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EåÏN¿ˇ™ :

✻ nmíd©^y_r : g§nmXH$ / 4

✻ X{jU Am{e`m : OwÝ`m g_mOì`dñWm, Zì`m amÁ`g§ñWm : A{VWr g§nmXH$ / 6

✻ A\$Jm{UñVmZ : ApñWaVoH$Sy>Z ApñWaVoH$S>o : àH$me ~mi / 14

✻ hmoUma Var H$m` øm nm{H$ñVmZMo? : _Zrfm {Q>Ho$H$a / 25

✻ Zonmi : O{Q>c g_mOì`dñWm, amOoemhr Am{U dJ©{dJ«hmMo amOH$maU: JmoqdX VidcH$a / 38

✻ Zonmi : V»V {JamE Om`|Jo, VmO CN>mco OmE§Jo...' nwT>o H$m`?: AemoH$ Mm¡gmiH$a / 47

✻ ^yVmZ : amOmcm nS>co cmoH$emhrMo gnmZ! : amOoe IamV / 51

✻ ~m§JcmXoe : XmoZ ~oJ_m§Mo {ÛY«wdr` amOH$maU : _oKZm Jwhm-R>mHy$aVm / 62

✻ å`mZ_ma : g§{dYmZ Am{U amÁ`ì`dñWm `m§Mm àXrK© Kmoi : {cnr Kmof / 69

✻ lrc§H$m : {d^m{OV amï´>r`Ëd Am{U A§V{hZ `mXdr : gwgrc {g[adX©Zm / 77

✻ _mcXrd : chmZ XoemMm ApñVËdmgmR>r g§Kf© : _Zrfm {Q>Ho$H$a / 91

✻ JOamO Am{U S´>°JZ : Mwag Am{U ghH$m`© : ñdaU qgJ / 95

gmZo JwéOrg§ñWmnH$

Za|Ð Xm^mocH$a _Zrfm {Q>Ho$H$a {dZmoX {eagmR>g§nmXH$ A{VWr g§nmXH$ `wdm g§nmXH$

ÃÁáåÁ 61 dm dfm©a§^ {deofm§H$ : 16-23 Am°JñQ> 2008

_wIn¥ð> : eoIa JmoS>~mocoA§H$ _m§S>Ur : gË`{OV d¡ÚAja OwiUr : gwaoe _mZoAmVrc N>m`m{MÌm§Mr B§Q>aZoQ>dê$Z CncãYr : g{MZ ~S>o

Q>rn : MrZMo joÌ\$i maVmÀ`m AS>rMnQ> Amho. m A§H$mÀ`m _wIn¥ð>mdarc ZH$memV MrZMm ZH$mem g§nyU©KoVm Amcm Zmhr, H$maU gd© eoOmar Xoem§Mo gwñnï> ZH$meo EH$mM nmZmda ~gdVm `oUo e�` ZìhVo.

- g§nmXH$


nmíd© y_r^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m n{hë`m dYm©nZ{XZr åhUOo 15 Am°JñQ> 1948 amoOr gmZo JwéOtZr gmYZm

gmám{hH$ gwê$ Ho$co. AmO 15 Am°JñQ> 2008 amoOr JwéOtÀ`m ñ_¥Vrcm {dZ_« A{^dmXZ H$ê$Z, Zì`mC_oXrZo d _moR>çm AmË_{dídmgmZo gmYZm 61 ì`m dfm©V nXmn©U H$arV Amho. Xadfu 11 OyZ (gmZo JwéOtMmñ_¥{V{XZ) Am{U 15 Am°JñQ> (gmYZmMm dYm©nZ{XZ) `m XmoZ {Xdgm§Mo {Z{_Îm gmYyZ, g_mO_Zmcm{^S>Umè`m d dmMH$m§À`m OrdZ{df`H$ OmUrdm g_¥Õ H$aUmè`m {df`mdarc XmoZ {deofm§H$ àH$m{eVH$aÊ`mMr na§nam gmYZmZo {Z_m©U Ho$cr Amho. Joë`m XmoZ dfmªV (hraH$_hmoËgdmÀ`m H$mimV) gmYZmZo OoMma {deofm§H$ àH$m{eV Ho$co Ë`mV nañnam§Zm OmoS>Umam EH$ _hÎdnyU© YmJm Amho, (AWm©V ho H$mhrgoOmUrdnyd©H$ Am{U H$mhrgo ZH$iV KSy>Z Amco.) Vo Mma {deofm§H$ Ago AmhoV.1. H«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©da (11 OyZ 2007) : gmZo JwéOtZr 1942 À`m "Mco Omd' MidirV ^y{_JVAgVmZm eoVH$ar, H$m_Jma, {dÚmWu d {ejH$ `m§Zm Am{U H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm MoV{dÊ`mgmR>r {c{hcocr nUAàH$m{eV am{hcocr "H«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©da' hr nwpñVH$m åhUOo hm {deofm§H$ Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVH$moUVr ñdßZo nm{hcr Jocr hmoVr Am{U ñdmV§Í` d g_Vm `m~m~V JwéOr {H$Vr Ohmc ^mfoV {chrV hmoVo`mMo Xe©Z Ë`mVyZ KS>Vo.2. VÎdàUmcr d A§_c~OmdUr : gm_Ï`© d _`m©Xm (15 Am°JñQ> 2007) : VÎdàUmcr åhUOo VarH$m` Am{U Joë`m gmR> dfmªV gmå`dmX, cmoH$emhr g_mOdmX, Jm§YrdmX, qhXwËddmX d \w$co-Am§~oS>H$admX`m§Mm {dH$mg d àdmg H$gm d {H$Vr Pmcm, XoemMr C^maUr H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Mo à`ËZ {H$VnV èñdr Pmco`mMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m {deofm§H$mV Ho$cm Amho.3. ^maVmVrc àmXo{eH$ nj (11 OyZ 2008) : H$m±J«og, ^mOn, gmå`dmXr d g_mOdmXr `m Mmahr_w»` àdmhm§nmgyZ CJ_ Pmcocm ZgyZhr H$mhr nj (Ð_wH$ d AÐ_wH$, VocJw Xog_, {edgoZm, PmaI§S> _wº$s_moMm©, Amgm_ JU n[afX, ~hþOZ g_mO nj, AH$mcr Xc, Z°eZc H$m°Ý\$aÝg) amÁ`mVrc gÎmmñWmZmdaòÊ`mBVnV à^mdr Pmco. Ë`m§Mm CJ_, {dH$mg d {dñVma Pmcm Var H$gm, `mMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m{deofm§H$mV Ho$cm Amho.4. ^maVmMo eoOmar : ApñWa amÁ`ì`dñWm, AñdñW g_mO.

AmO hm Mm¡Wm {deofm§H$ àH$m{eV hmoV Amho.^maVmVrc àmXo{eH$ nj Am{U ^maVmMo eoOmar `m XmoZhr (H$mhr A§er nañnam§Zm nyaH$ åhUmdo Aem){deofm§H$m§À`m H$ënZm ghm _{hÝ`mnyduM nwT>o Amë`m. ^maVmÀ`m A§VJ©V amOH$s` Cnàdmhm§Mr Am{U^maVmÀ`m ~mhoarc amÁ`ì`dñWm§Mr AmoiI d OmUrd dmMH$m§Zm H$ê$Z Úmdr Agm CÔoe Ë`m_mJo hmoVm._mJrc XeH$âmhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi ^maVmVrc H|$Ðr` gÎmodaXoIrc N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm àmXo{eH$ njm§Mm à^mdam{hcm Amho Am{U Joë`m XeH$âmV ^maVmÀ`m eoOmarc Xoem§Vhr ~XcmMo dmao doJmZo dmhmV AmhoV, `mnmíd©^y_rda Va `m XmoZhr {df`m§Mo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho Ago Amåhmcm dmQ>Vo.

"^maVmMo eoOmar' `m {deofm§H$mMo gmYZmcm AJË` AgÊ`mMo AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU Amho.gmZo JwéOtZr "gmYZm'À`m n{hë`m A§H$mV (15 Am°JñQ> 1948) Oo g§nmXH$s` {ZdoXZ {Xco Amho, Ë`mVë`m

ÀsÁúlÆÁ

Ã™oÁ ∆ÁÊoy

ezƒÏåy ∆ÏÚ

ÃÁáåÁÊ @Nˇu∫oy ÃÁáåÁ

nÆÁÊåÁ ezƒÁz

GnÀ¢Óˇo|

ÃÁáåÁ

16-23 Am°JñQ> 2008 ! ƒ | 61 / EÊNˇ 1-2 !

❧ ho gmám{hH$ _wÐH$, àH$meH$ Za|Ð Xm^mocH$a `m§Zr _hmamï´> ghH$mar _wÐUmc`, nwUo 4 òWo N>mnyZ,gmYZm gmám{hH$, 926 gXm{ed noR>, ~°.JmS>Jri añVm, nwUo 411030, òWo àH$m{eV Ho$co.

❧ XyaÜdZr : dJ©Ur, nÎmm d A§H$mg§~§Yr, (020) 24451724. g§nmXH$ : Q>o{c\°$�g : 24432402

E-mail : [email protected] gmYZm _r{S>`m g|Q>a :- (020) 244559635 �/ 41web : www.sadhanatrust.com

❧ dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur : ì`{º$JV é. 400/-, g§ñWm§gmR>r é. 500/-❧ (A§H$mV ì`º$ Pmcoë`m gd©M _Vm§er g§nmXH$ gh_V AgVrcM Ago Zmhr.)


n{hë`m n[aÀN>oXmV "ñdmV§Í`' d Xwgè`m n[aÀN>oXmV "cmoH$emhr' `m g§H$ënZm§da ^mî` Ho$co Amho. Ë`mV "ñdmV§Í`åhUOo ñd¡amMma Zìho, ñdmV§Í` åhUOo O~m~Xmar' Am{U "cmoH$emhr åhUOo WÅ>m Zìho, Vr EH$ J§^ra dñVy Amho'Ago ñnï> H$ê$Z JwéOr åhUVmV, ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m ajUmgmR>r Am{U cmoH$emhrÀ`m àñWmnZogmR>r Amnë`mcm "H$V©ì`'~Omdco nm{hOo. åhUyZM JwéOtZr ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va gwê$ Ho$coë`m X¡{ZH$mMo Zmd "H$V©ì`' R>odco hmoVo Am{UgmYZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm _whÿV©hr "ñdmV§Í`mMm n{hcm dYm©nZ{XZ' {ZdS>cm hmoVm. AmVm ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mcm60 df} hmoD$Z Jocr AmhoV Am{U ^maVmMo eoOmar Xoehr gmYmaUV: Ë`mM Xaå`mZ ñdV§Ì Pmcoco AmhoV.

`m nmíd©^y_rdarc hm {deofm§H$ ho AYmoao{IV H$aVmo` H$s ñdmV§Í` d cmoH$emhr hr Amncr ~cñWmZo AmhoV,nU eoOmar Xoem§Mr AdñWm nm{hcr Va AmnU \$ma AmË_g§Vwï> amhÿZ MmcUma Zmhr. `m {deofm§H$mMr Om{hamVH$aVmZmhr Amåhr EH$M dm�` gmVË`mZo dmnaV hmoVmo Vo Ago; "ñdmV§Í`' Cn^moJUmam g_mO Am{U "cmoH$emhr'am~dUmar amÁ`ì`dñWm hr Amho ^maVmÀ`m dmQ>MmcrMr "{Xem', nU `m~m~V ^maVmÀ`m eoOmar Xoem§Mr AdñWmH$er Amho, `mMm emoY KoUmam {deofm§H$.

^maVmÀ`m eoOmarc nm{H$ñVmZ, Zonmi, ^yVmZ, ~m§JcmXoe, å`mZ_ma, lrc§H$m d MrZ `m gmV Xoem§darccoIZ AgUmam {deofm§H$ àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mMr Am_Mr _yi H$ënZm hmoVr. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m {df`mVrc Aä`mgH$mH$S>o`m {deofm§H$mMo A{VWr g§nmXH$nX gmondÊ`mMm {dMma Amåhr H$arV hmoVmo. `m~m~V AZoH$m§er MMm© Ho$ë`mZ§VaS>m°. _Zrfm {Q>Ho$H$a `m§MoM Zmd nwT>o Amco. Joë`m XeH$âmhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgH$mMm _w»` {df`"X{jU Am{e`m' hm am{hcm Amho. A\$Jm{UñVmZ dJiVm gd© X{jU Am{e`m`r Xoem§Zm ôQ>r XoD$Z, H$mhr H$miVoWo dmñVì` H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho Am{U Zonmi dJiVm gd© X{jU Am{e`m`r Xoem§da Ë`m§Zr (_w»`V:B§J«OrV) coIZ Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§À`mer AJmoXaMr AmoiI ZgVmZm Amåhr `m {deofm§H$mMo A{VWr g§nmXH$nXAmnU ñdrH$mamc H$m, Aer {dMmaUm Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Zr VËH$mi hmoH$ma {Xcm. E{àcÀ`m n{hë`m AmR>dS>çmV `m{deofm§H$mMo àmê$n R>adÊ`mgmR>r ~¡R>H$ Pmcr Voìhm Ë`m§ZrM A\$Jm{UñVmZ d _mcXrd `m§Mmhr g_mdoe `mVH$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm gm§{JVcr. nU {deof åhUOo Ë`mZ§Va coIH$m§Mr {ZdS>, Ë`m§À`mer g§nH©$, coI _mJdUo dË`m§À`mda g§nmXH$s` g§ñH$ma H$aUo, AZwdmX VnmgyZ XoUo BË`mXr gd© _hÎdmMr H$m_o Ë`m§ZrM Ho$cr. eodQ>À`m XrS>_{hÝ`mV åhUOo A§H$mÀ`m àË`j {Z{_©Vrà{H«$òÀ`m H$mimV Va Ë`m§MrM Ymdni A{YH$ Pmcr Agmdr. Ë`m"na\o$�e{ZñQ>' Agmì`mV Agm g§e` Amåhmcm òVmo`, H$maU eodQ>n`ªV N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm gyMZm Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z òVhmoË`m. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo Am^ma _mZmdo {VVHo$ H$_rM AmhoV.

`m {deofm§H$mVrc coIH$m§n¡H$s JmoqdX VidcH$a, AemoH$ Mm¡gmiH$a, àH$me ~mi ho {VKohr Aä`mgnyU©coIZmgmR>r gmYZmÀ`m dmMH$m§Zm gwn[a{MV AmhoV. amOoe IamV ho _hmamï´>mVrc, ñdaUqgJ d {cnr Kmof ho_hmamï´>m~mhoarc Am{U _oKZm Jwhm-R>mHy$aVm d gwgrc {g[adX©Zm ho Xoem~mhoarc coIH$ AmhoV, Ë`m§Mo coI _mÌ"gmYZm'VyZ n{hë`m§XmM à{gÕ hmoV AmhoV.

àmXo{eH$ nj {deofm§H$mà_mUoM `m A§H$mVrchr nmM coIm§Mo AZwdmX Hw$_wX H$aH$ao d gw_Z AmoH$ `m§Zr Ho$coAmhoV. ^yVmZ, å`mZ_ma, ~m§JcmXoe, lrc§H$m d MrZ `m Xoem§darc coI ({VWcr ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr An[a{MVAgë`m_wio) AZwdm{XV H$am`cm A{Ve` H$R>rU hmoVo. Ë`m coIm§Mo gw~moY d àdmhr AZwdmX Va Ë`m§Zr Ho$coM, nU_yi B§J«Or coI Ë`m§À`mH$S>o OgoÀ`m Vgo nmR>dë`mZ§Va Ë`m coIm§Mo Amdí`H$ Ë`m {R>H$mUr g§nmXZ d H$mhr Zì`mVnercm§Mr â Q>mH$Uo BWn`ªVMo H$m_hr Ë`m§ZrM Ho$co Amho. Aem àH$maMr _XV {_iÊ`mMo gwI H$m` AgVo,`mMm AZw^d X¡{ZH$mÀ`m d gmám{hH$mÀ`m g§nmXH$m§ZmM H$iy eHo$c.

Am_À`m H$m`m©c`rZ ghH$mè`m§Zr (Zoh_rà_mUoM!) eodQ>n`ªV gwYmaUm, XwéñË`m, ~Xc H$aÊ`mMo H$m_Mmcy R>odco, Ë`m_wioM hm A§H$ A{YH$ n[anyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVm Amcm, nU Varhr H$mhr ÌwQ>r am{hë`mAgUo e�` Amho. EH$m _hÎdmÀ`m {df`mH$S>o cj doYVm Amco `mMo g_mYmZ Amåhmcm Amho, nU A§H$mÀ`mXOm©~m~V _mÌ dmMH$m§ZrM H$m` Vo R>admdo Am{U gS>oVmoS> nU {M{H$ËgH$ d {dícofH$à{V{H«$`m nmR>dmì`mV.

gmYZmZo Amnë`m hraH$_hmoËgdr dfm©V (Am{U ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMohraH$_hmoËgdr df© g§në`mZ§Va) ^maVmer d ^maVmÀ`m eoOmè`m§er g§~§{YV XmoZ {deofm§H$à{gÕ Ho$co. AmJm_r df© (1 _o 2009 nmgyZ) _hmamï´> amÁ` ñWmnZoMo gwdU©_hmoËgdr df©Amho, Ë`m_wio nwT>rc dfu gmYZmMo XmoZhr {deofm§H$ _hmamï´>mer g§~§{YV {df`mdaàH$m{eV H$aÊ`mMm g§H$ën Amåhr AmVmM Omhra H$aV AmhmoV!

- g§nmXH$


.. I ..^maVmMm eoOma åhUOo àm_w»`mZo {h_mc`mÀ`m

X{jUoH$S>rc àXoe Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda "X{jU Am{e`m' ømZmdmZo AmoiIcm OmVmo. gmH©$À`m (gmD$W E{e`Z Agmo{gEeZ\$m°a [aOZc H$mo-Am°naoeZ) X{jU Am{e`mÀ`m _yiÀ`mn[a^mfoZwgma `mV AmhoV gmV Xoe - ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ, Zonmi,^yVmZ, ~m§JcmXoe, lrc§H$m Am{U _mcXrd. XmoZ dfmªnydugmH©$_Üò A\$Jm{UñVmZMr â nS>cr. A\$Jm{UñVmZ dJiVm hmg§nyU© àXoe {~«Q>re amOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimV ^maVr` CnI§S> ømZmdmZo n[a{MV hmoVm. na§Vw 1947 Z§Va ^maVmÀ`m H$mhreoOmè`m§Mm - {deofV: nm{H$ñVmZMm - øm g§~moYZmcm Amjonam{hcm Amho. Am¡nMm[aH$ n[a^mfoZwgma å`mZ_ma (~_m©) X{jUAm{e`mV A§V^y©V Zmhr. Ë`mMo ñWmZ AmO Am½Zo` Am{e`mVAmho. Varhr å`mZ_ma 1947 n`ªV X{jU Am{e`mVrc {~«Q>regm_«mÁ`mMm ^mJ hmoVm Am{U ^maVmÀ`m nyd}H$S>rc gr_maofocmcmJyZ å`mZ_maMr gr_m Amho, åhUyZM å`mZ_maMr JUZm AmnU

{dñVmarV X{jU Am{e`mV H$ê$ eH$Vmo.X{jU Am{e`m hm àXrK©

B{VhmgmMm, àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr Am{Ugä`VoMm àXoe Amho. ^m¡Jmo{cH$ÑîQ>çm ømàXoemMm ^y^mJ {dñVrU© Amho, åhUyZMøm àXoemV Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMrg_¥ÕVm Amho. VgoM _mZdr gmYZg§nÎmrdm ^m§S>dcmMrhr aocMoc Amho. øm

joÌmVrc gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{dÜ` AmíM`©H$maH$ Amho.òWrc OwÝ`m gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm Am{U ì`dñWm, _yëò Am{Ug§H$ënZm AOyZhr ~è`mn¡H$s {Q>Hy$Z AmhoV. dgmhVdmXmÀ`mMîå`mVyZ X{jU Am{e`mB© g_mOmH$S>o nmhVm nmíMmÎ` {dÛmZm§ZrEH$ pñWVJVr (ñQ>°{Q>H$) àXoe åhUyZ øm àXoemMr g§^mdZm Ho$crhmoVr; na§Vw hm àXoe g§H«$_Uerc am{hcm Amho. H«$m§VrnojmCËH«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©Zo gm_m{OH$ ~Xcm§Zm gm_moam OmUmam am{hcmAmho. òWë`m n[adV©ZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV ~mhoê$Z òUmè`m à^mdm§Zmgm_mdyZ KoV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mda â {Xcm Jocm Amho. AWm©V`m_wio nma§n[aH$Vm Am{U AmYw{ZH$Vm `m§À`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©UMPmcm Zmhr, Ago gwM{dÊ`mMm CÔoe Zmhr.

Aem øm àXoemMr Hw$dV _moR>r Amho, na§Vw Am{W©H$,gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` n[apñWVr qMVmOZH$ Amho. X{jUAm{e`mB© n[apñWVrV Omo A§V^y©V {damoYm^mg Amho, Vmo AM§{~VH$aUmam Amho. AmO øm àXoemMr JUZm OJmVrc gdm©{YH$ doJmZo{dH${gV hmoUmam àXoe åhUyZ Ho$cr OmVo, na§Vw {Zìdi g§»òZo_moOm`Mo Pmco Va OJmVrc gdm©{YH$ Jar~ ømM àXoemV amhVmV.OmJ{VH$ ñVamda _mÝ` Ho$coë`m Xm[aÚ«aofoMo _mZH$ cjmV KoVm,X{jU Am{e`mVrc 50 H$moQ>r OZVm à{V{XZr EH$ A_o[aH$ZS>m°canojm H$_r CËnÞ H$_mdVo. òWrc J[a~r {Z_y©cZmMm XaAm{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m XamÀ`m H$mhr nQ>rZo H$_r Amho. {dH$mgà{H«$òV J[a~m§Mm gh^mJ Zgë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Xagm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm {H$VnV {Q>H$mD$ Amho, øm~Ôc e§H$m ì`º$ hmoD$cmJë`m AmhoV. øm àXoemZo OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm ñdrH$ma _moR>çm

X{jU Am{e`m :OwÝ`m g_mOì`dñWm, Zì`m amÁ`g§ñWm

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.. IV ..X{jU Am{e`mB© Xoem§Mm _w»` àíZ Amho amï´> C^maUrMm

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Xoe ñdm§VÍ` {_imco amOYmZr emgZ à_wI emgZ àH$ma ^mfm

A\$Jm{UñVmZ 19 Am°JñQ> H$m~yc h_rX H$aPmB© Bñcm{_H$ JUamÁ` A\$JmU, n{e©`Z,1919 níVy, ~cwMr

nm{H$ñVmZ 14 Am°JñQ> Bñcm_m~mX nadoP _wea©\$ g§KamÁ` n§Om~r, qgYr,1947 níVy, CXy©, ~cwMr

Zonmi 1768 ImQ>_m§Sy> am_ ~aZ `mXd cmoH$emhr JUamÁ` Zonmir, _¡{Wcr,^moOnwar, Wmê$.

^yVmZ 1907 qWny amOo {O½_o KQ>ZmË_H$ amOoemhr {V~oQ>Z d Zonmir~mocr, Pm§JIm

~m§JcmXoe 26 _mM© 1971 T>mH$m B`mOwÔrZ Ah_X g§gXr` cmoH$emhr ~m§Jcm, B§J«Or

å`mZ_ma 4 OmZodmar a§JyZ (`m§JyZ) WmZ ído {_{cQ>ar H$m`Xm ~_u1948

lrc§H$m 4 \o$~«w. 1948 H$moc§~mo _qhXm amOnm�go JUamÁ` qghcr, V{_i,B§J«Or

_mcXrd 26 Owc¡ 1965 _mco AãXwc J`y_ JUamÁ` _mc{XdZ, {Ydohr,B§J«Or

MrZ 1 Am°�Q>mo~a {~OtJ hÿ qOVmAmo H$å`w{ZñQ> emgZ {MZr1949

15 Am°JñQ> Zdr {X�r à{V^m nmQ>rc g§KamÁ` qhXr, B§J«Or1947

^maVmMo eoOmar :

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dm§{eH$ JQ> Y_© joÌ\$i cmoH$g§»`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Xa% XaS>moB© CËnÞ (S>m°cg©)

níVwZ, VmOrH$, hOmam, _wpñc_ : {e`m, 647500 32738376 12.4 1000CP~oH$, VwH}$_oZ, ~cwM gwÞr

n§Om~r, níVyZ, qgYr, _wpñc_ : {e`m, 803940 1677622040 6.4 2600~cwMr gwÞr

N>oÌr, ~«m÷U, _Ja, qhXy, ~m¡Õ, 147181 29519114 2.5 1200Wmê$, _wpñc_ _wpñc_

^wVo, Zonmir ~m¡Õ (cm_m) 4700 682321 22.4 5200qhXy (Zonmir)

~§Jmcr _wpñc_, qhXy 144000 153546901 5.6 1300

~_u, emZ, {MZr, ~m¡Õ, {¼íMZ, 678500 47758181 5.5 1900^maVr` _wpñc_

qgYr, lrc§H$m _ya ~m¡Õ, _wpñc_, 65610 21128773 6.3 4100^maVr`, V{_i {¼íMZ, qhXy

X.^maVr`, qghcr, _wpñc_ : gwÞr 300 379174 6.6 4600Aa~

hÿZ, {MZr, _m§My, VmAmo, ~m¡Õ, 9596960 1330044605 11.4 5300_§Jmoc, {V~oQ>Z {¼íMZ, _wpñc_

B§S>mo Am`©Z qhXy, _wpñc_, 3287590 1147995898 9.2Ðm{dS>, _§Jmoc {¼íMZ

darc _m{hVr B§Q>aZoQ>darc CIA : TheWorld Fact Book _YyZ KoVcr Amho. gd© Vnerc Owc¡ 2008 n`ªVMo AmhoV.

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- àH$me [email protected]

■

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nm{H$ñVmZmV AmOhr AZoH$Xm _h_X Amcr OrZm§À`mKQ>Zmg{_VrVrc 11 Am°JñQ> 1947 À`m ^mfUmMmg§X^© {Xcm OmVmo. øm ^mfUmV OZVocm CÔoeyZ OrZmåhUmco hmoVo, ""nm{H$ñVmZmV Vwåhr Vw_À`m _§{XamV,_{íOXrV qH$dm BVa H$moUË`mhr àmW©ZmñWir Om`cm_wº$ AmhmV. Vw_Mm Y_©, OmV, d§e H$moUVmhr Agmo,amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m H$m_H$mOmer Ë`mMm H$mhrhr g§~§YZmhr.'' ho dº$ì` åhUOo OrZm§À`m AmYw{ZH$ Am{U{ZY_u {dMmagaUrÀ`m nm`mMo {ZXe©H$ Amho Ago_mZyZ "OrZm§Zm Ho$di _wpñc_ amï´> A{^àoV hmoVo,Bñcm_r Zìho' Agm `w{�VdmX Ho$cm OmVmo. na§Vw Xwgè`m~mOyZo "_wpñc_ amï´> ho Y_©{Zanoj hmoD$M eH$V Zmhr; VoBñcm_rM Agm`cm hdo' Agm `w{º$dmXhr {hararZoHo$cm OmVmo. Xwgam `w{º$dmX H$aUmè`m§À`m _Vo hmHo$di eãXÀN>c Amho. OrZm§Zmhr A§{V_V: Bñcm_ramï´>M A{^àoV hmoVo Agm Ë`m§Mm Xmdm Amho. EH$ _mÌIao H$s øm g§X^m©V OrZm§Mo {dMma nyU©nUo {Z:g§{X½YhmoVo Ago åhUVm òUma Zmhr.


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Pmë`mZ§Va _mÌ Xoem§VJ©V ^m{fH$/dm§{eH$/àm§{VH$dmX _moR>o hmoD$cmJco. `m§VyZM EH$ Xwï>MH«$ {Z_m©U Pmco. àm§VdmXmcm CVmamåhUyZ Bñcm_rH$aU Am{U Bñcm_rH$aUmcm à{VdmX åhUyZàm§VdmX. AWm©V àm§VdmXmÀ`m dmT>rcm BVahr _hÎdmMr H$maUohmoVr. Ë`mVrc à_wI H$maUo åhUOo CXy©cm {Xcocm amï´>^mfoMmXOm©, n§Om~ àm§VmMo dM©ñd Am{U gÎmoMo AVrd H|$ÐrH$aU.

CXy©{déÕ àW_ ~§S>mMm P|S>m C^macm Vmo nyd© nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m~§Jmcr ^m{fH$m§Zr. nwT>o ~§Jmcr àm§VdmXmZo CMc ImD$Z nyd©nm{H$ñVmZMm ~m§JcmXoe Pmcm. ^mfmdmXmMo gdm©V _moR>o amOH$maUPmco Vo qgY àm§VmV, CXy© ^m{fH$ _mohm{Oam§_wio qgY_Üò AZoH$df} VUmdmMo dmVmdaU hmoVo. 1972 _Üò qgYr ^mfocmamÁ`^mfoMm XOm© XoUmao {dYo`H$ àm§Vr` {d{Y_§S>imV _m§S>co Joco.CXy© ^m{fH$m§Zr CXy©cmhr AgmM XOm© {_imdm åhUyZ OmoaXma

_mJUr Ho$cr. Vr _mJUr \o$Q>miyZ cmdë`mZo H$amMr Am{Uh¡Xam~mX ehamV _moR>o X§Jo Cgico. qgYr ZoVo Or.E_.g¡æ`X`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr "{Oò qgY' Midi ñWmnZ Pmcr hmoVr.AmVm _mohm{Oam§À`m E_.�`y.E_. (gwédmVrg _mohmOra H$m¡_r_yìh_|Q>, Z§Va _wÎm{hXm H$m¡_r _yìh_|Q>)Mr ñWmnZm Pmcr.1980À`m XeH$mV Am{U 1990À`m XeH$mÀ`m Ama§^rH$amMrVcm qhgmMma namH$moQ>rg nmohmoMcm hmoVm. ZdmPear\$m§À`m n{hë`m amOdQ>rV cîH$arhñVjonmÛmao qgY_Üò H$m`Xm Am{Ugwì`dñWm Omar H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr.Ë`mZ§Va H$amMr_Yë`m dm§{eH$ X§JcrMrOmJm {e`m-gwÞr qhgmMmamZo KoVcr.

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gr_m {^S>ë`m AmhoV BamU, A\$Jm{UñVmZ Am{U BamUÀ`mAmImVmer. gr_onmaÀ`m BamU_Yrc ~cwMter ~cw{MñVmZMogmh{OH$M g»` Amho. nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m {Z{_©VrnmgyZM~cw{MñVmZ_Üò Ag§Vmof IXIXV hmoVm. 1954 _Üò ~cwMramï´>dmXmMr àW_ {R>UJr nS>cr. àm§VmV _me©c cm° cmJy Pmcm.~cwMtZr CR>md Ho$cm, na§Vw nm{H$ñVmZr cîH$amZo Vmo _moSy>ZH$mT>cm. 1973 Vo 1977 Xaå`mZ ~cw{MñVmZmV _moR>m CR>mdPmcm. 50,000 nojm A{YH$ ~cwMr H|$Ð gaH$maer J{Z_r `wÕIoico. hm CR>md Xm~yZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r ^wÎmm|BVHo$M BamUMo ehmhrCËgwH$ hmoVo. 1977 _Üò Oar nm{H$ñVmZ gaH$maZo CR>md{MaS>Ê`mV è {_idco Var ~cw{MñVmZmVrc Ag§VmofIXIXVM hmoVm. ~cwMr g§KQ>Zm§Zr AYyZ_YyZ qhgmMma H$aVcT>m MmcyM R>odcm. 2003 nmgyZ cT>m A{YH$ Vrd« Pmcm Am{U2005 _Üò {Vgam _moR>m CR>md ~cw{MñVmZmV Pmcm. nm{H$ñVmZrcîH$a gd© eº$s{Zer ~cw{MñVmZda VwQy>Z nS>co. 2006 _Üò`mXdr `wÕgÑí` n[apñWVr ~cw{MñVmZmV hmoVr.~cw{MñVmZmVë`m KQ>Zm§Zm Am§Vaamï´>r` à{gÕr {_iy cmJcr.Am°JñQ> 2006 _Üò nm{H$ñVmZr cîH$amZo ~wJQ>r O_mVrMmd`mod¥Õ gaXma Zdm~ AH$~a ImZ ~wJQ>r `m§Mr Ë`m§À`m 26H$_m§S>m|gh hË`m Ho$cr.

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^maVmcmhr gwpñWa Am{U geº$eoOmè`mMr {ZH$S> Amho.

- _Zrfm {Q>[email protected]. : 9820113625

■


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`mg AndmX hmoVm amOm amO|Ð. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o 1832 _ÜògÎmm Amcr Voìhm Vmo d`mV Amcm hmoVm. Ë`mZo AZoH$ `w�Ë`mcT>dyZ amÁ` Ho$co, nU Vmo cmoH${à` ZìhVm. Ë`mcm 1846 gmcrqghmgZ gmoS>mdo cmJco Am{U_J n§VàYmZ O§J~hmXwa `mÀ`mhmVr hiyhiy gÎmm H|${ÐV hmoVJocr. eodQ>r 1856 _ÜòamOmÀ`m ghrZo EH$ gZX OmarhmoD$Z O§J~hmXwa `mÀ`mH$S>od§ena§namJV n§VàYmZnXXoÊ`mV Amco.

O§J~hmXwa hm A{Z~ªYgÎmm ^moJUmam hmoVm. Ë`mZocîH$amV H$mhr gwYmaUm KS>dyZAmUë`m Am{U {~«{Q>egaH$maer gcmo»`mMo g§~§YR>odco. O§J~hmXwa 1850 _ÜòB§½c§S>, \«$mÝg BË`mXr Xoem§À`mXm¡è`mda Jocm hmoVm. `m ôQ>rVË`mÀ`m _Zmda B§½c§S>À`md¡^dmMm Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ d`m§{ÌH$ àJVrMm _moR>m n[aUm_hmoD$Z Ë`mZo ^maVmVrc {~«{Q>egÎmoer d¡a Z H$aÊ`mMo YmoaUR>adco. `m_wio 1857 gmcÀ`m~§S>mÀ`m doir Ë`mZo ~§S>Imoam§ZmcîH$ar gmhmæ` {Xco Zmhr.

