2 ethical principles in business

8/13/2019 2 Ethical Principles in Business

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ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN

BUSINESS

CHAPTER TWO

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@ MAIN POINTS OF DISCUSSION IN

THIS CHAPTER:- Utilitarianism

Rigts an! D"ti#s

$"sti%# an! Fairn#ss T# Eti%s &' Car#

S%&(# &' B"sin#ss Eti%s &r S&%ial R#s(&nsi)ilit*

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INTRODUCTION

Cas# Dis%"ssi&n: Calt#+ ,an Am#ri%an &il C&. &(#ratingin a(art#i! / #ra S&"t A'ri%a

Im(&rtant (&ints &' t# %as#:

T# !#)at# &0#r 1#t#r Calt#+ s&"l! %&ntin"# t&&(#rat# in S&"t A'ri%a 1as a m&ral !#)at#

T1& %&n%#(ts 0isi)l# 'r&m t# %as#:-

ethic of care,An #ti% tat #m(asi2#s %aring '&rt# %&n%r#t# 1#ll )#ing &' t&s# n#ar t& "s.

ethic of virtue,An #ti% )as#! &n #0al"ati&ns &'

t# m&ral %ara%t#r &' (#rs&ns &r gr&"(s.

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C&ntin"#!33

T# sar#&l!#rs4 arg"m#nt r#'#rr#! t& t# "n5"st(&li%i#s &' t# a(art#i! g&0#rnm#nt an! t# 'a%t tat

t#s# (&li%i#s 0i&lat#! t# %i0il rigts &' )la%6 %iti2#ns

On t# &t#r si!#7 Calt#+4s manag#m#nt ma!# "tilitarianarg"m#nts an! arg"m#nts a)&"t %aring

In a!!iti&n7 )&t si!#s r#'#r t& t# m&ral %ara%t#r &' t#

gr&"(s in0&l0#!7 )asing t#s# !istin%ti&ns &n 1at is

%all#! t# #ti% &' 0irt"#

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UTILITARIANISM,CONSE8UENTIALISM.IN

SIDE


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UTILITARIANISM :WEI9HIN9

SOCIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS Utilitarianism ,&r %&ns#"#ntialism. %ara%t#ri2#s t#

m&ral a((r&a% ta6#n )* Calt#+4s manag#m#nt

An&t#r Cas# Dis%"ssi&n: Fordan! its in'am&"s Pint&

,!#m&nstrat#s 5"st &1 %l&s#l* t# 1#iging &' %&sts

an! )#n#'its %an )# !&n#.

T# 6in! &' anal*sis tat F&r! manag#rs "s#! in t#ir

%&st-)#n#'it st"!* is a 0#rsi&n &' 1at as )##ntra!iti&nall* %all#! Utilitarianism.

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WHAT IS UTILITARIANISM ;

Utilitarianism is a g#n#ral t#rm '&r an* 0i#1 tat &l!s

tat a%ti&ns an! (&li%i#s s&"l! )# #0al"at#! &n t#

)asis &' t# )#n#'its an! %&sts t#* 1ill im(&s# &n

s&%i#t* In an* sit"ati&n7 t#


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C&ntin"#!3

T# F&r! manag#rs r#!"%#! %&sts an! )#n#'its (rimaril* t%&n&mi% %&sts an! )#n#'its ,s"% as m#!i%al %&sts7 l&ss &'

in%&m#7 an! !amag# t& )"il!ings. an! t#s# 1#r# m#as"r#!

in m&n#tar* t#rms B"t t# )#n#'its &' an a%ti&n ma* in%l"!#

an* !#sira)l# g&&!s ,(l#as"r#s7 #alt7 li0#s7 satis'a%ti&ns76n&1l#!g#7 a((in#ss. (r&!"%#! )* t# a%ti&n7 an! %&sts

ma* in%l"!# an* &' its "n!#sira)l# #0ils ,(ain7 1i% t#

F&r! st"!* !i! ta6# int& a%%&"nt7 si%6n#ss7 !#at7

!issatis'a%ti&n7 ign&ran%#7 "na((in#ss.

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C&ntin"#!3

T# Utilitarian Prin%i(l# is )as#! &n t# n&ti&n &' Utilit*

H#n%#7 t# nam# Utilitarianismis "s#! '&r an* t#&r* tat

a!0&%at#s s#l#%ti&n &' tat a%ti&n &r (&li%* tat ma+imi2#s )#n#'its

,&r minimi2#s %&sts.

Man* )"sin#ss anal*sts &l! tat t# )#st 1a* t& #0al"at# t##ti%al (r&(ri#t* &' a )"sin#ss !#%isi&n - &r an* &t#r !#%isi&n / is

)* r#l*ing &n "tilitarian %&st / )#n#'it anal*sis

T# in%l"si0# t#rm "s#! t& r#'#r t& t# n#t )#n#'its

&' an* s&rt (r&!"%#! )* an a%ti&n is t#rm#! as UTILIT=

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C&ntin"#!3

T# s&%iall* r#s(&nsi)l# %&"rs# '&r a )"sin#ss t& ta6# is t#

&n# tat 1ill (r&!"%# t# gr#at#st n#t )#n#'its '&r s&%i#t* &r

im(&s# t# l&1#st n#t %&sts

S#0#ral g&0#rnm#nt ag#n%i#s7 man* l#gal t#&rists7

n"m#r&"s m&ralists7 an! a 0ari#t* &' )"sin#ss anal*sts

a!0&%at# "tilitarianism

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TRADITIONAL UTILITARIANISM

$#r#m* B#ntam '&"n!#! tra!iti&nal "tilitarianism

His 0#rsi&n &' t# t#&r* ass"m#s tat 1# %an

m#as"r# an! a!! t# "antiti#s &' )#n#'its (r&!"%#!

)* an a%ti&n an! s")tra%t t# m#as"r#! "antiti#s &'

arm it 1ill %a"s#7 all&1ing "s t& !#t#rmin# 1i%

a%ti&n as t# m&st )#n#'its &r l&1#st t&tal %&sts an!

is t#r#'&r# m&ral

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C&ntin"#!33

T# "tilit* B#ntam a! in min! 1as n&t t#

gr#at#st )#n#'it '&r t# (#rs&n ta6ing t# a%ti&n7 )"t

rat#r t# gr#at#st )#n#'it '&r all in0&l0#!

F&r B#ntam: >An a%ti&n is rigt 'r&m an #ti%al

(&int &' 0i#1 i' an! &nl* i' t# s"m t&tal &' "tiliti#s(r&!"%#! )* tat a%t is gr#at#r tan t# s"m t&tal &'

"tiliti#s (r&!"%#! )* an* &t#r a%t t# ag#nt %&"l! a0#

(#r'&rm#! in its (la%#?

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MORALIT= IN UTILITARIANISM

T& !#t#rmin# 1at t# m&ral ting t& !& &n an* (arti%"lar

&%%asi&n migt )#7 t#r# ar# tr## %&nsi!#rati&ns t& '&ll&1:

@ =&" m"st !#t#rmin# 1at alt#rnati0# a%ti&ns ar# a0aila)l#

=&" m"st #stimat# t# !ir#%t an! in!ir#%t %&sts an!

