests with 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp and 1 wt% TiO2-

disp, because they showed the best results. SiO2-disp and TiO2-

disp were added to the base mud which already contained 2

vol% of lubricant. The results are shown in Fig. 4.

FIGURE 4. LUBRICITY COEFFICIENT OF THE BASE MUD

WITH LUBRICANT AND NANOPARTICLES

The addition of SiO2-disp and TiO2-disp into base

drilling mud with lubricant decreases the value of lubricity

coefficient, and thus additionally improves its lubricity. The

percent of lubricity coefficient reduction was 4.6% by adding

SiO2-disp in concentration of 0.5 wt%, and 14.3% by adding

TiO2-disp in concentration of 1 wt%, relative to the values

achieved with base mud with lubricant.

Rheological measurement

The rheological properties of different mud systems

were measured using a rotational OFITE Model 900

viscometer. Viscometric data were obtained at fixed speeds of

600, 300, 200, 100, 6 and 3 rpm and two temperatures: 25°C

and 50°C. The plots of shear rates and shear stresses (flow

curves) were created for all tested muds at both temperatures

(Fig. 5., 6., 7. and 8.).

FIGURE 5. FLOW CURVES FOR MUDS WITH 0.5 WT%

ADDED NANOPARTICLES (25 °C)

FIGURE 6. FLOW CURVES FOR MUDS WITH 1 WT%



FIGURE 7. FLOW CURVES FOR MUDS WITH 0.5 WT%


FIGURE 8. FLOW CURVES FOR MUDS WITH 1 WT%


According to Fig. 5., 6., 7. and 8. it can be noticed that

all tested fluids behave as Herschel-Bulkley fluids. For smaller

concentration of nanoparticles (0.5 wt%) at both temperatures,

muds with SiO2-dry and muds with SiO2-disp provide higher

shear stress than muds with TiO2-disp at the same shear rate

(Fig. 5. and 7.). Mud with TiO2-disp in concentration of 0.5

wt% at the temperature of 25°C provides lower shear stress than

the base mud at the same shear rates (Fig. 5.), but at the

temperature of 50°C TiO2-disp has higher values of shear stress

than the base mud at higher shear rates (>500 s-1) (Fig. 7.). For

a higher concentration of nanoparticles (1 wt%), mud with

SiO2-dry nanoparticles, at a temperature of 25°C, has

significantly higher values of shear stress than other muds at the

same shear rate. At the same time, fluids with SiO2-disp and

TiO2-disp have smaller values than the base mud (Fig. 6.). At

50°C, mud with 1 wt% of SiO2-dry has the smallest values of

shear rates at smaller shear rates (< 250 s-1), but the highest at

higher shear rates (> 500 s-1) (Fig. 8.).

The results of plastic viscosity, yield point, strength of

10 sec gel and 10 min gel for all drilling muds are shown in Fig.

9., 10., 11. and 12.

FIGURE 9. REOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MUDS WITH

0.5 WT% ADDED NANOPARTICLES (25 °C)

FIGURE 10. REOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MUDS WITH 1

WT% ADDED NANOPARTICLES (25 °C)

FIGURE 11. RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MUDS WITH

0.5 WT% ADDED NANOPARTICLES (50 °C)



1 WT% ADDED NANOPARTICLES (50 °C)

According to Fig. 9., 10., 11. and 12., SiO2-dry

nanoparticles in both concentrations and at both temperatures

increase the value of plastic viscosity. At the temperature of

25°C, SiO2-disp and TiO2-disp in concentration of 0.5 wt%

have the similar value of the plastic viscosity as the base mud

(Fig. 9.), while at the temperature of 50°C, their value is higher

than the value of the base mud (Fig. 11.). Also, SiO2-dry and

SiO2-disp in concentration of 0.5 wt% provide higher values of

yield point, while TiO2-disp in concentration of 0.5 wt% has the

value of yield point less than that for the base mud (Fig. 9.). At

a temperature of 50°C, the value of yield point decreases for all

added nanoparticles in concentration of 0.5 wt% to the value

below that of the base mud (Fig. 11.). At the temperature of

25°C, regardless of the type and concentrations of

nanoparticles, the strength of 10 sec and 10 min gel decreases

when compared to gel strengths of the base mud.

For higher concentrations (1 wt%), at the temperature

of 25°C, only the mud with SiO2-dry had significantly higher

values of plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strengths than

those achieved for all other tested muds (Fig. 10.). At the

temperature of 50°C, plastic viscosity value of all tested muds

with nanoparticles was higher than the plastic viscosity value of

the base mud, but values of yield point and gel strengths were

lower than those achieved in the base mud.

As the additional tests were carried out with 0.5 wt%

SiO2-disp and 1 wt% TiO2-disp added to the base mud which

already contained 2 vol% of lubricant, rheological properties of

these mud systems were measured (No. 9 and 10 from table 3).