O§J~hmXwaZ§Va aUXrnqgJ hm n§VàYmZ Pmcm. Ë`mZo dgagoZmnVr T>oa g_eoa `m§ZrZonmir cîH$amg eónwadR>mhmoÊ`mÀ`m {XeoZo H$mhr nmdco Q>mH$cr. aUXrn qgJ `mMm nwVÊ`m draqgJ `mZo Ë`mMm IyZ H$ê$Z n§VàYmZnX {_idco. `m `mXdrÀ`mH$mimV AZoH$ Zonmir {Zdm©{gV hmoD$Z ^maVmÀ`m Aml`mcm Joco.

dra qgJ 1901 _Ü o _aU nmdcm, Voìhm maVmV cm°S>© H$P©ZìhmBgam° åhUyZ Amcm hmoVm. dra qgJÀ`m OmJr Amcoë`m M§Ðg_eoa`mZo cm°S>© H$P©Z mg ghH$m`m©Mo AmídmgZ {Xco. Z§Va Ë`mZo 1908_Ü o B§½c§S> d wamoncm oQ> {Xcr Voìhm Ë`mMo B§½c§S>_Ü o _moR>o ñdmJVPmco. Zonmicm eómóm§Mm nwadR>m ìhmdm d Ë`mMo amOZ¡{VH$ ñWmZR>admdo, `m C{Ôï>m§gmR>r M§Ðg_eoa à`ËZerc Ago.

^maVmV Ë`m doir gaH$ma{damoYr Am§XmocZo hmoV hmoVr dAZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZ Q>rH$m hmoV Ago. ^maV gaH$maZo ZonmigaH$macm `mMr H$ënZm {Xë`mda Ë`mZohr AZoH$ ^maVr`d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm _�mmd Ho$cm. Zonmicm _`m©{XV à_mUmda eónwadR>mH$aÊ`mMo YmoaU ^maVmVrc {~«{Q>e gÎmoZo Adc§~co hmoVo.

n{hco _hm`wÕ 1914 gmcr gwê$ Pmë`mda {H$ËòH$ hOmaJwaIm g¡{ZH$ {~«{Q>e g¡Ý`mV XmIc hmoD$Z \«$mÝgÀ`m `wÕ^y_rdaJoco. `wÕ dmT>V Joco Voìhm `wÕmÀ`m Mma dfmªÀ`m AdYrV XmoZcmI Zonmir g¡Ý`mV âVr hmoD$Z `wamon d _Ü`nyd}À`m AZoH$

`wÕjoÌmV cT>co d JwaImg¡{ZH$m§À`m em¡`m©Mr gmd©{ÌH$àe§gm hmoD$ cmJcr. `wÕg_márZ§Va ZonmiZo ñdV§Ìamï´>mMm XOm© _mÝ` H$aÊ`mMmAmJ«h Yacm. àË`jmV hr_mJUr _mÝ` hmoÊ`mg 1923gmc COmS>co.

^maVmVrc amOH$s` dgm_m{OH$ Am§XmocZm§Mm dg§KQ>Zm§Mm Zonmida à^md nS>Uogmh{OH$ hmoVo. gdmªV àW_1896 gmcmV ImQ>_m§Sy>VAm`©g_mOmMr ñWmnZm PmcrAm{U Zonmi_Yrc gZmVZrna§naoÀ`m {déÕ Agcoë`mAZoH$ qhXy§Mm Am`©g_mOmgnmqR>~m {_imcm. amUmA{YH$manXñWm§Zm ho _mZdUmaoZìhVo. `m_wio 1905 gmcrgaH$maZo Am`©g_mO ~oH$m`XmR>adcm d AZoH$ gXñ`m§ZmhÔnma Ho$co. H$mhrAm`©g_mOmMo H$m`©H$V} _hmË_mJm§YtÀ`m {dMmam§Zr à^m{dVPmco d Ë`m§Zr Ma»`mMm àgmagwê$ Ho$cm. gaH$maZo hrMidihr Xm~yZ Q>mH$cr.

`m arVrZo gZXera Midircm ~§Xr Pmë`mda Zonmi_ÜòH$mhr ~§Jmcr geó H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Zr àdoeHo$cm. geó H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z amUmemhr Zï>H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$co. Vo èñdr PmcoZmhrV. dmñV{dH$ `mhr nydu _hmamï´>mVrcH$mhr H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmagaUrMo cmoH$Zonmi_Üò amhÿZ Joco hmoVo. `mV cmoH$_mÝ`{Q>iH$m§Mo {eî` H¥$.à. C\©$ H$mH$mgmho~Im{S>cH$a `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm

n¥Ïdr ZmamÙ ehm

ZonmiÀ`m Q>oH$S>çm§À`m àXoemV hm EH$m N>moQ>çm amÁ`mMm à_wI hmoVm.Ë`mZo 75 amÁ`m§Zm Amncr gÎmm _mÝ` H$am`cm cmdcr hmoVr.


~§XwH$m H$am`À`m hmoË`m; VWm{n Zonmi_Yrc amUmemhr Zï>H$aÊ`mMm {dMma Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm ZìhVm.

Vrg gmcmZ§Va AmUIr H$mhr amOH$s` g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZhmoD$ cmJë`m. `mVrc "àM§S> JwaIm' hr g§KQ>Zm 1931 gmcmVñWmnZ Pmcr. Vr Jwá g§KQ>Zm hmoVr d gd© amUm Hw$Qw> §~M Zï>H$aÊ`mMm {VZo KmQ> KmVcm. ho Jm¡ß` \w$Q>co Am{U g§KQ>ZoMo gXñ`H$mamdmgmV nS>co.Z§Va "ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$ma n[afX g{_Vr' ñWmnZhmoD$Z {VZo amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§da cj H|${ÐV Ho$co;nU gaH$maZo {Vcmhr dmd {Xcm Zmhr. ^maVmV ñWm{`H$ Pmcoë`mZonmitZr "àOm n[afX' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z {VÀ`m H$mhr Jwá emImñdXoemV ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. {VZo "OZVm' `m ZmdmMo gmám{hH$Mmcdco hmoVo, nU amUmÀ`m nmo{cgm§Zr `m H$m`©H$Ë`mªV AmncohñVH$ Kwgdco Am{U nmMeo OUm§Zm AQ>H$ Ho$cr d Mma OUm§Zm\$mgmda MT>dco.

1935 _Üò "àOmn[afXo'Mm OÝ_ Pmcm. {VMo _w»`hmoVo VZH$màgmX AmMm`©. {VcmImQ>_m§Sy>Vrc ~w{ÕOrdtMm nmqR>~mhmoVm. gm_y{hH$ Am§XmocZmÀ`m ÛmaoamUmemhr KmcdÊ`mMm àOmn[afXoMm CÔoe hmoVm. àOm n[afXogd amOo {Ì^wdZ `m§Zm amUm§Mo àñW_moSy>Z H$mT>m`MoM hmoVo. åhUyZË`m§Mm n[afXog AàË`j nmqR>~mhmoVm. ^maVmV dmñVì` H$aUmè`mH$mhr Zonmir ZmJ[aH$m§Zr ~ZmagBË`mXr {R>H$mUr 1930 Z§Va{Z`VH$m{cHo$ gwê$ Ho$cr.

^maVmV amhV Agcoë`m AZoH$ Zonmir ZmJ[aH$m§Zr A{Ic^maVr` H$m±J«og_Üò àdoe Ho$cm hmoVm. _hmË_m Jm§Yr d n§{S>VOdmhacmc Zohê$ `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm `m cmoH$m§da à^md hmoVm.H$m±J«og_Üò g_mOdmÚm§Mm doJim JQ> ñWmnZ Pmë`mda AZoH$Zonmir ZmJ[aH$ g_mOdmXr {dMmamÀ`m à^mdmImcr Amco.{~ídoída àgmX H$moB©amcm ho H$m±J«ogÀ`m Am§XmocZmV gm_rc PmcohmoVo. Ë`m§Mo dS>rc ì`mnmar hmoVo d Ë`m§Zr ~amM H$mi ~§Jmc d{~hma_Üò Kmcdcm hmoVm. amOH$s` ÑîQ>çmhr Vo OmJ¥V hmoVo dJm§YtMm _mJ© Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$macm hmoVm.

~r.nr. H$moB©amcm 1937 _Üò H$mocH$Îmm òWo H$m`ÚmMmAä`mg H$aV AgVmZm H$m±J« ogg_mOdmXr njmMo H$m_ H$arV. Ë`m§Zr1942 Vo 45 hm H$mi H$mamdmgmVH$mT>cm. Zonmir g¡{ZH$m§Zm {~«{Q>egaH$ma{déÕ ~§S> H$aÊ`mMr {MWmdUr{Xë`mMm Ë`m§À`mda Amamon hmoVm. 1946_Üò H$mhr OUm§Zr ~Zmag òWo "A{Ic^maVr` Zonmir amï´>r` H$m±J« og'Mr

ñWmnZm Ho$cr Voìhm ~r.nr. Ë`mV XmIc Pmco. 1947 gmcrA{Ic ^maVr` hr CnmYr gmoSy >Z XoÊ`mV òD$Z ~ZmagMm Zonmirg§K d H$mocH$Ë`mMr JwaIm H$m±J« og ho XmoÝhr nj g§KQ>ZoV gm_rcH$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Amco.

amUm§Mr hþHy$_emhr em§VVmnyU© _mJm©Zo Zï> H$aUo ho Zonmiramï´>r` H$m±J«ogMo A{YH¥$V YmoaU hmoVo. {VZo n{hco Am§XmocZ Ho$co VoZonmi_Yrc {damQ>ZJa òWë`m VmJmÀ`m {JaUrVrc g§nmÀ`mê$nmZo. g§nm_wio ^maVmV OmUmè`m aoëdo_mJm©darc OmoJ~Zr BWcrdmhVyH$ {dñH$irV hmoD$Z cîH$amZo hñVjon Ho$cm. g§nmMm {~_moS>hmoD$Z ~r.nr. d BVa AZoH$ OU Vwé§JmV Joco. g§n _moS>cm Vmo`wÕg_eoa `m O~aXñV n§VàYmZmÀ`m amOrZmå`mZ§Va Amcoë`mnÙg_eoa `mZo. Ë`mZo ñdV§Ì Ý`m`ì`dñWm, ZJanm{cH$m d {Oëhm_§S>io `m§À`mgmR>r {ZdS>UwH$m, {ejUmMr dmT>, XoemÀ`mAW©g§H$ënmMr à{gÕr d A{YH$ gwYmaUm gwMdÊ`mgmR>r EH$m

g{_VrMr ñWmnZm Aem gwYmaUmOmhra Ho$ë`m.

1948 gmcr Zdr KQ>ZmOmhra Pmcr. `m KQ>ZoZwgman§VàYmZmg g�m XoÊ`mgmR>r nmM_§Í`m§Mo _§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mVòUma hmoVo. VgoM ñdV§Ì C�Ý`m`mc` d H${Zð> d d[að> AerXmoZ g^mJ¥ho Agcocr g§gX `m§MrñWmnZm hmoUma hmoVr. VWm{n, amOmd n§VàYmZ `m§Mo gd© ImgA{YH$ma gwa{jV R>odÊ`mV AmcohmoVo d n§VàYmZnX d§ena§naoZo

R>adÊ`mMr àWmhr H$m`_ amhUma hmoVr. Ago Agco Var ZonmiH$m±J«ogZo hr Zdr KQ>Zm ñdrH$macr. Z§Va n§VàYmZ nÙg_eoa `mZoA§VJ©V g§Kfm©_wio amOrZm_m {Xcm.

`mÀ`m AmYr ^maVmV {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo gÎmm§Va KS>dyZAmUco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ZonmiÀ`m amUm§Zm Amnë`m nm`mImcMrdmiy KgaV Agë`mMr OmUrd Pmcr.

nÙg_eoa `mÀ`mZ§Va n§VàYmZnXmda Amcoë`m_mohZg_eoa hm gZmVZr _VmMm hmoVm. Ë`mZo Zì`mZo Omhra PmcocrKQ>Zm ~mX Ho$cr Am{U Zonmi H$m±J«og ~oH$m`Xm R>adcr. `mgw_mamg amUm cmoH$m§Vrc Oo àmJ{VH$ {dMmam§Mo hmoVo, Ë`m§ZrH$mocH$Ë`mV "Zonmir àOmVm§{ÌH$ H$m±J«og' `m ZmdmMr g§KQ>ZmñWmnZ Ho$cr. amUm§Mr gÎmm àg§Jr qhgH$ _mJm©Mm Adc§~ H$ê$Zhrg§nwï>mV AmUÊ`mMo {VMo C{Ôï> hmoVo. 1949 d 50 _Üò ZonmircîH$amV ~§S> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMohr à`ËZ `m g§KQ>ZoZo Ho$co, nU Vo\$moc R>aco.

_mohZg_eoa `mÀ`m gaH$maZo ~r.nr. d BVa ZoË`m§Zm AJmoXaMAQ>Ho$V R>odco hmoVo d Ë`m nmR>monmR> AZoH$m§Mr Vwé§JmV admZJr Pmcr.`m_wio gaH$ma{déÕ dmVmdaU Vmnco. _J ^maV gaH$maÀ`m_Ü`ñVr_wio ~r.nt.Mr gwQ>H$m Pmcr, Var dmVmdaU {Zdico Zmhr.

_mAmodmÚm§Zr H$mhr J«m_rU ^mJm§V g_m§Va gaH$maMrcmoH$Ý`m`mcòhr ñWmnZ Ho$cr. `mg OZVm cîH$amMrOmoS> XoÊ`mV Amcr. {H$ËòH$ J«m_rU ^mJm§V_mAmodmÚm§MoM amÁ` ñWmnZ Pmco. Zonmir cîH$ahrqhgmMmamg nm`~§X KmcÊ`mg Ag_W© hmoVo. `m pñWVrV2000 gmcÀ`m df© AIoarg amOo dra{dH«$_ d Ë`m§Mo gd©Hw$Qw>§~ R>ma _maco Joco. dra{dH«$_ `m§À`m _wcmZoM ho H¥$Ë`Ho$co d ñdV:da Jmoir _mê$Z KoVcr Ago d¥Îm ngaco. nUho gd© g§e{`V Agë`mMm g_O cmoH$m§V ngacm.dra{dH«$_ `m§Mr OmJm kmZ|Ð `m§Zr KoVcr.


_mohZg_eoa `mZo KQ>ZoZwgma g§gX ñWmnZ Pmë`mMo 1950 _ÜòOmhra Ho$co, Var KQ>ZoMm `mÀ`mer H$mhr g§~§Y ZìhVm. `m g§gXoVamUm§Zr Zo_coë`m à{V{ZYtMrM ~hþg§»`m hmoVr.

`m dmVmdaUmV Zonmir àOmVm§{ÌH$ H$m±J«ogcm ZonmiH$m±J«ogZo g_m{dï> H$ê$Z KoVco d _J "Zonmir H$m±J«og nj' Ago{VMo Zm_m§Va Pmco. `m Zì`m njmZo amUm§Mr amOdQ> geó CR>mdH$ê$Z g_má H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU A{YH¥$VnUo R>adco. amOo {Ì^wdZdra{dH«$_ emh ho H$mhr {Xdg amUm§À`m {déÕ _VàXe©Z H$aVhmoVo. Vo 6 Zmoìh|~a amoOramOdmS>çmVyZ ~mhoa nS>co d Ë`m§ZrImQ>_m§Sy>Vrc ^maVr` XyVmdmgmVAml` KoVcm. Ë`mMdoir VamB©^mJmV Zonmir H$m±J«ogÀ`m _wº$sgoZoÀ`m VrZeo ñd`§godH$m§Zr geóh�m MT>dcm. _J n§VàYmZ Zohê$`m§Zr amOo {Ì^wdZ `m§À`mgmR>rhdmB© XcmMo {d_mZ nmR>dyZ Ë`m§Zm{X�rV AmUco.

MrZ_Üò H$å`w{ZñQ> amOdQ>1949 _Üò Amcr hmoVr d {VZocîH$a YmSy>Z {V~oQ>da H$ãOm~gdcm. `m pñWVrV ^maVgaH$macm ZonmiÀ`mKS>m_moS>t~m~V ñdñW amhÿZMmcUma ZìhVo. Zohê$ d BVaH$m±J«og ZoË`m§Zm Zonmi_YrcamUmemhr~Ôc {VañH$ma d ZonmirH$m±J«og~Ôc ghmZw^yVr hmoVr. amOo{Ì^wdZ {X�rV XmIc Pmco VoìhmVamB©_Yrc CR>md dmT>V hmoVm.`m_wio AZoH$ Jmdo CR>mdH$aUmè`m§À`m hmVr òV hmoVr.Zonmir cîH$amZo CR>md Xm~Ê`mMoà`ËZ Mmcdco hmoVo d Ë`m_wio gd© VamB© ^mJmV CR>mdH$aUmè`m§Zm nm` amodVm Amco ZmhrV. ImQ>_m§Sy>V amOo {Ì^wdZ`m§Zm naV AmUÊ`mMr _mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r nÞmg hOma cmoH$m§Zr{ZXe©Zo Ho$ë`m_wio amUm àemgZmg hmXam ~gcm. `mM OmoS>rcmgdmªV H${Zð> dJm©Vrc AZoH$ amUm§Zr Amnco cîH$amVrc nXgmoSy>Z {Xco. ZonmiÀ`m Q>oH$S>çm§À`m ^mJmV geó CR>md hmoVAgV. cîH$a VoWn`ªV nmoMUo gmono ZìhVo.

n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa OmV Agë`mMo nm{hë`mda {X�rVamUmamOdQ>rMo à{V{ZYr ^maV gaH$maer VS>OmoS>rMr ~mocUr H$ê$cmJco. ñdV: _mohZg_eoahr `mV gm_rc Pmco Am{U 8 OmZodmaramoOr amUmemhr Zï> Ho$ë`mMr Vr KmofUm hmoVr. amOo {Ì^wdZ `m§MrqghmgZmda nwÝhm ñWmnZm hmoD$Z gd© amOH$s` H¡$Úm§Mr _wº$VmH$aÊ`mV Amcr. 1952 gmc g§nÊ`mnydu àm¡T> _VXmZmZo

{ZdS>UyH$ KoÊ`mMo R>aco d 16 Zmoìh|~a amoOr eóg§Yr A_cmVAmcr. Z§Va amOo {Ì^wdZ, n§VàYmZ _mohZg_eoa d ZonmirH$m±J«ogMo ZoVo `m§À`mV dmQ>mKmQ>r hmoD$Z VS>OmoS>rMm _gwXm _mÝ`Pmcm. _mohZg_eoa n§VàYmZ amhÿZ amUm§Mo nmM d Zonmir H$m±J«ogMonmM à{V{ZYr h§Jm_r _§{Ì_§S>imV Zo_Ê`mMo R>aco. \o$~«wdmarVZì`m _§{Ì_§S>imMm enW{dYr Pmcm.

_Ü`§VarÀ`m H$mimV H$mhr geó ~§S>Imoa d XamoS>oImoaBË`mXtZr ~arM X§Jc Ho$cr. {~ídoída àgmX H$moB©amcm ho J¥h_§Ìr

hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m Kamdahr h�m Pmcm.Ë`mVM {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {ZXe©Zmdanmo{cgm§Zr Ho$coë`m Jmoir~mamVEH$OU _¥Ë`y nmdë`mdaH$m±J«ogÀ`m gd© _§Í`m§Zr amOrZm_o{Xco. _J amOo {Ì^wdZ `m§Zr~r.nr. H$moB©amcm `m§Mo gmdÌ ^mD$_mÌ¥H$màgmX H$moB©amcm `m§Zmn§VàYmZ Zo_yZ Zdo _§{Ì_§S>i~Zdco.

amOo {Ì^wdZ `m§MocîH$amda {Z`§ÌU Agë`m_wioË`m§À`m hmVr Agcocr gÎmmA{YH$M ~iH$Q> Pmcr hmoVr.XwgarH$S>o Zonmir H$m±J« og d BVachmZghmZ nj hmoVo. {edm`H$å`w{ZñQ> nj hmoVm. 1949 _ÜòH$mocH$Ë`mcm Ë`mMr ñWmnZmPmcr. `m AmYr amUmemhr{déÕPmcocm geó CR>md ^m§S>dcXmareº$s¨Mm Agë`m H$maUmñVdË`mZo Ë`mV ^mJ KoVcm Zmhr.Zì`m KQ>ZoZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV `mnjmMr dmT> hmoV Jocr. àOmn[afXoVrc ZoË`m§Zr Zonmir

H$m±J« og hr cmoH$emhr{damoYr d ^maVmÀ`m A§{H$V Agë`mMoR>adyZ OwÝ`m Zonmi amï´>r` H$m±J« ogMo nwZé�mrdZ Ho$co. `m arVrZoZonmi_Üò amOH$s` njm§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Jocr. ~hþVoH$ njm§VA§VJ©V dmX Mmcy hmoVo d ZoË`m§da hþHy$_emhrMm Amamon H$ê$Z~§S>mir H$aÊ`mMr na§nam VoìhmnmgyZ gwê$ Pmcr.

n{hco _§{Ì_§S>i Amco VoìhmZonmiMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr AJXrM gm_mÝ`hmoVr. 85 Q>¸o$ cmoH$ eoVrda Adc§~yZhmoVo d eoVr OwZmQ> arVrZo hmoV Ago. Hw$ioO_rZXmam§Mr O_rZ H$gV AgV d Ë`m§Zmg§ajU ZìhVo. àm¡T> gmjaVoMo à_mU XmoZQ>¸o$ d ~mc_¥Ë`yMo à_mU gmR> Q>¸o$ hmoVo.CÚmoJY§Úm§V EH$ Q>¸$m cmoH$ hmoVo. nydm©nma

amOo kmZ|Ð

amOo dra{dH«$_ d Ë`m§Mo Hw$Qw> §~ R>ma _maco Joë`mdaho ZonmiMo amOo Pmco. nU OZVoZo Ho$coë`m CR>mdmZ§Va

ho eodQ>Mo amOo R>aco.


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_mAmodmÚm§Zm nmM OmJm {Xë`m hmoË`m, nU nmM _{hÝ`m§V Ë`m§ZrA{YH$manXm§Mm Ë`mJ Ho$cm. dmñV{dH$ 2007 gmcÀ`m OyZ_ÜòKQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m hmoUma hmoË`m. nU amOonX Zï> H$ê$Z{ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m AmYrM àOmgÎmmH$ Omhra H$aÊ`mMr _mJUr H$ê$Z_mAmodmÚm§Zr VS>OmoS> YwS>H$mdyZ cmdcr. VWm{n, gd© njm§ZrKQ>Zmg{_Vr àOmgÎmmH$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ {Xë`mda_mAmodmXr nwÝhm _§{Ì_§S>imV gm_rc Pmco. _J 2008 gmcÀ`mE{àc_Üò 601 g^mgX Agcocr KQ>Zm g{_VrMr {ZdS>UyH$KoÊ`mMm {ZU©` Pmcm.

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`m pñWVrV gm_mÝ` OZVoMo {ZH$S>rMo àíZ gwQ>Ê`mEodOr{~H$Q> hmoÊ`mMm g§^d A{YH$. ZonmiMr cmoH$g§»`m OdiOdiXmoZ H$moQ>r Vrg cj Amho. drg dfmªnydu Mmirg Q>¸o$ cmoH$J[a~rÀ`m aofoImcr hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va \$ma ~Xc Pmcocm Zmhr._§Owlr Wmnm `m Zonmir co{IH$m AgyZ gmd©O{ZH$ àíZm§g§~§YmVg{H«$` AgVmV. Ë`m§Zr {c{hco Amho H$s, Zì`m Am{W©H$YmoaUm_wio {d{dY àH$maÀ`m Cn^mo½` dñVy {_iÊ`mg AS>MUam{hcr Zgcr, Var `mMm Cn^moJ AJXr WmoS>çm cmoH$m§Zm{_iVmo. n¡godmë`m§Zm Zdr Amam_era Kao KoVm òVmV, nU~mH$sÀ`m cmoH$m§Zm {Zdmam Zmhr. J«m_rU ^mJmVrc hcmIrdmT>V Jocr Amho. E|er cj cmoH$m§Zm Oo_Vo_ AjaAmoiI Amho.H$mhr cj cmoH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ d ~w{ÕOrdr åhUyZ JUVm òVrc.H$m`ÚmMo AZoH$ nXdrYa AmhoV; nU {ZîUmV dH$sc hmVmÀ`m~moQ>mda _moOVm òVrc. JwaIm g¡{ZH$ d BVa Zonmir ^maVmV dnaXoem§V ZmoH$ar d ì`dgm` H$ê$Z dfm©cm nmM H$moQ>r S>m°cg©BVH$s a¸$_ Amnë`m Hw$Qw > §~r`m§Zm nmR>dV AgVmV. VarhrJwa»`m§Zr ^maVr` g¡Ý`mV XmIc hmoD$ Zò hr amOH$s` njm§Mr^y{_H$m Amho. lr_Vr Wmnm `m§Zr ImQ>_m§Sy >nmgyZ ZonmiÀ`m XwJ©_Aem J«m_rU ^mJmMm Xm¡am EH$m _mZdr h¸$ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m naXoerH$m`©H$Ë`m©~amo~a Ho$cm Voìhm {VWco hcmIrMo OrdZ nmhVmAmcoM; nU cîH$a d _mAmodmXr `m§Zr aº$nmV {H$Vr Ho$cmAm{U OrdZ CX²ÜdñV Ho$co, hohr {Xgco.

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_mAmodmÚm§Zr `m àH$maÀ`m {dH¥$V _Zmod¥ÎmrMr EH$ {nT>rMnmogcr Agë`m_wio AmVm amÁ` MmcdVmZm AZ§V AS>MUròVrc. AJmoXaM g§gXr` _mJ© ñdrH$mê$Z Amnco H$mhr ZoVo dà{V{ZYr g§gXoV ~gUma d H$mhr _§Ìr hmoUma `m_wio AZoH$ OUamJmdco AmhoV. Oo gÎmoÀ`m dVw©imÀ`m ~mhoa amhVrc Vo gÎmmYmarghH$mè`m§Zm ñdñW ~gy XoUma ZmhrV. _mAmodmXr `wdH$ g§KQ>ZoMocmoH$ AmVmM AñdñW Pmco AmhoV. `m{edm` {d{dY OmVtÀ`mnwT>mè`m§Zm Amnë`m OmVrgmR>r Img A{YH$ma Am{U àXoehr hdmAmho. Wê$ cmoH$m§Zr Ver _mJUr Ho$cr Amho, Va gd© _Yoe hmdoJdoJù`m àm§Vm§V gÜ`mà_mUo Z {d^mJVm EH$g§Y H$amdm `m_mJUrZo Omoa Yacm Amho.

_mAmodmÚm§Zr Omoa Ho$ë`mda newnVr Vo {VénVr _mAmodmXrH«$m§Vr hmoÊ`mMr ^mfm ^maVmV H$mhtZr gwê$ Ho$cr hmoVr; nUH«$m§VrMr {Z`m©V H$aVm òV Zmhr, Ago H$m°. àM§S> `m§Zr _V {XcoAmho. CcQ> Ë`m§Zr g§gXr` _mJ© nËH$acm åhUyZ ^maVmVrc_mAmodmXr ZmamO AmhoV.

^maV gaH$macm `m àH$maÀ`m eoOmè`m§er g§~§Y amIm`MoAmhoV. gd©M Zonmir amOH$maUr amOH$s` hoVyZo gVV ^maV{damoYr_VàXe©Z H$aÊ`mV YÝ`Vm _mZVmV Va Amnë`m naamï´> godoVë`mH$mhr CËgmhr A{YH$mè`m§Zrhr H$mhr doim Zonmi_Üò A{YH$maJmOdÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$co hmoVo. `mg Amim KmcUo ^maV gaH$maMoH$V©ì` Amho. Zonmir cmoH$m§ZrM Ë`m§Mo ^{dVì` R>admdo d Ë`m§Zr_XVrMr _mJUr Ho$cr VaM Vr nwadUo e�` d Bï> Agë`mgnwadmdr, hoM R>rH$ hmoB©c.

- JmoqdX VidcH$a– [email protected]

g§X^© :EÝgm`�cmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m,AgX hþgoZ,{~«{Q>e B§{S>`mO [acoeÝg {dW X qH$JS>_ Am°\$ Zonmc.{cAmo, amoO d _mJm©aoQ> {\$ea,X nm°{c{Q>�g Am°\$ Zonmc, {cAmo d amoO,Zonmc ñQ´> °Q> oOr \$m°a gìhm©`ìhc._§Owlr Wmnm, \$aJoQ> ImQ>_m§Sy>.{Z`VH$m{cHo$, n°{g{\$H$ A\o$Ag© d X qhXy.

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Zonmi_Yrc Xwgar cmoH$emhr H«$m§Vr èñdr Pmcr Am{UZonmiÀ`m g§gXogmR>r {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë`m. `m {ZdS>UwH$m§V_w»`V: Mma nj à_wI åhUyZ nwT>o Amco. Ë`m§V _mAmodmXrH$å`w{ZñQ> nj, Zonmir H$m±J«og, ZonmiMm g§`wº$ H$å`w{ZñQ> njAm{U _Üòer OZ_moMm© ho Mma nj à_wI hmoVo. _mAmodmÚm§ZmcmoH$gôV gdmªV OmñV OmJm {_imë`m, nU Ë`m§Zm ~hþ_V{_imco Zmhr. gd©M OmJm§gmR>rÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m "gdmªV OmñV _Vo{_i{dUmam C_oXdma {ZdSy>Z òUmè`m' nÕVrà_mUo Pmë`mAgË`m Va H$Xm{MV Ë`m§Zm ~hþ_V {_imco AgVo, nU à_mUeraà{V{Z{YËdmMm AmJ«h Ë`m§MmM hmoVm.

Zonmi_Yrc XmoZeo dfmªMr amOoemhr amOo kmZ|Ð `m§À`mH$mimV ~XZm_ Pmcr : H$maU amOo dra|Ð `m§À`m~Ôc cmoH$m§À`m_ZmV ghmZw^yVr hmoVr. kmZ|Ð d Ë`m§Mm _wcJm nmag `m§À`m~ÔcË`m§À`m _ZmV amJ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio ZonmiMr amOoemhr Zï> H$amdrAer XmoÝhr H$å`w{ZñQ> njm§Mr _mJUr hmoVr. gwédmVrg ZonmirH$m±J«ogMm Ë`mg {damoY hmoVm, nU g§gXoZo amOoemhr Zï>H$aÊ`m~m~VMm R>amd g§_V Ho$cm Am{U amOo kmZ|Ð `m§ZmZmamÙ{hVr amOdmS>çmMm Ë`mJ H$amdm cmJcm. Zonmi_YrcamOoemhr Zï> Pmcr. AmVm ^yVmZMm AndmX dJiVm H$moUË`mhrX.Am{e`mB© XoemV amOoemhr am{hcr Zmhr. Zonmi AmVmcmoH$emhr àOmgÎmmH$ Pmco AgyZ, `m Zì`m àOmgÎmmH$mMoñdê$n Y_©{Zanoj AgUma Amho. Zonmi ho AmVm qhXwamï´>am{hcoco Zmhr. ZonmiÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc hr KQ>Zm _hÎdmMr Amho.WmoS>�`mV gm§Jm`Mo Pmco Va em§VVm_` _mJm©Zo, aº$mMm EH$ W|~

Z gm§Sy> XoVm Zonmi_Yrc amOoemhrMo C�mQ>Z hr Zonmir cmoH$m§Mrd amOH$s` njm§Mr _moR>r H$m_{Jar Amho.

Zonmi_Üò cmoH$emhr H«$m§Vr Pmcr, VoWrc amOoemhr Zï>Pmcr, nU AmVm Zì`m g§gXonwT>o Zì`m ZonmiMr {Z{_©VrH$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Amho. H«$m§VrZ§Va Ë`m XoemVrc gaH$manwT>ogmV àíZ {Z_m©U Pmco AmhoV.1. g§gXocm H$m`m©pÝdV H$ê$Z EH$_VmZo ZonmigmR>r Zì`m

g§{dYmZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.2. amOmÀ`m OmJr Zonmir àOmgÎmmH$mMm à_wI åhUyZ

amï´>nVrMr {ZdS> H$aUo d Ë`mMo A{YH$ma {ZpíMV H$aUo.3. Zonmi_Üò g§gXr` ì`dñWoVrc VÎdmZwgma Zdo gaH$ma

ñWmnZ H$aUo d Ë`mgmR>r Zì`m n§VàYmZmMr {ZdS> H$aUo.4. _mAmodmXr H$å`w{ZñQ> njmg g§gXr` ì`dñWoV gh^mJr

H$ê$Z KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr Or geó Xco J«m_rU ^mJmV H$m`©aVAmhoV, Ë`m§Mo {dgO©Z H$aUo d Ë`m§Zm amï´>{Z{_©VrÀ`mH$m`m©V gm_mdyZ KoUo.

5. _mAmodmXr H$å`w{ZñQ> nj hm gdmªV_moR>m Am{U gdmªV _hÎdmMm njAmho. `m njmMr amOH$s`H$m`©H«$_n{ÌH$m g§gXr` ì`dñWoÀ`mMm¡H$Q>rV ~gdyZ H$er am~dm`Mr hm_w»`V: H$irMm _wÔm Amho, H$maU_mAmodmÚm§Zm geó g§Kf© H$ê$ZJ{Z_r H$mì`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo

Zonmi :"V»V {JamE Om |Jo, VmO CN>mco OmE|Jo...' nwT>o H$m`?