)#n#'its t# a%ti&n 1&"l! (r&!"%# '&r all in0&l0#! in t#

'&r#s##a)l# '"t"r#

=&" m"st %&&s# t# alt#rnati0# tat (r&!"%#s t# gr#at#sts"m t&tal &' "tilit*

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C&ntin"#!33

Utilitarianism is attra%ti0# t& man* )#%a"s# it mat%#s t#

0i#1s 1# t#n! t& &l! 1#n !is%"ssing g&0#rnm#ntal

(&li%i#s an! (")li% g&&!s

Tra!iti&nal "tilitarians 1&"l! !#n* tat an a%ti&n &' a%#rtain 6in! is al1a*s #it#r rigt &r 1r&ng Inst#a!7 #a%

a%ti&n 1&"l! a0# t& )# 1#ig#! gi0#n its (arti%"lar

%ir%"mstan%#s

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UTILITARIANISM : COST-BENEFIT

ANAL=SIS Utilitarianism is als& t# )asis &' t# t#%ni"#s &'

#%&n&mi% %&st/)#n#'it anal*sis

W# %an n&t# tat "tilitarianism 'its ni%#l* 1it a 0al"# tatman* (#&(l# (ri2#: #''i%i#n%*

C&st-)#n#'it Anal*sis: A t*(# &' anal*sis "s#! t& !#t#rmin#

t# !#sira)ilit* &' in0#sting in a (r&5#%t )* 'ig"ring1#t#r its (r#s#nt an! '"t"r# #%&n&mi% )#n#'its &"t1#ig

its (r#s#nt an! '"t"r# #%&n&mi% %&sts

EFFICIENC= m#ans &(#rating in s"% a 1a* tat &n# (r&!"%#s

t# m&st &n# %an 1it t# r#s&"r%#s at an!


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FORD: Weighing Costs andBenefits

According to an internal cost-benefit studycarried out by Ford, the costs of modifying thePinto ould not be balanced by the benefits as

follos:

Costs:

!""#"$%& million autos' !"() million


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Benefits:*"+ deaths # !$,,. *"+ in/uries #

!0), . *$," 1ehicles # !)' !23%"& million

4hus, a modification that ould ultimatelycost customers !"() million ould result inthe 5re1ention of customer losses 1alued atonly !23%"& million%

4he study therefore argued that it as notright to s5end !"() million of society6smoney to 5ro1ide a benefit 1alued at !23%"&

million%


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MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS

T&"g "tilitarianism &''#rs a s"(#r'i%iall* %l#ar-%"tm#t&! &' %al%"lating t# m&ralit* &' a%ti&ns7 it r#li#s

"(&n a%%"rat# m#as"r#m#nt7 an! tis %an )# (r&)l#mati%

T#r# ar# 'i0# ma5&r (r&)l#ms 1it t# "tilitarian

r#lian%# &n m#as"r#m#nt:

@ C&m(arati0# m#as"r#s &' t# 0al"#s tings a0# '&r

!i''#r#nt (#&(l# %ann&t )# ma!#-1# %ann&t g#t int& #a%

&t#rs4 s6ins t& m#as"r# t# (l#as"r# &r (ain %a"s#!

S&m# )#n#'its an! %&sts ar# im(&ssi)l# t& m#as"r# '&r

#+am(l#: H&1 m"% is a "man li'# 1&rt;


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C&ntin"#!33

( T# (&t#ntial )#n#'its an! %&sts &' an a%ti&n %ann&t al1a*s)# r#lia)l* (r#!i%t#!7 s& t#* ar# als& n&t a!#"at#l*

m#as"ra)l#

It is "n%l#ar #+a%tl* 1at %&"nts as a )#n#'it &r a %&stP#&(l# s## t#s# tings in !i''#r#nt 1a*s

Utilitarian m#as"r#m#nt im(li#s tat all g&&!s %an )#

tra!#! '&r #"i0al#nts &' #a% &t#r H&1#0#r7 n&t

#0#r*ting as a m&n#tar* #"i0al#nt

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UTILITARIAN REPLIES TO

MEASUREMENT OB$ECTIONS Utilitarians !#'#n! t#ir a((r&a% against t# &)5#%ti&ns

rais#! )* t#s# (r&)l#ms )* sa*ing tat t&"g i!#all* t#*

1&"l! li6# a%%"rat# m#as"r#m#nts &' #0#r*ting7 t#* 6n&1

tat tis is larg#l* im(&ssi)l# T#r#'&r#7 1#n m#as"r#m#nts ar# !i''i%"lt &r im(&ssi)l# t&

&)tain7 sar#! &r %&mm&n-s#ns# 5"!gm#nts &' %&m(arati0#

0al"# ar# s"''i%i#nt%

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C&ntin"#!33

T#r# ar# t1& 1i!#l* "s#! %&mm&n-s#ns# %rit#ria:@ On# r#li#s &n t# !istin%ti&n )#t1##n intrinsi% g&&!san!instr"m#ntal g&&!s

T# &t#r %&mm&n-s#ns# %rit#ri&n !#(#n!s &n t#!istin%ti&n )#t1##n n##!s an! 1ants 9&&!s tat )ringa)&"t n##!s ar# m&r# im(&rtant tan t&s# tat )ring

a)&"t 1ants

Intrinsi% g&&!s ar# tings tat

ar# !#sir#! '&r t#ir &1n sa6#7

s"% as #alt an! li'# T#s#

g&&!s al1a*s ta6# (r#%#!#n%#

&0#r instr"m#ntal g&&!s

Instr"m#ntal g&&!s ar# tings

tat ar# g&&! )#%a"s# t#*#l( t& )ring a)&"t an intrinsi%

g&&! T#* ar# %&nsi!#r#!

0al"a)l# )#%a"s# t#* l#a! t&

&t#r g&&! tings


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CRITICS OF UTILITARIANISM

T# ma5&r !i''i%"lt* 1it "tilitarianism7 a%%&r!ing t&s&m# %riti%s7 is tat it is "na)l# t& !#al 1it t1& 6in!s&' m&ral iss"#s:

@ T&s# r#lating t& rights T&s# r#lating t&justice

I' (#&(l# a0# rigts t& li'#7 #alt7 an! &t#r )asi%n##!s7 an! i' t#r# is s"% a ting as 5"sti%# tat !sn&t !#(#n! &n m#r# "tilit*7 t#n "tilitarianism !sn&t (r&0i!# a %&m(l#t# (i%t"r# &' m&ralit*

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C&ntin"#!33

Utilitarianism %an als& g& 1r&ng7 a%%&r!ing t& t#

%riti%s7 1#n it is a((li#! t& sit"ati&ns tat in0&l0#

social justice Utilitarianism l&&6s &nl* at &1 m"%

"tilit* is (r&!"%#! in a s&%i#t* an! 'ails t& ta6# int&a%%&"nt &1 tat "tilit* is !istri)"t#! am&ng t#

m#m)#rs &' s&%i#t*

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UTILITARIAN REPLIES TO THESE

OB$ECTIONS Larg#l* in r#s(&ns# t& t#s# %&n%#rns7 "tilitarians a0#

!#0is#! an alt#rnati0# 0#rsi&n7 %all#! ruleutilitarianism

In tis 0#rsi&n7 inst#a! &' l&&6ing at in!i0i!"al a%ts t& s##

1#t#r t#* (r&!"%# m&r# (l#as"r# tan t# alt#rnati0#s7&n# l&&6s &nl* at m&ral r"l#s- at a%ti&ns &' a (arti%"lar t*(#

