major bio ethical principles

8/4/2019 Major Bio Ethical Principles

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Major Bioethical Principle


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Respect for a Person

Importance of free andinformed consent

Principles of JusticeBeneficence

Inviolability of LifeNon-Maleficence


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Respect for a Person

Respect as value-


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Principle of true and InformedConsent


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Principle of autonomy

Any notion of moral decision makingassumes that rational agents are involved inmaking informed and voluntary decisions.In health care decisions, our respect for theautonomy of the patient would, in commonparlance, mean that the patient has thecapacity to act intentionally, withunderstanding, and without controllinginfluences that would mitigate against a free

and voluntary act.


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This principle is the basis for the practice of "informed consent" in the physician/patienttransaction regarding health care.


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Importance of free and informedconsent

Informed Consent- Informed consent is theprocess by which a fully informed patientcan participate in choices about her healthcare. It originates from the legal and ethicalright the patient has to direct what happensto her body and from the ethical duty of the

physician to involve the patient in her healthcare.


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Patients right to information - awareness isimportantProxy consent- is the process by whichpeople with the legal right to consent tomedical treatment for themselves or for aminor or a ward delegate that right toanother person. There are three fundamentalconstraints on this delegation:


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1.The person making the delegation musthave the right to consent.2.The person must be legally and medicallycompetent to delegate the right to consent.3.The right to consent must be delegated toa legally and medically competent adult.


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Elements of full informed

consent

1. Competence-the nature of thedecision/procedure2. Disclosure-reasonable alternatives to theproposed intervention3. Comprehension- assessment of patientunderstanding4. Voluntariness- the acceptance of theintervention by the patient


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Principles of Justice

Justice in health care is usually defined as aform of fairness, or as Aristotle once said,"giving to each that which is his due." Thisimplies the fair distribution of goods insociety and requires that we look at the roleof entitlement.


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The question of distributive justice alsoseems to hinge on the fact that some goodsand services are in short supply, there is notenough to go around, thus some fair meansof allocating scarce resources must bedetermined.
http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/resall.htmlhttp://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/resall.html


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Criteria for justice:

to each person an equal shareto each person according to need

to each person according to effortto each person according to contributionto each person according to merit

to each person according to free-marketexchanges


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Neigborly relations


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Types of Justice

Utilitarianism is a formof consequentialism , where punishment isforward-looking. Justified by the ability toachieve future social benefits resulting incrime reduction, the moral worth of anaction is determined by its outcome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism


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Retributive justice

regulates proportionate response to crimeproven by lawful evidence, so thatpunishment is justly imposed andconsidered as morally correct and fullydeserved. The law of retaliation (lextalionis ) is a military theory of retributive

justice, which says that reciprocity shouldbe equal to the wrong suffered; "life for life,wound for wound, stripe for stripe." [7]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_talionishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_talionishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_talionishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_talionishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_talionishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justice


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Restorative justice

is concerned not so much with retributionand punishment as with (a) making thevictim whole and (b) reintegrating theoffender into society. This approachfrequently brings an offender and a victimtogether, so that the offender can better

understand the effect his/her offense had onthe victim.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorative_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorative_justice


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Distributive justice

is directed at the proper allocation of things wealth, power, reward, respect among different people.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_justice


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Oppressive Law

exercises an authoritarian approach tolegislation that is "totally unrelated to

justice", a tyrannical interpretation of law isone in which the population lives underrestriction from unlawful legislation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrant


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Beneficence

The ordinary meaning of this principle isthe duty of health care providers to be of abenefit to the patient, as well as to takepositive steps to prevent and to removeharm from the patient


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These duties are viewed as self-evident andare widely accepted as the proper goals of medicine. These goals are applied both toindividual patients, and to the good of society as a whole.


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For example, the good health of a particularpatient is an appropriate goal of medicine,and the prevention of disease throughresearch and the employment of vaccines isthe same goal expanded to the population atlarge.


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Inviolability of Life

Crimes against human life:

SUICIDE- is the direct, willful destructionof ones own life. - An easy and painless death


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Causes of suicide

ReligiousCultural

Personal problemsFinancialSocial reasons


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Mutilation


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Drug addiction


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Sterelization

Is also a form of contraception insofar as itspurpose is the prevention of conceptionUse of artificial methods by cutting off thesexual capacity in a man or woman.Defined as the mutilation of sexual power ina man or woman so as as to renderconception.


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Types of Sterelization

Involuntary is that which a persons willand requests that the procedure be done onhimself and herself.Voluntary is that which is done by order of the public authority use!


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Euthanasia


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Alcoholism


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Abortion and others:


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Non-Maleficence

major bio ethical principles

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