_mAmodmÚm§Zr n§VàYmZnXmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ Zdo àíZ {Z_m©U hmoUma AmhoV. Jocr AZoH$ df}Zonmi_Üò _mAmodmÚm§Zr geóXco C^r Ho$cr Am{U `m geó Xcm§À`m _XVrZo J«m_rU ^mJmV Ë`m§ZrAmncr gÎmm ñWmnZ Ho$cr. `m geó Xcm§À`m _XVrZo geó H«$m§Vr H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm BamXm hmoVm, nUAmVm ~§XwH$sÀ`m ZirEodOr _VXmZnoQ>rVyZ gÎmm {_imë`m_wio `m geó Xcm§Mo H$m` H$amd`mMo hm_hÎdmMm _wÔm Amho, H$maU H$moUË`mhr cmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV Aem àH$maÀ`m geó Xcm§Mo ApñVËd \$maH$mi Agy eH$Uma Zmhr. _mAmodmÚm§Mo `m Xcm§da nyU© {Z`§ÌU Amho, Aer Anojm Amho. `m~m~V_mAmodmÚm§Mo Ago _V Amho, H$s `m Xcm§Zm ZonmiÀ`m geó g¡Ý`XcmV gm_rc H$ê$Z ¿`mdo. nU AemàH$maÀ`m goZo~mhoaÀ`m, Á`m§Mo à{ejU doJù`m nÕVrZo Pmco Amho, Á`m§Mr cT>Ê`mMr nÕV doJirAmho, Ë`m§Zm g¡Ý`mV gm_rc H$ê$Z ¿`md`mg ZonmiMo goZm{YH$mar V`ma ZmhrV. nU ZonmiÀ`mcmoH$emhrÀ`m Ñï>rZo hm àíZ _hÎdmMm Amho.

AemoH$ Mm¡gmiH$a


{damoYH$m§Zm h¡amU H$aÊ`mMm Mm§Jcm AZw^d Amho; nUgaH$ma Mmc{dÊ`m~m~VMo OJmVrc BVa Xoem§Vrc Ë`m§MoaoH$m°S>© Mm§Jco Zmhr.

6. Zonmi_Üò dm§{eH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ Eo�` R>odUo Am{U VamB©^mJmV à~i AgUmar _Üòer cmoH$m§Mr Or Midi Amho,{Vcm _w»` àdmhmV gm_mdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maUg_mOmV OgOer amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr dmT>Vo d cmoH$emhrà{H«$`m Imocda éOy cmJVo VgVgm dm§{eH$ amOH$maUmgdmd {_iy cmJVmo.

7. ZonmiMo naaamï´> YmoaU R>a{dUo _hÎdmMo Amho; H$maU^maV-Zonmi g§~§Y _hÎdmMo AmhoV. AmVmn`ªVÀ`m_mAmodmÚm§Zr Ho$coë`m KmofUm dñVwpñWVrMm gd© ~mOy§Zr{dMma H$ê$Z Ho$coë`m ZìhË`m. MrZ d Zonmi `m§À`mVrcg§~§Y nU _hÎdmMo R>aUma AmhoV.

Zì`m g§{dYmZmg_moarc àíZZonmi_Yrc amOoemhr Zï> Pmcr Am{U Zonmir cîH$amZo

Ë`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xcr. AmVmhr {ZdSy>Z Amcocr g§gXg§{dYmZg^m åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUma Amho. ZonmiMo g§{dYmZ H$goAgmdo, `m~m~V gd© amOH$s` njm§V EH$_V Zmhr; H$maUàËòH$mMo Ë`m~m~VMo {dMma doJdoJio AmhoV. VmËnwaË`mg§{dYmZmVrc H$mhr VaVwXt~m~V XwéñË`m H$aVmZm nU `m njm§V_VôX hmoVo. hr Jmoï> ñnï> Amho; H$s _mAmodmÚm§Zm A{^àoVAgUmar OZVoMr cmoH$emhr g§gXr` _mJm©Zo ñWmnZ H$aVm òUmaZmhr; H$maU EH$Va cmoH$gôV Ë`m§Zm VodT>o ~hþ_V Zmhr Am{UXwgar Jmoï> åhUOo Ë`m~m~V BVa à_wI njm§Mm Ë`m§Zm nmqR>~mAgUma Zmhr. Zdo g§{dYmZ ~ZdrV AgVmZm 1991 gmcr V`maPmcoë`m g§{dYmZmVrc Xmof Xya H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Am{U VoH$aVmZm Mma _wÔo _hÎdmMo R>aUma AmhoV.1. Zonmi ho g§KamÁ`mË_H$ àOmgÎmmH$ Agmdo H$s Vo EH$mË_

amÁ` Agmdo? Zonmi_Yrc Zonmir A{ÔZm§Mm g§KamÁ`mg{damoY Amho; Va VamB©À`m cmoH$m§Zm g§KamÁ` hdo Amho.Ë`mVyZ amÁ`m§Mo A{YH$ma {H$Vr AgmdoV `m~m~V _VôXhmoUma AmhoV, H$maU AmVm ZonmimV dm§{eH$ g§Kf© gwê$hmoÊ`mMr {MÝho {XgV AmhoV.

2. Zonmi_Üò g§gXr` ì`dñWm ñWmnZ H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. `mVamï´>nVrMo ñWmZ d A{YH$ma H$moUË`m àH$maMo AgVrc? g§gX{ÛJ¥hr H$s EH$J¥hr Agoc? g§gXr` ì`dñWm _§{Ì_§S>ir`

nÕVrMr Agoc H$s Ë`mV H$m`©H$mar _§S>ipñdg nÕVrZo (à_mUera _VXmZ nÕVrZo){ZdS>co OmB©c, `m~m~Vhr _VôX AmhoV.H$maU {d{dY njmV \y$Q> Agcoë`m Joë`m16-17 dfmªV ZonmimV amOH$sÀpñWaVm H$m`_ hmoVr. Zonmir H$m±J«ogMocmoH$M Ë`m njmÀ`m n§VàYmZmg ImcrIoMÊ`mg CËgwH$ AgV. g§gX gXñ`m§Mm

g§{YgmYynUm d Xc~XcynUm H$gm amoIm`Mm hm àíZ Zì`mg§{dYmZmg_moa Amho. `m~m~V _mAmodmÚm§Zr Amncr _Vo ñnï>Ho$cocr ZmhrV.

3. ZonmiÀ`m gdm}� Ý`m`mc`mg Ý`m`mc`rZ nwZ{d©cmoH$ZmMmA{YH$ma AgUma Amho H$m? H$maU H$moUË`mhr g§gXr` dg§KamÁ`r` ì`dñWoV Ý`m`mc`m§Zm Agm A{YH$ma AgUo_hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`m XoemVrc amOH$s` A{YgÎmog Ë`m_wioA{Y_mÝ`Vm àmá hmoVo. `m~m~V Ý`m`mc`m§Zm ñdmV§Í` XoUo_mAmodmÚm§Zm _mÝ` hmoB©c H$m?

4. Zonmi hm Jar~ d _mJmg Xoe Amho. VoWrc ga§Om_emhrì`dñWm nyU©nUo Zï> Pmcocr Zmhr. eoVrjoÌmV _yc^yVgwYmaUm H$amd`mÀ`m AmhoV. _mAmodmÚm§Zm `m _yc^yVgwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUm`À`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `m gwYmaUm§Mmg_mdoe H$ê$Z KoD$ eHo$c Aer KQ>Zm V`ma H$amdr cmJoc;H$maU Zonmir g_mOmMo àJVrMo àíZ KQ>ZoZo gmoS>{dco ZmhrVVa {VMr JUZm 1991 À`m KQ>Zoà_mUo hmoB©c. Ë`m Ñï>rZoImOJr _mc_ÎmoÀ`m A{YH$mamMm àíZ _hÎdmMm Amho.

Zonmi_Üò amï´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r _VXmZ Pmco, hr{ZdS>UyH$ EH$_VmZo Pmcr Zmhr. gwédmVrg Aer Anojm hmoVrH$s Zonmir H$å`w{ZñQ> nj d _mAmodmXr Ë`m§À`m _m�g©dmXmdarc{Zð>o_wio EH$Ì òVrc Am{U Ë`m XmoKm§Zm {_iyZ g§gXoV nyU©~hþ_V Agë`m_wio nwT>Mm _mJ© gwH$a hmoB©c; nU _mAmodmÚm§ZmH$å`w{ZñQ>m§Zm Amnë`m~amo~a KoUo O_co Zmhr. Ë`m_wioamï´>nVrnXmgmR>r _mAmodmXr EH$m ~mOycm Va Zonmir H$m±J«og,g§`wº$ H$å`w{ZñQ> nj d _Üòer OZ_moMm© ho VrZ nj EH$ÌAmco. amï´>nVrnXmgmR>r `m XmoÝhr JQ>m§Zr _Üòer g_mOmVrcVamB© ^mJmVrc C_oXdmam§Zm Cô Ho$co. am_dMZ `mXd d amOamOmàVmnqgJ ho XmoZ C_oXdma hmoVo. n{hë`m \o$arV `mXd `m§Zm Mma_Vo H$_r nS>cr, nU Xwgè`m \o$arV _mÌ Vo {ZdSy>Z Amco,Ë`mMà_mUo `m AmKmS>rMo C_oXdma {_l ho nUCnamï´>nVrnXmgmR>r n{hë`m \o$arV {ZdSy>Z Amco. AmVmn`ªVXwc©{jV AgUmao VamB© ^mJmVrc ZoVo Aem àH$mao amï´>nVr dCnamï´>nVr åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z Amco. nU amï´>nVr d Cnamï´>nVrMr{ZdS> EH$_VmZo Z Pmë`m_wio `m XmoZ AmKmS>çm§V VUmd {Z_m©UPmcm Amho, Ë`mMo n[aUm_ \$mago Bï> AgUma ZmhrV.

_mAmodmÚm§À`m AQ>r_mAmodmXr njmg ~h_wVmnojm 40-50 OmJm H$_r

{_imë`m AmhoV. nU Varhr `m njmg gdmªV OmñV _Vo d OmJm{_imcoë`m Agë`m_wio g§gXr` ì`dñWoV _§{Ì_§S>i_mAmodmÚm§Zr ~Zdmdo Aer Anojm Amho. nU amï´>nVrnXmÀ`m{ZdS>UwH$sV nam^d Pmë`mZ§Va _mAmodmÚm§Zr gaH$maMr ñWmnZmH$aÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xcm Amho. Ë`m§Mo Ago _V Amho H$s Ë`m§Zmg§gXoV ~hþ_VmMm nmqR>~m Zgë`m_wio Vo {damoYr nj åhUyZ H$m_H$ê$ BpÀN>VmV. Zonmir H$m±J«og d Zonmir H$å`w{ZñQ> nj EH$ÌòD$Z gaH$ma ~Zdy BpÀN>V ZmhrV. H$maU Ë`m§Zm ho _mhrV Amho


H$s Ë`m§Zm ~hþ_VmMm nmqR>~m Zmhr. {edm` `m XmoÝhr njm§V_yc^yV d¡Mm[aH$ ôXXoIrc AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gdmªMr Anojm AmhoH$s nwînH$_c Xhmc C\©$ àM§S> `m§Zr ZonmimV Zì`m gaH$maMrñWmnZm H$amdr. gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àM§S> `m§Zr H$mhrAQ>r KmVë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m_Vo Ë`m§À`m gaH$macm H$_rV H$_rXmoZ df} amÁ` H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imcr nm{hOo. Zonmir H$m±J«ogH$å`w{ZñQ> nj d _Üòer OZm{YH$ma \$moa_ `m§Mr AmKmS>r~aImñV H$aÊ`mV `mdr Am{U amÁ`H$Vm© nj åhUyZ Ý`yZV_H$m`©H«$_mV _mAmodmÚm§À`m H$m`©H«$_mg AJ«H«$_ {_imdm `m VrZAQ>r _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amë`m ZmhrV Va (àM§S> `m§Zr Aer KmofUmHo$cr Amho H$s) Ë`m§Mm nj g§gXoV {damoYr nj åhUyZ H$m_H$arc. nU Zonmir H$m±J«ogZo àM§S> `m§À`m _mJÊ`m A_mÝ` Ho$ë`mAmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo `m _mJÊ`m nmoaH$Q> AmhoV. Aem àH$maÀ`m_mJÊ`m g§gXr` ì`dñWo_Üò _mÝ` H$aVm òV ZmhrV.

_mAmodmÚm§Zr n§VàYmZnXmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va AZoH$Zdo àíZ {Z_m©U hmoUma AmhoV. Jocr AZoH$ df} Zonmi_Üò_mAmodmÚm§Zr geóXco C^r Ho$cr Am{U `m geó Xcm§À`m_XVrZo J«m_rU ^mJmV Ë`m§Zr Amncr gÎmm ñWmnZ Ho$cr. `mgeó Xcm§À`m _XVrZo geó H«$m§Vr H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm BamXm hmoVmnU AmVm ~§XwH$sÀ`m ZirEodOr _VXmZnoQ>rVyZ gÎmm{_imë`m_wio `m geó Xcm§Mo H$m` H$amd`mMo hm _hÎdmMm _wÔmAmho, H$maU H$moUË`mhr cmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV Aem àH$maÀ`mgeó Xcm§Mo ApñVËd \$ma H$mi Agy eH$Uma Zmhr._mAmodmÚm§Mo `m Xcm§da nyU© {Z`§ÌU Amho, Aer Anojm Amho.`m~m~V _mAmodmÚm§Mo Ago _V Amho, H$s `m Xcm§Zm ZonmiÀ`mgeó g¡Ý`XcmV gm_rc H$ê$Z ¿`mdo. nU Aem àH$maÀ`mgoZo~mhoaÀ`m, Á`m§Mo à{ejU doJù`m nÕVrZo Pmco Amho,Á`m§Mr cT>Ê`mMr nÕV doJir Amho, Ë`m§Zm g¡Ý`mV gm_rcH$ê$Z ¿`md`mg ZonmiMo goZm{YH$mar V`ma ZmhrV. nUZonmiÀ`m cmoH$emhrÀ`m Ñï>rZo hm àíZ _hÎdmMm Amho. gd©amOH$s` njm§Zr `m~m~V gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñdrH$maUo JaOoMoAmho. _mAmodmÚm§Zr gaH$ma ~Zdco Va hm àíZ gm¡hmX©nyU© _mJm©ZogwQy> eHo$c. _mAmodmÚm§Zr Oa {damoYr njmV ~gmd`mMm {ZU©`KoVcm Va Zì`m gaH$macm hm àíZ gmoS>{dUo AdKS> hmoB©c.

Zonmi_Yrc n[adV©ZmMm _wÔm hm _mAmodmÚm§ZmamOH$maUmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV gm_rc H$ê$Z KoÊ`mer g§~§{YVAmho. H$maU BVHo$ {Xdg J«m_rU ^mJmV geó Xcm~amo~agaH$maÀ`m {damoYmV Vo H$m`© H$arV hmoVo. AmVm Ë`m§Zmamï´>{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$òg H$go Ow§nm`Mo hm _hÎdmMm _wÔm Amho.H$maU _mAmodmÚm§À`m Ñï>rZo g§nyU© gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s`ì`dñWoMr Zì`mZo nwZa©MZm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho; H$maUga§Om_emhr O_rZXmar Am{U Ym{_©H$ A§Y{dídmg d_mJmgconUm `mZo OZVm ÌñV Pmcocr Amho. OZVoMr Anojm`m~m~V nyU© Ho$cr nm{hOo. OZVoMr Anojm nyU© Ho$cr Zmhr VaZì`m H«$m§VrMm Amåhmcm H$m` Cn`moJ Pmcm, Agm àíZ {Z_m©UhmoD$ eH$Vmo.

g§gXr` ì`dñWm d _mAmodmXr n[adV©ZmMm {dMmag§gXr` ì`dñWoV Amncm n[adV©ZmÀ`m amOH$maUmMm

H$m`©H«$_ ì`dpñWnUo ~gdyZ Vmo nwT>o H$gm Ý`md`mMm hm AmO_mAmodmÚm§nwT>Mm àíZ Amho, H$maU ^maVmVrc _mAmodmXrË`m§À`mda g§{YgmYy XwéñVrdmXr åhUyZ Q>rH$m H$arV AmhoV.Ë`m_wio _mAmodmÚm§Zm cmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV amhÿZ amOH$s`n[adV©Z H$go H$amd`mMo `mMo à{V_mZ dm Z_wZm V`ma H$amdmcmJoc. H$maU AmOn`ªV Var H$moUË`mhr _mAmodmXr njmZo AemàH$maMm H$m`©H«$_ A§_cmV AmUcocm Zmhr. _mAmodmXr ì`dñWoVH$m_Jma dJm©À`m {hVmgmR>r, g_mOmVrc dJ©g§Kf© Vrd« H$arV,amÁ`mMr YmoaUo am~dm`Mr AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r _m�g©ZoH$m_JmadJm©À`m hþHy$_emhrMr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho; nU g§gXr`ì`dñWoV doJdoJù`m dJmªÀ`m {hVg§~§Ym§Mm g_Ýd` gmYV,Ë`m§À`m dJu` {hVm§Zm H$mhr à_mUmV MwMH$maV, _waS> KmcrVn[adV©ZmMo amOH$maU {Y_onUmZo H$aÊ`mMr g§gXr` ì`dñWoMrarV AgVo. g§gXr` ì`dñWoVrc {Z`§{ÌV dJ©g§Kfm©Mo amOH$maUH$aÊ`mMo H$moUVohr à{ejU _mAmodmÚm§Zm {_imcoco Zmhr. `mì`dñWo~m~VMm H$moUVmhr Eo{Vhm{gH$ AZw^d Ë`m§Zm Zmhr.Ë`m_wio hm àíZ _hÎdmMm Amho.

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Zonmi_Üò{ZdS>UwH$m hmoD$ZXmoZ _{hZo Pmco,nU AOyZhr VoWogaH$maMr ñWmnZmPmcr Zmhr. `mMmAW© Agm H$s1991-2007 `mH$mimVrc H$Qy>AZw^d `m njm§ZrcjmV KoVcocmZmhr. AmVmamOoemhr Zï>Pmë`m_wio Zonminyd©nXmda OmUmaZmhr; nUgaH$maMr ñWmnZmPmcr Zmhr Va

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- AemoH$ Mm¡[email protected]

Mob. : 9421172868

■

NEPAL

(ì`§J{MÌ gm¡OÝ` : B§J«Or X¡{ZH$ "X qhXy')


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Zdm H$ama Ho$cm. `m H$amamZwgma ^maVmZo ^yVmZ ho ñdV§Ìñdm`Îm amï´> Agë`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co. ^maVmer _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§YamIÊ`mg `m H$amam_wio àmoËgmhZ {_imco. `mVrc H$c_ 2MmAme` Agm:

"^maV gaH$ma ^yVmZÀ`m A§VJ©V H$ma^mamV H$moUË`mhràH$maMr T>dimT>di Z H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ XoV Amho. CcQ>njr^yVmZ gaH$ma Amnco naamï´> YmoaU ^maV gaH$maÀ`mgëë`mZwgma AmIÊ`mMo _mÝ` H$aVo.'

^yVmZÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ `m H$c_mMm AW© H$mhr doJimMhmoVm. ^yVmZÀ`m A§VJ©V dmXmdmXrV ^maVmZo ^mJ KoVë`mgMrZcm Am{U BVa Xoem§Zm ^yVmZ_Üò hñVjon H$aÊ`mg Am_§ÌUXoÊ`mgmaIo Amho, åhUyZ ^maVmZo Ë`mnmgyZ cm§~ amhm`cm hdoAgo Zohê$§Mo _V hmoVo. na§Vw `m H$amamVrc VaVwXr_wio ^maVmÀ`mg§ajUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ^maVmMm \$m`XmM hmoVm. EH$ {_Ìamï´> åhUyZ{h_mc`mÀ`m gahÔrdarc ^yVmZ Xoe MrZcm ^maVmV KwgImoarH$aÊ`mnmgyZ amoIyZ Yê$ eH$Vmo. gd© ~mOy§Zr ^yàXoem§ZrdoT>coë`m ^yVmZcm ì`mnma, XiUdiU Am{U BVa Xoem§erg§nH©$ gmYÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmda nyU©nUo Adc§~yZ ahmdo cmJVo.Ë`m_wio ^yVmZcm ^maVmer {Zð>m ~miJUo A{Zdm`© Amho.`mì`{V[aº$ AmUIrhr H$mhr "B§{S>`Z {_{cQ>ar Q´> oqZJQ>r_'gma»`m nañna g§ajUmË_H$ VaVwXr AmhoV. 1958 _Üòn§VàYmZ Odmhacmc Zohê§$Zr ^yVmZcm ôQ> {Xcr hmoVr. `môQ>rV Zohê§$Zr ^maV gaH$maH$Sy>Z ^yVmZcm ghH$m`© XoÊ`mMrh_r {Xcr Am{U ^maVmÀ`m YmoaUm~m~V ^yVmZ J¡ag_O H$ê$ZKoUma Zmhr Aer Amem ì`º$ Ho$cr.

`m ôQ>rV Zohê$ {g¸$s_ d Mw§~r Imoè`m_YyZ VÅ>mda ~gyZ^yVmZcm nmoMco hmoVo. `mVyZ nañnam§er AW©nyU© gwg§dmXgmYÊ`mMr d ^yVmZÀ`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmÀ`mg_ñ`m§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr C^`Vm§Zm {_imcr. ^maVmÀ`m_XVrZo ^yVmZZo AmYw{ZH$ ~Zmdo Aer gyMZm Zohê§$Zr Ho$crAm{U ^yVmZÀ`m {dH$mgmMr n{hcr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmAmIÊ`mV d gwê$ H$aÊ`mV _XV Ho$cr. ^yVmZÀ`m _hmamOm§erZohê§$Zr ^maVmg OmoS>Umam EH$ ^y_mJ© ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`me�`Vo~m~Vhr {dMma{d{Z_` Ho$cm. ^yVmZ_Yrc gd©20 {Oëho ^maVmZo ~m§YyZ {Xcoë`m añË`m§Zr OmoS>coco AmhoV

1959 gmcr MrZZo {V~oQ>À`m ñdmV§Í`mMo Am§XmocZH«y$anUo {MaSy>Z Q>mH$ë`mZo ^yVmZr OZVocm \$ma H$miOr dmQy>cmJcr. _moR>çm g§»òZo {V~oQ>r eaUmWu ^yVmZ_Üò Kwgy cmJco.`m KS>m_moS>t_wio ^yVmZ \$ma qMVmJ«ñV Pmco. 1959À`mAm°JñQ> _{hÝ`mV ^yVmZMo n§VàYmZ {O½_o nëS>oZ X>moOu ^maVmVAmco Am{U Ë`m§Zr "MrZZo ^yVmZda AmH«$_U Ho$ë`mg ^maV^yVmZÀ`m nmR>rer C^m amhrc' Aer coIr h_r _m{JVcr.Aem VèhoZo ^yVmZZo ^maVmer cîH$ar OdirH$hr àñWm{nVHo$cr. 1960 _Üò ^yVmZZo {V~oQ> - ^yVmZ _Yrc gahÔrdaH$S>H$ ~§Xmo~ñV H$ê$Z eaUmWvMr KwgImoar ~§X Ho$cr; {V~oQ>


Am{U MrZer ì`mnmar g§~§Y VmoS>co. nU `m_wio ^yVmZÀ`mAW©ì`dñW>ocm _moR>m PQ>H$m ~gcm; H$maU ^yVmZ_Üò{nH$Umè`m A{V[aº$ Vm§Xwimcm {V~oQ>Mm ~mOma Cacm Zmhr.^maVmZo Vm§Xyi IaoXrMr V`mar XmI{dcr nU Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çmhm ì`dhma ZwH$gmZH$maH$ hmoVm. åhUyZ ^yVmZZo nwÝhm EH$Xmn§VàYmZ {O½_o nmëS>oZ X>moOu `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr 1961 _Üò^yVmZÀ`m {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m{df`r MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH${eï>_§S>i {X�rcm nmR>{dco.

1959 _Yrc MrZZo {V~oQ>da Ho$coco AmH«$_U Am{U1962 _Yrc ^maV-MrZ `wÕ `m_wio ^yVmZMr Agwa{jVVoMr^mdZm AmUIrZM~imdcr. MrZÀ`mYmoaUm~m~V Ë`m§Zm\$ma g§e` dmQy>cmJcm. `m XmoZ_hmgÎmm§_Üò AmncoñdV§Ì ApñVËd{Q>H$dyZ YaÊ`mMr{ZH$S> \$ma Vrd«VoZoOmUdy cmJcr. ^yVmZZaoem§À`m emgZmZoMrZ d ^maV `mXmoÝhr Xoem§~m~VAm¡nMm[aH$ H$m hmoB©Zmna§Vw VQ>ñW ^y{_H$mKoVcr. na§Vw ^maVmerAmYrM gmYcoë`mOd{iH$s_wio ^yVmZMrZMo cú` R>aÊ`mMr^rVr Ë`m§Zm gVmdVhmoVr. `m `wÕmVCnI§S>mVrc ^maVmMonmaS>o hcHo$ PmcoAmho Ago ^yVmZÀ`m OZVocm dmQ>V hmoVo. åhUyZ ^yVmZZo^maVmcm Amnë`mnmgyZ WmoS>o Xya R>odÊ`mMo d ^maVmdarcAdc§~Z H$_r H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dco.$^maVmgma»`m àM§S> XoemcmgwÕm MrZ Z_dy eH$Vmo Va ^yVmZgma»`m chmZ Xoemcm Va VmonmhVm nmhVm {JiyZ Q>mHo$c Aer ^rVr Ë`m§Zm dmQy> cmJcr.Ë`m_wio 1962 gmcÀ`m `wÕmZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV ^yVmZcmAmnë`m naamï´>r` YmoaUm_Üò H$mhr ~Xc H$amdo cmJco.^yVmZÀ`m C�^«y dJm©Zo ZonmigmaIo naamï´>YmoaU R>odmdo AgogwM{dco. MrZ Am{U ^maV `m XmoÝhr§er gmaIrM _¡Ìr R>odyZgÎmoMm g_Vmoc amIUmar naamï´> ZrVr Ë`m§Zm hdr hmoVr. na§Vw^yVmZ Zaoem§À`m emgZmMr Ë`mcm gh_Vr ZìhVr. ^yVmZMrgm_[aH$ d amOH$s` pñWVr cjmV KoVm Zonmir naamï´> YmoaUË`m§Zm A`mo½` dmQ>V hmoVo. AIoarg ZonmigmaIo naamï´> YmoaU Z

Adc§{~Vm ^yVmZZo ^maVmerM OmñV OdirH$ R>odÊ`mMoRa>{dco.

1974 _Üò {g¸$s_Mr amOoemhr g§nwï>mV òD$Z Ë`mamÁ`mMo ^maVmV {dcrZrH$aU Pmco Voìhm eoOmaÀ`m {h_mc`rZamÁ`mMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñdV§Ì AmoiIM nwgcr Jocr Amho, Aer^yVmZZo Ë`mda {Q>ßnUr Ho$cr. {g¸$s__Yë`m Zonmir cmoH$m§Zr{g¸$s_gmR>r ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Zm ~ZdyZ {g¸$s_Mo ^maVmV{dcrZrH$aU gmYÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmMm nmqR>~m {_idcm hmoVm.amOoemhr Zï> hmoÊ`mnojmhr {g¸$s__Yë`m Zonmir OZVoMr hramOH$maUmVrc dmT>Vr OmU Am{U _hËdmH$m§jm ^yVmZcm OmñV

IQ>H$cr.Amnë`mdahr hrMn[apñWVr nwT>o _mJoòUma `mMrhr Ë`m§Zmhþahþa cmJcr hmoVr.na§Vw ^yVmZ Am{U{g¸$s_ `m§À`mamOH$s` d{d{Y{df`H$n[apñWVr_ÜòJwUmË_H$ \$aH$ hmoVm.1947 nydu {g¸$s_hm {~«{Q>e amÁ`mMm^mJ hmoVm Vgm ^yVmZZìhVm. AWm©VM^maV ^yVmZdaH$mhrhr h¸$ gm§JyeH$V ZìhVm.{g¸$s_à_mUo ^yVmZ^maVmMo "a{jVamÁ`hr' ZìhVo.^maV-^yVmZ g§~§YË`m§À`m_Üò 1949

_Üò Pmcoë`m H$amamda AmYm[aV AmhoV. `m H$amamV ^yVmZÀ`mñdmV>§Í`mMr ½dmhr {Xcocr Amho. {edm` ^yVmZ AmVm g§`wº$amï´>g§KmMm g^mgX Agë`mZo ^yVmZÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mcm H$mhrYmoH$m Amho Ago dmQ>ë`mg Ë`m~m~V ^yVmZcm g§`wº$amï´>g§KmH$S>o VH«$ma H$aVm òVo.

1970 gmcr ^yVmZcm g§`wº$amï´>g§KmMo g^mgXËd {_imco.VoìhmnmgyZ ^maVmer Agcoco Amncog§~§Y BVaÌ di{dÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm à`ËZgwê$ Pmcm. g§`w�V amï´>g§Km_Üò AmncoñdV§Ì _V Zm|XdyZ AmnU ñdm`Îm dgmd©^m¡_ Agë`mMo XmIdyZ XoÊ`mMm1973 gmcmnmgyZ ^yVmZMm à`ËZ hmoVm.

^yVmZ Zaoe {O½_o Amnë`m {Ma§Ordmgmo~V

OZVoÀ`m aoQ>çm_wio amOH$s` gwYmaUm cmXë`m OmÊ`mAJmoXaAmnUM Ë`m KS>dyZ AmUUo `mVM Amnco {hV Amho.


1974 gmcÀ`m ^yVmZ ZaoemÀ`m amÁ`mamohU g_ma§^mgmR>r^yVmZZo 150 Xoem§À`m à{V{ZYtZm Am_§{ÌV Ho$co hmoVo.A_o[aH$m, B§½c§S>, \«$mÝg, MrZ, a{e`m, H°$ZS>m, pñdËPcªS>,Am°ñQ´> o{c`m Am{U Ý`yPrc§S> `m Xoem§Mo à{V{ZYr `m g_ma§^mcmhOa am{hco hmoVo. ^yVmZZo àW_M ~mhoaÀ`m OJmcm AmncmXadmOm CKS>cm hmoVm. {W>åny òWo âcoë`m `m _oimì`m_wioAmnU gmd©^m¡_ gÎmm Agë`mMm ^yVmZMm {dídmg ~imdcm.

Aem nmíd©^y_rda ^maV gaH$maZo ^yVmZ Zaoemcm {X�rcmòÊ`mMo Am_§ÌU {Xco. 18 {S>g|~a 1974 _Üò ^yVmZ Zaoe^maVmV Amco Am{U 1949À`m ^maV-^yVmZ H$amamZwgma XmoÝhrXoem§_Üò ÑT> _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y amIÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zr nwÝhm EH$Xm ½dmhr{Xcr. ^maVmZo ^yVmZÀ`m {Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZog gmøH$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ {Xco Am{U Nw>¸$m àH$ën d nJcr òWrc{g_|Q> ßc°ÝQ> ~m~V ~mocUr Ho$cr. 1977 _Üò gÎmm àmáHo$coë`m OZVm XcmÀ`m emgZmZo naamï´> ZrVrcm ZdrZ diU{Xco; EH$ àm_m{UH$ A{cáVm Am{U C^`njr \$m`Xoera Ago(non-alignment and beneficial bilateralism) naamîQ´>YmoaU AmIco. Amåhm§g C^` Xoem§Mr gwa{jVVm Am{U ^yVmZMràJVr EdT>oM ñdmañ` Amho, Aer emídVr ^maVmZo ^yVmZcm{Xcr. 1974 gmcÀ`m {g¸$s_À`m {dcrZrH$aUmZ§VaCØdcoë`m g§e`nyU© dmVmdaUm_Üò ho AmídmgZ \$ma _hÎdmMohmoVo. `m{edm` ^maVmZo ^yVmZÀ`m ~oJZm Am{U am`S>°H$Oc{dÚwV² àH$ënm§Mo d AemM BVa AZoH$ chmZ chmZàH$ënm§Mo gmhmæ` nyd©dV² Mmcy R>odco.

^maV-^yVmZ gahÔ g_ñ`m :1950 _Üò MrZZo {V~oQ> da Vm~m {_i{dë`mZ§Va ^yVmZ

qMVmJ«ñV hmoVm ho AmnU AmYr nm{hcoM Amho. Ë`mV 1958_Üò MrZZo ~è`mM _moR>çm ^maVr` ^y^mJmda Amncm h¸$gm§{JVcm; EdT>oM Zìho Va ^yVmZÀ`m 200 Mm¡ag _¡cO_rZrdahr {V~oQ>Mm ^mJ åhUyZ MrZMr _mcH$s gm§{JVcr.Owc¡ 1959 gmcr Va {V~oQ>cm MrZÀ`m _w»` ^y_rer g§c¾H$aÊ`mÀ`m Amnë`m YmoaUmZwgma H$madmB© H$aVmZm MrZZo H¡$cmgnd©VmOdirc d J±JQ>moH$ òWrc npíM_ {V~oQ>Mo ^yVmZÀ`memgZmImcr Agcoco N>moQ>o N>moQ>o àXoe H$m~rO Ho$co. ^yVmZÀ`mZ¡F$ËòMm àXoe CÎm_ cmH$S>mgmR>r à{gÕ Amho, VgmM`wÕZrVrÀ`m ÑîVrZo _hÎdmMm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m ñdm^m{dH$^m¡Jmo{cH$ g§aMZo_wio Mw§~r Imoè`mMr Am{U VoWo OmUmè`m

añË`m§Mr Q>ohiUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r VoWo_mo�`mMr {R>H$mUo AmhoV. {edm` hmàXoe npíM_ ~§Jmc_Yrc OcYmamYaUmÀ`m Iyn Odi Agë`mZo Amncm`m àXoemdaMm h¸$ Oamhr H$_r hmoUmaZmhr `mMr MrZ I~aXmar KoVmo. åhUyZË`m§Zr Mw§~r Imoao ^yVmZcm OmoS>Ê`mgmR>rañVm ~m§YyZ H$mT>cm Amho.

Aem arVrZo MrZ~amo~a Agcoë`m gahÔr~m~VÀ`m{ddmXm§_wio ^yVmZg_moa _moR>rM g_ñ`m C^r am{hcr Amho. `m~m~VrV MrZcm ^maVmMr T>dimT>di ng§V Zgë`mZo ^yVmZÀ`mnaamï´>r` YmoaUmVrc hm ^mJ \$ma Jw§VmJw§VrMm Pmcm hmoVm. _mM©1981 _Üò ^yVmZZo Zdr {X�rVrc {MZr d{H$cmVrg EH$amOH$s` I{cVm nmR>dyZ MrZer AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nVHo$co. ^yVmZÀ`m Xmdm Ëeoo[a¨J `m naamï ImË`mÀ`m´> _§Í`mZoMrZer WoQ> ~mocUr H$aÊ`mMr, MrZer gai {Ûnjr` ~mocUrH$ê$Z C^` Xoem_Ycr gahÔ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMr Am{U `m~m~VrVrc ~mocUr nyU© hmoB©n`©§V ^yVmZMr na§namJV gahÔH$m`_$amIÊ`mMr BÀN>m ì`º$ Ho$cr.