$"st )#%a"s# an a%ti&n (r&!"%#s m&r# "tilit* &n &n#

&%%asi&n !s n&t s&1 it is rigt #ti%all*

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RULE UTILITARIANISM

Rule utilitarianismma* n&t %&m(l#t#l* ans1#r all &' t#

&)5#%ti&ns rais#! )* %riti%s &' "tilitarianism A r"l# ma*

g#n#rall* (r&!"%# m&r# "tilit* an! still )# "n5"st: %&nsi!#r

r"l#s tat 1&"l! all&1 a larg# ma5&rit* t& ta6# "n'aira!0antag# &' a small#r min&rit*

T# t#&r* &' t# r"l# "tilitarian7 t#n7 as t1& (arts7 1i% 1#

%an s"mmari2# in t# '&ll&1ing t1& (rin%i(l#s:@ An a%ti&n is rigt 'r&m an #ti%al (&int &' 0i#1 i' an! &nl*

i' t# a%ti&n 1&"l! )# r#"ir#! )* t&s# m&ral r"l#s tatar# %&rr#%t


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C&ntin"#!33

A m&ral r"l# is %&rr#%t i' an! &nl* i' t# s"m t&tal &'

"tiliti#s (r&!"%#! i' #0#r*&n# 1#r# t& '&ll&1 tat r"l# is

gr#at#r tan t# s"m t&tal "tiliti#s (r&!"%#! i' #0#r*&n#

1#r# t& '&ll&1 s&m# alt#rnati0# r"l#.T"s7 a%%&r!ing t& t# r"l#-"tilitarian7 t# 'a%t tat a %#rtain

a%ti&n 1&"l! ma+imi2# "tilit* &n &n# (arti%"lar &%%asi&n !s

n&t s&1 tat it is rigt 'r&m an #ti%al (&int &' 0i#1

T"s7 t# t1& ma5&r limits t& "tilitarianism !i''i%"lti#s &'

m#as"r#m#nt an! t# ina)ilit* t& !#al 1it rigts an!

5"sti%# r#main

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RI9HTS

ANDDUTIES

IN

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WHAT IS A RI9HT ;

In g#n#ral7 a rigt is a (#rs&n4s #ntitl#m#nt t&s&m#ting &n# as a rigt t& s&m#ting 1#n &n# is

#ntitl#! t& a%t a %#rtain 1a* &r t& a0# &t#rs a%t in a

%#rtain 1a* t&1ar!s &n#s#l'

An #ntitl#m#nt is %all#! a l#gal rigt Entitl#m#nts %an

%&m# 'r&m la1s &r m&ral stan!ar!s t# latt#r ar# %all#!

m&ral rigts &r "man rigts

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CONCEPT OF A RI9HT

Rigts ar# (&1#r'"l !#0i%#s 1&s# main ("r(&s# is tna)l# t# in!i0i!"al t& %&&s# 'r##l* 1#t#r t& ("rs"#

%#rtain int#r#sts &r a%ti0iti#s an! t& (r&t#%t t&s# %&i%#s

W# "s# t# t#rm right t& %&0#r a 0ari#t* &' sit"ati&ns in

1i% in!i0i!"als ar# #na)l#! t& ma6# s"% %&i%#s in 0#r*

!i''#r#nt 1a*s:-

First7 1# s&m#tim#s "s# t# t#rm right t& in!i%at# t# m#r#

a)s#n%# &' (r&i)iti&ns against ("rs"ing s&m# int#r#st &ra%ti0it*

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C&ntin"#!3

S#%&n!7 1# s&m#tim#s "s# t# t#rm right t& in!i%at# tat a

(#rs&n is a"t&ri2#! &r #m(&1#r#! t& !& s&m#ting #it#r

t& s#%"r# t# int#r#sts &' &t#rs &r t& s#%"r# &n#4s int#r#sts

Tir!7 t# t#rm right is s&m#tim#s "s#! t& in!i%at# t##+ist#n%# &' (r&i)iti&ns &r r#"ir#m#nts &n &t#rs tat

#na)l# t# in!i0i!"al t& ("rs"# %#rtain int#r#sts &r a%ti0iti#s

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C&ntin"#!3

T# %&n%#(t &' a rigt (la*s a %r"%ial r&l# in man* &' t#

m&ral arg"m#nts an! m&ral %laims in0&6#! in )"sin#ss

!is%"ssi&ns Em(l&*##s7 '&r #+am(l#7 arg"# tat t#* a0# a

>rigt t& #"al (a* '&r #"al 1&r6? manag#rs ass#rt tat"ni&ns 0i&lat# t#ir >rigt t& manag#? in0#st&rs %&m(lain

tat ta+ati&n 0i&lat#s t#ir >(r&(#rt* rigts? an! %&ns"m#rs

%laim tat t#* a0# a >rigt t& 6n&1?

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CHARACTERISITCS OF RI9HTS

A rigt is an in!i0i!"als

#ntitl#m#nt t& s&m#ting

Rigts !#ri0#! 'r&m l#gal

S*st#ms ar# limit#! t&

5"ris!i%ti&ns

M&ral &r H"man rigts

ar# )as#! &n m&ral n&rms

an! ar# n&t limit#! )*5"ris!i%ti&n


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LEGAL RIGH!

An #ntitl#m#nt tat !#ri0#s

'r&m a l#gal s*st#m tat

(#rmits &r #m(&1#rs a

(#rs&n t& a%t in a s(#%i'i#!

1a* &r tat r#"ir#s&t#rs t& a%t in %#rtain

1a*s t&1ar! tat (#rs&n

"#RAL RIGH!

#R

HU"A$ RIGH!

Rigts tat "man )#ings

O' #0#r* nati&nalit*

P&ss#ss t& an #"alE+t#nt sim(l* )* 0irt"#

O' )#ing "man )#ings


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FEATURES OF MORAL RI9HTS

M&ral rigts a0# tr## im(&rtant '#at"r#s !#'ining

t#m:

@ M&ral rigts ar# %l&s#l* %&rr#lat#! 1it !"ti#s

M&ral rigts (r&0i!# in!i0i!"als 1it a"t&n&m* an!

#"alit* in t# 'r## ("rs"it &' t#ir int#r#sts

M&ral rigts (r&0i!# a )asis '&r 5"sti'*ing &n#4s a%ti&ns

an! in0&6ing t# ai! &' &t#rs

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UTILITARIAN GIEW


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UTILITARIAN GIEW

Gs

RI9HTS GIEWM&ral $"!gm#nts ma!# &n t# )asis &' Rigts !i''#r

s")stantiall* 'r&m t&s# )as#! &n Utilit*:-

First7 t#* ar# )as#! &n t# in!i0i!"al7 1#r#as"tilitarianism is )as#! &n s&%i#t* as a 1&l#

S#%&n!7 rigts limit t# 0ali!it* &' (r#'#rring n"m)#rs an!

s&%ial )#n#'its t& t# in!i0i!"al

Alt&"g rigts g#n#rall* &0#rri!# "tilitarian stan!ar!s7

t#* !& n&t al1a*s !& s& In tim#s &' 1ar7 '&r #+am(l#7 %i0il

rigts ar# %&mm&nl* r#stri%t#! '&r t# (")li% g&&!


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INDS OF RI9HTS

$egative Rights

,r#"ir# &t#rs

l#a0# "s al&n#.

%ositive Rights

,r#"ir# &t#rs

#l( "s.

&ontractualor

!'ecial Rights

,r#"ir# &t#rs

t& 6##(

agr##m#nts.