The flow curves are shown in Fig. 13. and 14., while

rheological parameters are shown in Fig. 15. and 16.

FIGURE 13. FLOW CURVE FOR MUDS WITH LUBRICANT

AND NANOPARTICLES (25 °C)

FIGURE 14. FLOW CURVE FOR MUDS WITH LUBRICANT

AND NANOPARTICLES (50 °C)


LUBRICANT AND NANOPARTICLES (25 °C)



LUBRICANT AND NANOPARTICLES (50 °C)

At the temperature of 25°C, mud with lubricant and

SiO2-disp in concentration of 0.5 wt% provides significantly

higher values of shear stress than other muds at the same shear

rates (Fig. 13.). Also, for both temperatures, SiO2-disp and

TiO2-disp added to the mud with lubricant provide higher

values of shear stress than those achieved in muds which

contain only nanoparticles (without lubricant) at the same shear

rates (Fig. 14.).

According to Fig. 15. and 16., it can be seen that

adding SiO2-disp in concentration of 0.5 wt% and TiO2-disp in

concentration of 1 wt% to the base mud with lubricant, at both

temperatures increases its values of plastic viscosity, yield point

and gel strengths.

Filtration measurement

The filtration characteristics of the drilling muds were

obtained following the API procedures. Data was collected

using a standard API filter press with a standard operating

pressure of 700 kPa (100 psi) and at room temperature. The

volume of the filtrate was measured after 30 min in a graduated

cylinder. The results are shown in Fig. 17.

FIGURE 17. API FILTRATION OF TESTED MUDS

Regardless of the type and concentrations, adding

silica and titania nanoparticles to the base mud without any

lubricant increases its API filtration value. Adding SiO2-disp in

concentration of 0.5 wt% to the base mud with lubricant

decreases the value of API filtration. At the same time, TiO2-

disp in concentration of 1 wt% added to the base mud with

lubricant decreases its API filtration by 17%.

Cake thickness

Filter cake thicknesses were measured at the end of the

30-min filtration period using a micrometer. Measurements

were repeated on multiple spots providing a larger number of

results, which improved accuracy. The average value of cake

thickness is shown in Fig. 18.

FIGURE 18. CAKE THICKNESS OF TESTED MUDS

According to Fig. 18., cake thickness values are higher

for all tested muds than those achieved in the base drilling mud

(except SiO2-disp added in concentration of 0.5 wt% to the base

mud with lubricant). Regardless of concentrations and type,

adding silica nanoparticles to the base mud increases the value

of cake thickness. On the contrary, TiO2-disp added to the base

mud in concentration of 1 wt% provides a thicker cake than the

one achieved with 0.5 wt% TiO2-disp in the base mud. SiO2-

disp in concentration of 0.5 wt% added to the base mud with

lubricant does not increase the thickness of the mud cake at all,

while TiO2-disp in concentration of 1 wt% increases the

thickness of the mud cake. Generally, the cake thickness of all

mud systems was less than 0,16 mm, but the thinnest cake was

recorded in the case of the base mud without any lubricant and

the mud with both 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp and lubricant.

pH measurement

pH was measured using standard pH-meter. All tested

muds had pH value between 11 and 11.5.


Density measurement

The density of all tested muds was slightly higher

(1020 kg/m3) than the density of water, because there is no

weighting additive in the base mud formulation.

CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions can be drawn:

1. regardless of their concentrations and type,

nanoparticles added to the base mud without any

lubricant do not improve its lubricity performance,

2. adding of 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp to the base mud with

lubricant, reduced its lubricity coefficient by 4.6%,

3. adding of 1 wt% TiO2-disp to the base mud with

lubricant, reduced its lubricity coefficient by 14.3%,

4. at the temperatures of 25°C and 50°C, muds with 0.5

wt% SiO2-dry and muds with 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp

provide higher shear stress than muds with 0.5 wt%

TiO2-disp at the same shear rate,

5. regardless of concentrations, SiO2-dry provides the

highest plastic viscosity values,

6. adding 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp and 1 wt% TiO2-disp to the

base mud with lubricant results in higher plastic

viscosity, yield point and gel strength values at both

tested temperatures in comparison to muds containing

only nanoparticles (without any lubricant),

7. adding of 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp and 1 wt% TiO2-disp to

the base mud with lubricant decreases the value of API

filtration,

8. adding 1 wt% TiO2-disp to the base mud with lubricant

reduced its API filtration by 17%,

9. all mud systems had mud cake thickness less than 0,16

mm, but the thinnest cake was recorded in the case of

the base mud without any lubricant and the mud with

both 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp and lubricant.

In conclusion, in order to gain better insight into the

impact of nanoparticles on lubricity performance of mud, it is

necessary to perform further testing using other materials at

different concentrations at higher pressure and temperature

testing conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dissemination process is supported by the Development Fund

of the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering,

University of Zagreb.

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