àW_ 1984 _Üò ~rqOJ òWo gahÔr{df`H$ ~mocUrPmcr. `m doir MrZZo ho ñnï> Ho$co H$s Ë`m§Mm ^yVmZ-MrZ_Yrc gahÔr~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ nm{H$ñVmZ, ~«÷Xoe Am{UZonmi `m§À`m gr_o~m~V Ogm Amho VgmM amhrc. MrZ^yVmZMr ñdV§Ì d gmd©^m¡_ gÎmm _mÝ` H$aVmo Agm `mMm AW©hmoVmo. Xwgar MrZZo ñnï> Ho$cocr Jmoï> åhUOo ^yVmZMo g§ajUg§~§YrMo _mo�`mÀ`m OmJm§darc h¸$ MrZcm _mÝ` ZmhrV. ømOmJm ^yVmZ d ^maVmcm AZwHy$c Agë`mZo MrZ Ë`m~m~VVS>OmoS> H$aÊ`mg V`ma Zmhr. na§Vw H$_r _hÎdmÀ`m BVa~m~t_Üò MrZMo YmoaU ~aoM CXma Agoc. Amnco Xmdo _mÝ`H$amdoV åhUyZ MrZ ^yVmZda X~md AmUrc. ~mocÊ`m§À`m 14_o amoOrÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m \o$ar_Üò C^`njr Mma _hÎdmÀ`m_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§da g_Pm¡Vm Pmcm. XmoÝhr XoemVrc nañnag§~§Ym§~m~VÀ`m `m VÎdm§Mm g§`wº$ {ZdoXZmV C�oI hmoVm. hrVÎdo Aer :

1. em§VVmnyU© ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r "EH$_oH$m§À`mgmd©^m¡_ËdmMm Am{U àmXo{eH$ AI§S>VoMm AmXa;EH$_oH$m§da AmH«$_U Z H$aUo; EH$_oH$m§À`m A§VJ©Vì`dhmam_Üò cwS>~yS> Z H$aUo; nañnam§Mo {hV Am{Uem§VVm_` ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aUo `m nmMhrVÎdm§Mo nmcZ.

2. EH$_oH$m§Zm g_mZ _mZyZ {_ÌËdmÀ`m ZmË`mZo nañnam§erg_OyVrZo d EH$_oH$mÀ`m gmo`rZo AW©nyU© g_Pm¡Vm H$aUo.

3. cmoH$m§À`m amï´>r` ^mdZm d XmoÝhr amï´>m§Mm cm^ `m§Mmg_Ýd` gmYVmZm ê$T>r, na§nam, arVr[admO `m gd©Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_rMm VgmM emgH$s` A{YH$majoÌmMm{dMma H$aUo.

4. XmoÝhr Xoem§Vrc gr_o~m~V VS>OmoS> hmoB©n`ªV gr_odaem§VVm amIUo Am{U _mM© 1959 _Üò {ZpíMV Ho$coë`mAm{U gÜ`m ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m gr_m ~iO~arZo~XcÊ`mMm EH$V\$s© à`ËZ Z H$aUo.gr_m àíZmda MrZ Am{U {V~oQ>_Üò Mmcy Agcoë`m

dmQ>mKmQ>tÀ`m ~mamì`m \o$ar_Üò Imcrc VrZ _hÎdmMo _wÔoMM}V Amco :

1) ^yVmZ d MrZ_Üò naamï´> d{H$cmVtMr ñWmnZm;


2) MrZer ì`mnmar g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aUo; 3) Am{U^yàXoem§Mr AXcm~Xc. `m{edm` MrZ Am{U ^yVmZZo 1998_Üò gr_m^mJmV em§VVm amIÊ`mÀ`m H$amamdahr gøm Ho$ë`m.hm `m XmoÝhr amï´>m§Vrc AmOn`ªVMm n{hcm H$ama hmoVm.^yàXoemÀ`m AXcm~Xcr~m~V {ZU©` KoVm Amcm Zmhr; H$maUË`m_Üò ^maVmÀ`m {g¸$s_ àXoemÀ`m gr_m§Mmhr g_mdoe Amho.`mVyZ MrZer Am¡nMm[aH$ g§~Y àñWm{nV H$aVm§Zm ^maVmÀ`m{h_mc`rZ àXoemVrc {hVg§~§YmZm ~mYm òD$ Z XoÊ`mMrI~aXmar ^yVmZ KoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.

WmoS>�`mV åhUOo ^yVmZ d MrZ `m§À`mVrcgr_m§~m~VÀ`m dmQ>mKmQ>t gVV Mmcy AgyZhr AOyZ Ë`m§ZmAmnco C{Ôï> JmR>Vm Amcoco Zmhr. ^yVmZÀ`m åhUÊ`mZwgma MrZOmUyZ-~wOyZ {Xa§JmB© H$arV Amho;Am°JñQ> 2006 _Üò Pmcoë`m~rqOJ ~¡R>H$sV ho ñnï> PmcohmoVo. øm dmQ>mKmQ>tMo doir Q>§J{O`mPwAmZ ^yVmZÀ`m naamï´>_§Í`mcm åhUmco hmoVo, "MrZ-^yVmZ gr_oZo XmoÝhr Xoem§_Üò goVy~m§Ycm OmB©c d Ë`m_wio CËH¥$ï>eoOmaY_m©Mo AmMaU XmoÝhr XoeH$aVrc Aer _cm Amem Amho.'`m XmoZ Xoem§_Üò Am¡nMm[aH$naamï´> g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmco ZgcoVar XmoÝhr Xoem§_Üò EH$_oH$m~ÔcAmXa d g_mZ dmJUyH$ Z¸$sMAmho, Agohr Vo åhUmco hmoVo.

òWo ho Z_yX Ho$co nm{hOoH$s Am¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Y ZgVmZmhrMrZMo ^yVmZer _¡Ìr dmT>{dÊ`mMoAZm¡nMm[aH$ à`ËZ dmT>VMAmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, Am°JñQ> 2006 _Üò 169 \y$Q> C§MrMmgdm©V C§M ~wÕmMm nwVim qWny òWo C^maÊ`mÀ`m àH$ënmMoH§$ÌmQ> EamogZ H$m°nm}aoeZ `m ZmZqOJ òWrc H§$nZrcm {Xco JocoAmho. `mgmR>r XmoZ H$moQ>r S>m°cg© EdT>m IM© hmoUma Amho. na§Vw`m àH$ënmMm _w»` àm`moOH$ qgJmnyaMm H$moQ>çmYre [aMo>Z{nQ>a Q>oAmo hmoVm. Aem VèhoZo EH$m ~mOycm MrZer gr_m{ZpíMV H$aÊ`m~m~V dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aUo, ^yVmZ_Yrc {V~oQ>rcmoH$m§Mr KwgImoar amoIUo d Ë`mM~amo~a Xwgè`m ~mOycm MrZer_¡Ìr Am{U ghH$m`© Mmcy R>odUo Ago ^yVmZÀ`m naamï´>YmoaUmMoXmoZ _w»` hoVy AmhoV. ñdV�Mo ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r^yVmZgma»`m XmoZ _moR>çm Xoem§À`m H$mÌrV gmnS>coë`mchmZem Xoemcm Amnco naamï´> YmoaU Aem VèhoZo {ZpíMVH$amdo cmJVo. XmoÝhr Xoem§Zm {damoY Z H$aVm Ë`m§Mr _Ougm§^miV gm§^miV nmdco nwT>o Q>m>H$V Omdo cmJVo. ñdV�H$S>o

WmoS>mgm H$_rnUm KoD$Z eoOmar ~cmT>ç amï´>m§er VSOmoS> H$amdrcmJVo. ^yVmZZo MrZ~m~V hoM YmoaU A§JrH$maco Amho.

^yVmZ_Yrc dm§{eH$ AmUr~mUr Am{UcmoH$emhrMr Midi :

1990 À`m XeH$m_Üò ^maV-^yVmZ g§~§Ym§V AZoH$g_ñ`m hmoË`m; Var Ë`m§_Üò XodmU KodmU hmoVr. ^yVmZ Zaoedma§dma ^maV ôQ>rda òV AgV Am{U {dídmg Am{U nañnag_mZVoda AmYmacoë`m g§~§Ym§~m~V g_mYmZ ì`º$ H$arVAgV. Ë`mÀ`m ~Xë`mV ^maVmZo Zonmir ZmJ[aH$m§À`mKygImoar~m~V gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ R>odmdm Aer Ë`m§MrAnojm hmoVr.

{g¸$s_à_mUo ^yVmZ_ÜòZonmir ZmJ[aH$m§Mr g§»`m~ogw_ma dmTy>Z gÎmoV Agcoë`mñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Zm Amnë`mhmVm§VyZ gÎmm {ZgQy>Z OmÊ`mMrO~aXñV ^rVr dmQ>V hmoVr.Ñ�nm d§emÀ`m ^yVmZr cmoH$m§Zm^rVr dmQ>Ê`mMr AmUIrhrH$maUo åhUOo "~¥hZ² ZonmiMrg§H$ënZm' Am{U EH$OwQ>rZoamhUmè`m ñWcm§V[aV ZonmircmoH$m§Mo {g¸$s_ Am{U Xm{O©qcJd H°$qcJnm|J VgoM B©emÝ`^maVmVrc H$mhr àXoem§_ÜòàñWm{nV Pmcoco ~hþg§»`H$Ëd.Ë`m_wio qWnycm Xoem§VamMo H$m`XoH$ê$Z Á`m§À`mOdi 1958 nydunmgyZ ^yVmZMo {ZdmgrAgë`mMo à_mUnÌ Zmhr, Ë`m

gdmªZm ^yVmZ_YyZ hmH$cyZ cmdÊ`mg gwédmV H$amdr cmJcr.BWo ho cjmV KoVco nm{hOo, H$s ^yVmZ_Üò Amcoco ho{Zdm©{gV ~hþVm§e 90 À`m X>eH$mV Zonmi_ÜòcmoH$emhrgmR>r Midi gwê$ Pmë`mda Zonmi_YyZ niyZJococo qµH$dm hmH$cco Jococo cmoH$ hmoVo Am{U Vo qhXy Y_m©MohmoVo. ~hþg§»` ^yVmZr cmoH$ ~m¡Õ AmhoV. X{jU ^yVmZ_Üò`m YmoaUm_wio Ag§Vmof ngê$ cmJcm. ñdV�À`mM Xoem_ÜòAmnë`m dm§{eH$ doJionUm_wio"naH$s`' Agë`mMm {e¸$m Ë`m§ZmcmJcm. VoìhmnmgyZ Zonmir d§emÀ`m^yVmZr cmoH$m§Zr Zì`mZo gwg§K{Q>V hmoD$ZamOH$maUmV amOoemhr EodOr cmoH$emhrAmUÊ`mgmR>r Xoeì`mnH$ Midi gwê$Ho$cr Am{U ñdV�cm {_iUmè`m dmB©Q>dmJUwH$s{déÕ cT>m nwH$macm. Ë`mda

1974 _Üò {g¸$s_Mr amOoemhr g§nwï>mV òD$Z Ë`mamÁ`mMo ^maVmV {dcrZrH$aU Pmco Voìhm eoOmaÀ`m{h_mc`rZ amÁ`mMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñdV§Ì AmoiIMnwgcr Jocr Amho, Aer ^yVmZZo Ë`mda {Q>ßnUr Ho$cr.{g¸$s__Yë`m Zonmir cmoH$m§Zr {g¸$s_gmR>r ZdrZamÁ`KQ>Zm ~ZdyZ {g¸$s_Mo ^maVmV {dcrZrH$aUgmYÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmMm nmqR>~m {_idcm hmoVm.amOoemhr Zï> hmoÊ`mnojmhr {g¸$s__Yë`m ZonmirOZVoMr hr amOH$maUmVrc dmT>Vr OmU Am{U_hËdmH$m§jm ^yVmZcm OmñV IQ>H$cr. Amnë`mdahrhrM n[apñWVr nwT>o _mJo òUma `mMrhr Ë`m§Zm hþahþacmJcr hmoVr. na§Vw ^yVmZ Am{U {g¸$s_ `m§À`mamOH$s` d {d{Y{df`H$ n[apñWVr_Üò JwUmË_H$\$aH$ hmoVm. 1947 nydu {g¸$s_ hm {~«{Q>e amÁ`mMm^mJ hmoVm Vgm ^yVmZ ZìhVm. AWm©VM ^maV ^yVmZdaH$mhrhr h¸$ gm§Jy eH$V ZìhVm.


{Z`§ÌU AmUÊ`mgmR>r emgZmZo Zonmir d§emÀ`m ^yVmZrcmoH$m§Zm Ñ�nm g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV AmUÊ`mMo R>a{dco.^yVmZ Zaoem§Zr "EH$ amï´>, EH$ OZVm' hr VÎdàUmcrA§JrH$macr. "Ñ½cmh_ ZmåPm' (a revival of traditional

chutaanese culture) åhUOo ^yVmZÀ`m na§namJV g§ñH¥$VrMonwZé�mrdZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m BamÚmZo gd© ZmJ[aH$m§da Ñ�nm ^mfm,Y_© Am{U doe `m§Mr EH$ {d{eï> dV©ZàUmcr cmXÊ`mVAmcr. `mMo C{Ôï> hmoVo amï´>r` EH$mË_rH$aU Am{UdoJdoJù`m ^m{fH$ Am{U dm§{eH$ JQ>m§_Üò nañna gwg§JVr{Z_m©U H$aUo. {edm` emgZmZo amï´>r` {d{Y_§S>imV Zonmird§emÀ`m ^yVmZr cmoH$m§Zm à{VHy$c Ago AZoH$ R>amd nmarVHo$co Am{U VerM YmoaUo AmIcr. CXm : Omo H$moUr EImÚm(em§VVmnyU© Agcoo Var) {ZXe©ZmV ^mJ KoB©c qH$dm _mZdrh¸$ Midirer g§~§Y R>odrc Ë`mg hÔnma H$aÊ`mV òB©c.^yVmZrH$aU gmYÊ`mgmR>r Zonmir {Zdm©{gVm§Zr ñdoÀN>oZo XoegmoSy>Z Omdo, åhUyZ AO© H$aÊ`mÀ`m n{ÌH$m N>mnyZ dmQ>Ê`mVAmë`m. na§Vw `m n{ÌH$m >Pm|Im ^mfoV N>mncoë`m Agë`m_wioZonmir d§emÀ`m cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m dmMVm òUo e�` ZìhVo. Á`mcmoH$m§Zr ñdoÀN>oZo Xoe gmoSy>Z OmÊ`mÀ`m `m n{ÌH$m âë`mË`m§Zr ZH$iV Amnë`m ^yVmZÀ`m ZmJ[aH$ËdmdaM nmUrgmoSy>Z {Xco Am{U Iyn _moR>çm g§»òZo ho cmoH$ ^yVmZ_Üò{Zdm©{gV Pmco.

hr ñ\$moQ>H$ n[apñWVr H$m~yV AmUÊ`mgmR>r ^yVmZ dZonmi `m§À`m_Üò 1990 gmcr {Ûnjr` dmQ>mKmQ>r gwê$H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. {Zdm©{gV Pmcoë`m§Mo Mma KQ>H$ ~Z{dÊ`mMoXmoÝhr Xoem§Zr _mÝ` Ho$co. Vo Ago : (1) O~aXñVrZo hmH$cyZcmdÊ`mV Amcoco ^yVmZr cmoH$. (2) ñdoÀN>oZo ^yVmZ gmoS>UmaocmoH$. (3) ^yVmZr Zgcoco cmoH$ Am{U (4) Á`m§Zr JwÝho Ho$cocoAmhoV Ago ^yVmZr cmoH$.

n{hë`m KQ>H$mVrc ~aoMgo {Zdm©{gV ^yVmZr cmoH$ hog§`wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ`m d{H$cmVrÀ`m {Zdm©{gVm§gmR>r Agcoë`m{e{~amV {_iUmè`m AÞ-dó-Amamo½` godm§gmR>r VoWo O_cocoAmhoV Ago qWnyMo _V AgyZhr `m ^yVmZtZm naV KoÊ`mMrgwédmVrg {W§nyMr V`mar hmoVr. na§Vw 1993 Vo 96 gmcÀ`mnwT>rc ~mocÊ`m§À`m doir Zonmi d ^yVmZ `m XmoÝhr Xoem§Mr,{Zdm©{gVm§Zr ñdXoer naVÊ`m~m~VMr ^y{_H$m nydunojm OmñVVmR>a>nUmMr Pmcr. `mZ§Va Zonmi_Üò gwê$ Agcoë`mAamOH$m_wio emgZ ~XcVmM ZonmiMo `m~m~VMo YmoaU ~Xcy

cmJco Ë`m_wio {Ûnjr` dmQ>mKmQ>t_ÜòH$mhrhr àJVr hmoUo Wm§~co. gßQ>|~a1999 gmcr Pmcoë`m AmR>ì`m ~¡R>H$sVqWnycm Am§Vaamï´>r` X~mdm_wio -{deofV: {ZYr XoUmè`m Am{U _mZdr h¸$g§ajU g§ñWm§À`m X~mdm_wio- Xwgè`mdJm©Vrc {Zdm©{gVm§Zmhr ^yVmZ_Üò naVKoÊ`mMo _mÝ` H$amdo cmJco. _o 2000

Am{U {S>g|~a 2001À`m Zdì`m d Xhmì`m ~¡R>H$m§À`m doirC^` Xoem§Zr {e{~am§_Üò Agcoë`m {Zdm©{gVm§À`m gË`mnZmÀ`mnÕVrMm Vnerc Z¸$s H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

^yVmZr {Zdm©{gVm§À`m nwZd©gZmÀ`m à{H«$ò_wio Iw§Sw>Z~mar{e{~amVrc {Zdm©{gVm§À`m dJuH$aUmMo Am{U gË`mnZmMoVnerc AZm¡Mm[aH$ arVrZo àg¥V H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m§VyZ{e{~amVrc 12,183 {Zdm©{gVm§n¡H$s Ho$di 293 åhUOo 2.5% cmoH$M Iao ^yVmZr ZmJ[aH$ R>aVmV Ago {XgyZ Amco.EdT>çmM cmoH$m§Odi AmoiInÌ, _mc_Îmm Agë`mMo XmIcoqH$dm Am`H$a {Xë`mMr à_mUnÌo BË`mXr ^yVmZr ZmJ[aH$Agë`mMo nwamdo hmoVo. ~hþg§»` {Zdm©{gV ñdoÀN>oZo naXoerJococo hmoVo.

XwX£dmZo Omhra Ho$coë`m g§`wº$ nÌH$mV ñdXoeàË`mdV©Z(repatriation) à{H«$ò~m~V H$mhr Vnerc {Xcoco ZìhVo.Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§Zm ~mocUr Am{U g§`wº$ nÌH$ dJ¡ao Jmoï>r åhUOoZaoem§Zr KS>dyZ AmUcocm EH$ \$mg© dmQ>cm. eodQ>r 2003gmcmÀ`m AIoarg _XV H$aUmao `wamo{n`Z Xoe Am{U g§`wº$amï´>g§KmÀ`m à{V{ZYrÀ`m X~mdmImcr Zonmi d ^yVmZ `m§À`mV15 dr _§Ìr n[afXoMr ~¡R>H$ 20 Vo 23 Am°�Q>mo~acm Pmcr.Ë`mZwgma gË`mnZ Pmcoë`m {Zdm©{gVm§Mo ñdXoeàË`mdV©Z \o$~«wdmar2004 cm gwê$ ìhm`Mo hmoVo. na§Vw H$mhr {dnarV KS>m_moS>t_wio VohmoD$ eH$co Zmhr. VoìhmnmgyZ `m à{H«$òMr àJVr Iw§Q>cr Amho.Ë`mV H$mhr \$aH$ hmoÊ`mMr Amem dmQ>V Zmhr.

2004 À`m _Ü`mnmgyZ 2006 À`m _Ü`mn`ªV{Zdm©{gVm§Mr hr O{Q>c g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`m~m~V H$mhrM{dYm`H$ nmdco CMccr OmV ZìhVr. H$maU ^yVmZ_ÜòcmoH$emhrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmcr hmoVr Va XwgarH$S>oZonmi_Üò _mAmodmXr ~§S>>Imoam§À`m AmìhmZm_wio VgoMZonmiZaoem§À`m ZmJar Am{U amOH$s` h¸$m§Mr nm`_�rH$aÊ`mÀ`m H¥$Vr_wio ApñWaVm Amcocr hmoVr. Am°�Q>mo>~a 2006_Üò A_o[aHo$Zo AmnU Zonmi_Üò amhmV Agcoë`m 60,000^yVmZr {Zdm©{gVm§Zm Aml` XoÊ`mg V`ma Agë`mMo A{YH¥$VnUoOmhra Ho$co. g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmZo nyd© Zonmi_Üò amhmV Agcoë`m100,000 ^yVmZr {Zdm©{gVm§Mr dfm©Zwdf} {ÔV nS>cocrg_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMr hr Mm§Jcr g§Yr Amho åhUyZ Ë`mMo ñdmJVHo$co. na§Vw A_o[aHo$Zo XoD$ Ho$cocr hr g§Yr ^yVmZr {Zdm©{gVm§Zmng§V ZìhVr. {Zdm©{gVm§À`m ZoË`m§Zm hr {Zdm©{gVm§_Üò Xw\$ir_mO{dÊ`mMr EH$ Mmc dmQ>cr.

`m~m~V g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmÀ`m {Zdm©{gVm§gmR>r Zo_coë`mZonmi_Yrc à{V{ZYtZr Ago Omhra Ho$co H$s {Vgè`m Xoem_ÜòOmUo hm {Zdm©{gVm§À`m nwT>o Ho$di EH$ n`m©` Amho. hr g§Yr¿`m`Mr H$s Zmhr ho {Zdm©{gVm§Zr ñdV�M R>adm`Mo Amho.cmoH$emhr_Üò {Zdm©{gVm§da H$moUrhr Hw$R>cmhr {ZU©` cmXyeH$V Zmhr. {Vgè`m XoemZo XoD$ Ho$coë`m `m g§Yrg AWm©VM{_l à{VgmX {_imcm H$maU H$mhr {Zdm©{gVm§À`m Ñï>rZoA_o[aH$m, H°$ZS>m, Am°ñQ´> o{c`m qH$dm `yamon_Üò OmÊ`mMr hr


Zm_r g§Yr hmoVr. Am{U Oo cmoH$ amOH$s`ÑîQ>çm g{H«$` hmoVo d^yVmZ_Üò cmoH$emhr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r cT>m XoV hmoVo, VoñdXoer naV OmÊ`mMr Amem gmoS>m`cm V`ma ZìhVo.

ZonmiÀ`m emgZmMr A{YH¥$V ^y{_H$m, hr g_ñ`m àW_{Ûnjr` ñVamda hmVmiyZ _J ^maVmcm Ë`mV JmodyZ ho àH$aUOmJ{VH$ ñVamda Ý`m`Mo Aer hmoVr. ^yVmZZohr øm~m~V g§`wº$amï´>g§Km~amo~a ghH$m`© H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m {e{~am_Üò Iao{Zdm©{gV H$moU AmhoV, ømMo gd}jU H$aÊ`mMr V`marXe©{dcr. ^maVmZo _mÌ `mda H$mhrhr {dYmZ Ho$co Zmhr dà{V{H«$`mhr XmI{dcr Zmhr; H$maU `m g_ñòMr XmoÝhr njm§Zm_mÝ` hmoB©c Aer CH$c emoYUo AdKS> hmoVo. ^maVmMr hrVQ>ñWVoMr ^y{_H$m ^yVmZcm gmo`rMr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ^yVmZcmA§{V_ {ZU©`KoÊ`m~m~V H$mhrR>mog nmdcoCMcÊ`m~m~V{Xa§JmB© H$aUo e�`Pmco hmoVo Am{UË`mM doir ^maVmergm¡hmX©nyU© ZmVo H$m`_R>odUo e�` hmoVo.^maVmZo ^yVmZcmgd©Vmonar _XVXoÊ`mMo AmídmgZhr{Xcoco hmoVo.^maVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo hrg_ñ`m ^yVmZMrA§VJ©V ~m~ AmhoAm{U Vr Zonmi d^yVmZ `m§ZrAmnmngmV ~mocUrH$ê$ZM gmoS>{dcrnm{hOo.

B©emÝ` ^maVmVrc ~§S>Imoam§Mr ^yVmZ_Ycr {e{~aoAm{U Am°naoeZ Am°c p�cà :

Amgm__Yrc AZoH$ ~§S>Imoa Q>moù`m, {deofV� Cë\$mCJ«dmXr Am{U ñdV§Ì ~moS>moc±S> _mJUmao ~§S>Imoa `m§Zr ^maVmZo1990 gmcr gwê$ Ho$coë`m H$S>H$ cîH$ar H$madmB©Z§Va^yVmZ_Üò Aml` KoVcm ho gdm©ZmM _mhrV Amho. 2000gmcmn`ªV doJdoJù`m \w$Q>ra d ~§S>Imoa JQ>m§À`m `m ^yVmZ_Yrcg¡{ZH$m§Mr g§»`m hOmamoZo dmT>cr. ^yVmZMr S>m|Jami ^y_rJ{Z_r H$mì`mZo cT>Ê`mgmR>r \$ma _mo�`mMr Amho. VoWyZ ho~§S>Imoa JQ> ^maVr` g¡Ý`, Amgm_Mo emgZ Am{U Ë`m§Monmocrg Xc `m§À`mer cT>V AmhoV. Amgm__Yrc \w$Q>r>aJQ>m§À`m AmìhmZm§§Zm Am{U Ë`m§À`m ^maV-^yVmZ gahÔrdarc

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(AZwdmX : gw_Z AmoH$)

amOoe [email protected]

■

BHUTANMONARCHY

(ì`§J{MÌ gm¡OÝ` : B§J«Or X¡{ZH$ "X qhXy')


~m§JcmXoeMm OÝ_M _wimV g§Kf© Am{U qhgmMmamVyZPmcm Amho. 1947 gmcr Pmcocr ~§JmcMr \$miUr Am{UË`mZ§Va 1971 gmcr ~m§JcmXoeÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Pmcocr cT>mB©øm XmoÝhr KQ>Zm§_wio Xoeâm§V Cgicoë`m {h§gmMmamZo cmImocmoH$m§Zm Amncr KaoXmao gmoSy>Z gahÔr~mhoa Amgam ¿`mdm cmJcmAmho. Ë`mV â åhUyZ ~m§Jcm Xoemcm dgmhVdmXr {~«{Q>e Am{Unm{H$ñVmZr amOdQ>tMm g§ñWmË_H$ dmagm nËH$amdm cmJcm Amho.øm dmaemVrc g¡Ý` Am{U ZmoH$aemhr `m§À`m daMT>nUm_wio~m§JcmXoer g_mOm_Üò EH$ Img lr_§V _Ü`_dJ© {Z_m©U Pmcm.{H$ËòH$ doim `m Aem gm_m{OH$ ~m§YUrVyZM `m XoemVqhgmMmamcm nmR>~i {_imco. {h§§gmMmamMo AmUIr EH$ H$maUåhUOo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, OmJ{VH$sH$aU BË`mXr à{H«$`m§_wio hmoVAgcoco g§ñWmË_H$ ~Xc Am{U Ë`mVyZ CØdUmar na§namJV eoVrH$aUmè`m cmoH$m§Mr JiMonr.

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emgZmda Xoem~mhoarc _hmeº$s¨Mo d {ZdSy>Z Amcoë`memgZmH$S>o em§{VnyU© gÎmm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoemVrc OZVoMo àM§S>XS>nU òV Amho. `m~m~V ~m§Jcm XoemVrc EH$m gmÜ`m ^moù`mIoSw>VmMo ho ~moc EoH$m; "Am_À`m cmoH$emhrMr aocJmS>r éimdê$ZKgacr Am{U cîH$a Am{U V§Ìk {_iyZ AmVmMo gaH$ma Amco._moR>o H«o$Z cmdë`mJV Ë`m§Zr JmS>r Va éimda AmUcr. nU AmVmXwéñV Pmë`mda JmS>rZoM _mUgo Amnmnë`m {R>H$mUmcmnmoMdm`cm hdrV H$s ZmhrV? {VWo H«o$ZMm Cn`moJ Zmhr!' ~m§JcmXoemÀ`m amOH$maUmcm AmVm H$moUË`m {XeoZo OmÊ`mMr JaO AmhoVo gm§JUmao AJXr gmW© ê$nH$!


- _oKZm Jwhm-R>[email protected]

■

cîH$a, ZmJar g_mO Am{U V§Ìk `m§À`m Eo�`mVyZgÎmoMr nmoH$ir ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMo VrZ à`ËZ Pmco.n{hë`m à`ËZmV Adm_r crJ d BNP ho XmoZ _w»àmOH$s` nj gmoSy>Z, Zmo~oc nm[aVmo{fH$ {dOoVo J«m_rU~±Ho$Mo _hå_X `wZwg `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr Cä`mam{hcoë`m {Vgè`m eº$scm g_W©Z XoÊ`mV Amco. Xwgamà`ËZ Pmcm gd© _w»` amï´>r` njm§Mo g^mgX AgcocoEH$ g§`wº$ gaH$ma ~Z{dÊ`mMm. {Vgam à`ËZ hmoVmAer emgZ ì`dñWm ñWmnZ H$aUo, Á`m_Üò emgH$s`Mm¡H$Q>r_Üò cîH$amMm àdoe Agoc Am{U AÜ`jAm{U n§VàYmZ XmoKm§Mmhr gÎmoV gh^mJ Agoc.n{hcm n`m©` ZmH$macm Jocm, Xwgam n`m©` _w»àmOH$s` njm§Zr ImarO Ho$cm Am{U {Vgè`m n`m©`mdaemgZ Am{U {S>g|~a 2008 _Üò hmoD$ KmVcoë`m{ZdS>UwH$m§gmR>r g�m hmoV Agcoë`m amOH$s`njm§_Üò D$hmnmoh Mmcy Amho.


X{jU nyd© Am{e`mVrc å`mZ_ma hm EH$M Agm XoeAmho {OWo 1962 gmcmnmgyZ AmOVmJm`V cîH$arhþHy$_emhrÀ`m hmVmV amOH$s` gÎmm EH$dQ>cocr Amho. AZoH$XeHo$ {VWo cmoH$emhrgmR>r Am§XmocZ Mmcy Amho Am{U Ë`m_ÜòAZoH$ AS>Wio òV AmhoV. `m XoemVrc n{hco g§{dYmZ 1948gmcr V`ma Pmco. Ë`mZ§Va òWrc amOH$maUmV AZoH$ MT>CVmaAmco. na§Vw 1962 gmcmnmgyZ cîH$ar A§_c gwê$ Pmcm Am{UVoWrc cmoH$emhrMm A§V Pmcm, nU cmoH$emhrÀ`m A§Vm~amo~aMcmoH$emhrÀ`m IS>Va Am§XmocZmMrhr gwédmV Pmcr.å`mZ_ma_Yrc AmOÀ`m amOH$maUm_Yo cmoH$emhr, g§{dYmZAm{U amÁ`ì`dñWm `m§À`m~m~V H$m` KS>m_moS>r hmoV AmhoV,`mMm `m coIm_Yo AmT>mdm KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. øm~m~VrVcm å`mZ_ma_Üò g§Kf© Amho Vmo EH$m ~mOycm cîH$aramOdQ> Va Xwgè`m ~mOycm dm§{eH$ JQ>, Am±J g°Z gyH$s Am{UZì`mZo g§Kfm©V CVacoco ~m¡Õ {^jy `m§À`mVcm. emgZmÀ`mnmVirda _mÝ` Ho$cr Jococr g§{dYmZo VgoM å`m_ma_YocmoH$emhr Am{U amOH$s` g_Vm {H$Vr à_mUmV A_cmV òVAmhoV, `mMmhr CWo D$hmnmoh Ho$cm Amho.

å`mZ_ma_Yrc dm§{eH$Vo~m~VMr AmOMr pñWVr :dm§{eH$Vm Am{U Aëng§»`H$m§Mo h¸$ `m XmoZ {df`m§darc

MM}_Yo å`mZ_ma~Ôc XmoZ _wÔo Zoh_r nwT>o òVmV.n{hcm _wÔm: X{jUnyd© Am{e`mVrc Xoem§À`m VwcZoV

å`mZ_ma_Yo {H$VrVar OmñV {d{^Þ àH$maMo dm§{eH$ JQ> AmhoV.

Xwgam _wÔm: `m Xoemcm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mnmgyZ OJmVHw$R>ohr Pmco ZgVrc EdT>o PJS>o dm§{eH$VoÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>r_YyZdma§dma >Pmcoco AmhoV.

dm§{eH$-^m{fH$VoÀ`m VÎdmdê$Z Ho$coë`mdJuH$aUmZwgma å`mZ_ma_Yo nañnam§nmgyZ AJXr doJioAgcoco Ago 135 ^m{fH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ JQ> AmhoV. BVaH$moUË`mhr X{jUnyd© Am{e`mVrc Xoem§nojm hr g§»`m ~arM_moR>r Amho. Am{U VoWrc "~_©Z' `m _w»` dm§{eH$ JQ>mnojm{H$VrVar OmñV ^y^mJ `m Aëng§»` JQ>m§Zr {_iyZ ì`mncocmAmho. ImÌrcm`H$ AmH$S>odmar CncãY Zgcr Var `mAëng§»` JQ>m§Mr cmoH$g§»`m 30 Vo 40 Q>¸o$ AgyZ Ë`m§Zr 60Q>¸o$ ^y^mJ ì`mncocm Amho, Agm A§XmO Amho. AWm©VàË`jmVrc n[apñWVr `mnojm IynM Jw§VmJwVrMr Amho.å`mZ_ma_Yo gmV àXoe qH$dm amÁò Am{U gmV {deof {d^mJAmhoV. _m°Z, {MZ, H$m{MZ, H$m{`Z, H$`m, emZ Am{U a{IZhr gmV amÁò AmhoV. `m Zmdm§dê$ZM VoWo _yiMo a{hdmgrg_Oë`m OmUmè`m "~_©Z'IoarOH$moUË`m dm§{eH$ JQ>mMo cmoH$ amhVmV hog_OVo. ho gd© cmoH$ AmVm å`mZ_maMoa{hdmgr g_Oco OmVmV.