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N#gati0# an! P&siti0# Rigts $egative rightsar# !#'in#! #ntir#l* in t#rms &' t#

!"ti#s &t#rs a0# n&t t& int#r'#r# 1it *&" Pri0a%*is an #+am(l# &' a n#gati0# rigt

%ositive rights im(l* tat &t#rs a0# a !"t* n&t

&nl* t& r#'rain 'r&m int#r'#r#n%#7 )"t als& t& (r&0i!#

*&" 1it 1at *&" n##! t& ("rs"# *&"r int#r#sts

T# rigts t& '&&!7 li'#7 an! #alt %ar# ar# (&siti0#

XISS

@Knowledg

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@


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C&ntin"#!33

In g#n#ral7 m&r# li)#ral t#&rists &l! tat s&%i#t*

s&"l! g"arant## (&siti0# as 1#ll as n#gati0# rigts

%&ns#r0ati0#s 1is t& limit g&0#rnm#nt t& #n'&r%ing

n#gati0# rigts P&siti0# rigts 1#r# n&t #m(asi2#!"ntil t# t %#nt"r* N#gati0# rigts 1#r# &'t#n

#m(l&*#! in t# @Jt an! @Kt %#nt"ri#s )* 1rit#rs

&' mani'#st&s

XISS@Knowledge


39/93

C&ntra%t"al Rigts an! D"ti#s

&ontractual rightsar# t&s# m&st %l&s#l* %&nn#%t#! t&)"sin#ss a%ti0it* T#* ar# s&m#tim#s %all#! s'ecial rights

and duties &rs'ecial o(ligations)

T#s# rigts atta% &nl* t& s(#%i'i% in!i0i!"als7 an! t#!"ti#s t#* gi0# ris# t& atta% &nl* t& s(#%i'i% in!i0i!"als

In a!!iti&n7 t#* aris# &"t &' s(#%i'i% transa%ti&ns )#t1##n

(arti#s an! !#(#n! "(&n a (r#-#+isting (")li% s*st#m &'

r"l#s Wit&"t t# instit"ti&n &' %&ntra%ts7 m&!#rn)"sin#ss#s %&"l! n&t #+ist

XISSKnowledg


40/93

C&ntin"#!33T#r# ar# '&"r #ti%al r"l#s g&0#rning %&ntra%ts:

@ B&t (arti#s t& a %&ntra%t m"st a0# '"ll 6n&1l#!g# &' t#nat"r# &' t# agr##m#nt

N#it#r (art* m"st int#nti&nall* misr#(r#s#nt t# 'a%ts

N#it#r (art* m"st )# '&r%#! t& #nt#r t# %&ntra%t T# %&ntra%t m"st n&t )in! t# (arti#s t& an imm&ral a%t

9#n#rall*7 a %&ntra%t tat 0i&lat#s &n# &r m&r# &' t#s#

%&n!iti&ns is %&nsi!#r#! 0&i!

XISS

@Knowledg

e


41/93

A BASIS FOR MORAL RI9HTS:ANT

On# &' t# m&st (&1#r'"l gr&"n!ings '&r m&ral rigts ,an!

t#r#'&r# t# #ti%al r"l#s g&0#rning %&ntra%ts. %&m#s 'r&mImman"#l ant

ants t#&r* is )as#! &n a m&ral (rin%i(l# %all#! t#

CATE9ORICAL IMPERATIGE, tat r#"ir#s tat#0#r*&n# s&"l! )# tr#at#! as a 'r## (#rs&n #"al t&

#0#r*&n# #ls#

ant (r&0i!#s at l#ast t1& 1a*s &' '&rm"lating tis )asi%

m&ral (rin%i(l#

XISS

@Knowledg

e


42/93

First F&rm"lati&n &' ants Cat#g&ri%al

Im(#rati0#

It stat#s7


43/93

C&ntin"#!3

T# %at#g&ri%al im(#rati0# in%&r(&rat#s t1& %rit#ria

'&r !#t#rmining m&ral rigt an! 1r&ng:

@ Universali+a(ilit,

Reversi(ilit,

>An a%ti&n is m&rall* rigt '&r a (#rs&n in a %#rtainsit"ati&n i'7 an! &nl* i'7 t# (#rs&n4s r#as&n '&r %arr*ing

&"t t# a%ti&n is a r#as&n tat # &r s# 1&"l! )# 1illing

t& a0# #0#r* (#rs&n a%t &n7 in an* similar sit"ati&n?


44/93

C&ntin"#!3

XISS

@Knowledge

Universali+a(ilit,

m#ans t# (#rs&n4s

r#as&ns '&r a%ting

m"st )# r#as&ns tat#0#r*&n# %&"l! a%t

&n at l#ast in

(rin%i(l#

Reversi(ilit, m#anst# (#rs&n4s r#as&ns

'&r a%ting m"st )#

r#as&ns tat # &r s#1&"l! )# 1illing t&

a0# all &t#rs "s#

#0#n as a )asis &' &1t#* tr#at im &r #r

@


45/93

C&ntin"#!3

Tat is7 &n#4s r#as&ns '&r a%ting m"st )# r#as&ns tat

#0#r*&n# %&"l! a%t "(&n in (rin%i(l#7 an! t# (#rs&n4s

r#as&ns m"st )# s"% tat # 1&"l! )# 1illing t& a0# all

&t#rs "s# t#m as 1#ll

Unli6# "tilitarianism7 1i% '&%"s#s

&n %&ns#"#n%#s7 antian t#&r*'&%"s#s &n int#ri&r m&ti0ati&ns

XISS@Knowledge

S#%&n! F&rm"lati&n &' ants


46/93

S#%&n! F&rm"lati&n &' ant s

Cat#g&ri%al Im(#rati0#

It stat#s


47/93

C&ntin"#!3 F&r ant7 tis m#ans t1& tings:

,a. R#s(#%t #a% (#rs&n4s 'r##!&m )* tr#ating (#&(l# &nl* ast#* a0# 'r##l* %&ns#nt#! t& )# tr#at#! )#'&r#an!7 an!

,). D#0#l&( #a% (#rs&n4s %a(a%it* t& 'r##l* %&&s# '&r im

&r #rs#l' t# aims # &r s# 1ill ("rs"#

ant4s s#%&n! 0#rsi&n &' t# %at#g&ri%al im(#rati0# %an )#

#+(r#ss#! in t# '&ll&1ing (rin%i(l#:

>An a%ti&n is m&rall* rigt '&r a (#rs&n i'7 an! &nl* i'7 in(#r'&rming t# a%ti&n7 t# (#rs&n !s n&t "s# &t#rs

m#r#l* as a m#ans '&r a!0an%ing is &r #r &1n int#r#sts7

)"t als& )&t r#s(#%ts an! !#0#l&(s t#ir %a(a%it* t& %&&s#

'r##l* '&r t#ms#l0#s?


48/93

C&ntin"#!3

Tis 0#rsi&n &' t# %at#g&ri%al im(#rati0# im(li#s tat

"man )#ings a0# an #"al !ignit* tat s#ts t#m a(art

'r&m tings s"% as t&&ls &r ma%in#s an! tat is

in%&m(ati)l# 1it t#ir )#ing mani("lat#!7 !#%#i0#!7 &r&t#r1is# "n1illingl* #+(l&it#! t& satis'* t# s#l'-

int#r#sts &' an&t#r

XISS

@Knowledg

e

Tr## Basi% Rigts tat %an )# !#'#n!#! &n


49/93

Tr## Basi% Rigts tat %an )# !#'#n!#! &n

antian gr&"n!s: ,antian Rigts.

@ H"mans a0# a %l#ar int#r#st in )#ing (r&0i!#! 1it t#1&r67 '&&!7 %l&ting7 &"sing7 an! m#!i%al %ar# t#* n##!

t& li0#

H"mans a0# a %l#ar int#r#st in )#ing 'r## 'r&m in5"r* an!

in )#ing 'r## t& li0# an! tin6 as t#* %&&s#

H"mans a0# a %l#ar int#r#st in (r#s#r0ing t# instit"ti&n

&' %&ntra%ts

XISS

@Knowledg

e

CRITICISMS OF THE ANTIAN


50/93

CRITICISMS OF THE ANTIAN

THEOR=

D#s(it# t# attra%ti0#n#ss &' ant4s t#&r*7 %riti%s a0# arg"#!tat li6# "tilitarianism7 it as its limitati&ns an! ina!#"a%i#s:

A 'irst (r&)l#m tat %riti%s a0# tra!iti&nall* (&int#! &"t istat ant4s t#&r* is n&t (r#%is# #n&"g t& al1a*s )# "s#'"l

S#%&n!7 s&m# %riti%s %laim tat alt&"g 1# migt )# a)l#t& agr## &n t# 6in!s &' int#r#sts tat a0# t# stat"s &'m&ral rigts7 t#r# is s")stantial !isagr##m#nt %&n%#rning1at t# limits &' #a% &' t#s# rigts ar# an! %&n%#rning

&1 #a% &' t#s# rigts s&"l! )# )alan%#! against &t#r%&n'li%ting rigts A tir! gr&"( &' %riti%isms tat a0# )##n ma!# &' ant4s

t#&r* is tat t#r# ar# %&"nt#r #+am(l#s tat s&1 t#t#&r* s&m#tim#s gs 1r&ng

THE LIBERTANIAN OB$ECTION:


51/93

THE LIBERTANIAN OB$ECTION:

NOIC

A 0#r* !i''#r#nt 0i#1 &' rigts is )as#! &n t#1&r6 &' li)#rtarian (il&s&(#rs s"% as R&)#rt

N&2i%6 T#* %laim tat 'r##!&m 'r&m%&nstraint is n#%#ssaril* g&&!7 an! tat all

%&nstraints im(&s#! &n &n# )* &t#rs ar#n#%#ssar* #0ils7 #+%#(t 1#n t#* (r#0#nt #0#ngr#at#r "man %&nstraints T# &nl* )asi% rigt1# all (&ss#ss is t# n#gati0# rigt t& )# 'r##'r&m t# %r%i&n &' &t#r "man )#ings

T&"g li)#rtarians t#n! t& "s# ant t& s"((&rtt#ir 0i#1s7 t#r# is n& %&ns#ns"s &n 1#t#r&r n&t tis is a%t"all* (&ssi)l# T#r# is als& n&g&&! r#as&n t& ass"m# tat &nl* n#gati0# rigts#+ist


52/93

DUT= THEORIES

D"t* t#&ri#s )as# m&ralit* &n s(#%i'i%7

'&"n!ati&nal (rin%i(l#s &' &)ligati&n

T#s# t#&ri#s ar# s&m#tim#s %all#! !#&nt&l&gi%al7

in 0i#1 &' t# '&"n!ati&nal nat"r# &' &"r !"t* &r

&)ligati&n

T#r# ar# %#ntral D"t* t#&ri#s

XISS

@Knowledg

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53/93

THE FIRST DUT= BASED THEOR=

9#rman Pil&s&(#r Sam"#l P"'#n!&r' %lassi'i#! !&2#ns &'

!"ti#s "n!#r tr## #a!ings:

) .uties to God

/) .uties to oneself

0) .uties to others)

@ D"ti#s t& 9&!:

T#&r#ti%al !"t* t& 6n&1 t# #+ist#n%# nat"r# &' 9&!

Pra%ti%al !"t* t& )&t in1ar!l* &"t1ar!l* 1&rsi( 9&!


54/93

C&ntin"#!3

D"ti#s t& &n#s#l': D"ti#s &' t# s&"l7 1i% in0&l0# !#0#l&(ing &n#s s6ills

tal#nts

D"ti#s &' t# )&!*7 1i% in0&l0#s n&t arming &"r )&!i#s

D"ti#s t& &t#rs:

A0&i! 1r&nging &t#rs

Tr#at (#&(l# as #"als

Pr&m&t# t# g&&! &' &t#rs

XISS

@Knowledge

THE SECOND DUT= BASED THEOR=


55/93

THE SECOND DUT= BASED THEOR=

T# s#%&n! !"t* / )as#! a((r&a% t& #ti%s is RI9HTSTHEOR= T#r# ar# '#at"r#s ass&%iat#! 1it m&ral rigts:-

Rigts ar# naturalins&'ar as t#* ar# n&t in0#nt#! &r %r#at#! )*g&0#rnm#nts

T#* ar# universalins&'ar as t#* !& n&t %ang# 'r&m %&"ntr* t& %&"ntr*

T#* ar# equalas rigts ar# t# sam# '&r all (#&(l#7 irr#s(#%ti0# &'g#n!#r7 ra%#7 &r an!i%a(

T#* ar# inalienable1i% m#ans tat I %ann&t an! &0#r m* rigts t&an&t#r (#rs&n7 s"%

as )* s#lling m*s#l' int& sla0#r*

THE THIRD DUT= BASED THEOR=


56/93

THE THIRD DUT= BASED THEOR=

T# tir! !"t* )as#! t#&r* is gi0#n )* ant 1i%

#m(asi2#s a singl# (rin%i(l# &' !"t*

In'l"#n%#! )* P"'#n!&r' ant agr##! tat 1# a0# m&ral

!"ti#s t& &n#s#l' &t#rs7 s"% as !#0#l&(ing &n#s tal#nts

6##(ing &"r (r&mis#s t& &t#rs H&1#0#r7 ant arg"#! tat t#r# is a m&r# '&"n!ati&nal

(rin%i(l# &' !"t* tat #n%&m(ass#s &"r (arti%"lar !"ti#s It is

a singl#7 s#l' / #0i!#nt (rin%i(l# &' r#as&n tat # %alls t#

>%at#g&ri%al im(#rati0#?

XISS

@Knowledge


57/93


58/93

C&ntin"#!3

Gratitude: t# !"t* t& tan6 t&s# 1&

#l( "s

1ustice: t# !"t* t& r#%&gni2# m#rit

2eneficence: t# !"t* t& im(r&0# t#%&n!iti&ns &' &t#rs

!elf-im'rovement: t# !"t* t& im(r&0#

&"r 0irt"# int#llig#n%#

$onmaleficence: t# !"t* t& n&t in5"r#

&t#rs

XISS

@Knowledge


59/93

$USTICE

ANDFAIRNESSIN

SIDE

INTRODUCTION @


60/93

INTRODUCTION

Cas# Dis%"ssi&n: >Br&1n L"ng? !is#as# %a"s#! )*

%&tt&n !"st %&ntra%t#! )* 1&r6#rs

1usticean! fairnessar# #ss#ntiall* %&m(arati0#

T#* ar# %&n%#rn#! 1it t# %&m(arati0# tr#atm#ntgi0#n t& t# m#m)#rs &' a gr&"( 1#n )#n#'its an!