Xwgam _wÔm Omo dma§dma hmoUmè`mdm§{eH$ g§Kfm©er OmoS>cocm AmhoË`m~m~V Ago åhUVm òB©c H$s `mXoemVrc dm§{eH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr n[apñWVrM

å`mZ_ma :g§{dYmZ Am{U amÁ`ì`dñWm `m§Mm àXrK© Kmoi

å`mZ_ma_Yrc {~«{Q>e amOdQ> g§në`mda VoWrc cmoH$m§Zr cmoH$emhr amOdQ> AmUÊ`mMm gVV à`ËZHo$cm. 1948 Vo 1974 `m H$mimV å`mZ_ma_Üò XmoZ doim g§{dYmZ ~Z{dÊ`mV Amco. n{hë`m-1948À`m g§{dYmZmMr aMZm g§KamÁ` nÕVrMr hmoVr Am{U Ë`mV cmoH$emhrÀ`m VÎdm§Zm ~amM dmd hmoVm.Aem aMZoV Aëng§»`H$m§À`m Ag§Vmofmcm dmQ> _moH$ir {_iÊ`mMm YmoH$m Agcm Var Iar cmoH$emhràñWm{nV hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo VoM `mo½` nmD$c hmoVo. 1974 À`m g§{dYmZmVrc- cmoH$g^m- ho EH$Md¡Ym{ZH$ g^mJ¥h- åhUOo cmoH$emhrÀ`m {XeoZo AmUIr EH$ X_Xma nmD$c hmoVo. XwX£dmZo Ë`mdoircmoH$emhrcm Amdí`H$ Agcocr amOH$s` g§aMZm å`mZ_ma_Yo ApñVËdmVM ZìhVr. Amnë`mXoemgmR>r nmíMmË` nÕVrMr ~hþnjr` cmoH$emhr `mo½` R>aoc, H$m B§S>moZo{e`mÀ`m ào{gS>|Q> gwH$mZm} `m§Zrà{Vnm{Xcocr {X½X{e©V cmoH$emhr hr {Û{dYm cmoµH$m§À`m g_moa hmoVr. {edm` XmoÝhr g§{dYmZm§_Yog¡Ý`mMr ^y{_H$m ñnï> Ho$cocr ZìhVr. Aem n[apñWVrV gwÑT> cmoH$emhrÀ`m A^mdm_wio cîH$amcm gÎmmH$m~rO H$aUo ghO e�` Pmco.

{cnr Kmof


Ho$di `m PJS>çm§Zm H$maUr^yV Amho Ago {MÌ Cô Ho$co OmVo.nU ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mnmgyZ `m XoemV gVV A§VJ©V H$ch hmoVAmco AmhoV. Vo Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm WoQ> amOYmZr `m§Jm±Jn`ªV (a§JyZ)òD$Z nmohMVmV Am{U {deof {d^mJmV d BVaÌhr ñdm`ÎmàXoemVrc ~amM Q>mny eóYmar ~§S>Imoa JQ>m§À`m Vmã`mV AOyZhrAgVmo. XoemÀ`m gd©M {d^mJm§_Yo Ho$ìhm Zm Ho$ìhm chmZ qH$dm_moR>çmhr dm§{eH$ goZm Cä`m am{hë`m AmhoV; dmT>ë`m AmhoV;IMë`m AmhoV; H$Yr EH$Ì Amë`m AmhoV; H$Yr Ë`m§À`m_YoXw\$ù`m Pmë`m AmhoV; Am{U AcrH$S>o Va dmQ>mKmQ>r H$ê$ZEH$_oH$m§_Yo `wÕ{dam_ H$ê$Z nwT>rc aUZrVrhr AmIV AmhoV. hog§Kf© H$Yr A§_cr nXmWmªÀ`m AW©H$maUmgma»`m {d{eï>ñWm{ZH$ {hVg§~§YmVyZ CØdVmV; Va H$Yr amï´>r`, àmXo{eH$qH$dm OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarc gmå`dmXmMo {hVg§~§Y Am{U X~mdAem§gma»`m à^mdm§_wio CØdVmV. Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va ~_m©H$å`ww{ZñQ> nmQ>uMm à^mdå`mZ_maÀ`m dm§{eH$ YmoaUmda~amM dmT>cm hmoVm. `m njmÀ`mgeó Xcm_Yo å`mZ_maÀ`mdm§{eH$ JQ>m§Mm _moR>m âUm hmoVm,H$maU `m dm§{eH$ Aëng§»`H$m§Mo{hVg§~§Y Ë`mV Jw§Vco hmoVo.

Voìhm darc XmoÝhr_wÚm§~m~VMr {dYmZoå`mZ_ma_Yrc ñdmV§Í`moÎmaH$mimVrc n[apñWVrMo dU©Z~è`mM A§er Iar R>aVo, na§Vw Ë`mXmoÝhr_Yrc g§~§Y _mÌ ~amo~aZmhrV. Xwgam _wÔm åhUOo g§Kf© hmH$mhr n{hë`m åhUOo dm§{eH$ JQ>m§Vrc Iyn _moR>çm {d{^ÞVoMmAQ>i n[aUm_ åhUVm òUma Zmhr. X{jUnyd© Am{e`mVrc AZoH$Xoem§_Yo Aer dm§{eH$ {^ÞVm Amho Am{U ZmZm àH$mam§Zr ho JQ>Amnë`m amîQ>m§nmgyZ doJù`m Aem dm§{eH$ {Zð>m OnV AgVmV.`m {Zð>m amï´>r`Vo_Yo gm_mdyZ KoUo, XS>nyZ Q>mH$Uo, Ë`m§Mr ~yOamIUo qH$dm Ë`m§Zm AmË_gmV H$aUo `m à{H«$`m gd©Ì MmcyMAgVmV. åhUyZ dm§{eH$ JQ>m§À`m àM§§S> g§»`m~imÀ`mX~mdm_wio gVV g§Kf© Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hmoVM amhUmaAgo _mZm`Mo H$maU Zmhr. Xwgar Jmoï>: Aem VèhoÀ`m dm§{eH${^ÞVoMm àmXw^m©d hmoUo Am{U Ë`m {^ÞVoMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo

hoM _wimV g§ñWm, g§aMZm Am{U amOH$r`à{H«$`m `m§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mgmVyZ{Z_m©U hmoVo. Am{U `m dm§{eH$ JQ>m§_wioamï´> `m g§H$ënZocm VS>o OmVmV, nU Aemd¡{dÜ`nyU© Apñ_Vm, Am{U Ë`m~miJUmao JQ> AgUmaM. Am{U Ë`mApñ_Vm g_mOmVrc {dñH$irVnUm~m~VÀ`m MM}_Üò AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m

_m§S>>Ur_YyZ S>moH$mdVmV. (CXm: å`mZ_ma Xoe>, dgmhV, {_lOmVr BË`mXr dJuH$aUmÀ`m _m§§S>Ê`m.)

{edm` ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV dfm©Zwdf} g§Kf© Mmcy AgcmVar Ë`mVgwÕm MT>-CVma, CcQ>-gwcQ> àdmh Aer MH«o$MmcyM AgVmV. ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va å`mZ_ma XoemVdoJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m emgZgÎmm am{hë`mZ§Va AmOMr cîH$arhþHw$_emhr éicr Amho. `m H$mimV AZoH$ dm§{eH$ JQ> amï´>ràmOH$maUmZwgma H$Yr daMT> Va H$Yr Xw~io hmoV am{hcoAmhoV. Voìhm gVV hmoV AgUmao g§Kf© AQ>i ZmhrV, VgoMEo{Vhm{gH$ ÑîQ>`m {ZYm©[aVhr ZmhrV. amOH$maUmMr Ho$ÝÐoAm{U Ë`mÀ`m à^mdmMm narK `m§À`m_Yo Xwdm gmYUo, {dídmgCËnÞ H$aUo Am{U Vmo {Q>H$dyZ YaUo `m~m~VrV emgZmcmdma§dma òUmao Anè ho Ë`mMo H$maU Amho. amï´>r`- Aamï´>r`JQ>m§Mo B{Vhmg Am{U Apñ_Vm `m~m~V g_mOm_Üò hmoV

Agcoë`m MMm© ñnîQ> EoHy$ òVrcAgo g§doXZerc H$mZ Ë`mgmR>remgZ`§ÌUoH$S>o Agm`cm hdoV.

Aëng§»`m§H$ JQ>m§Mog§§{dYmZm_Üò g_m`moOZ

AZoH$ àH$maMo dm§{eH$JQ> Agcoë`m å`mZ_ma XoemnwT>o `mJQ>m§À`m Anojm-AmH$m§jmZmg§{dYmZm_Yo gm_mdyZ KoUo hr_moR>r g_ñ`m Amho. `m g_ñòMmBWo H$mcmZwH«$_mZo D$hmnmohH$am`Mm Amho.

4 OmZodmar 1948 amoOrå`mZ_ma Xoe àXrK© {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rVyZ _wº$ Pmcm, nU Ë`mMgmcr å`mZ_maMo n{hco g§{dYmZ g§_V Pmë`mda {VWocmoH$emhrMo `wJ AdVaco. `m g§{dYmZm_Üò emgZmÀ`m _`m©XmAm{U OZVoMo A{YH$ma {ZpíMV Ho$co hmoVo. ho g§{dYmZ 1937gmcr {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo V`ma Ho$coë`m EH$m XñVEodOmZwgma ~ZcohmoVo. VgoM ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m cT>çmVrc A°ÝQ>r\°${gñQ> nrnëg \«$sS>_crJ (AFPL) `m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ZoË`m§Mo g§H$ën Am{UAmídmgZm§Mmhr Ë`mda ~amM à^md hmoVm.

g§{dYmZmZwgma XmoZ g^mJ¥ho Am{U ñdV§Ì Ý`m`g§ñWm{Z_m©U Pmcr. emgZ d OZVm XmoÝhtMo A{YH$ma {ZpíMVH$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_Üò EH$m ñdV§Ì XoemMr C{Ôï>o gmÜ`H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo {Xcocr hmoVr. 1948 Mo ho g§{dYmZn[anyU© hmoVo Ago åhUVm òUma Zmhr. Ë`m_Üò g§KamÁ` nÕVrMraMZm hmoVr Am{U CXma_VdmX d g_mOdmX `m§Mm {_cm\$H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Aëng§»` JQ> WmoS>ogo ZmIyfMam{hco. Am{U XmoZ {dMmagaUrVrc g¡Õm§{VH$ VmUVUmdm§Mohr{ZagZ hmoD$ eH$co Zmhr. gJù`mV H$_Hw$dV Xwdm hmoVm Vmog§KamÁ` nÕVrMm. Ë`m_Üò _yiMm ~_m©, Mma JUamÁò Am{U

Am±J g°Z gy H$s¨Zr Amnë`m Z°eZc crJ \$m°aS>o_m°H«$grV\}$ cmoH$emhrgmR>r Midi gwê$M R>odcrAm{U Xoeâ crJÀ`m emIm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. 2003gmcr Ë`m§À`mda àmUKmVH$ h�m H$aÊ`mV Amcm, Ë`mVyZË`m gwX¡dmZo ~Mmdë`m. øm hëë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm cmJcrMAQ>H$ H$ê$Z ZOaH¡$XoV R>odÊ`mV Amco. Jocr nmM df}AZoH$ Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>Zm§Zr Ë`m§À`m gwQ>Ho$gmR>rå`mZ_ma gaH$mada X~md AmUÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$co, na§VwgaH$maZo Vo gd© à`ËZ {PS>H$mê$Z Q>mH$co AmhoV. 27 _o2008 amoOr gy H$s `m§Mr ñWmZ~ÕVoMr _wXV EH$ dfm©ZodmT>dÊ`mMr KmofUm cîH$ar amOdQ>rZo Ho$cr.


EH$ Ag_mZ gÎmm d A{YH$ma Agcocm Img {d^mJ `m§Mmg_mdoe hmoVm. amÁ`m§Mo h¸$ Am{U _`m©Xm H$m`ÚmZo {ZpíMVHo$coë`m Agë`m Var Iar gÎmm Ho$ÝÐm_YoM EH$dQ>cocr hmoVr.amÁ`m§Zm nwaoer d AW©nyU© gÎmm ZgUo hoM Aëng§»`H$m§À`mAg§VmofmMo d ~§S>ImoarMo Iao H$maU Amho.

g§{dYmZmVrc Xwgam H$_Hw$dV Xwdm åhUOo cîH$amMoA{YH$ma Am{U O~m~Xmè`m `m§~m~V Ë`m_Üò H$mhrM C�oIZìhVm. VgoM amÁ`H$ma^ma ì`dpñWV Mmccm Amho qH$dm Zmhrho R>a{dÊ`mMo {ZpíMV _mnX§S>hr ZìhVo. cîH$a {~«{Q>em§À`m_`m©Xm§Mr-H$m`ÚmÀ`m d ZmJar dM©ñdmÀ`m VÎdmMr- ~yO amIocAgm gdmªMm H$`mg hmoVm. {VWë`mdm§{eH$ JQ>m§_Üò EH$s am{hcr AgVr Va{VWo dma§dma naH$s` AmH«$_U Pmco ZgVoAm{U _J H$Xm{MV cîH$amZo H$m`ÚmMr_`m©Xm Amocm§S>cr ZgVr; na§Vw `mXdr`wÕ Am{U naH$s` g§H$Q>o `m§À`m_wiocîH$amMo amOH$maUmVrc _hÎd dmT>coAm{U 1949 gmcr amOH$s` njm_Üò\$mQ>mµ\y$Q> Am{U XoemVrc dmT>Vr `mXdr`m§À`m_wio `w Zw `m§Zm, OZac Zo {dZ`m§Zm _§{Ì_§S>imV XmIc H$ê$Z KoUo^mJ nS>co. 1958 _Yo AFPL nj\w$Q>cm Am{U `w Zy `m _mdiË`mn§VàYmZm§Zr amÁ`H$ma^maMmc{dÊ`mgmR>r cîH$amcm nmMmaU Ho$co.`w Zy d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr nwT>rc{ZdS>UwH$m§n`ªV nj C^maUrÀ`m H$m_mgñdV�cm dmhÿZ KoVco.

Z§VaÀ`m ghm _{hÝ`m§_Üò Zo {dZd Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§À`m H$miOrdmhÿgaH$maZo g§{dYmZmÀ`m eãXm~ahþHw$_ dcmoH$gôÀ`m nmqR>ã`mZo amÁ`H$ma^maMmc{dcm. cîH$amZo H$m`ÚmMr H$S>H$nUoA_c~OmdUr Ho$cr, nU Q>rH$mH$aUmè`m _mÜ`_m§§~m~V g{hîUwVmXmI{dcr. na§Vw Ë`m§Zr doimodoir Ho$cocmgÎmoMm H$S>H$ d _Z_mZr dmna `m§À`m_wio OZVm ZmamO hmoD$ZË`m§À`mnmgyZ Xwamdcr.

cîH$ar gÎmoÀ`m `m H$mcmdYrZ§Va `w Zy nwÝhm n§VàYmZPmco. Amnë`m emgZmÛmao H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV {Q>H$md YarcAer EH$ gj_ cmoH$emhr C^maÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zr R>a{dco. VgoM _m°ZAm{U AmH©$ZrO `m§Mr ZdrZ amÁò ~Z{dÊ`mMo Amnco AmídmgZnyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$cm.

na§Vw `mM H$mimV emZ Am{U BVa Aëng§»` JQ>m§Zrg§{dYmZ Amnë`m amOH$s` Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ {hVg§~§YmZm KmVH$R>aV Amho Agm AmaS>mAmoaS>m H$am`cm gwédmV Ho$cr. emZ

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~m¡Õ {^jy§À`m g§KQ>Zo_Üò XoeâmVrc AZoH$ ~m¡Õn§Wm§À`m g§KQ>Zm§Mm g_mdoe Amho. B§YZ XadmT>rÀ`m{damoYmV Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m em§VVmnyU© {ZXe©Zm§daemgZmZo Ho$coë`m AË`mMmamZo gmao {^jy {MS>co.5 gßQ>|~acm nmH$moHy$ òW o SPDC À`m OdmZm§Zr{^jy§Mr {ZXe©Zo amoIÊ`mgmR>r Jmoir~ma H$ê$ZYmo�`mMr gyMZm {Xcr. H$mhr {^jy§Zm ~oX_ _mahmUHo$cr Am{U {VKm§Zm AQ>H$ Ho$cr. Xwgè`m {XdernmH$moHy$À`m gdmªV _moR>çm ~m¡Õ_R>mÀ`m {^jy§ZrcîH$amÀ`m 20 A{YH$mè`m§Zm Amocrg R>odco d ~§{XdmZHo$co�`m VrZ {^jy§À`m gwQ>Ho$Mr _mJUr Ho$cr.6 gßQ>|~aÀ`m Xwnmar Amocrg R>odcoco A{YH$mar dVwé§Jm_Yo S>m§~coco VrZ {^jy Xmohm|Mrhr gwQ>H$m Pmcr.


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- {cnr [email protected]

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lrc§Ho$Mr H$hmUr hr Eo{Vhm{gH$, Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U~m¡{ÕH$ `m VrZhr Ñï>tZr IamoIaM {MÎmdoYH$ Amho. VrAmídmgH$ Amho; VerM g§H$Q>o d {~H$Q> n[apñWVrMohr Xe©ZKS>dUmar Amho. àW_Xe©Zr lrc§H$m ñdJu` dmQ>Vo, nU EHy$Ugd© B{Vhmg {dMmamV KoVm lrc§H$m hm ñdJm©Mm Am^mg Amho,Aer ImÌr nQ>Vo. lrc§Ho$Mm B{Vhmg diUmdiUmMm Amho.Ë`mV R>oM cmJÊ`mgma»`m OmJm Am{U J_mdcoë`m g§Yr Ag§»ÀmhoV. nU VoWrc OZVm g_¥Õ Am{U g_OyVXma Amho. X{jUAm{e`mVrc BVa Xoem§À`m cmoH$m§à_mUoM lrc§Ho$À`mZmJ[aH$m§_Üòhr {Z{_©Vrj_Vm, H$m¡eë` Am{U ghmZw^yVr ho JwUânya à_mUmV AmhoV. AË`§V Xw:IX Aem H$gmoQ>rÀ`m H$mimVqH$dm emoH$m§{VH$m KS>V AgVmZmgwÕm `m cmoH$m§Zr H$_mcrMrghZercVm XmIdcr Amho. gwOmUVm Am{U Z¡{VH$Vm `m XmoZhr~m~VrV òWrc gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$, Ë`m§Mo ZoVo Am{U amOH$s`nwT>mar `m§À`m XmoZ nmdco nwT>oM AmhoV. {_Ï`m amOH$maUmÀ`m({aAc nm°{c{Q>�g) A{VaoH$m_wio AZoH$doim ho cmoH$ \$gdcoJoco AmhoV.

`m coImV 1948 nmgyZ 1998 n`ªVÀ`m nÞmg dfmªVrclrc§Ho$Vrc à_wI KS>m_moS>tMm AmT>mdm KoVcocm Amho. 1948gmcr lrc§H$m hm Xoe dgmhVdmXr eº$s¨À`mnmgyZ _wº$ Pmcm.Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m à_wI KQ>Zm§À`m AmYmao `m XoemÀ`m dmQ>MmcrMo{ZarjU H$aVmZm Ë`m g_mOmVrc _§WZ Am{U J{VercVm `mXmohm|erhr n[aM` Pmcm. `m OdiÀ`m eoOmar Xoem~Ôc Amnë`m_ZmV Hw$Vyhc Amho. lrc§Ho$À`m Am{U ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrcg_m§Va KQ>Zm, {ZH$Q>Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~§Y d XodKod `m {MaH$mc{Q>Hy$Z am{hcoë`m dmñVdmMm AmnU `m coImV emoY KoUma AmhmoV.

lrc§Ho$_Yrc Joë`m nÞmg dfm©Vrc {ZdS>H$ d R>iH$KQ>Zm VrZ g§H«$_U H$mcI§S>mV {d^mJcoë`m AmhoV. 1998Z§VaÀ`m H$mcI§S>mgmR>r EH$ N>moQ>o n[a{eï> `m hH$sJVrcm OmoS>coAmho, Am{U `m coImMm eodQ> AmOÀ`m H$mhr JhZ d _yc^yVg_ñ`m§da cj H|${ÐV H$ê$Z Ho$cocm Amho.

n{hco g§H«$_U : 1931 Vo 1959 : ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r KmVcmJococm nm`m, Ë`mMo ñdê$n Am{U XS>coco YmoHo$

`m nÞmg dfmªVrc n{hcm g§H«$_UH$mi 1931 Vo 1959Agm 29 dfmªMm Amho. Ë`mV 1948 n`ªVMm àXrK© ñdmV§Í`nyd©H$mi, Ë`mZ§VaMm AmXe©dmXr g§H«$_U H$mi Am{U 1956 Vo 59hm amOH$maUmVrc ImMIi½`m§_wio ApñWaVoMm H$mi Ago VrZQ>ßno AmhoV. n{hcm Q>ßnm hm ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m nm`mâUrMm Amho.^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í` MidirZo Amnë`mH$S>rc ñdmV§Í`mMrnm`mâUr Ho$cr, Ver BWo Pmcr Zmhr. AmYr C�oI Ho$coë`mñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV `wZm`Q>oS> Z°eZc nmQ>u (`y.EZ.nr)- Orgm_mÝ`nUo ^maVmVrc H$m±J«og njmÀ`m VmoS>rMr hmoVr- VrñdmV§Í`mZ§Va lrc§Ho$V gÎmoda Amcr Am{U _Ycm H$mhr H$migmoS>cm Va ~arM df} {VZo gÎmmgm§^micr. _Yë`m VrZ dfmªÀ`m H$mimV1951 gmcr `y.EZ.nr._YyZlr.Eg.S>ãë`y.Ama.S>r. ~§XaZm`Ho$`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr \w$Q>coë`m H$mhrJQ>m§Zr lrc§H$m \«$sS>_ nmQ>u(Eg.Ec.E\$.nr.) hm nj ñWmnyZ gÎmmam~dcr hmoVr. lrc§H$m \«$sS>_ nmQ>u hm

lrc§H$m : {d^m{OV amï´>r`Ëd Am{U A§V{hZ `mXdr

amÁ`~m§YUr Am{U amï´>~m§YUr `m XmoZ g§nyU© doJù`m Jmoï>r AmhoV Am{U EH$ Xwgè`mcm nyaH$ AgoË`m§À`mV H$mhr Zmhr. ^maVmgmaIr ñdmV§Í` Midi lrc§H$m C^r H$ê$ eH$cr Zmhr, hm Xwgam _wÔm.MidirEodOr lrc§Ho$V _moR>_moR>r ì`{º$_Îdo Am{U ZoVo `m§MmM à^md cmoH$m§À`m _Zmda OmñVam{hcm. MidirÀ`m A^mdm_wio doJdoJio dm§{eH$ JQ> EH$Ì òÊ`mg g§Kfm©Mr g_mZ ^y{_H$m{_imcr Zmhr. Ë`mM~amo~a nañnam§er gwg§dmX, Xwgè`m§Mm nyU© n[aM` Am{U d§eôXmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rAmocm§Sy>Z {dMmam§Mo àgmaU `m Amdí`H$ Jmoï>rhr KS>ë`m ZmhrV. amï´>mÀ`m aMZoMm AZw^d hm AgmhmoVm- {Vgam _wÔm hmoVm Vmo XyaXeu ZoV¥ËdmMm A^md. ^maVmV Jm§Yr, Zohê$, MÅ>monmÜ`m`, Q>mJmoa,O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§À`mgmaIo Ðï>o ZoVo hmoVo. lrc§Ho$_Üò nmoÞmå~c_² am_ZmWZ² Am{Ugr.S>ãë`y.S>ãë`y. H$ÊUZJmam `m§À`mgmaIo H$mhr {dMmar ZoVo hmoVo, nU ì`dhmar amOH$maUmÀ`mdmXimV Ë`m§Mm {Q>H$md cmJy eH$cm Zmhr.

gwgrc {g[adX©Zm


_Ü`__mJu Am{U ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Mm ^mfmdmX OmonmgUmamamï´>dmXr nj hmoVm. nU Vmo S>mì`m njm§nmgyZ doJim hmoVm.lrc§Ho$Mo amOH$maU `y.EZ.nr. Am{U Eg.Ec.E\$.nr `m XmoZnjm§_ÜòM {\$aV am{hco. `m amOH$maUmV S>mì`m§Mr ^y{_H$m Ë`mXmohmo§da cj R>odUmè`m Q>rH$mH$mam§Mr am{hcr. `m XmoZhr à_wInjm§Zm ZrQ> _mJm©da R>odyZ Ë`m§Mr {dídmgmh©Vm {Q>H$dyZ YaÊ`mV`m njmMm hmV hmoVm. `m n{hë`m Q>ßß`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m Q>ßß`mVrcMT>CVma "\$º$ {g§hcr' `m (qghcm AmoÝcr) `m H$m`ÚmZo gwê$Pmcm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma qghcr hr ^mfmM \$º$ amÁ`H$ma^mamMr^mfm R>adcr Jocr. øm Hw$à{gÕ H$m`ÚmZo `m XoemÀ`mAmOdaÀ`mgm_monMmamÀ`mB{VhmgmÀ`m qMÜ`mHo$ë`m. Ë`mMr n[aUVr1959 _Üò n§VàYmZ~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§À`m IwZmVAm{U Ë`m§Mo gaH$maJS>JS>Ê`mV Pmcr.

ñdmV§Í`mMr nm`mâUrXoemcm nyU©

ñdmV§Í`mH$S>o ZoUmarà{H«$`m 1931 gmcr gwê$Pmcr Ago åhUmdo cmJoc.H$maU Ë`mdfu EH$ ZdrZKQ>ZmË_H$ nmD$c `mXoemV CMcco Joco, OoH$moUË`mhr dgmhVdmXrXoemÀ`m A§_cmImcrcXoemÀ`m amOdQ>rÀ`mB{VhmgmV ¹${MVMAmT>iUmao hmoVo. Ë`m dfu`m XoemV ór-nwéfm§gmR>rgmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T>_VXmZnÕVr cmJyH$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mM~amo~a H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr àemgZ nÕVrcmJy H$ê$Z `m Xoemcm dgmhVrMo ñdamÁ` Omhra H$aÊ`mV Amco.{ZdSy>Z Amcoë`m nÞmg gXñ`m§VyZ gmV g{_Ë`m§Mo H$m`m©Ü`j

_§S>i {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Zm _§{ÌnXmMo A{YH$maXoÊ`mV Amco. ho dgmhVrMo ñdamÁÀm§{eH$ hmoVo. H$maU g§ajU, AW© Am{UH$m`Xm gwì`dñWm hr ImVrdgmhVdmÚm§Zr Amnë`m hmVr R>odcrhmoVr. `m _§{Ì_§S>imVrc gd© _§Ìr qghcr~m¡ÕY_u` hmoVo, hr `mVrc {ddmXmñnX~m~ hmoVr. `m aMZo_mJyZ d§edmX S>moHo$

da H$mT>VmZm {XgV hmoVm. amï´>~m§YUrÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ `m_§{Ì_§S>imV g_Vmoc dm§{eH$ à{V{Z{YËd {Xgm`cm hdo hmoVo.VWm{n cmoH$emhr gaH$ma Mmc{dÊ`mMm hm AZw^d Am{U {~«{Q>eamÁ`nÕVrMm AmXe© `mMm \$m`Xm An[a{_V Pmcm. lrc§Ho$À`mà{V{ZYtÀ`m hmVr {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mMr AmIUr d Ë`mMrA§_c~OmdUr gmon{dcocr hmoVr. 1936 gmcÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m§VXmoZ S>mdo à{V{ZYrhr {ZdS>co Joco. Ë`m_wio _§Í`m§g_moa gVVnwamoJm_r {dMma R>odyZ amÁ`H$ma^mamV Ë`mMo à{Vq~~ {Xgoc`mgmR>r _§{Ì_§S>imda Ë`m§Mm H$m`_ X~md am{hcm. `m H$mimVlrc§Ho$Vrc d ^maVmVrc _m�g©dmÚm§Mo OdiMo g§~§Y hmoVo Am{U

Oê$a Va Vo EH$_oH$m§ZmAZoH$ àH$maÀ`m- AJXr^y{_JV- H$m_mVgwÕm-ghH$m`© XoV hmoVo._yc^yV CËnmXH$ eº$s¨Mm{dH$mg gmYUo Am{UAmJm_r H$mimgmR>rAMyH$ YmoaUm§Mm nm`mKmcUo `mgmR>r_§{Ì_§S>imZo Ho$coco H$m`©AOmoS> hmoVo. AmVmn`ªVCno{jV am{hcoë`mZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r Ë`m§À`m_yc^yV JaOm ^mJ{dë`mOmVrc Aem `moOZmAmIyZ Ë`m§MrA§_c~OmdUr Ë`m§Zr gwê$Ho$cr. eoVO{_ZtMrZm|XUr d {dH$mg,nmUrnwadR>m Am{UH$mcdo, AÞYmÝ`mÀ`mCËnmXZmcm àmYmÝ`,~mJm`Vr eoVr, ñWm{ZH$g§ñWm§Mm H$ma^ma Am{UJ«m_rU ^mJmVrc g§aMZm

{dH$mg, àmW{_H$ Amamo½` H|$Ðo Am{U n[agamVrc B{ñnVio `m§MrC^maUr BË`mXr H$m_o Ë`m§Zr {d^mJdma Ho$cr. _mo\$V {ejUmMmH«$m§{VH$maH$ H$m`©H«$_ Ë`m§Zr àmW{_H$ emim§nmgyZ Vo{díd{dÚmc`mn`ªV am~{dcm. H$m_Jma H$ë`mU d H$m_Jmag§KQ>Zm, ~±H$m d BVa ì`mnmar godm Am{U ~§Xam§Mm ì`mnmargmo`tgh {dH$mg BË`mXr H$m`©H«$_ `m _§{Ì_§S>imZo èñdrarË`mam~dco. ho _§{Ì_§S>imZo hmVr KoVcoco CnH«$_ nyU© {dMmamZoAm{U Ë`m§À`m MmoI A§_c~OmdUrZo èñdrnUo nma nS>co.Ë`m§À`mda Q>rH$m H$aUmè`m cmoH$m§Zmhr, Ë`m§À`m_mJMm AmXe©dmXAm{U ñdmdc§~ZmÀ`m AmYmamda Ho$coco gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z{Xgco. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m Zì`mZo ñdV§Ì hmoD$ nmhUmè`m g_mOmV H$mhr

{g[a_mdmo ~§XaZm`Ho$

Eg.S>ãë`y.Ama.S>r. `m§À`mH$Sy>ZamOH$maUmMm dmagm KoVcm Am{U Hw$_maVw§Jm§H$S>o gmondcm.


_yëò noacr. `m _§{Ì_§S>imcm {_imcoë`m èmMr XmoZ J_Ho$åhUOo 1930 Vo 1936 `m H$mimV Ho$coco _co[a`m `m amoJmMog§nyU© {Z_y©cZ Am{U XwîH$mir àXoemVrc (S´>m` PmoZ) OZVoMogaH$maÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Mmcdcoë`m eoVrÀ`m dgmhVrV Ho$coconwZd©gZ. `m gd© H$m_m§Mm n[aUm_ ñdmV§Í`mnydu Am{U Z§Vahr `mXoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ ââmQ>rV Pmcocm {Xgcm.

gm§ñH¥${VH$ \$mQ>m\y$Q>amï´>r` OmJ¥VrÀ`m H$mimV BVa doJdoJù`m gm§ñH¥${VH$

eº$s¨Mm CX` AQ>i hmoVm. hm H$miXoemcm T>diyZ H$mT>Umam hmoVmAm{U àËòH$ dm§{eH$ Am{U OmVr`g_mOmcm Amncm AmdmO CR>dyZXoem_Üò Vmo Kw_dUo Amdí`H$dmQ>V hmoVo. ñnYmªÀ`m AmImS>çmVË`m àËòH$mcm Amncr {ZpíMVOmJm hdr hmoVr. AZoH$ d§em§À`mcmoH$m§Mr ~hþg§»` d Aëng§»Àer {d^mJUr {VWo Pmcr hmoVr.qghcr ^mfm ~mocUmao ~m¡ÕY_u`~hþg§»` hmoVo. `m{edm` V{_i^m{fH$ _wpñc_ Am{U B§J«Or ^m{fH${¼íMZ-~J©g©- hohr Aëng§»`MhmoVo. `m{edm` CÎma ^mJmVrc dX{jU ^mJmVrc qghcr,doJdoJù`m àXoemVrc V{_i,MhmÀ`m _ù`mV H$m_ H$aUmao^maVr` d§emMo V{_i Agohr ôXhmoVoM. amï´>~m§YUrMo AmìhmZ `mgdmªZm g_mZ nmVirda AmUÊ`mVhmoVo; Ë`m§Mo Eo�` gmYÊ`mV hmoVo.gd©M njm§À`m ZoË`m§Zm `mgmR>rXyaÑï>r Am{U _wËgÔo{JarMr JaOhmoVr. Vgo Zgoc Va g§Kf© AQ>ihmoVm; Ë`mVyZ A{dídmg Am{U{d^mOZmMo ~rO noaco OmUma hmoVo.lrc§Ho$gma»`m ~hþgm§ñH¥${VH$ amï´>mZoH$moUË`mhr Cnm`m§Zr ho YmoHo$ Q>miUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.

nU lrc§H$m AIoa `m Omù`mV \$gcrM. gd© dm§{eH$~§Ym§Zm d Apñ_Vm§Zm VS>o Joco Am{U g_mOmV \$mQ>m\y$Q> _mOcr.^maVmà_mUo ho AmìhmZ ~hþ{dYVm Am{U Y_m©VrVVm `m nm`m§daPocco Joco Zmhr; Va ~hþg§»` d Aëng§»` `m H$gmoQ>çm§dag_mOmMr C^maUr Pmcr. ~hþg§»` qghctZr Amnmnco_VXmag§K EH$Ì ~m§YyZ dM©ñdmMo A{VaoH$s amï´>dmXr amOH$maUgwê$ Ho$co Va Aëng§»` V{_i cmoH$m§Zr Amnco g§KQ>Z H$ê$ZV{_i amï´> åhUyZ lrc§Ho$À`m gmd©^m¡_ËdmV Amncm dmQ>m

_m{JVcm. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm g_OyVXmanUm Z XmIdVmnañnag§dmX Q>miyZ øm XmoZ eº$s¨Mr dmQ>Mmc ñdV§ÌnUoEH$_oH$m§Zm g_m§Va Am{U A§Va amIyZ Mmcy am{hcr.