)"r!#ns ar# !istri)"t#!7 1#n r"l#s an! la1s ar#

a!minist#r#!7 1#n m#m)#rs &' a gr&"( %&&(#rat#

&r %&m(#t# 1it #a% &t#r7 an! 1#n (#&(l# ar#

("nis#! '&r t# 1r&ngs t#* a0# !&n# &r

%&m(#nsat#! '&r t# 1r&ngs t#* a0# s"''#r#!

XISS@Knowledge


61/93

C&ntin"#!33

1usticeg#n#rall* r#'#rs t& matt#rs tat ar# m&r#

s#ri&"s tan 'airn#ss

$"sti%# is7 t& s&m# #+t#nt7 )as#! &n in!i0i!"al m&ral

rigts

XISS@Knowledge

T=PES OF $USTICE


62/93

T=PES OF $USTICE

T#r# ar# tr## %at#g&ri#s &' iss"#s in0&l0ing 5"sti%#:

.istri(utive

1ustice

Retri(utive

1ustice

&om'ensator,

1ustice

C ti !


63/93

C&ntin"#!33 .istri(utive justiceis %&n%#rn#! 1it t# 'air

!istri)"ti&n &' s&%i#t*4s )#n#'its an! )"r!#ns

Retri(utive justicer#'#rs t& t# 5"st im(&siti&n &'

(#nalti#s an! ("nism#nts

&om'ensator, justiceis %&n%#rn#! 1it

%&m(#nsating (#&(l# '&r 1at t#* l&s# 1#n

arm#! )* &t#rs

XISS@Knowledge

DISTRIBUTIGE $USTICE


64/93

DISTRIBUTIGE $USTICE 8"#sti&ns &' !istri)"ti0# 5"sti%# aris# 1#n t#r# is a

s%ar%it* &' )#n#'its &r a (l#t&ra &' )"r!#ns n&t #n&"g

'&&! &r #alt %ar#7 '&r #+am(l#7 &r t&& m"% "n(l#asant

1&r6 W#n r#s&"r%#s ar# s%ar%#7 1# m"st !#0#l&(

(rin%i(l#s t& all&%at# t#m 'airl* T# '"n!am#ntal (rin%i(l#

in0&l0#! is tat #"als s&"l! )# tr#at#! #"all* ,an!"n#"als tr#at#! "n#"all*.

T# '"n!am#ntal (rin%i(l# &' !istri)"ti0# 5"sti%# ma* )#

#+(r#ss#! as '&ll&1s:

>In!i0i!"als 1& ar# similar in all r#s(#%ts r#l#0ant t& t# 6in! &'

tr#atm#nt in "#sti&n s&"l! )# gi0#n similar )#n#'its an! )"r!#ns7

#0#n i' t#* ar# !issimilar in &t#r irr#l#0ant r#s(#%ts an! in!i0i!"als

1& ar# !issimilar in a r#l#0ant r#s(#%t &"gt t& )# tr#at#! !issimilarl*7

in (r&(&rti&n t& t#ir !issimilarit*?

$USTICE AS E8UALIT=:


65/93

$USTICE AS E8UALIT=:

E9ALITARIANISM

Egalitarians &l! tat t#r# ar# n& r#l#0ant

!i''#r#n%#s am&ng (#&(l# tat %an 5"sti'* "n#"al

tr#atm#nt

A%%&r!ing t& t# #galitarian7 all )#n#'its an!

)"r!#ns s&"l! )# !istri)"t#! a%%&r!ing t& t#

'&ll&1ing '&rm"la:

>E0#r* (#rs&n s&"l! )# gi0#n #+a%tl* #"al sar#s &' a

s&%i#t*4s &r a gr&"(4s )#n#'its an! )"r!#ns?

C&ntin"#! @l d


66/93

C&ntin"#!33

T&"g #"alit* is an attra%ti0# s&%ial i!#al '&r man*7

#galitarianism as )##n str&ngl* %riti%i2#! S&m# %riti%s

%laim tat n##!7 a)ilit*7 an! #''&rt ar# all r#l#0ant

!i''#r#n%#s am&ng (#&(l#7 an! tat it 1&"l! )# "n5"st t&

ign&r# t#s# !i''#r#n%#s

S&m# #galitarians a0# tri#! t& str#ngt#n t#ir (&siti&n )*

!isting"ising t1& !i''#r#nt 6in!s &' #"alit*:

) %olitical e3ualit,

/) Economic e3ualit,

T# %riti%isms l#0#l#! against #"alit*7 a%%&r!ing t& s&m#

#galitarians7 &nl* a((l* t& #%&n&mi% #"alit* an! n&t t&

(&liti%al #"alit*

XISS@Knowledge


67/93

%#LII&AL E4UALI5

r#'#rs t& an #"al

(arti%i(ati&n in7 an!

tr#atm#nt )*7 t# m#ans &'

%&ntr&lling an! !ir#%ting

t# (&liti%al s*st#m Tis

in%l"!#s #"al rigts t&(arti%i(at# in t# l#gislati0#

(r&%#ss7 #"al %i0il li)#rti#s7

an! #"al rigts t& !"#

(r&%#ss

E$#"I& E4UALI5

r#'#rs t& #"alit* &' in%&m#

an! 1#alt an! #"alit* &'

&((&rt"nit*

$USTICE BASED ON CONTRIBUTION:


68/93

$USTICE BASED ON CONTRIBUTION: CAPITALIST $USTICE

Ca(italists arg"# tat a s&%i#t*4s )#n#'its s&"l! )#

!istri)"t#! in (r&(&rti&n t& 1at #a% in!i0i!"al

%&ntri)"t#s t& s&%i#t*

$"sti%# r#"ir#s7 t#n7 tat t# )#n#'its a (#rs&n

r#%#i0#s s&"l! )# (r&(&rti&nal t& t# 0al"# &' is &r

#r %&ntri)"ti&n

8"it# sim(l*: >B#n#'its s&"l! )# !istri)"t#! a%%&r!ing t&

t# 0al"# &' t# %&ntri)"ti&n t# in!i0i!"al ma6#s t& a

s&%i#t*7 a tas67 a gr&"(7 &r an #+%ang#.

C&ntin"#! @K l d


69/93

C&ntin"#!3

T# main "#sti&n rais#! )* t# %&ntri)"ti0# (rin%i(l# &'!istri)"ti0# 5"sti%# is &1 t#


70/93

$USTICE BASED ON NEEDS AND

ABILITIES: SOCIALISM

S&%ialists a!!r#ss tis %&n%#rn )* stating tat t# )#n#'its &'a s&%i#t* s&"l! )# !istri)"t#! a%%&r!ing t& n##!7 an! tat

(#&(l# s&"l! %&ntri)"t# a%%&r!ing t& t#ir a)iliti#s

T# S&%ialist Prin%i(l# is )as#!:

First &n t# i!#a tat 1&r6 s&"l! )# !istri)"t#! in s"% a1a* tat a (#rs&n %an )# as (r&!"%ti0# as (&ssi)l#7 an! tisim(li#s !istri)"ting 1&r6 a%%&r!ing t& a)iliti#s

S#%&n!7 t# )#n#'its (r&!"%#! tr&"g 1&r6 s&"l! )# "s#!t& (r&m&t# "man a((in#ss an! 1#ll )#ing Tis m#ans!istri)"ting t#m s& tat (#&(l#s )asi% )i&l&gi%al an!#alt n##!s ar# m#t an! t#n "sing 1at is l#'t&0#r t& m##t

(#&(l#s &t#r n&n-)asi% n##!s


71/93

C&ntin"#!33

P#ra(s m&st '"n!am#ntal t& t# s&%ialist 0i#1 is t# n&ti&ntat s&%i#ti#s s&"l! )# %&mm"niti#s in 1i% )#n#'its an!

)"r!#ns ar# !istri)"t#! &n t# m&!#l &' a 'amil*

Criti%s &' s&%ialism %&nt#n! tat 1&r6#rs in tis s*st#m

1&"l! a0# n& in%#nti0# t& 1&r6 an! tat t# (rin%i(l#1&"l! &)lit#rat# in!i0i!"al 'r##!&m

XISS@Knowledge

$USTICE AS FREEDOM:


72/93

$USTICE AS FREEDOM:

LIBERTARIANISM

T# li)#rtarian 0i#1 &' 5"sti%# is mar6#!l* !i''#r#ntLi)#rtarians %&nsi!#r it 1r&ng t& ta+ s&m#&n# t& (r&0i!#

)#n#'its t& s&m#&n# #ls#

T# Li)#rtarian &l!s tat n& 1a* &' !istri)"ting g&&!s %an

)# 5"st &r "n5"st a(art 'r&m an in!i0i!"al4s 'r## %&i%#

Un!#r t# li)#rtarian (rin%i(l#7 a (#rs&n4s sar# &' g&&!s

1ill !#(#n! 1&ll* &n 1at t# (#rs&n %an (r&!"%#

tr&"g is &r #r &1n #''&rts &r 1at &t#rs%&&s# t& gi0# t# (#rs&n &"t &' %arit*

XISS

@Knowledg

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XISS@Knowledg


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C&ntin"#!33

R&)#rt N&2i%67 a l#a!ing li)#rtarian7 s"gg#sts tis

(rin%i(l# as t# )asi% (rin%i(l# &' !istri)"ti0#

5"sti%#:

>Fr&m #a% a%%&r!ing t& 1at # %&&s#s t& !&7 t& #a%

a%%&r!ing t& 1at # ma6#s '&r ims#l' ,(#ra(s 1it t#

%&ntra%t#! ai! &' &t#rs. an! 1at &t#rs %&&s# t& !& '&rim an! %&&s# t& gi0# im &' 1at t#*40# )##n gi0#n

(r#0i&"sl* ,"n!#r tis ma+im. an! a0#n4t *#t #+(#n!#!

&r trans'#rr#!?

XISS@Knowledge


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$USTICE AS FAIRNESS: RAWLS


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$USTICE AS FAIRNESS: RAWLS

A%%&r!ing t& $&n Ra1ls4 t#&r* &' 5"sti%# as 'airn#ss7 t#

!istri)"ti&n &' )#n#'its an! )"r!#ns in a s&%i#t* is 5"st i' :

@ Ea% (#rs&n as an #"al rigt t& t# m&st #+t#nsi0# )asi%li)#rti#s %&m(ati)l# 1it #"al li)#rti#s '&r all (the

principle of equal liberty); an!

S&%ial an! #%&n&mi% in#"aliti#s ar# arrang#! s& tat t#*ar# )&t:

,a. T& t# gr#at#st )#n#'it &' t# l#ast a!0antag#!

(the difference principle) ,). Atta%#! t& &''i%#s an! (&siti&ns &(#n

'airl* an! #"all* t& all

(the principle of equal opportunity).


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C&ntin"#!33

Ra1ls t#lls "s tat Prin%i(l# @ is s"((&s#! t& ta6#

(ri&rit* &0#r Prin%i(l# s&"l! t# t1& &' t#m #0#r

%&m# int& %&n'li%t7 an! 1itin Prin%i(l# 7 Part ,). iss"((&s#!

t& ta6# (ri&rit* &0#r Part ,a. Prin%i(l# @ is %all#! t# 'rinci'le of e3ual li(ert,) Ess#ntiall*7

it sa*s tat #a% %iti2#n4s li)#rti#s m"st )# (r&t#%t#! 'r&m

in0asi&n )* &t#rs an! m"st )# #"al t& t&s# &' &t#rs T#s#

)asi% li)#rti#s in%l"!# t# rigt t& 0&t#7 'r##!&m &' s(##% an!%&ns%i#n%# an! t# &t#r %i0il li)#rti#s7 'r##!&m t& &l!

(#rs&nal (r&(#rt*7 an! 'r##!&m 'r&m ar)itrar* arr#st

C&ntin"#! XISS@Knowledg


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C&ntin"#!33 Part ,a. &' Prin%i(l# is %all#! t# difference 'rinci'le) It

ass"m#s tat a (r&!"%ti0# s&%i#t* 1ill in%&r(&rat# in#"aliti#s7)"t it t#n ass#rts tat st#(s m"st )# ta6#n t& im(r&0# t#(&siti&n &' t# m&st n##!* m#m)#rs &' s&%i#t*7 s"% as t# si%6an! t# !isa)l#!7 "nl#ss s"% im(r&0#m#nts 1&"l! s& )"r!#ns&%i#t* tat t#* ma6# #0#r*&n#7 in%l"!ing t# n##!*7 1&rs# &''

tan )#'&r#

Part ,). &' Prin%i(l# is %all#! t# 'rinci'le of fair e3ualit, ofo''ortunit,) It sa*s tat #0#r*&n#

s&"l! )# gi0#n an #"al &((&rt"nit* t&

"ali'* '&r t# m&r# (ri0il#g#! (&siti&ns

in s&%i#t*4s instit"ti&ns

XISS@Knowledge


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C&ntin"#!33

T#r#'&r#7 a%%&r!ing t& Ra1ls7 a (rin%i(l# is m&ral i' it1&"l! )# a%%#(ta)l# t& a gr&"( &' rati&nal7 s#l'-int#r#st#!

(#rs&ns 1& 6n&1 t#* 1ill li0# "n!#r it t#ms#l0#s

S&m# %riti%s &' Ra1ls (&int &"t7 &1#0#r7 tat 5"st )#%a"s#

a gr&"( &' (#&(l# 1&"l! )# 1illing t& li0# "n!#r a (rin%i(l#!s n&t m#an tat it is m&rall* 5"sti'i#!

XISS@Knowledge

RETRIBUTIGE $USTICE


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RETRIBUTIGE $USTICE

T1& 'inal t*(#s &' 5"sti%# ar# r#tri)"ti0# an!

%&m(#nsat&r* 5"sti%#7 )&t &' 1i% !#al 1it &1 )#st t&!#al 1it 1r&ng!rs

Retri(utive justice%&n%#rns )laming &r ("nising t&s#1& !& 1r&ng

T# %&n!iti&ns "n!#r 1i% it is 5"st t& ("nis a (#rs&n '&r

!&ing 1r&ng:

@ Un!#r %&n!iti&ns &' ignorancean! ina(ilit, a (#rs&n%ann&t )# #l! m&rall* r#s(&nsi)l# '&r 1at t#* !&

C&ntin"#!


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C&ntin"#!33

A s#%&n! 6in! &' %&n!iti&n &' 5"st ("nism#nts is%#rtit"!# tat t# (#rs&n )#ing ("nis#! a%t"all* !i!1r&ng P#nali2ing an #m(l&*## &n t# )asis &' 'lims* &rin%&m(l#t# #0i!#n%# is rigtl* %&nsi!#r#! an in5"sti%#

A tir! 6in! &' %&n!iti&n &' 5"st ("nism#nts is tat t#*m"st )# %&nsist#nt an! (r&(&rti&n#! t& t# 1r&ng

XISS@Knowledge

COMPENSATOR= $USTICE


81/93

COMPENSATOR= $USTICE

&om'ensator, justice%&n%#rns r#st&ring t& a arm#!