Aem VèhoZo lrc§Ho$Mm ñdmV§Í`cT>m EH$OwQ>rZo Zìho, Va_Ymo_Y VS>m Jocoë`m XmoZ ñdV§Ì amï´>r` àdmhm§Zr Mmcy am{hcm.Ë`m§Mo EH$_oH$m§er ñnYm© H$aUmao ZoVo Ë`m§À`m ôJmicoë`m_mZ{gH$ R>odUrVyZ Amnmncr YmoaUo R>adrV hmoVo Am{U Q>moH$mÀ`m^y{_H$m§VyZ Amnmnco cT>o cT>V hmoVo.

_yc^yV C{Ôï>mMm {dga`m gd© n[apñWVrV ZoË`m§Zm

{dga nS>cm Vmo amï´>~m§YUrÀ`mC{Ôï>mMm. ñdmV§Í`mMm cT>mcT>Umè`m AZoH$ amOH$s`\$ù`m§À`m ZoË`m§g_moa amï´>~m§YUrMm{gÕm§{VH$ Agm H$mhr H$m`©H«$_ZìhVm. Ë`m§À`m dmX{ddmXmVamï´>C^maUr `m H$ënZogmR>r OmJmMZìhVr. Ë`m§À`m ~mocÊ`mV, "OmVr`àíZ', "{ZZm©J[aH$ËdmMm àíZ'qH$dm "^mfoMm àíZ' `m§MoM \$º$C�oI hmoVo. `m gd© Jmoï>tÀ`m_YyZamï´>~m§YUrMm _mJ© AmnmoAmn OmVmo,Ago Ë`m§Zr OdiOdi J¥hrV YacohmoVo. `m g_OwVrVrc A§V^y©V YmoHo$`m ZoË`m§À`m cjmVhr Amco ZìhVo.ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m AmH$m§jocm AmUIrH$mhr _`m©Xm hmoË`m. Iao åhUOoAm{W©H$ AmKmS>rda Oo H$m_ PmcohmoVo, Vo gd© O_mVtZm gm§YÊ`mgmR>r\$ma Anwao hmoVo. WmoS>çm {M{H$ËgH$Ñï>rZo nmhm`Mo Pmco Va ho gd© ZoVo{Zð>mnyd©H$ Ho$coë`m à`ËZm§VyZ Ë`mamÁ`mMr aMZm H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m§VyZamï´> `m g§H$ënZocm AmH$ma òVZìhVm. amÁ`~m§YUr Am{Uamï´>~m§YUr `m XmoZ g§nyU© doJù`m

Jmoï>r AmhoV Am{U EH$ Xwgè`mcm nyaH$ Ago Ë`m§À`mV H$mhrZmhr. ^maVmgmaIr ñdmV§Í` Midilrc§H$m C^r H$ê$ eH$cr Zmhr, hm Xwgam_wÔm. MidirEodOr lrc§Ho$V _moR>_moR>rì`{º$_Îdo Am{U ZoVo `m§MmM à^mdcmoH$m§À`m _Zmda OmñV am{hcm.MidirÀ`m A^mdm_wio doJdoJiodm§{eH$ JQ> EH$Ì òÊ`mg g§Kfm©Mr g_mZ^y{_H$m {_imcr Zmhr. Ë`mM~amo~a

Eg.S>ãë`y.Ama.S>r. ~§XaZm`Ho$

B§J«Or{damoYr, nmíMmË`m§{damoYr qghcr ~m¡Õm§MmQ>moH$mMm amï´>dmX nwañH$mê$Z `m§Zr Ymo�`mMo nmD$c Q>mH$co.


nañnam§er gwg§dmX, Xwgè`m§Mm nyU© n[aM` Am{U d§eôXmÀ`mMm¡H$Q>r Amocm§Sy>Z {dMmam§Mo àgmaU `m Amdí`H$ Jmoï>rhr KS>ë`mZmhrV. amï´>mÀ`m aMZoMm AZw^d hm Agm hmoVm- {Vgam _wÔmhmoVm Vmo XyaXeu ZoV¥ËdmMm A^md. ^maVmV Jm§Yr, Zohê$,MÅ>monmÜ`m`, Q>mJmoa, O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§À`mgmaIo Ðï>o ZoVohmoVo. lrc§Ho$_Üò nmoÞmå~c_² am_ZmWZ² Am{U gr.S>ãë`y.S>ãë`y.H$ÊUZJmam `m§À`mgmaIo H$mhr {dMmar ZoVo hmoVo, nU ì`dhmaramOH$maUmÀ`m dmXimV Ë`m§Mm {Q>H$md cmJy eH$cm Zmhr.

"\$º$ qghcr' : eodQ>Mm Kmd`m Aem nmíd©^y_rda 1956 _Üò ~§XaZm`Ho$ `m ZoË`mMm

CX` Pmcm. Ë`m§Zr gd©`y.EZ.nr.{damoYr eº$s Am{U JQ>`m§Zm EH$Ì H$ê$Z {ZdS>UwH$sVCVaÊ`mMr YyV© amOH$s` MmcIoicr. {ZdS>UyH${ZH$mcmZ§VaÀ`m Mmodrg VmgmVqghcr hr EH$M amO^mfm-gaH$mar H$m_H$mOmMr ^mfm-Omhra Ho$cr OmB©c Ago AmídmgZ~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§Zr {Xco. `m KmofUoZoqghcr amï´>dmÚm§Zm Ë`m§Zr AmH$f©yZKoVco. B§J«Or{damoYr,nmíMmÎ`m§{damoYr qghcr ~m¡Õm§MmQ>moH$mMm amï´>dmX nwañH$maÊ`mV~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§Zr Ymo�`mMo nmD$cQ>mH$co hmoVo. 1955 gmcr OmhraPmcoë`m ~m¡Õ H${_eZÀ`mAhdmcmVrc {e\$magr A§_cmVAmUÊ`mMr KmofUmhr Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr.amOH$s` ~m¡ÕdmXmMm hm g¡Õm§{VH$Am{U amOH$s` XñVEodO hmoVm.qghcr dM©ñddmXmMm~hþg§»`m§H$m§À`m ^y{_Ho$VyZ nwañH$ma H$aUmè`m qghcr C�^«yamï´>dmÚm§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ {dMmagaUrMo Vo \$i hmoVo.~§XaZm`H|$Zr ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m hmVr ho eñÌ XoVmZm Ë`mÀ`m dmnamgmR>r~§YZo Am{U g§VwcZ `m§Mm {dMmahr Z Ho$ë`m_wio Vo EH$m§Jr Am{U~hþ{dYVm {damoYr R>aco. EH$Xm Aem A{VaoH$s àIa amï´>dmXmcm

`m XñVEodOmÛmao dmQ> _moH$ir H$ê$Z{Xë`mda Ë`mÀ`m {dÜd§gH$ eº$scmAmim KmcÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© ~§XaZm`Ho$`m§À`m hmVr am{hco Zmhr.

1956 _Üò g§_V Pmcocm hmH$m`Xm åhUOo lrc§H$m g§gXoVrc V{_ià{V{ZYtÀ`m ghZercVoda KmVcocmeodQ>Mm Kmd hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr AqhgH$

à{VH$ma H$ê$Zhr Ë`m§À`mda h�o MT>{dÊ`mV Amco. S>mì`m§ZrV{_im§Zm nm{R>§~m {Xcm hmoVm. Iao åhUOo ñdmV§Í`mnydu^mfog§~§Yr Pmcoë`m MM}V lrc§Ho$À`m amÁ`^mfm qghcr Am{UV{_i `m XmoZhr Agmì`mV ho {ZpíMV Pmco hmoVo. H$maU Vmon`ªVlrc§Ho$Vrc ~hþ{dY d§em§À`m ZmJ[aH$ËdmMr A{YH¥$V XIc gd©àH$maMo dmX{ddmX d MMm©gÌo `m§À`m_YyZ KoVcr OmV hmoVr; nUEH$Xm "\$º$ qghcr' hm H$m`Xm _§Oya Pmë`mda qghcr d V{_i`m§À`m nañna {dídmgmda d Eo�`mda eodQ>Mm Kmd nS>cm. `mH$m`ÚmZo XoemV qghctMm daMî_m em~yV am{hcm Am{U V{_iZmJ[aH$ An_m{ZV Pmco.

`mMm n[aUm_ 1957-58 _Üò lrc§H$m dm§{eH$ X§JctZrnoQ>cr. qghcr cmoH$m§Mo O_mdV{_im§Zm _mahmU H$arV, Ë`m§À`mKam§Zm AmJr cmdV d gm_mZmMrcyQ>_ma Am{U {dÜd§g H$arV {\$ê$cmJco. qghctÀ`m A{VaoH$samï´>dmÚm§Mo ho H$m_ hmoVo. V{_itZmYS>m {eH$dÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm H$m`©H«$_hmoVm. `m X§Jcr åhUOo lrc§Ho$À`màJVrÀ`m _mJm©V _moR>m IÈ>m hmoVm.

~§XaZm`H|$Mr hË`m d AñW¡`©ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV

Am{U ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr Xoemcmcm^coco ñW¡`© 1959 gmcr~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§À`m hËòZ§VaYmo�`mV Amco. ~§XaZm`H|$Mr hË`mKS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV Ë`m§À`mMnjmÀ`m gXñ`m§Mm hmV hmoVm.Ho$di _wËgÔo{JarÀ`m Omoamda{_idcoco ñdmV§Í` Ë`mZ§VaÀ`mH$mimV gd©Ì ^S>H$coë`m{h§gmMmamZo H$c§{H$V Pmco. Am_

OZVm d {VMo ZoVo `m§À`m_Yrc nañna {dídmg Am{U gm_m{OH$^mB©Mmam `m§Mm `m g§Kfm©V ~ir Jocm. Varhr `m H$mimVrcZoV¥Ëd, CXma na§nam§Mo g_mOmÀ`m g_¥Õ dJm©VyZ Amcoco,nmíMmÎ` {dÚm{d^y{fV Am{U Ë`m_wio CXma na§nam§VyZ òUmamZH$mam{YH$ma, _VôX ñdrH$maUmao Ago hmoVo. ^mfoÀ`m àíZmdag§gXo_Üò Mmccoë`m cT>m`m§_Üò hr XodmUKodmU Mmcy hmoVrM.hm g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r ~§XaZm`Ho$ Amnë`m V{_i {_Ìm§~amo~a~mocUr H$arV hmoVoM; nU ~m¡Õ Y_m}nXoeH$m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcrcH$mhr Ohmc qghctZm ~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§Mr VS>OmoS> ZH$mo hmoVr.cmoH$emhr {dMma Am{U AmMma `m§Zm `m H$mimV ~amM dmdhmoVm. dmX{ddmX Am{U JwUmdJwU `m§Mr H$gmoQ>r cmdyZ àíZgmoS>{dÊ`mMm ~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§Mm à`ËZ Mmcy hmoVm. Am{W©H$ joÌmVJ«m_rU AÞYmÝ` CËnmXH$ Am{U ~mJmB©VXma d _iodmco

Oo. Ama. O`dY©Zo

`m§À`m S>moù`m§g_moa lrc§Ho$MoXwgao qgJmnya ~Z{dÊ`mMo ^ì` ñdßZ hmoVo.


`m§À`m_Yrc Ag_Vmoc Xya H$aÊ`mMm H$gmoerMm à`ËZ `mgaH$maZo Ho$cm. eoVH$è`m§Zm AZwHy$c YmoaUo am~dÊ`mg§~§Yr~aoMgo EH$_V hmoVo, Am{U d§{MV J«m_rU joÌmV gVV Jw§VdUyH$H$ê$Z Ë`mMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMr A§_c~OmdUr hmoVhmoVr. _mo\$V {ejUm_wio cmoH$emhrH$aU Am{U ì`mnH$ _mZdrgm¡hmX© `m§À`m_Üò dmT> hmoV hmoVr. AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m AS>MUtZmVm|S> XoD$Z XcXcrÀ`m n[apñWVrVyZ amï´>mcm da H$mT>Ê`mMmà`ËZ ~§XaZm`Ho$ H$arV hmoVo.

Xwgao g§H«$_U : 1960 Vo 1977 : amÁ` emgZ Am{U gd©~mOy§Zr {dñH$Q>cocm g_mO

1960 Vo 1977 hm lrc§Ho$À`m Xwgè`m amOH$s`-gm_m{OH$ g§H«$_UmMm H$mi hmoVm. 1960 _Üò XmoZ doim{ZdS>UwH$m§Zm gm_moao Omdo cmJco,H$maU Xwgè`m {ZdS>UwH$sVM pñWaamOdQ>rMr e�`Vm {Xgcr.lrc§H$m \«$sS>_ nmQ>uÀ`m ZoË`m d~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§À`m nËZr {g[a_mdmo~§XaZm`Ho$ `m gÎmoda Amë`mAm{U 1964 _Üò Ë`m§ZrH$å`w{ZñQ> nj Am{U c§H$mg_g_mO nmQ>u (Ec.Eg.Eg.nr)`m XmoZ njm§À`m _XVrZo n{hcog§{_l gaH$ma ñWmnZ Ho$co. nU1965 _Üò Vo nS>co Am{U nwÝhmgmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m§Zm Xoemcmgm_moao Omdo cmJco. Ë`mdoir`wZm`Q>oS> Z°eZc nmQ>u(`y.EZ.nr.)Mo gaH$ma ApñVËdmVAmco Am{U 1970 n`ªV `mgaH$maZo Amncm H$m`©H$mc nyU© Ho$cm. nU Ë`m dfu {ZdS>UwH$m§Vlrc§H$m nmQ>ucm nyU© ~hþ_V cm^co Zmhr Var gdmªV A{YH$ OmJm{_imë`m_wio {g[a_mdmo ~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr nwÝhmEc.Eg.Eg.nr Am{U H$å`w{ZñQ> `m§À`mgh g§{_l gaH$mañWmnZ Pmco. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUmè`mZoË`m§Mr {nT>r `m H$mimV OdiOdi g§ncr hmoVr. dgmhVdmXramÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m H$mimV hr {nT>r {eH$cr, dmT>cr Agë`m_wioË`m§À`m H$m`©nÕVrV EH$ ñnï>Vm d gwg§JVnUm hmoVm. Vmo Ë`m{nT>r~amo~aM c`mcm Jocm.

YmÝ`-_mohr_ d amï´>r` {Z`moOZ1965 Vo 70 `m H$mimVrc AÝZYmÝ` _mohr_ hm XoemÀ`m

{dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mMm emgZmZo `moOcocm EH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ Am{Ue¡j{UH$ à`moJ hmoVm. ñdV: n§VàYmZ Am{U _§{Ì_§S>imVrc EH$_§Ìr lrc§Ho$Mo n{hco n§VàYmZ lr.S>r.Eg.goZmZm`Ho$ `m§Mo{Ma§Ord lr.S>S>co goZmZm`Ho$ `m§Zm eoVrgwYmaUm d

eoVrCÚmoJm_Üò {deof ñdmañ` hmoVo. ñdV: goZmZm`Ho$ Am{UË`m§Mo H¥${f_§Ìr lr.E_.S>r.~m§S>m `m§À`m n[al_mZo Am{UAä`mgnyU© {Z`moOZm_wio amOH$s` AmídmgZo H¥$VrV CVadUoe�` Pmco. Ë`mVyZ \y$S> S´>mBìh (AÞYmÝ` _mohr_) ho ñdXoer_m°S>oc AmH$mamcm Amco. AmVmn`ªV AY©dQ> am{hcoë`m AÞYmÝ`_mo{h_m EH$mJ«nUo am~dyZ N>moQ>çm eoVH$è`m§Zm {Xcmgm XoUo Am{UH$ënH$VoZo eoVrì`dgm`mV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUyZ `m `moOZo_ÜòchmZ eoVH$è`m§Zm nwT>mH$ma KoÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo, hm `m _mo{h_oMmhoVy hmoVm. `m H$m`©H«$_mcm {deof _hÎd XoD$Z gaH$maZo Ë`m_mJoAmncr eº$s C^r Ho$ë`m_wio AÞYmÝ` _mo{h_oH$S>o gd© XoemMocj doYco Joco. Am{U eha {d^mJmVrc ZmJ[aH$hr ImOJrarË`m`m _mo{h_oV gm_rc Pmco. AÞYmÝ` dmT> Am{U eoVH$è`m§MonwZd©gZ `mgmR>r `m joÌmV ñdV: CVê$Z A§VJ©V

gmYZgm_J«rÀ`m gmhmæ`mZolrc§H$m gaH$maZo Ho$cocm hmgm_y{hH$ à`moJ EH$ Aä`mgmMm{df` R>acm.

amï´>r` {Z`moOZmMm{df`hr gaH$maZo AemM àH$maMmnwT>mH$ma KoD$Z hmVmicm.lr.~§XaZm`Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr AgVmZmË`m§Zr Zohê§$Mo CXmhaUS>moù`m§g_moa R>odyZ {Z`moOZmMmAmamIS>m _m§S>cm hmoVm, nUË`mcm ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda {deofà{VgmX {_imcm ZìhVm. 1965_Üò {g[a_mdmo ~§XaZm`Ho$gaH$maZo {Z`moOZ AmIUr dH$m`©dmhr `m H$m_m§gmR>r EH$ñdV§Ì Am{U H$m`©j_,

ì`mdgm{`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ R>odUmao _§Ìmc` {Z_m©U Ho$co. `m_§Ìmc`mÀ`m à_wInXr XoemVrc n{hë`m H«$_m§H$mMo AW©VÁk dàemgH$ `m§Mo _§S>i hmoVo. AmVmn`ªV àËòH$ _§Ìmc` Amnmnco{Z`moOZ ñdV§ÌnUo H$arV Ago. A§XmOnÌH$mVrc VaVwXtZwgmagaH$mar {VOmoarVyZ AW©gmhmæ` {_idV AgVmZm WmoS>rXodmUKodmU hmoB© VodT>rM. nU {Z`moOZ _§Ìmc` ApñVËdmVAmë`mZ§Va àËòH$ _§Ìmc`mVrc {Z`moOZmÀ`m {ZH$fm§Zwgmadmnacocr gmYZgm_J«r (BZnwQ>), {_imcoco CËnmXZ(AmD$Q>nwQ>) Am{U {dH$mgmMm {ZX}em§H$`m gd© Jmoï>tMr XoIaoI d A§_c~OmdUr{Z`moOZ _§Ìmc`mV\}$ hmoD$ cmJcr.`mgmR>r dmnacoë`m nÕVrV ghOnUoKS>Umam nañna g§dmX e�` Pmcm. `mnÕVrMm Mm§Jcm ~moc~mcm Pmcm d {VMrXIc OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zohr KoVcr. `mVcr_w»` CncãYr Aer hmoVr H$s {Z`moOZ

S>m°.{S>{gëìhm ho ñdV: {d»`mV dH$sc, B{VhmgH$ma dS>mì`m {dMmam§Mo ZoVo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>ZoMm `mKQ>ZogmR>r \$ma AmJ«h hmoVm. nU `m amÁ`KQ>ZoMoAno{jV \${cV Z {_iVm nwT>o Vr CnÐdH$maH$M R>acr.`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ~m¡Õ Y_© hmM lrc§Ho$Mm amOY_© R>adcmAm{U qghcr ^mfocm amï´>^mfoMm XOm© {Xcm. {~«Q>ZerAgcoco gd© g§~§Y VmoSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco Am{U g§gXhrM XoemVrc gdm}� g§ñWm ~Zcr. A{YH$mam§Mo{dH|$ÐrH$aU aÔ hmoD$Z gd© A{YH$ma g§gXoH$S>o H|${ÐVPmco. AmYrÀ`m KQ>Zo_Üò Aëng§»`m§Zm {Xcocm g_mZXOm© Zì`m KQ>ZoV ZmH$maÊ`mV Amcm. `mamÁ`KQ>Zo_mJrc VÎdmZwgma amOH$s` gÎmmñWmZ hogdm}� Am{U gmd©^m¡_ _mZco OmD$Z Ý`m`g§ñWm dàemgZ `§ÌUm `m§Zm Xwæ`_ XOm© XoÊ`mV Amcm.


Am{U Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr `m§Mr EH$ ZdrZM gm§ñH¥${VH$ KS>r~gcr. nwT>rc gaH$mam§Zm Oar hr à{H«$`m {Q>H$dyZ YaVm AmcrZmhr, Var Ë`m CnH«$_mMo ZmdrÝ` gaH$mar XáamV Zm|Xdco Joco.

`wZm`Q>oS> coâQ> \«§$Q> Am{U {dÚmÏ`mªMo ~§S>- E{àc 19711970 gmcr lr_Vr ~§XaZm`Ho$ `m§Zr EcEgEgnr Am{U

H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>u `m§À`m~amo~a nwÝhm g§{_l gaH$ma ñWmnZ Ho$co.lrc§H$m \«$sS>_ nmQ>u, EcEgEgnr Am{U H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>u `mVrZ njm§À`m AmKmS>rcm Ë`m§Zr "`wZm`Q>oS> coâQ> \«§$Q>' Ago Zmd{Xco. gd© nwamoJm_r eº$s¨Zm EH$Ì H$ê$Z gm_moè`m Amcoë`m{ZdS>UwH$sV `y.EZ.nr.Mm nam^dH$aÊ`mMo S>mdnoM Ë`m_mJo hmoVo.nU AmKmS>rMo amOH$maUË`m§À`mda CcQ>coco nwT>o {Xgco.H$m_Jma _§S>im§gmaIo H$mhrH$m`©H«$_ am~dÊ`mMm à`ËZPmcm. `m gd© KS>m_moS>rVS>mì`m§Zr gÎmogmR>r VS>OmoS> H$ê$Zlrc§H$m \«$sS>_ nmQ>ugma»`md§edmXr Am{U A{VaoH$s amï´>dmXrnjmcm gmW XoD$Z Amnë`mna§namJV _yë`m§Mm Ë`mJ Ho$cm,Ago {MÌ OJmcm {Xgco. ^mfoÀ`màíZmda qghcr d V{_i`m§À`m_Yrc g_mZVoMo nwamVZYmoaUhr Ë`m§Zr gmoS>co. Ë`m{edmÀmKmS>r_Üò amhÿZgwÕmgaH$ma_Üò AgUmè`m H$å`w{ZñQ>{damoYr lrc§H$m nmQ>uÀ`mgXñ`m§~amo~a Ë`m§Mm g§Kf© MmcyMhmoVm. Ë`m_wio gaH$maMr nmM df}nyU© hmoÊ`mÀ`m AmVMH$å`w{ZñQ>m§Zm AmKmS>rVyZ ~mhoanS>mdo cmJco.

`m n[apñWVrV OJmVrcn{hcoM, lrc§Ho$V Pmcoco VéUm§Mo~§S> EImÚm CëH$mnmVmMm AZw^dXoD$Z Joco. geó H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z

gÎmmH$m~rO H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm Ë`m_mJo hmoVr.AmYrÀ`mM dfu `wZm`Q>oS> coâQ> \«§$Q>MogaH$ma OZVoMm âKmog nmqR>~m {_idyZgÎmoda Amco hmoVo. `m ~§S>mMo gyÌYma VéUS>mì`m njmVyZ ~mhoa nS>coco OhmcA{VaoH$s VéU hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm ZoVm amohZ{dOodram `mcm H$å`w{ZñQ> njmVyZ

(MrZdmXr) hmH$cÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. AZZw^dr Am{UAmË_~{cXmZmgmR>r g�m Aem Ë`m VéUm§À`m JQ>mMr gÎmm H$m~rOH$aÊ`mMr AmH$m§jm hmoVr. cmoH$m§Zr {ZdS>coco gaH$ma CcWdyZQ>mH$Ê`mgmR>r H«$m§{VH$maH$ Midi C^maÊ`mMm g§H$ën `m Xoe^º$Am{U ñdßZmV a_Umè`m VéUm§À`m _ZmV hmoVm. gwédmVrcm hrVéUm§Mr Midi hmoVr, nU Z§Va nwT>À`m H$mimV {VMo ê$nm§VaOZVm {d_wº$s noam_wZm (Ooìhrnr) qH$dm OZ_wº$s AmKmS>rV Pmco.

`m MidirMm amoI \$º$ `wdH$m§da hmoVm. emimgmoS>coë`m nU ~oamoOJma Aem `wdH$m§Mm `mV {deof âUm hmoVm.nmM àH$maÀ`m dJmªVyZ `m _wcm§Mo à{ejU nyU© H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm

MidirgmR>r V`ma Ho$co OmVhmoVo. `m dJm©V lrc§Ho$MmamOH$s` B{Vhmg Am{U Am{W©H$n[apñWVr `m§Mm nwamVZH$mcmnmgyZ AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV òVhmoVm. `m {df`m§Mr _m{hVr^mdZm§Zr I�yZ âcoë`m eãXm§VAm{U Xoeào_mÀ`m AmdmhZmV{dÚmÏ`mªn`ªV Aem arVrZonmoMdcr OmV Ago, H$s Vo d¡^d{_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r gÜ`mMogm_«mÁèmhrÀ`m Omù`mVgmnS>coco amOH$s` nj{Zén`moJr AgyZ Agm _yc^yV~Xc KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H«$m§{VH$maH$g§KQ>ZoMr C^maUr H$aUoAmdí`H$ Amho, Ago Ë`m§À`m_mV¥^mfoVyZ Ho$coë`m ^mdZmoÔrnH$^mfUm§_YyZ g§Xoe {Xco OmV.Ë`mgmR>r Om{V{df_Vm Am{UdJ©-OmV H$chmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©UH$aÊ`mMo _mZgemór` V§Ìhrdmnaco OmB©. Ë`m_wio XS>ncoë`mO_mVrVrc VéUm§Mm âUm `mMidirV _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVm.qghcr ~hþg§»òÀ`m àXoemVrcgd© nmocrgMm¡�`m Am{U gÎmmH|$Ðo`m§À`mda EH$mM doir h�mMT>dyZ Ë`m§Zm M{H$V H$am`Mo;

àemgZmVrc ZoË`m§Zm nH$Sy>Z R>ma _mam`Mo Am{U Z§Va XoeVmã`mV KoVë`mMo Omhra H$am`Mo Ago `m g§KQ>ZoMo cîH$arS>mdnoM hmoVo. `mV \$º$ qghcr ^mfm ~mocUmè`m `wdH$m§Mr {ZdS>Pmcr hmoVr. eoVH$ar d H$m_Jma `m§Zm `mVyZ dJico hmoVo.Ho$coë`m AmIUrà_mUo 5 E{àc 1971 `m {Xder 65> nmocrgMm¡�`m§da EH$mM doir h�o MT>{dÊ`mV Amco. nU EH$m hëë`mMrdoi MwHy$Z Vmo AmXë`m {Xder Ho$cm Jocm. `m hëë`m_wio

M§{ÐH$m Hw$_maVw§Jm

jwÐ cm^m_mJo YmdUmao amOH$maUr Am{Uhmo`~m `m§Mm amÁ``§ÌUoV gwigwimQ> hmoVm.


àemgZ gmdY Pmco. gwajmXcm§Zm gwédmVrcm `m hëë`m_wioOar Y¸$m ~gcm Var Vo MQ>H$Z gmdaco Am{U MT>mB© H$ê$Z ~§S>XS>nyZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AmH«$_H$ n{dÌm KoVcm. H$mhr{Xdgm§VM n[apñWVr H$m~yV Amcr. `wdH$m§À`m `m gmhgdmXmVhOmam|Mo ~ir Joco. nH$Sy>Z Zocoë`m qH$dm eaU Amcoë`m`wdH$m§Mr g§»`m OdiOdi drg hOma EdT>r hmoVr.nH$S>coë`m§Mm ânya N>i H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$Q>mMr gd©_m{hVr {_idÊ`mV Amcr. EH$Xm nH$S>co Joë`mda d¡\$ë`mZoJ«ñV Pmcoë`m `m `wdH$m§H$Sy>Z _m{hVr H$mTy>Z KoUo H$R>rU JocoZmhr. {dOodram `m Ë`m§À`m ZoË`mcm h�o gwê$ hmoÊ`mAmYrMAQ>H$ Pmcr hmoVr. ~§S>Imoam§À`m gd© ZoË`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m _mJrcJwÝøm§Mr XIc KoD$Z {ejm gwZmdUmam {deof H$m`Xm _§OyaH$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Amcm. `m IQ>ë`mMo H$m_ 1974 gmcr nyU© Pmco.ZoË`m§Zm OÝ_R>onoMr {ejm XoÊ`mVAmcr. hOmam|Zm _m\$sgmR>r V`maH$ê$Z Z§Va gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mV Amco.H$mhtMo nwZd©gZhr H$aÊ`mV Amco.

J«m_rU ^mJmV `m CR>mdmMoà{VgmX Mm§JcoM C_Q>co, H$maUË`mMr àW_ gwadmV VoWoM PmcrhmoVr. AZoH$m§Zm Amncr _wcoJ_dmdr cmJcr. Ooìhm `mKQ>ZoMr cmoH$m§_Üò MMm© gwê$Pmcr Voìhm Ë`m KQ>ZoVrc gmhgrnmoaH$Q>nUm Xoemg_moa Amcm._mÜ`_m§Zr `m KQ>ZoMo VnercH$mZmH$monè`m§V nmohmoMdco.H$mcm§Vam§Zo Ë`m MidirVrc EH$mN>moQ>çm JQ>mZo AmË_Q>rHo$À`m^y{_Ho$VyZ MidirMr hH$sJVAm{U Ë`m_mJrc KQ>Zm Am{UnwT>rc n[aUm_ `m§Mr gmÚ§V _m{hVr Xoemg_moa _m§S>cr.

gwajm Xcm§Mm AmgyS> H$S>mS>ë`mda H$mhr Vmgm§VMH«$m§{VH$maH$m§Mm hm nj ^y{_JV Pmcm Vmo H$mhr dfmªZr gd© gm_gy_Pmë`mda "Ý`y coâQ>' `m ZmdmZo nwÝhm H$m`©àdU Pmcm. nU `m`wdH$ MidirZo Xoemcm EH$ ZdrZ ^mZ AmUyZ {Xco. Ë`m§ZrñdV:cm EH$ g_mOemór` dmñVd åhUyZ {gÕ Ho$co. CÎmaoH$S>ohr`m H«$m§{VH$maH$ Midircm g_m§Va Aer A{Vao�`m§Mr g§KQ>Zm~m§YÊ`mg `mM H$mimV gwédmV Pmcr hmoVr.

{X [anpãcH$Z H$m°pÝñQ>Q>çyeZ (àOmgÎmmH$ amÁ`KQ>Zm)`wZm`Q>oS> coâQ> \«§$Q> gaH$ma lrc§Ho$cm ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Zm

XoÊ`mgmR>r \$ma CËgwH$ hmoVo. 1972 gmcr Zdr [anpãcH$ZH$m°pÝñQ>Q>çyeZ qH$dm àOmgÎmmH$ amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma Pmcr.EcEgEgnr `m KQ>H$ g§KQ>ZoMo S>m°.H$m°pëdZ Ama.{S>{gëdm `m§ZrVr KQ>Zm ~Z{dÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma KoVcm. S>m°.{S>{gëìhm ho ñdV:

{d»`mV dH$sc, B{VhmgH$ma d S>mì`m {dMmam§Mo ZoVo hmoVo.Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>ZoMm `m KQ>ZogmR>r \$ma AmJ«h hmoVm. nU `mamÁ`KQ>ZoMo Ano{jV \${cV Z {_iVm nwT>o Vr CnÐdH$maH$MR>acr. `m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ~m¡Õ Y_© hmM lrc§Ho$Mm amOY_© R>adcmAm{U qghcr ^mfocm amï´>^mfoMm XOm© {Xcm. {~«Q>Zer Agcocogd© g§~§Y VmoSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco Am{U g§gX hrM XoemVrcgdm}� g§ñWm ~Zcr. A{YH$mam§Mo {dH|$ÐrH$aU aÔ hmoD$Z gd©A{YH$ma g§gXoH$S>o H|${ÐV Pmco. AmYrÀ`m KQ>Zo_ÜòAëng§»`m§Zm {Xcocm g_mZ XOm© Zì`m KQ>ZoV ZmH$maÊ`mVAmcm. `m amÁ`KQ>Zo_mJrc VÎdmZwgma amOH$s` gÎmmñWmZ hogdm}� Am{U gmd©^m¡_ _mZco OmD$Z Ý`m`g§ñWm d àemgZ`§ÌUm `m§Zm Xwæ`_ XOm© XoÊ`mV Amcm. amOH$s` ì`dñWoVrc BVagd© g§ñWm§Mo _hÎd Ë`m_wio H$_r Pmco. gmd©O{ZH$ ZmJar

godm§_Yrc ñdm`ÎmVm ZmhrerhmoD$Z Ë`m§Mr OmJm amOH$s`njnmV H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Zr KoVcr.gmd©O{ZH$ godm§_Yrc XcmcrAm{U Iwfm_VImoar dmT>cr. hramÁ`KQ>Zm H$m`Xon§{S>Vm§À`m EH$mJQ>mZo gmXa Ho$cr. Ë`mVrc gdm©V{ZfoYmh© ~m~ hr H$s V{_icmoH$m§À`m KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$mam§da`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo JXm AmUcr.g§gXo_Yrc V{_i g^mgXm§Zr`mMm {ZfoY H$arV KQ>Zmg{_VrVyZ~mhoa nS>Uo ng§V Ho$co.

g§nyU© \$mQ>m\y$Q>`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMm Am{U

{VÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrMm n[aUm_V{_i Am{U qghcr `m§À`m

dñË`m§da Pmcm. Ë`m A{YH$ A{YH$ AcJ d ~§{XñV Pmë`m.XmoZhr g_mOm§À`m {ejUg§ñWm, emim AcJ Pmë`m. dm§{eH${dÛof dmT>rcm cmJcm. dfm©Zwdf} XmoZ dm§{eH$ g_mOm§_ÜòOmonmgcocr Eo�`^mdZm nma c`mcm Jocr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_g_mOmV VUmd, eÌwËd Am{U qhgmMma dmT>Ê`mV Pmcm.

1970 À`m XeH$mV {ejUmVrc XOm© à_m{UV H$aÊ`mMonmD$c gaH$maZo CMcco. _moR>çm g§»òZo {dÚmnrR>mV àdoeH$aUmè`m V{_i {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _mJm©VAS>Wio {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rM {ejUmV hmhñVjon Ho$cm Jocm, Aer ^mdZm Ë`m_wioV{_i {dÚmÏ`mªMr Pmcr. {MS>coco V{_i`wdH$ _J A{VaoH$s Am{U Ohmc ~ZVJoco. 1970 À`m gw_mamg `m ~§S>ImoaV{_i `wdH$m§Zm qhgoMo AmH$f©U dmQ>y>cmJco. CÎma lrc§Ho$Vrc Om\$Zm {d^mJmV

lrc§Ho$Vrc {Vgè`m amOH$s` g§H«$_UmMm drg dfmªMmH$mi hm ~hþVoH$ gd© {c~aoeZ Q>m`Jg© Am°\$ V{_iBc_ (Ec.Q>r.Q>r.B©.) qH$dm V{_ir dmK`m§À`m~amo~aÀ`m g§Kfm©V IM© Pmcocm Amho. øm`wÕmMr aU^y_r CÎma Am{U nyd© ^mJmVM Agcr VarVmUVUmd d A{ZpíMVVm `m§Zr gd© amï´> Koacocoam{hco. àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mÀ`m _ZmV `m `wÕmMo ^àm{hco. XheV Am{U _mZdr h¸$m§Mr nm`_�r `mH$mimV gVV hmoV am{hcr. ZmJar OrdZmMo Ad_yë`ZhmoD$Z A{dídmg Am{U ôX `m§Mo g_mOmV W¡_mZ_mOco. àËòH$ KQ>ZoMo "Amåhr Am{U Vo' AemnmVirda Yw«drH$aU hmoD$ cmJco. øm noMàg§JmVyZ _mJ©H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r g§Yr emoYyZhr {_imcr Zmhr. `mn[apñWVrVrc AJ{VH$VoMr ^mdZm gd©ì`mnr Am{U{ZH$S>rMr R>acr.


V{_i ~hþg§»` hmoVo. VoWo qghcr g¡Ý` nmoMco hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va V{_i`wdH$m§~amo~aMm g§Kf© Am{U Ë`m§Mm N>i `m KQ>Zm daModa KSy>cmJë`m. 1974 _Üò V{_i g§emoYH$m§À`m Om\$Zm òWo âcoë`mAm§Vaamï´>r` n[afXoV gaH$maZo _moS>Vm KmVcm. qghcr-V{_i`m§À`m_Yrc {~KS>V Jocoë`m g§~§Ym§Mr n[aUVr AIoa Om\$ZmMo_hmnm¡a Amë\«o$S> Xwam`ßnm `m§À`m IwZmV Pmcr. Xwam`ßnm§Zm Ë`m§À`mV{_i ÐmohmMo emgZ åhUyZ V{_im§Mo ZoVo à^mH$aZ `m§À`m Q>moirZoË`m§Mr hË`m Ho$cr, Ago Z§Va CKS> Pmco. Xwam`ßnm lrc§H$m nmQ>uMoEH$ ZoVo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr 1975 gmcr hË`m Pmë`mda 1976 gmcrV{_itÀ`m _w»` njmZo V{_im§Mm àíZ amOH$s` nmVirda gwQ>VZgë`mg \w$Qy>Z {ZKÊ`mMm {ZU©` dSw>¸$moS>mB© òWrc A{YdoeZmVEH$m R>amdmÛmao KoVcm. V{_injmVrc àm¡T>m§Zr `wdH$m§Zm em§VH$aÊ`mgmR>r hm {ZU©` KoVcmhmoVm; H$maU `wdH$m§_Üò ~§S>ImoardmT>V Mmccr hmoVr Am{UdS>rcYmè`m gXñ`m§Zm Ë`m§ZrË`m§À`m Jwi_wirVnUm~Ôc YmaodaYê$Z Y_�`mhr {Xë`m hmoË`m. `m{R>H$mUr dmQ>mKmQ>r Am{U {Z:eóà{VH$mamMr AdñWm g§nyZ qhgmAm{U geó ~§S>ImoarMm H$mcI§S>gwê$ Pmcm hmoVm.

Am{W©H$ KgaJw§S>r`m n[apñWVrV gaH$maZo

AË`§V Ag_§OgnUo Am{U Xyadan[aUm_ KS>dUmar YmoaUoAmIcr. `wdH$m§À`m ~§S>mZ§VaJ«m_rU ^mJmVrc `wdH$m§_YrcAg§Vmof Am{U gd©gmYmaU`wdH$m§_Yrc CXmgrZVm `m§_wiogaH$ma_Yrc H$mhr KQ>H$m§ZmEH$X_ OmJ Amcr.O_rZgwYmaUoMm H$m`©H«$_ gaH$marH$m`©n{ÌHo$da n{hë`mZo KoVcmJocm. 1972 gmcr lrc§H$m gaH$maZo {~«{Q>em§À`m Vmã`mVrcMhmÀ`m _ù`m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU Ho$co. `m _ù`m§Mr XoI^mc H$er

H$am`Mr `mMr H$moUVrhr n`m©`r `moOZmgaH$maH$S>o Zgë`m_wio MhmÀ`m CËnÞmV~arM KQ> Pmcr Am{U Ë`mMm \$Q>H$mAW©ì`dñWocm ~gcm. ì`dñWmnZmdagaH$maMr nH$S> Zmhr Am{U H$ma^mamVrcA§XmYw§Xr `m§À`m_wio H$mhr ~S>o amOH$maUrd Ë`m§Mo ñVwVrnmR>H$ `m§Zr C� àVrMoMhm_io ~iH$mdco Am{U gaH$maÀ`m

naXoer ì`mnmamcmhr `mMr YJ cmJcr. 1976 gmcr lrc§H$mgaH$maZo O_rZ gwYmaUm§Mm AmUIr EH$ H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVcm.`m H$m`©H«$_mÝdò amÁ`mVrc gd© O{_Ztda H$_mc O_rZYmaUoMr_`m©Xm KmcÊ`mV Amcr Am{U `m H$m`ÚmMr H$R>moaA§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Vmã`mV KoVcoë`m O{_ZrMrânmB© åhUyZ _mcH$m§Zm gaH$mar amoIo (~m±ÊS>g²) XoÊ`mV Amco.Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§_Yrc Ag§Vmof e_Ê`mg _XV Pmcr. n[aUm_rXoemÀ`m gd© ^mJmV ânya O_rZ gaH$mamcm CncãY PmcrAm{U Ë`mMo dmQ>nhr gaH$maZo Vm~S>Vmo~ Ho$co Am{U Ë`mMmamOH$s` \$m`Xm {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. `m{edm` gaH$maZoAW©ì`dñWodarc Amncr nH$S> A{YH$ KÅ> Ho$cr Ë`m_wio

eoVr_mcmMo nwadR>mV§Ì Jw§VmJw§VrMohmoD$Z IVo, [~`mUo Am{UCËnm{XV _mc `m§Mm ~mOmamVVwQ>dS>m {Z_m©U Pmcm.

XoemVrc n{hë`m Am{UXwgè`m amOH$s` g§H«$_U H$mimV~amM \$aH$ hmoVm. OZVm Am{UË`m§Zr {ZdSy>Z {Xcoco gaH$ma`m§À`m_Üò \$magm gwg§dmXZìhVm. `wdH$m§Mo ~§S> àW_lrc§Ho$À`m X{jU ^mJmV gwê$Pmco Am{U Z§Va Vo CÎmaoH$S>ongaco Am{U H$mhr dfm©Z§Va `mê§$X hmoV OmUmè`m {dg§dmXmÀ`mXarMm AZw^d CÎmaocm ZmQ>çnyU©nÕVrZo {_imcm. Zdr [anpãcH$ZamÁ`KQ>Zm amï´>mMm KmV H$aUmarAm{U cmoH$m§Zm Xw~©c ~ZdUmarR>acr. `m gd© amOH$s`KS>m_moS>rV VQ>ñW am{hcoco Am{Uem§VVmào_r _Ü`_dJu` ZmJ[aH$~è`mM _moR>çm g§»òZo ~mhoaÀ`mXoemV dmñVì`mgmR>r {ZKyZ Joco.`mMm n[aUm_ gaH$maÀ`màemgZmda Pmcm. OZVoÀ`m

JaOm§Zm A{^_wI AgUmar YmoaUo AmIÊ`mV AZw^dr ì`º$s¨À`mA^mdr gaH$ma Anèr R>aco Am{U OwÝ`m MwH$m§nmgyZ gaH$maH$mhrhr {eH$co Zmhr, ho nwÝhm EH$Xm {gÕ Pmco. amï´> C^maUrMo_hÎdmMo H$m`© g_moa AgVmZm OmVr-OmVrV, dm§{eH$ O_mVrV,Hw$Qw> §~mV Am{U {_Ìm{_Ìm§Vhr H$chmMr ~rOo noacr OmV hmoVrAm{U Ë`m§Mo n[aUm_hr CKS> hmoVo. nU ZoVo _mÌ g§doXZmhrZ PmcohmoVo. Ë`m§Zm `m gd© KQ>Zm§_mJo H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWoMm A^md hoEH$M H$maU {XgV hmoVo Am{U cîH$amÀ`m _XVrZoM hm noMàg§J{_Qy> eHo$c Aer Ë`m§Mr ImÌr hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr cîH$arH$madmB©Mo gÌ gwê$ Ho$co. Á`m_wio n[apñWVr A{YH$M {~KS>V

_qhXm amOnm�go`m§Zr Amncr ~mOy ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {damoYr njmÀ`m

ImgXmam§Zm \$moS>m`cm gwédmV Ho$cr.n[aUm_r `m§Mo _§{Ì_§S>i 107 gXñ`m§Mo Pmco.


Jocr. gaH$maÀ`m _mJm©V EH$m_mJyZ EH$ AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVhmoVo Am{U Vo Q>mimdoV H$go, `mMo CÎma ZoË`m§H$S>o dmàemgZmH$S>o, H$moUmH$S>ohr ZìhVo. lrc§Ho$Zo ZdrZ KQ>Zm AmUyZHo$coco cmoH$emhrH$aU Anwao Am{U AH$m`©j_ R>aco.

{Vgao g§H«$_U : 1977 Vo 1997 :gwYmaUm, `wÕ, hþHy$_emhr Am{U Z gwQ>coco noMàg§J

lrc§Ho$Vrc {Vgè`m amOH$s` g§H«$_UmMm drg dfmªMm H$mihm ~hþVoH$ gd© {c~aoeZ Q>m`Jg© Am°\$ V{_i Bc_(Ec.Q>r.Q>r.B©.) qH$dm V{_ir dmK `m§À`m~amo~aÀ`m g§Kfm©V IM©Pmcocm Amho. øm `wÕmMr aU^y_r CÎma Am{U nyd© ^mJmVM AgcrVar VmUVUmd d A{ZpíMVVm `m§Zr gd© amï´> Koacoco am{hco.àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mÀ`m _ZmV `m`wÕmMo ^` am{hco. XheV Am{U_mZdr h¸$m§Mr nm`_�r `m H$mimVgVV hmoV am{hcr. ZmJar OrdZmMoAd_yë`Z hmoD$Z A{dídmg Am{UôX `m§Mo g_mOmV W¡_mZ _mOco.àËòH$ KQ>ZoMo "Amåhr Am{U Vo'Aem nmVirda Yw«drH$aU hmoD$cmJco. øm noMàg§JmVyZ _mJ©H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r g§Yr emoYyZhr{_imcr Zmhr. `m n[apñWVrVrcAJ{VH$VoMr ^mdZm gd©ì`mnrAm{U {ZH$S>rMr R>acr.

1978 Z§Va XoemVAÜ`jr` nÕVrMr amOdQ> MmcyPmcr. 2007 gmcmn`ªV XoemcmMma AÜ`j Am{U EH$ H$m`©H$marAÜ`j Ago nmM amï´>mÜ`j{_imco. Oo.Ama.O`dY©Zo,aUqgKo ào_Xmg, M§{ÐH$mHw$_maVw§Jm Am{U _qhÐ amOnjoAgo Mma AÜ`j {ZdSy>Z Amco hmoVo. S>r.~r.{dOoVw§Jo `m§ZrWmoS>çmM H$mimnwaVo AÜ`jnX gm§^mico. `y.EZ.nr.Zo `m drgdfmªn¡H$s gVam df} amÁ` Ho$co. Ë`mnwT>rc H$mimV nwÝhm lrc§H$m\«$sS>_ nmQ>u gÎmoda Amcr.

1977 gmcr `wZm`Q>oS> Z°eZc nmQ>u (`y.EZ.nr.) Odinmg85% _Vo {_idyZ gÎmmê$T> Pmcr. Oo Ama.O`dY©Zo `m njmMo ZoVohmoVo. Ë`m§Mr XyaÑï>r Am{U amOH$s` ì`dñWm, AW©ì`dñWm Am{Ug_mO `m§À`m_Üò _yc^yV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zr Yacocrqh_V `m_wio XoemV _moR>o n[adV©Z KSy>Z òB©c Ago dmQ>V hmoVo.Amnë`m H$maH$sXuVM lrc§H$m EH$ Zdmo{XV Am¡Úmo{JH$ amï´> åhUyZOJmnwT>o AmUÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr _hÎdmH$m§jm hmoVr. Ë`m§À`mS>moù`mg_moarc {MÌmVrc Vnerc \$mago ñnï> ZìhVo. nUA§_c~OmdUr MmoI hmoVr. 1978 gmcÀ`m Zì`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma

O`dY©Zo `m§Mr lrc§Ho$Mo n{hco AÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdS> Pmcr hmoVr.Ë`m§Mr cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z WoQ> {ZdS> Pmcr hmoVr. åhUOoM lrc§Ho$VAÜ`jr` amÁ`ì`dñWm A{ñVËdmV Amcr hmoVr. g§gXoMrhr{ZdS>UyH$ Pmcr hmoVr, nU {VMo ñWmZ Xwæ`_ hmoVo. _§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m~¡R>H$s¨Zm AÜ`j CnpñWV AgV, nU g§gXoV Ë`m§Mr CnpñWVrZgo. O`dY©Zo `m§Mr hr amÁ`nÕVr "hm`~«rS>' hmoVr Am{UAÜ`jm§Zm ânya A{YH$ma {Xë`m_wio EH$m{YH$maemhrMm YmoH$mhr`m nÕVrV hmoVm. amï´>mÜ`jm§Mo ñWmZ KQ>ZoÀ`mhr daMo hmoVo Am{UA{YH$manXmda AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m ~è`m-dmB©Q> {ZU©`m§Zm AmìhmZXoVm òV ZìhVo. AÜ`j Amnë`m nXmdê$Z {Zd¥Îm Pmë`mZ§VaMË`mÀ`m ~è`m-dmB©Q> H¥$Ë`m§Mr MMm© `m ì`dñWoV hmoD$ eH$V hmoVr.

AÜ`jr` nÕVrBVH$sM à_mU~Õ à{V{Z{YËdmMr(ànmoe©Zc [aàoP|Q>oeZ) gwê$ Ho$cocr _VXmZ nÕVr Xyada n[aUm_

KS>dUmar hmoVr. `m nÕVr_wio_VXmag§KmMm AmH$ma dmT>cm.Ë`mMm AW© {ZdS>UyH$ IMm©VhrdmT> Pmcr; ng§VrZwgma H«$_dmaHo$coë`m _VXmZmVyZ A{YH$m{YH$_Vo {_idyZ {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mgmR>rEH$mM njmÀ`m gXñ`m§_ÜòOrdKoUr ñnYm© gwê$ Pmcr. AmVmamOH$maU hm I{M©H$ CÚmoJ~Zcm.

Am{W©H$ Ponamï´>mÜ`j O`dY©Zo

`m§À`m S>moù`m§g_moa lrc§Ho$MoXwgao qgJmnya ~Z{dÊ`mMo ^ì`ñdßZ hmoVo. ~«oQ>Z dwS²>g² ZmdmÀ`mg§ñWoZo Ë`m§Zm `m H$m_mgmR>rnmR>~i nwadco. X{jU Am{e`mVAm{W©H$ gwYmaUm ñdrH$mê$ZñdV:Mr ~mOmanoR> Iwcr H$aUmam

lrc§H$m hm n{hcmM Xoe Amho. Ë`m_wio naXoer ^m§S>dc _moR>çmà_mUmV XoemV Amco. Ë`m~amo~aM ImOJrH$aUmMo YmoaUñdrH$maÊ`mV Amco. `m gd© Jmoï>t_wio AW©ì`dñWoMm MohamM~XcyZ Jocm Am{U ZdZdrZ àH$ën YS>mS>rZo gwê$ H$aÊ`mggaH$maZo gwédmV Ho$cr.

Aem àH$maMm n{hcm àH$ën hmoVm"_hmdocr {dH$mg J{V_mZ àH$ën' `màH$ënmVyZ nmUrnwadR>m Am{UdrOCËnmXZ {_imdo ho C{Ôï> hmoVo.XoemVrc EH$ _moR>r ZXr _hmdocr{hÀ`mda ghm _moR>r YaUo ~m§YyZ Am{U Vrnañnam§Zm OmoSy>Z ho C{Ôï> gmYÊ`mV òUmahmoVo. ~arM df} `m àH$ënmMm AmamIS>m

amï´>mÜ`j O`dY©Zo `m§À`m S>moù`m§g_moa lrc§Ho$Mo XwgaoqgJmnya ~Z{dÊ`mMo ^ì` ñdßZ hmoVo. ~«oQ>Z dwS²>g²ZmdmÀ`m g§ñWoZo Ë`m§Zm `m H$m_mgmR>r nmR>~i nwadco.X{jU Am{e`mV Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm ñdrH$mê$Z ñdV:Mr~mOmanoR> Iwcr H$aUmam lrc§H$m hm n{hcmM Xoe Amho.Ë`m_wio naXoer ^m§S>dc _moR>çm à_mUmV XoemV Amco.Ë`m~amo~aM ImOJrH$aUmMo YmoaU ñdrH$maÊ`mVAmco. `m gd© Jmoï>t_wio AW©ì`dñWoMm MohamM ~XcyZJocm Am{U ZdZdrZ àH$ën YS>mS>rZo gwê$ H$aÊ`mggaH$maZo gwédmV Ho$cr. Aem àH$maMm n{hcm àH$ënhmoVm "_hmdocr {dH$mg J{V_mZ àH$ën' `m àH$ënmVyZnmUrnwadR>m Am{U drOCËnmXZ {_imdo ho C{Ôï> hmoVo.XoemVrc EH$ _moR>r ZXr _hmdocr {hÀ`mda ghm _moR>rYaUo ~m§YyZ Am{U Vr nañnam§Zm OmoSy>Z ho C{Ôï>gmYÊ`mV òUma hmoVo. ~arM df} `m àH$ënmMmAmamIS>m nSy>Z am{hcocm hmoVm; H$maU Ë`mcm VrgdfmªMm AdYr Amdí`H$ hmoVm. O`dY©Zo `m§Zr ho H$m_àM§S> doJmZo H$ê$Z \$º$ ghm dfmªV CaH$co.


nSy>Z am{hcocm hmoVm; H$maU Ë`mcm Vrg dfmªMm AdYrAmdí`H$ hmoVm. O`dY©Zo `m§Zr ho H$m_ àM§S> doJmZo H$ê$Z \$º$ghm dfmªV CaH$co. Jm{_Zr {XgmZm`Ho$ `m VS>\$Xma _§Í`mda `màH$ënmMr O~m~Xmar gmon{dcr Jocr, Ë`mgmR>r ~mhoê$ZJw§VdUyH$hr ~arM Pmë`m_wio n¡emMm àíZ ZìhVm. ømàH$ënmÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ ~mOy ghm dfmªV nyU© Pmë`m Iè`m; nUË`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV _mZdr, g§KQ>ZmË_H$ Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$nwZd©gZmZo _mÌ ~amM H$mi KoVcm.

AgmM Xwgam EH$ àH$ën "H$Qw>Zm`Ho$ \«$s Q´> oS> PmoZ' hmH$moc§~moV {d_mZVimÀ`m OdiM ~g{dÊ`mV Amcm. EH$ ZdrZAm{U AmH$f©H$ XwH$mZm§Mr g§KQ>Zm{Z_m©U H$ê$Z Vr XoemVrc EH$_od~S>çm CÚmoOH$mÀ`m hmVrgmondÊ`mV Amcr. AmH$f©H$H$agdcVr_wio naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$Ë`mV ânya Pmcr. `m XwH$mZmV~hþVm§er {ó`m hmoË`m Am{U Ë`mcm§~À`m JmdmVyZ ZmoH$argmR>r òWoòD$Z XmIc Pmë`m hmoË`m. nJma,amhÊ`mMr gmo` Am{U H$m_mÀ`mdoim `m gd©M ~mOy§Zr Ë`m§MoemofU hmoD$ cmJco, nUAmOy~mOycm PnmQ>çmZo dmT>Umè`mN>moQ>çm_moR>çm H$maImÝ`m§Zr VrO_rZ Am{U Vo ~m§YH$m_hr {dH$VKoVë`m_wio Ë`m VéUtMr `mOmMmVyZ gwQ>H$m Pmcr. Ë`m H$mimVV`ma H$nS>çm§Mm ì`dgm` OJâ{dH${gV hmoV hmoVm. lrc§Ho$VhrË`mMr gwédmV "H$Qw>Zm`Ho$ \«$s Q´> oS>PmoZ'_ÜòM Pmcr.

AmUIr EH$ _moR>m àH$ënO`dY©Z|À`m _§{Ì_§S>imVrc EH$_hÎdmH$m§jr Am{U Ðï>o _§Ìr aU{g§Koào_Xmg `m§Zr am~dcm. J¥h{Z{_©VrAm{U ZmJar {dH$mg (hmD$qgJ A°ÊS> A~©Z S>oìhcn_|Q>) AgoË`mMo Zmd hmoVo. ñdV: ào_Xmg `m§Zm `m {df`mV ag hmoVm.A{Ve` _mJmgcoë`m Jar~ g_mOmVyZ Vo da Amco hmoVo Am{U

_hÎdmH$m§jonmoQ>r Vrd« g§Kf© H$ê$ZZoV¥ËdnXmn`ªV nmohmoMco hmoVo. C�^«yg_mOmMm H$S>dm {damoY Ë`m§Zr PoccmhmoVm. Ë`m§Zr hr g§Yr gmYyZ XmoZEo{Vhm{gH$ Ka~m§YUr àH$ën am~dco,Á`m§Mm àMma lrc§H$mâ Pmcm. n{hcmàH$ën EH$ cmI Ka~m§YUrMm hmoVm VaXwgè`m àH$ënmV Xecj Kao ~m§Ycr

OmUma hmoVr. gmè`m OJmMo cj `m à`moJmH$S>o doYco hmoVo. `mKa~m§YUrMm H|$Ðq~Xy Jar~ dJ© hmoVm. Am{U gaH$maZo hmH$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVcm hmoVm ho {deof hmoVo. `m H$m`©H«$_mV gd©{d^mJmVrc- ehar, J«m_rU, {H$Zmè`mH$mR>Mr, S>m|Jam§daMr-O{_ZtMm dgmhVtMm Vm~m KoD$Z ZdrZ ~m§YUr Am{U nwZa©MZmAË`§V nÕVeranUo H$aÊ`mV Amcr. cmoH$gh^mJmVyZ hm àH$ën{dMmanyd©H$ nma nmS>cm Jocm. Ka~m§YUr ì`dgm`mV ho EH$AmXe© d H«$m§{VH$maH$ nmD$c hmoVo Am{U Ë`mMm Aä`mghr X{jUAm{e`mVrc Xoem§Vrc {dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z Pmcm.

nU Am{W©H$ joÌmV O`dY©Zo `m§Zr Q>mH$coë`m H«$m§{VH$maH$nmdcm§Mm n[aUm_ \$ma H$mi {Q>Hy$eH$cm Zmhr. {dH$mgXa gmV-AmR>Q>��`m§Zr dmT>cm; ~oamoOJmar H$_rPmcr ho _hÎdmMo \$m`Xo {Xgë`m_wiogaH$manjmV AmË_g§Vwï>Vm AmcrAm{U amOH$s` dmVmdaU H$mhrH$mimnwaVo {Zdico; nU IaonoMàg§J nwT>oM hmoVo.

AZno{jV Y¸o$Xoem_Üò Pmcoë`m gwYmaUm

Am{W©H$ AmKmS>rda ZoÌXrnH$Agë`m Var OZOrdZmda Ë`mMo OodmB©Q> n[aUm_ Pmco, Vo hmoD$ ZòV`mgmR>r H$amd`mMr ì`dñWmèmÀ`m CÝ_mXmV am{hcoë`mgaH$maZo Ho$cr Zmhr. `m H$mimVXoemVrc Xm[aÐ`nmVir dmT>VhmoVr. 1985 _Üò "`w{Zgo\$'ZoHo$coë`m nmhUrZwgma chmZ _wcoAm{U emioVrc _wco `m§À`mn[apñWVrdê$Z ho {deof OmUdco.Hw$nmofU dmT>V hmoVo d Ë`m_wio{ejUmVrc _wcm§Mr JiVr dmT>crhmoVr. _moR>r Am{W©H$ ñdßZo

nmhUmè`m gaH$maZo àH$ënmÀ`m C^maUrgmR>r gm_m{OH$AZwXmZm§Zm d IMm©cm H$mÌr cmdcr homVr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Jar~OZVoÀ`m n[apñWVrda àH$fm©Zo Pmcm hmoVm.

`mMmM n[aUm_ g_mOmV AñdñWVm dmT>V Jocr.AÞYmÝ` XamV dmT>, McZdmT>, ~oH$mar `m§Zr hiyhiy S>moHo$ daH$mT>co hmoVo. `wdH$ Am{U {ó`m ho XmoZ KQ>H$ Am{W©H$ àJVrÀ`mS>moio {XndUmè`m PJ_JmQ>mV Xwgè`m Q>moH$mcm A§YmamV hmoVo.Ë`m§Mm Ag§Vmof dmT>V hmoVm. EH$sH$S>o Xoer naXoer M¡ZrÀ`mdñVy§Zr I�yZ âcocr XwH$mZo Am{U Ë`m§da Amncr lr_§VrCYiUmao Zdlr_§V; Va Xwgè`m Q>moH$mcm OrdZmVë`m gd©MAmdí`H$ Jmoï>tZm d§{MV Pmcocr Jar~ OZVm. gaH$mar èmÀ`m

à^mH$aZVm{_itÀ`m dVrZo hñVjon H$ê$Z,

à^mH$aZMr hË`m ^maV ghZ H$aUma Zmhr,Ago ^maVmZo lrc§Ho$À`m AÜ`jm§Zm H$idco hmoVo.


énoar H$hmÊ`m åhUOo Ë`m§Mr {Zìdi cw~mS>UyH$ Amho, hr ImÌrË`m§Zm nQ>cr hmoVr.

`wÕ Am{U H$mim Owc¡ 1983E|erÀ`m XeH$mÀ`m gwédmVrcm CÎmaoVrc n[apñWVr

{~KS>V Jocr hmoVr. lrc§Ho$Mo cîH$a Am{U V{_i dmKAmnmnë`m Jwá dgVrñWmZmVyZ ~mhoa òD$Z EH$_oH$m§g_moa CôR>mH$V hmoVo. IyZ Am{U hË`m `m§À`m_wio OZVo_Ycm VUmddmT>V hmoVm. V{_im§Mm cT>m XS>nyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMo AmXoe cîH$amcmXoÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. Aem n[apñWVrV 1977 _Üò V{_i{damoYrX§Jcr H$moc§~mo Am{U BVa eham§V Mmcy Pmë`m. AIoaMm Cnm`åhUyZ gaH$maZo XehVdmX {damoYrH$m`Xm Omar Ho$cm. Ë`mH$m`ÚmÝdò cîH$amcm Oo AdmñVdA{YH$ma {Xco Joco Ë`m§Mm dmnaH$ê$Z PS>Ë`m d AQ>H$gÌ gwê$Pmco. 1981 _Üò Om\$Zm òWrcgmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmc`mcm AmJcmdÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mV _m¡{cH$V{_i J«§Wm§Mr amI Pmcr. `mH¥$Ë`mV gaH$maMm hmV hmoVm AgmZ§Va gaH$mada Amamon Pmcm.Om\$Zm_Yrc V{_i OZVoÀ`m^mdZm§Zm `m O{iV àH$aUm_wio\$ma _moR>m Y¸$m ~gcm. gÎmmYmarnjmMo XmoZ ZmJ[aH$ `m Ag§VmofmMo~ir Pmco. hr gd© n[apñWVr^`gyMH$ hmoVr.

Ë`mZ§Va "H$mim Owc¡ 83'MoàH$aU CX²^dco. Om\$Zm_Üò 13cîH$ar g¡{ZH$m§Mr Pmcocr hË`m hoàH$aU noQ>dyZ Joco. `mMm gyS>åhUyZ V{_i{damoYr X§Jcgw{Z`mo{OVnUo KS>dyZ AmUcr Jocr. H$moc§~mo, H±$S>r Am{U ZwdmamE{c`m `m§gma»`m ehamV gaH$ma_Yco _§Ìr, ZJagodH$, _moR>oCÚmoOH$ Am{U Jw§S> `m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo V{_im§Mr H$Îmc H$aÊ`mVAmcr. Ë`m§Mr Kao, XwH$mZo, ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m`m©cò, {gZo_mJ¥ho dhm°Q>oco OmiyZ Q>mH$Ê`mV qH$dm CX²ÜdñV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ho gd©EH$ AmR>dS>mâ Mmcy hmoVo. 35 V{_i H¡$Xr EH$m {XdgmVVwé§JmVrc BVa H¡$Úm§H$Sy>Z _maco Joco. ho gd© Mmcy AgVmZmamï´>mÜ`j em§V hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr H$â`y© Omar H$aUo qH$dm em§VVogmR>rXoemcm AmdmhZ H$aUo `mgmR>rgwÕm ~aoM {Xdg KoVco Am{U OoìhmË`m§Zr AmdmhZ Ho$co Voìhm Ë`m§À`m ^mfUmV V{_im§da Pmcoë`mAË`mMmam§~Ôc eãXhr ZìhVm; CcQ> Pmcoë`m AË`mMmam§MoAàË`j g_W©ZM hmoVo. `m Owc¡ 83 _Yrc KQ>Zm§Mm EH$ {deofn[aUm_ lrc§Ho$À`m amOH$maUmda Pmcm Vmo åhUOo V{_i Midi

ZmJar ZoV¥ËdmH$Sy>Z geó XheVdmÚm§À`m hmVm§V Jocr. `mAmYrg§gXoVrc V{_i g^mgXm§À`m hmVmV `m MidirMo ZoV¥Ëd hmoVo.`mZ§Va V{_i dmK> Am{U gaH$ma `m§À`m_Üò A{YH¥$V `wÕ gwê$Pmco Am{U AmO n§Mdrg dfm©Z§Vahr Vo MmcyM Amho.n[apñWVrà_mUo H$Yr Vo J{Z_r `wÕ AgVo Va H$Yr Vo CKS>nUog_moamg_moa MmcVo. Ë`mhrnojm YmoH$mXm`H$ KQ>Zm åhUOo V{_idmKm§Zr AmË_KmVH$s ~m±~À`m gmhmæ`mZo ho `wÕ X{jUoH$S>o Zoco.g_mOmVrc _hÎdmÀ`m ì`º$s¨Zm R>ma _maUo, An§J ~ZdUo Am{UX{jUoH$S>rc g_mOmV d AW©ì`dñWoV ApñWaVm {Z_m©U H$ê$ZCÎmaoH$S>rc ZmJ[aH$m§À`m hmcAnoï>m§Zm g_m§Va n[apñWVr {Z_m©UH$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo C{Ôï> hmoVo.

1987 Mm H$ama Am{UAm`.nr.Ho$.E\$.

lrc§H$m cîH$amZodS>_mamÀN>r `m Om\$ZmÀ`m CÎmaQ>moH$mer Agcoë`m Jmdmda h�mH$ê$Z VoWo cncoë`m à^mH$aZ `mV{_i A{Vao�`m§À`m ZoË`mcmnH$S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. ho"Am°naoeZ {c~aoeZ' A{^`mZ~è`mM à_mUmV èñdr PmcohmoVo. hr _mohr_ Mmcy AgVmZmM^maVmZo V{_im§À`m dVrZohñVjon H$ê$Z à^mH$aZMr hË`m^maV ghZ H$aUma Zmhr Agolrc§Ho$À`m AÜ`jm§Zm H$i{dco.BVHo$M Zìho, Va Om\$ZmÀ`mV{_im§gmR>r {d_mZmVyZAÞnm{H$Q>o (lrc§H$m gaH$maMrnadmZJr Z _mJVm) Q>mH$Ê`mMmAmncm nwT>rc BamXmhr ^maVgaH$maZo ñnï> Ho$cm. Ë`mdoirM

amOrd Jm§YtÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo ^maV, lrc§H$m Am{U V{_ir dmK`m§À`m_Üò EH$ Jwá H$ama Pmcm. Ë`m H$amamÝdò lrc§H$mgaH$maZo hm g§Kf© Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>r h§Jm_r cdmXm§À`m hmVr gÎmmgmondyZ eóg§Yr _mÝ` Ho$cm. ^maVmZo ~iO~arZo V{_i dmKm§ZmVmo _mÝ` H$am`cm cmdcm. nU à^mH$aZcm ho A_mÝ` hmoVo åhUyZVmo {MS>cm hmoVm. {edm` `m n[apñWVrVV{_im§Zr ~§S>mir Ho$crM Va lrc§Ho$À`mgmhmæ`mcm ^maVmMr em§{VgoZm (B§{S>`Znrg {H$ntJ \$mog© qH$dm Am`.nr.Ho$.E\$)nmR>{dcr OmB©c Ago AmídmgZhr amOrdJm§YtZr {Xco. `mV amOrd Jm§YtMm hoVyMm§Jcm Agcm Var Ë`mcm \$i _mÌH$Sy>M Amco. Ë`m§À`m A{^dMZmà_mUo

AmUIr EH$ _moR>m àH$ën O`dY©Z|À`m _§{Ì_§S>imVrcEH$ _hÎdmH$m§jr Am{U Ðï>o _§Ìr aU{g§Ko ào_Xmg `m§Zram~dcm. J¥h{Z{_©Vr Am{U ZmJar {dH$mg (hmD$qgJA°ÊS> A~©Z S>oìhcn_|Q>) Ago Ë`mMo Zmd hmoVo. ñdV:ào_Xmg `m§Zm `m {df`mV ag hmoVm. A{Ve`_mJmgcoë`m Jar~ g_mOmVyZ Vo da Amco hmoVo Am{U_hÎdmH$m§jonmoQ>r Vrd« g§Kf© H$ê$Z ZoV¥ËdnXmn`ªVnmohmoMco hmoVo. C�^«y g_mOmMm H$S>dm {damoY Ë`m§ZrPoccm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr hr g§Yr gmYyZ XmoZ Eo{Vhm{gH$Ka~m§YUr àH$ën am~dco, Á`m§Mm àMma lrc§H$mâPmcm. n{hcm àH$ën EH$ cmI Ka~m§YUrMm hmoVm VaXwgè`m àH$ënmV Xecj Kao ~m§Ycr OmUma hmoVr.gmè`m OJmMo cj `m à`moJmH$S>o doYco hmoVo. `mKa~m§YUrMm H|$Ðq~Xy Jar~ dJ© hmoVm. Am{U gaH$maZohm H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVcm hmoVm ho {deof hmoVo. `mH$m`©H«$_mV gd© {d^mJmVrc- ehar, J«m_rU,{H$Zmè`mH$mR>Mr, S>m|Jam§daMr- O{_ZtMm dgmhVtMmVm~m KoD$Z ZdrZ ~m§YUr Am{U nwZa©MZm AË`§VnÕVeranUo H$aÊ`mV Amcr.