(#rs&n 1at # l&st 1#n s&m#&n# #ls# 1r&ng#! im

T#r# ar# n& ar! an! 'ast r"l#s '&r !#t#rmining &1 m"%

%&m(#nsati&n a 1r&ng!r &1#s t# 0i%tim $"sti%# s##ms

t& r#"ir# tat t# 1r&ng!r as 'ar as (&ssi)l# s&"l!r#st&r# 1at#0#r 1as ta6#n7 an! tis 1&"l! "s"all* m#an

tat t# am&"nt &' r#stit"ti&n s&"l! )#

#"al t& t# l&ss t# 1r&ng!r 6n&1ingl*

in'li%t#! &n t# 0i%tim

XISS

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C&ntin"#!33

Tra!iti&nall*7 t#&rists a0# #l! tat a (#rs&n as a m&ral

&)ligati&n t& %&m(#nsat# an in5"r#! (art* &nl* i' tr##

%&n!iti&ns (#rtain:

@ T# a%ti&n tat in'li%t#! t# in5"r* 1as 1r&ng &r n#glig#nt

T# a%ti&n 1as t# r#al %a"s# &' t# in5"r*

T# (#rs&n !i! t# a%ti&n 0&l"ntaril*

T# m&st %&ntr&0#rsial '&rms &' %&m(#nsati&n

"n!&")t#!l* ar# t# (r#'#r#ntial tr#atm#nt(r&grams tat att#m(t t& r#m#!* (ast

in5"sti%#s against gr&"(s

XISS@Knowledge


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ETHICS

OF

CAREINSIDE

Wat is Eti%s &' Car# ;


84/93

Wat is Eti%s &' Car# ;

Ethics of &are6 an a((r&a% t& #ti%s tat man* '#minist

#ti%ists a0# r#%#ntl* a!0an%#!

A%%&r!ing t& tis m#t&!7 1# a0# an &)ligati&n t& #+#r%is#

s(#%ial %ar# t&1ar! t# (#&(l# 1it 1&m 1# a0#

0al"a)l#7 %l&s# r#lati&nsi(s C&m(assi&n7 %&n%#rn7 l&0#7 'ri#n!si(7 an! 6in!n#ss ar# all

s#ntim#nts &r 0irt"#s tat n&rmall* mani'#st

tis !im#nsi&n &' m&ralit*

XISS@Knowledge



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C&ntin"#!33T"s7 an #ti% &' %ar# #m(asi2#s t1& m&ral !#man!s:

@ W# #a% #+ist in a 1#) &' r#lati&nsi(s an! s&"l! (r#s#r0#an! n"rt"r# t&s# %&n%r#t# an! 0al"a)l# r#lati&nsi(s 1# a0#1it s(#%i'i% (#rs&ns

W# #a% s&"l! #+#r%is# s(#%ial %ar# '&r t&s# 1it 1&m 1#

ar# %&n%r#t#l* r#lat#! )* att#n!ing t& t#ir (arti%"lar n##!s70al"#s7 !#sir#s7 an! %&n%r#t# 1#ll-)#ing as s##n 'r&m t#ir &1n(#rs&nal (#rs(#%ti0#7 an! )* r#s(&n!ing (&siti0#l* t& t#s#n##!s7 0al"#s7 !#sir#s7

an! %&n%r#t# 1#ll-)#ing7 (arti%"larl* &'

t&s# 1& ar# 0"ln#ra)l# an! !#(#n!#nt

&n &"r %ar#

XISS@Knowledge


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SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILIT=INSIDE

SCOPE OF BUSINESS ETHICS


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SCOPE OF BUSINESS ETHICS

OR

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILIT=

It m#ans !isting"ising rigt 'r&m 1r&ng

!&ing rigt It m#ans )#ing a g&&! %&r(&rat#%iti2#n

T# '&rmal !#'initi&n &' social res'onsi(ilit, is

manag#m#nts &)ligati&n t& ma6# %&i%#s

ta6# a%ti&ns tat 1ill %&ntri)"t# t& t# 1#l'ar# int#r#st &' s&%i#t* as 1#ll as t# &rgani2ati&n

R#s(&nsi)ilit* t& Em(l&*##s


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R#s(&nsi)ilit* t& Em(l&*##s

Fair r#as&na)l# rat#s &' (a* R#%&gni2# t# s&%ial n##!s &' 1&r6#rs

(r&0i!# a!#"at# (arti%i(ati&n t& #m(l&*##s in

matt#rs a''#%ting t#ir li'#

Cr#ating #alt* 1&r6 %limat#7 im(r&0ing

1&r6ing li0ing %&n!iti&n ma6ing t# 1&r6

(la%# sa'# (l#asant

Im(r&0# "alit* &' 1&r6ing li'# &' #m(l&*##s

XISS

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R i)ilit t O


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R#s(&nsi)ilit* t& O1n#rs

Utili2ing '"n!s in t# )#st (&ssi)l# mann#r

Ens"r# a 'air rat# &' r#t"rn r#g"larl*

Fair &n#st r#(&rting &' )"sin#ss &(#rati&ns

'r&m tim# t& tim#

XISS

@Knowledg

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R#s(&nsi)ilit* t& C"st&m#rs


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#s(& s ) t* t& C"st& # s

A0&i!ing !#%#it'"l7 'als#7 igl* #+agg#rat#!a!0#rtis#m#nts ig (r#ss"r# (")li%it*

gimmi%6s aim#! at 1&&ing t# %"st&m#rs a1a*

'r&m %&m(#tit&rs

Pr&0i!ing g&&!s &' s"(#ri&r "alit* at

r#as&na)l# (ri%#s

Manag#m#nt s&"l! n&t in!"lg# in anti-s&%ial

a%ti0iti#s li6# )la%6 mar6#ting7 &ar!ing7 #t%

XISS

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R i)ilit t 9 t


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R#s(&nsi)ilit* t& 9&0#rnm#nts

Pa* ta+#s t& t# g&0#rnm#nt &n#stl*

Dis%&"rag# "n#alt* (ra%ti%#s li6# )ri)ing t#

g&0#rnm#nt &''i%ials t& %"rr* 'a0&rs7 &)tain

li%#ns#s in &r!#r t& 6ill t# %&m(#titi&n7 #t%

F&ll&1 'air tra!# (&li%i#s (ra%ti%#s

O)#* t# la1s

XISS

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R#s(&nsi)ilit* t& S&%i#t*


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( * *

Pr&0i!ing s"''i%i#nt n"m)#r &' 5&)s %ar##r

&((&rt"niti#s 'a%iliti#s '&r all m#m)#rs &'s&%i#t*

Eliminati&n &' (&0#rt* (r&0isi&n &' "alit*

#alt %ar#

Pr&0i!ing #"al #m(l&*m#nt #!"%ati&nal

&((&rt"niti#s t& all7 r#gar!l#ss &' ra%#7 %&l&r7

%r##! &r s#+

Pr#s#r0ati&n &' t# #n0ir&nm#nt )* r#!"%ing t#l#0#l &' (&ll"ti&n

XISSKnowledg


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Tan6 *&" '&r *&"r (ati#n%#

Dis%"ssi&n

2 ethical principles in business

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