^maVmMr em§{VgoZm lrc§Ho$V V{_im§À`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r Amcr.V{_i ~§S>Imoam§~amo~a df©â Mmccoë`m Yw_íMH«$sV ^maVmMo1200 OdmZ H$m_r Amco. ^maVr` g¡Ý`mdarc `m {dO`m_wioV{_i ~§S>Imoa A{YH$M AmH«$_H$ ~Zco Am{U AIoa à^mH$aZoamOrd Jm§YtMr hË`m H$ê$Z `m àH$aUr ^maVmda Am{U amOrdJm§Ytda gyS> CJdcm.

1982 : EH$m{YH$maemhrgmR>r gmd©_Vamï´>mÜ`j O`dY©Zo `m§Zm {ZdS>UwH$m§Zm 1982 gmcr

gm_moao Om`MoM hmoVo, nU _mJrc {ZdS>UwH$sV Ë`m§Zm nmMfð>m§e(85%) ~hþ_V {_imë`m_wio AmVm AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UyH$ ZcT>dVm AÜ`jnXmgmR>r gmd©_V KoÊ`mMr XwéñVr Ë`m§ZramÁ`KQ>ZoV H$ê$Z KoVcr Am{U Vogmd©_V qOHy$Z Amco. nUXoemVrc cmoH$emhrdmXr OZ_VË`m§À`m `m H¥$VrZo Ë`m§À`m {damoYrJoco. amï´>mÜ`j cmoH$emhr_yë`m§Mr AdhocZm H$ê$ZñdV:À`m hmVmV A_`m©X gÎmmH|${ÐV H$arV AmhoV Ago {MÌ Côam{hco. gaH$ma ~XcÊ`mMr g§YrcmoH$m§À`mg_moa am{hcr Zmhr.Ë`m_wio Xoem§VJ©V Ag§VmofË`mMà_mUo àemgZmVrchrAd_yë`Z dmT>rcm cmJco. Am{U`y.EZ.nr.Zo gVam df} A{Z~ªYnUogÎmm Cn^moJcr Var AIoa 1988_Üò `y.EZ.nr AÜ`jr`{ZdS>UwH$sV ào_Xmgm `m§À`mlrc§H$m njmH$Sy>Z nam^yV Pmcr.

`wdH$m§Mo Xwgao ~§S>1981 _Üò EH$m

~oH$m`Xoera g§nmÀ`m àH$aUmdê$Z Oo.ìhr.nr. (OZVm {d_wº$snoam_wZm) hr g§KQ>ZmM gaH$maZo ~oH$m`Xoera R>a{dë`m_wio `mg§KQ>ZoMo H$m`©H$V} ^y{_JV Pmco. Am{U nwÝhm EH$Xm `wdH$m§À`mg§K{Q>V gm_Ï`m©da ho gaH$ma CcWyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZHo$cm. `mdoir A{YH$ ehmUnU XmIdyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m

àMmamV emiH$ar _wcm§Zmhr gm_rcH$ê$Z KoVco. Ë`m§À`m àMmamMm n{hcm_wÔm ^maVr` em§{VgoZoMo- Or Ë`m§À`m_VoeÌyamï´>mMr goZm hmoVr- lrc§Ho$À`m^y_rdarc ApñVËd hm hmoVm. øm _wÚmdacmoH$^mdZm ^S>H$mdyZ Amnë`mcm ânyanmqR>~m {_idVm òB©c Aer ~§S>Imoam§MrAnojm hmoVr, nU `m Ionocm gaH$ma Iyn

gmdY hmoVo Am{U Jwáhoa ImVohr gVH©$ hmoVo. nU ~§S>Imoam§ZrXoemcm ApñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZM V§Ì dmnaco. XheVrMoV§Ì. EImXm {Xdg haVmimMm Omhra H$ê$Z Ë`m {Xder Vmo ZnmiUmè`mcm gai Jmoir KmcyZ R>ma Ho$co OmB©c Aer Y_H$sXoUmè`m {MR²>R>çm Vo hñVm§V[aV H$arV. Vo V§Ì BVHo$ èñdrPmco H$s haVmimÀ`m {Xder gaH$mar H$Moè`m, {dÚmnrR>o,emim, BpñnVio Am{U ImOJr joÌmVrc H$Moè`m, XwH$mZo gd©H$mhr EH$X_ ~§X amhr. `wdH$m§Mr hr ~§S>Imoar XmoZ df}(1987-89) Mmcy hmoVr. na§Vw eodQ>r ZoË`m§Zm nH$Sy>Z R>maH$aÊ`mV cîH$amcm è Amco. amohZ ~rOodram hm ZoVmhr Ë`mH$madmB©V R>ma Pmcm.

ào_Xmg amï´>mÜ`j1988 gmcr Pmcoë`m

AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UwH$sV lr_Vr~§XaZm`H|$Mm nam^d H$ê$ZaUqgKo ào_Xmg ho lrc§Ho$Moamï´>mÜ`j Pmco. AÜ`j åhUyZË`m§Mr {ZdS> Pmcr Voìhm CÎmaoH$S>oV{_im§Mr Am{U X{jUoH$S>oVéUm§Mr ~§S>mir _mOcr hmoVr.Ë`m_wio cJoMM Ë`m§Zr Oo.ìhr.nrAm{U V{_i dmKm§Zr EcQ>rQ>rB©g§KQ>Zm `m§Zm MM}gmR>r ~mocmdco.Ë`m§Zm gÎmoV gh^mJr H$ê$ZKoÊ`mMmhr àñVmd Ë`m§À`mg_moaào_Xmgm§Zr _m§S>cm. nU OoìhrnrZoË`m§Zm cJoM ZH$ma {Xcm. _mÌV{_ir dmKm§À`m g§KQ>ZoZo V`marXmIdyZ ~mocUr nwT>o MmcyMR>odcr. nU H$mhr H$mimZ§VadmQ>mKmQ>r {\$gH$Q>ë`m Am{U`wÕmcm gwédmV Pmcr. V{_i

dmKm§er Pmcoë`m Mma `wÕm§n¡H$s ho n{hco "Bc_' `wÕ.ào_Xmg ho lrc§Ho$Mo Ago EH$ ZoV¥Ëd hmoVo H$s Xoemg_moarc

gd© àíZm§Mr Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jcr OmU hmoVr Am{U Ë`m§À`m_YyZ Vo _mJ©hrH$mT>rV hmoVo. Vo {gÕm§VdmXr hmoVo Am{U Zì`m-OwÝ`mMm _oiKmcÊ`mMr Hw$dV Ë`m§À`m_Üò hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m AmYrÀ`m Am{UZ§VaÀ`m amOH$maÊ`m§nojmhr A{YH$M H$m`©j_Vm Am{U AZoH$Mm§Jco JwU Ë`m§À`m_Üò hmoVo. amï´>~m§YUrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AerAnyd© {Z{_©Vrj_Vm d Ðï>onUm Ë`m§À`m_Üò hmoVm. cmoH$m§À`mZmS>rda Ë`m§Mm hmV hmoVm; Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§_Üòhr Ë`m§À`m~Ôc{dídmg hmoVm. Mm¡\o$a dmMZ, ì`mdhm[aH$ amOH$maUmMr Mm§JcrAmoiI Agcocm hm ZoVm AË`§V {eñV{à` Am{U H$m`m©V a_yZOmUmam hmoVm. CÎmaoH$S>rc d X{jUoH$S>rc ~§S>mir H$m~yV AmUyZXoemV em§VVm d ñW¡`© {Z_m©U H$aUo, gdmªZm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoD$Z

lrc§H$m cîH$amZo dS>_mamÀN>r `m Om\$ZmÀ`m CÎmaQ>moH$mer Agcoë`m Jmdmda h�m H$ê$Z VoWo cncoë`mà^mH$aZ `m V{_i A{Vao�`m§À`m ZoË`mcm nH$S>Ê`mMmà`ËZ Ho$cm. ho "Am°naoeZ {c~aoeZ' A{^`mZ ~è`mMà_mUmV èñdr Pmco hmoVo. hr _mohr_ Mmcy AgVmZmM^maVmZo V{_im§À`m dVrZo hñVjon H$ê$Z à^mH$aZMrhË`m ^maV ghZ H$aUma Zmhr Ago lrc§Ho$À`mAÜ`jm§Zm H$i{dco. BVHo$M Zìho, Va Om\$ZmÀ`mV{_im§gmR>r {d_mZmVyZ AÞnm{H$Q>o (lrc§H$mgaH$maMr nadmZJr Z _mJVm) Q>mH$Ê`mMm AmncmnwT>rc BamXmhr ^maV gaH$maZo ñnï> Ho$cm. Ë`mdoirMamOrd Jm§YtÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo ^maV, lrc§H$m Am{UV{_ir dmK `m§À`m_Üò EH$ Jwá H$ama Pmcm. Ë`mH$amamÝdò lrc§H$m gaH$maZo hm g§Kf© Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>rh§Jm_r cdmXm§À`m hmVr gÎmm gmondyZ eóg§Yr _mÝ`Ho$cm. ^maVmZo ~iO~arZo V{_i dmKm§Zm Vmo _mÝ`H$am`cm cmdcm. nU à^mH$aZcm ho A_mÝ` hmoVoåhUyZ Vmo {MS>cm hmoVm.


{dH$mg d Xm[aÐ` {Z_y©cZ H$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo _w»` C{Ôï> hmoVo. amï´>r`g§nÎmr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m àËòH$ {d^mJmVñdV:À`m nwT>mH$mamImcr Ë`m§Zr Ë`mMr nwZa©MZm Ho$cr. AZoH$_wIrnoMàg§Jm§er {dYm`H$ cT>m XoV AgVmZm, AZoH$ AmKmS>çm§dag§Kf© H$arV AgVmZm Am{U H$mhr ~m~VrV èñdr hmoV AgVmZmM_o 1993 _Üò Ec.Q>r.Q>r.B©.À`m AmË_KmVH$s ~m±~_wio Ë`m§MrhË`m Pmcr. Ë`m§Mr OmJm ^ê$Z H$mT>Umam Xwgam ZoVm Ë`mZ§Valrc§Ho$cm {_imcocm Zmhr.

Ooìhrnr.À`m ~§S>ImoarMm Ë`m§Zr ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$cm. nUV{_ir dmKm§~amo~aÀ`m Ë`m§À`m em§VVm dmQ>mKmQ>r _mÌ \$mocR>aë`m. X{jUoH$S>rc VéUm§_YrcAg§Vmof {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr^maVr` em§{VgoZocm lrc§Ho$VyZnaV nmR>{dco. `m Ë`m§À`m H¥$VrV^maVm~Ôc A{dídmg ZìhVm. nUEH$mEH$s KoVcoë`m `m {ZU©`m_wioAZoH$ g¡{ZH$ J_mdcoco ^maVrÀn_m{ZV Pmco Am{U nwT>rcH$mimV ^maV-lrc§H$m g§~§YmVVUmd {Z_m©U Pmcm. nUCÎmaoH$S>rc V{_i ~§S>Imoam§Mm~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo _mÌ Ë`m§Zm e�`Pmco Zmhr.

XoemVrc Xm[aÐ`{Z_y©cZmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr "OZgo{d`m'qH$dm OZeº$s H$m`©H«$_ AmIcmAm{U Ë`mÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrVË`m§Zm èhr òV hmoVo. Ë`mVrcH$ënH$Vm Am{U _yëò `m§À`m_ÜòZmdrÝ` Am{U Anma§n[aH$Vm hmoVr.Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Vmo Xwgè`mH$moUmcmhr am~dVm òUo e�`ZìhVo. X{jU Am{e`m`r Xoem§À`mgmH©$ `m g§KQ>ZoVhr Xm[aÐ`{Z_y©cZmgmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì Am{UX{jU Am{e`mB© XoemVrcAä`mgH$m§Mm g_mdoe AgcocmH$j {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ë`m§Mm nwT>mH$ma hmoVm. Ë`mdoir 2003n`ªV gd© gmH©$ Xoem§Vrc Xm[aÐ`mMo {Z_y©cZ hmoB©c AerKmofUmhr Ho$cr Jocr, nU Zoh_rà_mUo ZmoH$aemhrÀ`m ~oO~m~XmaH$ma^mam_wio `m g§H$ënmcm _yR>_mVr {_imcr.

XoemVrc VéU {ó`m§Zm `mo½` Vmo amoOJma {_idyZXoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr XoemÀ`m gd© ^mJm§V {_iyZ 200 V`maH$nS>çm§Mo H$maImZo H$mT>co. gmYmaUnUo 30,000 {ó`mg_mYmZmZo `m ì`dgm`mV H$m_ H$arV hmoË`m. `m àH$ënmMrèpñdVm nmhÿZ ào_Xmg `m§À`mZ§VaÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jm§Zrhr Ë`mV

{deof ag XmIdyZ ho H$mnS>mMo H$maImZo ZrQ> Mmcy amhVrc honm{hco. nU gcJ gVam df} amÁ` H$aUmao `wEZnr gaH$ma nwT>rc{ZdS>UwH$m§V nS>co Am{U lrc§H$m \«$sS>_ nmQ>uÀ`m(EgEcE\$nr) M§{ÐH$m Hw$_maVw§Jo `m {dO`r Pmë`m. Ë`m§ZrAÜ`j åhUyZ 2005 n`ªV XmoZ gÌmV lrc§Ho$Mm H$ma^mahmH$cm. H$maU 2001 gmcÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m§V Ë`m§Mm nam^dhmoD$Z nwÝhm `y.EZ.nr. gÎmoda Amcr, nU Hw$_maVw§Jm§À`mS>mdnoMm§À`m amOH$maUmcm Vm|S> Z XoVm Amë`m_wio {VMr gÎmmcdH$aM Jocr.

1998-20072002 Vo 2004 `m

H$mimV CÎmaoH$S>rcV{_im§~amo~aMm `wÕ~§XrMm H$mihmoVm. Ë`m H$mimV XoemZo gwQ>Ho$Mm{Z:ídmg Q>mH$cm Am{U XoemVrcdmVmdaUmV \$ma _moR>m ~XchrPmcm. qghcr d V{_i`m§À`m_Yco g§~§Y gwYmaco. CÎma dX{jUoH$S>rc àXoemV ZrQ>nUoXiUdiU gwê$ Pmco; _mcdmhVyH$ gai gwê$ Pmcr. XoemoXoer{ZKyZ Jococo V{_i nwÝhm lrc§Ho$VòD$Z Amnë`m nyd©Om§À`m Jmdm§ZmôQ> XoD$Z Joco. Zm°d}{O`Z_wËgÚm§À`m _Ü`ñWrZo `m XmoZdfmªV lrc§H$m gaH$ma d V{_idmK `m§À`m_Üò dmQ>mKmQ>rÀ`m Mma\o$è`m Pmë`m. nU Ë`mVyZ V{_idmKm§Zr _mKma KoVcr d Xwgao Bc_`wÕ gwê$ Pmco. Aem àH$maog_oQ>mMr AmUIr EH$ g§Yr hmVMrJocr. XmoZhr ~mOy§g_moa AmìhmZhmoVo Vo nañna g§nH©$ dmT>dyZ XmoZhr~mOy§À`m {hVg§~§Ym§Mm emoY KoD$Z_Ü`_ _mJ© H$mTy>Z VS>OmoS> H$aUoAm{U dmñVdmMo ^mZ R>odyZ em§VVm

H$ama H$aUo. Ago g§Kf© AmVmn`ªV X{jU Am{\«$H$m, Zonmi,Am`cªS> BË`mXr amï´>m§V {Z_m©U Pmco hmoVo dVo {_Q>cohr. nU lrc§Ho$V _mÌ Vo e�`Pmco Zmhr.

Hw$_maVw§Jm àemgZmV ~è`mMCUrdm am{hë`m, V{_i dmKm§À`m EH$mAmË_KmVH$s ~m±~ñ\$moQ>mV Hw$_maVw§Jm§ZmEH$ S>moim J_dmdm cmJcm. Ë`m§À`màemgZmV EH$gyÌVm ZìhVr. Á`m OmJm§da

ào_Xmg ho lrc§Ho$Mo Ago EH$ ZoV¥Ëd hmoVo H$sXoemg_moarc gd© àíZm§Mr Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jcr OmU hmoVrAm{U Ë`m§À`m_YyZ Vo _mJ©hr H$mT>rV hmoVo. Vo{gÕm§VdmXr hmoVo Am{U Zì`m-OwÝ`mMm _oiKmcÊ`mMr Hw$dV Ë`m§À`m_Üò hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m AmYrÀ`mAm{U Z§VaÀ`m amOH$maÊ`m§nojmhr A{YH$M H$m`©j_VmAm{U AZoH$ Mm§Jco JwU Ë`m§À`m_Üò hmoVo.amï´>~m§YUrgmR>r Amdí`H$ Aer Anyd© {Z{_©Vrj_Vm dÐï>onUm Ë`m§À`m_Üò hmoVm. cmoH$m§À`m ZmS>rda Ë`m§MmhmV hmoVm; Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§_Üòhr Ë`m§À`m~Ôc {dídmghmoVm. Mm¡\o$a dmMZ, ì`mdhm[aH$ amOH$maUmMr Mm§JcrAmoiI Agcocm hm ZoVm AË`§V {eñV{à` Am{UH$m`m©V a_yZ OmUmam hmoVm. CÎmaoH$S>rc d X{jUoH$S>rc~§S>mir H$m~yV AmUyZ XoemV em§VVm d ñW¡`© {Z_m©UH$aUo, gdmªZm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoD$Z {dH$mg d Xm[aÐ`{Z_y©cZ H$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo _w»` C{Ôï> hmoVo. amï´>r` g§nÎmr{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m àËòH$ {d^mJmVñdV:À`m nwT>mH$mamImcr Ë`m§Zr Ë`mMr nwZa©MZm Ho$cr.AZoH$_wIr noMàg§Jm§er {dYm`H$ cT>m XoV AgVmZm,AZoH$ AmKmS>çm§da g§Kf© H$arV AgVmZm Am{U H$mhr~m~VrV èñdr hmoV AgVmZmM _o 1993 _ÜòEc.Q>r.Q>r.B©.À`m AmË_KmVH$s ~m±~_wio Ë`m§Mr hË`mPmcr. Ë`m§Mr OmJm ^ê$Z H$mT>Umam Xwgam ZoVm Ë`mZ§Valrc§Ho$cm {_imcocm Zmhr.


O~m~Xma d AZw^dr _mUgo hmoVr, Ë`m ImË`m§Mm H$ma^maì`dpñWV MmcV hmoVm; nU ~hþVoH$ gd© àemgZì`dñWm hc�`mXOm©À`m A{YH$mè`m§Mr AH$m`©j_Vm d ^«ï>mMma `m§Zr gS>cocrhmoVr. jwÐ cm^m§_mJo YmdUmao amOH$maUr Am{U hmo`~m `m§MmamÁ``§ÌUoV gwigwimQ> Pmcm hmoVm. `mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>rHw$_maVw§Jm§Zr 2000 gmcr ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Zm ~Z{dÊ`mMm à`ËZHo$cm nU `yEZnr. ~amo~aÀ`m nañna A{dídmgmÀ`mdmVmdaUm_wio cT>{dÊ`mV Amcoco jwÐ amOH$maUr S>mdnoM `mà`ËZmV _moR>mM AS>Wim R>aco d hm à`ËZ {d\$c Pmcm.

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(AZwdmX : Hw$_wX H$aH$ao)

- gwgrc {g[adX©[email protected]

■


^maVmÀ`m n[agamVë`m Á`m {deofV: chmZ Xoem§_ÜòcmoH$emhr n[adV©ZmMr à{H«$`m Joë`m ghm _{hÝ`m§nmgyZ gwê$Pmcr Amho VrV Zonmi Am{U ^yVmZ~amo~a _mcXrdMmhr g_mdoehmoVmo. ^maVmÀ`m Z¡F$Ëòcm qhXr _hmgmJamV ngacoë`m 1110chmZ chmZ ~oQ>m§Zr ~Zcocm _mcXrd hm X{jU Am{e`mVrcgdm©V chmZ joÌ\$imMm- AdKo 298 Mm¡ag {H$cmo_rQ>a-gdm©V Xya Am{U ^m¡Jmo{cH$ÑîQ>çm EH$mH$s nS>cocm Xoe. hm XoeVgm X{jU Am{e`mB© OZ_mZgmVyZhr Xya, na§Vw Joë`m H$mhrdfmªV CÎm_ n`©Q>ZñWi åhUyZ cmoH${à` Pmcm Amho.

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n`©Q>Z ì`dgm` ââmQ>rg AmUcm Amho. øm CÚmoJmMm dmQ>mEHy$U amï´>r` CËnmXZmVrc 28 Q>¸o$ Amho Va _mgo_mar CÚmoJmMmdmQ>m Amho 7 Q>¸o$. EH§$Xa à{VHy$c {ZgJ© n[apñWVr_wio _mcXrdn`m©daUmÀ`m Am{U OmJ{VH$ Vmn_mZdmT>rÀ`m ~m~VrV AË`§VgOJ Amho. _mcXrdMm g_wÐ àdmi q^VtZr (H$moamc ar\$)g_¥Õ Amho. Joë`m H$mhr dfmªV _mÌ øm {^§VtMo ImoXH$m_ Am{U_¥X²IZZm_wio gmJar OrdZmcm Am{U IwÔ ~oQ>m§Zmhr YmoH$m CËnÞPmcm Amho. Ë`mMm à{VHy$c n[aUm_ n`©Q>Z Am{U _mgo_mardahrPmcm Amho. åhUyZ OmJ{VH$ ñVamda n`m©daUdmXr CnH«$_m§_Üò_mcXrdMm gh^mJ _moR>çm à_mUmda AgVmo. Aem à{VHy$cn[apñWVrV XoIrc _mcXrdMo H$mhr ~m~VrVco Am{W©H$ èdmImUÊ`mOmoJo Amho. 2006À`m AmH$S>odmarZwgma _mcXrdMoXaS>moB© amï´>r` CËnmXZ Amho 3000 A_o[aH$Z S>m°cg© Am{UgmjaVoMo à_mU Amho 98 Q>¸o$.

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_mcXrd : chmZ XoemMm ApñVËdmgmR>r g§Kf©

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- _Zrfm {Q>[email protected]

Mob. : 9820113625

■

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Varhr nañnam§Vrc {dídmg dmT>rcm cmJyZ g§Kf©J«ñVàíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ ìhmdr, `m AnojoZo H$mhr amOH$s` nmdcohrCMcÊ`mV Amcr AmhoV. Ë`m§Vrc H$mhtMm òWo C�oI H$am`MmPmcm Va, 2003 gmcr OyZ_Üò XmoÝhr n§VàYmZm§Mr ~rqOJ òWoOr ~¡R>H$ Pmcr, Ë`mV XmoZ Jmoï>tda WoQ> {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Amco.n{hë`m {ZU©`mZwgma {g¸$s_~m~VMr MMm© g_má H$ê$Z ZmWwcmòWrc gr_m ì`mnmamgmR>r Iwcr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Xwgam {ZU©`gr_m{df`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>tgmR>r XmoZImg à{V{ZYtÀ`m Joë`m nmMdfmªV ~mam ~¡R>H$m Pmë`m Am{UË`m§Zr 2005 gmcÀ`m E{àc_{hÝ`mV Pmcoë`m ~¡R>H$sV "^maVMrZ gr_m àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r{ZpíMV Ho$coco amOH$s` _mZX§S>Am{U _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo' `m§À`mEo{Vhm{gH$ H$amamda gømhrHo$coë`m AmhoV. gahÔrÀ`màíZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Ë`m§MrAmemXm`H$ d¥Îmr Ë`mVyZ {XgyZòVo. 1,38,000 Mm¡ag{H$cmo_rQ>a joÌ\$imÀ`màXoemdaÀ`m ñdm`ÎmVoÀ`m d gr_màíZmÀ`m AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda `m XmoZXoem§À`m dmQ>mKmQ>r Mmcy AmhoV Am{U H$mhr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMmhrà`ËZ hmoV Amho.

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AUw{dkmZmMr {dH«$s BË`mXr- MrZMr nm{H$ñVmZ{df`H$OdirH$ H$_r hmoVmZm {Xgcr, Var g§ajU Am{U amOH$s`YmoaUm§~m~VMo Ë`m§Mo ghH$m`© AÚmnhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho.

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nm{H$ñVmZgmR>r AË`§V g§doXZerc àíZ Amho VmoH$mí_raMm. MrZZo gwédmVrcm H$mí_ra~m~V nm{H$ñVmZcm Am{UH$mí_raÀ`m ñdmV§Í`cT>çmcm R>m_ nmqR>~m Omhra Ho$cm hmoVm;nU AcrH$S>o ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ_Yrc dmXJ«ñV àíZm§nmgyZ MrZWmoS>m Xya gaH$cm Amho. AmVm, H$mí_radê$Z {Z_m©U Pmcoë`mH$moUË`mhr g§Kfm©Mr n[aUVr A{Ve` ^`§H$a n[apñWVrV hmoD$eHo$c, hr MrZMr {M§Vm Amho. Oar gÎmaÀ`m XeH$mV MrZMoH$mí_ra{df`H$ YmoaU hiyhiy ~XcÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr, VarË`mV cjUr` ~Xc KS>cm Vmo 1999 gmcÀ`m E{àc-_o_Üò

Pmcoë`m H$ma{Jc g§Kfm©Z§VaM. Ë`mdoir MrZMo n§VàYmZ Pyam|JOr `m§Zr H$mí_ra àíZmMo dU©Z "àmXo{eH$, dm§{eH$ Am{UYm{_©H$ ~m~VrVrc _yc^yV ôX Agcocm Eo{Vhm{gH$ àíZ' AgoHo$co hmoVo Am{U Vmo "em§VVmnyU© _mJmªZrM gmoS>dmdm cmJoc.Ë`mgmR>r Bñcm_m~mX d Zdr {X�r_Üò {Ûnjr` {dMma{d{Z_`Pmcm nm{hOo' Agmhr g�m {Xcm hmoVm. Ë`mMà_mUo MrZMonaamï´>_§Ìr Vm§J {Z�gmZ `m§Zr 11 OyZ 1999 amoOr ~rqOJ òWoôQ>rgmR>r Amcoco nm{H$ñVmZMo naamï´>_§Ìr gaVmP APrP `m§Zm`m g§X^m©V Ago gm§{JV>co hmoVo, H$s H$mí_ra àíZ hm A{Ve`Jw§VmJw§VrMm Am{U XrK©H$mi Mmccocm dmX AgyZ Ë`mMrem§VVmnyU© _mJm©ZoM gmoS>dUyH$ hmoD$ eHo$c. nm{H$ñVmZ d ^maVho XmoZhr Xoe nañna g�m_gcV Am{U dmQ>mKmQ>r `m§À`mÛmao Ë`m

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Ë`mZ§Va _mJrc AZoH$ df} ^maV d MrZ `m XmoZ amï´>m§ZrghH$m`m©Zo AZoH$ N>moQ>çm _moR>çm àmXo{eH$ àH$ënm§da H$m_ Ho$coAmho. Am°JñQ> 1999 nmgyZ ~m§JcmXoe, MrZ, ^maV Am{U

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Om°Z Jmd©a `m Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo ^maV-MrZ_Yrc^yamOH$s` g§Kfm©_wio Ë`m Xoem§À`m g§~§Ymda n[aUm_ hmoD$ZqhXr-{MZr _¡ÌrMo gVV C�ma>co OmUmao nmcwnX ho Ho$diEopÀN>H$ ñdê$nmMo am{hco Amho. A°eco Q> o{cg `m amOH$s`{ZarjH$mÀ`m _Vo Am{e`m-n°{g{\$H$ {d^mJmV gwajogmR>rcT>m, g§nÎmrMm g§M` Am{U ñWmZmcm _mÝ`Vm `m VrZ _yc^yVàíZm§~amo~a ^maV-MrZ g§~§Y AmUIrM Jw§VmJw §VrMo hmoVOmVrc. Va XwgarH$S>o Vo {c{hVmV, ""MrZnmgyZ Agcoë`m gwáYmo�`mÀ`m {damoYmV A_o[aH$m Am{e`m_Üò ^maVmcmà{VH$maH$ eº$s åhUyZ C^r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV Amho."Am§Vaamï´>r` amOH$maUmV MrZMm CX` hr EH$ gH$mamË_H$KQ>Zm Amho' Ago A_o[aH$m EH$sH$S>o åhUV AgVmZm,

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H$mhr Agco Var AmOMo MrZ-^maV _¡Ìrg§~§Y nm{hcoH$s Ë`mdaMr da {Xcocr gd© MMm© H$mc{dg§JV dmQy> cmJVo.MrZ-^maV g§~§Ym_Üò "~hþYw «dr` {díd' hr H$ënZm Am{U{gÕm§V `m§À`mda {Xcocm â hrM Ë`m XmoZ amï´>m §Zm EH$ÌOmoS>Umar eº$s Amho, Ago gH$mamË_H$ AZw_mZ AZoH$m§ZrH$mT>co Amho. A_o[aHo$À`m AmH«$_H$Vocm `m {gÕm§Vm_wio_`m©Xm nS>Vrc Agohr gd©gm_mÝ` _V Amho. nU Am{e`mVrcBVa amï´>m §Mr `m XmoZ Xoem§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Ñï>r doJir AmhoAgohr OmUdVo. lrc§Ho$_Yrc à»`mV {dMmad§V _qhX doamHo$`m g§X^m©V {c{hVmV...

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ñWm{ZH$ {MZr {dMmad§Vm§À`m coIZmVyZhr AgmMgH$mamË_H$ gya Amho. ~rqOJ {díd{dÚmc`mVrc EH$àmÜ`mnH$ {c{hVmV, ""MrZ Am{U ^maV `m XmoZ CX`mcmòUmè`m eº$s AgyZ Ë`m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym§da Am{e`mVrc,n`m©`mZo OJmVrc em§VVm d ñW¡`© Adc§~yZ Amho. gwX¡dmZo hrXmoZhr amï´> o AmO `mo½` {XeoZo dmQ>Mmc H$arV AmhoV.'' VaXwgao EH$ {dMmad§V {c{hVmV, H$s "gÜ`mÀ`m OJmVrcñ\$moQ>H$ pñWVrV {dH$mg Am{U nañna ghH$m`© `m H$irÀ`mC{Ôï>m§gmR>r ho XmoZ Xoe EH$Ì Amco AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Zr EH$ZdrZ `wJma§^ Ho$cm Amho. 11 E{àc 2005 `m {Xder{X�r_Üò âcoë`m XmoZhr Xoem§À`m àYmZ_§Í`m§À`m ~¡R>H$sVImcrc àH$maMo {ZdoXZ àg¥V H$aÊ`mV Amco-

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{ZîH$f©-`m gdm©VyZ {ZîH$f© Agm {ZKVmo H$s

gÜ`m MrZ-^maVmMo Oo g»` Amho,


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^maV-MrZ `wVrg_moa _yc^yV AmìhmZ IS>o Amho VoË`m§À`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m eoOmè`m§À`m _ZmV Ë`m§À`m~Ôc {dídmg{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo Am{U g_§OgnUo Vmo {dídmg X¥T> H$arVOmÊ`mMo. MrZ-^maV Am{W©H$ g§~§Y OgOgo {dH${gV hmoVOmVrc VgVgo Ë`mMo nS>gmX BVa Am{e`m`r XoemV C_Q>Vrc,ho g_OyZ KoUo Oê$arMo Amho. MrZ-^maV Am{W©H$ g§~§Ym§Mm{dH$mg qH$dm Ë`m§Mo dmT>Vo cîH$ar gm_Ï`© `m§Mm AmOy~mOyÀ`mXoem§da n[aUm_ hmoD$Z (ì`mnmamVyZ Ë`m§À`m_Üò Pmcoë`m~Xcm_wio) àËòH$ XoemMo BVa Xoem§er ñdV§Ì g§~§Y àñWm{nVhmoVrc. Ë`mVyZhr H$Xm{MV ^maV-MrZ `m§À`m_Üò ñnYm©{Z_m©U hmoD$ eHo$c. ^maV-MrZ ghH$m`m©Zo em§VVm Am{U gVV{dH$mgmgmR>r Á`mà_mUo EH$ ì`mgnrR> Am{e`m`r Xoem§Zm{_idyZ {Xco; Ë`mMà_mUo ho g§~§Y ~Xcco Va n[aUm_ CcQ>hrhmoD$ eH$Vrc. åhUyZ ^maV-MrZ nañna g§~§YmH$S>o Ho$diAm{e`mB© Xoem§ZmM Zìho; Va Am{e`m_Üò Á`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y

Jw§Vco AmhoV Ë`m ~mhoarc Xoem§ZmhrXwc©j H$aVm òUma Zmhr.

(AZwdmX : Hw$_wX H$aH$ao)

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