2nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 2004 1

The need for experimental data

in support of IPWG research activities

Bizzarro Bizzarri, CNR/ISAC, Roma, Italy

Albin Gasiewski, NOAA/ETL, Boulder Co., USA

Contents:

• Requirements from IPWG and CGMS for experimental data

• Shortest reminding of the GEM/GOMAS project

• The planned MW/Sub-mm airborne campaign over Europe

2nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 2004 2

IPWG requirements for experimental data

At the 1st IPWG Workshop in Madrid (23-27 September 2002), the “Research Activities WG”, under the item “Future Sensors”, identified the need for experimental datasets in support of

- the definition of future missions and

- to feed the scientific simulation programmes.

B. Bizzarri was charged to pursue the matter (Recommendation 1).

Soon after, B. Bizzarri and A. Gasiewski started planning for the airborne campaign now being described.

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CGMS recommendation

The IPWG requirement was brought to the attention of the successive sessions of CGMS that finally, at its XXXII session (Sochi, Russia, 17-20 May 2004), approved the following:

Action 32.16 - CGMS recommends that Space Agencies support, as much as possible, the IPWG request for procuring experimental data sets (e.g. by airborne campaigns) to help cloud/precipitation modelling and instrument definition. A report on the support realised for this IPWG request should be given at CGMS XXXIII. Deadline: CGMS XXXIII.

2nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 2004 4

S-Band Antenna for TT&C S-band antenna

for LRIT

   NORTH

DIRECTION

Space Calibration

Tube

NADIR

Solar Wing

3 -meterAntenna

Star Sensors

S-band Antennafor TT&C

The GOMASsatellite

•Mass: 860 kg (“dry": 430 kg)•Electrical power: 500 W•Volume: 3.0 x 3.0 x 3.0 m3

•Data rate: 128 kbps (S-band, compatible with MSG LRIT).

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GOMAS (Geostationary Observatory for MW Atmospheric Sounding)

European sector (1/12 of disk) scanned each 15 minutes.

Simultaneous retrieval of • temperature profile, all weather and in clouds, 30 km resolution• humidity profiles, all weather and in clouds, 20 km resolution• cloud liquid/ice water total column and gross profile, 20 km resolution• precipitation, 10 km resolution.

2nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 2004 6

Atmospheric spectrum in the MW/Sub-mm range (Klein and Gasiewski, 2000).

Preferred bands - for O2 (temperature): 54 GHz, 118 GHz, 425 GHz; for H2O: 183 GHz, 380 GHz.

2nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 2004 7

Incremental Weighting Functions (IWF) for the selected channels in the bands of oxygen (54, 118 and 425 GHz) and of water vapour (183 and 380 GHz). Note that the sensitivity of 380 and 425 GHz drastically drops in lower troposphere (Klein and Gasiewski, 2000).

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Comparison between the 118/54 GHz profile ratio from the NAST-M microwave radiometer being flown on the NASA ER-2 aircraft and simultaneous EDOP Doppler radar reflectivity observation. Hurricane Bonnie at 17 GMT on August 26, 1998 (Tsou et al, 2001). The ratio 118/54 is unit in the absence of precipitation or above the precipitation cell, and reduces in the presence of precipitation because of higher attenuation from drops and impact from ice scattering at the higher frequency. The agreement between the two vertical cross-sections is striking. Horizontal maps of this information from GEO at 15 min intervals, will resemble a proxy rain radar operating over continental field of view, particularly over oceans and mountainous terrain.

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Planning for an airborne campaign

Objectives of a MW/Sub-mm airborne campaign in Europe are:

• To characterise the signature of clouds and precipitation in the MW and Sub-mm bands selected for GOMAS and GEM in respect of frontal rain, light rain and snowfall, in addition to convective rain considered to be enough characterised.

• To compare experimental precipitation observation by MW/Sub-mm sounding with conventional data observed by MW windows. This will, i.a., allow demonstrating the benefit of adding absorption channels to the baseline window channels of EGPM (European contribution to GPM).

• To contextually demonstrate the applicability of MW/Sub-mm to the study of cloud ice and water vapour in the Upper Troposphere / Lower Stratosphere (project CIWSIR, Cloud Ice and Water-vapour Sub-mm Imaging Radiometer).

2nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 2004 10

54 GHz 118 GHz 183 GHz 380 GHz 425 GHz

(GHz) (MHz) (GHz) (MHz) (GHz) (MHz) (GHz) (MHz) (GHz) (MHz)

56.325 50 118.7503 0.018 6 183.3101 0.300 300 380.1974 0.045 30 424.7631 0.030 10

56.215 50 118.7503 0.035 12 183.3101 0.900 500 380.1974 0.400 200 424.7631 0.070 20

56.025 250 118.7503 0.080 20 183.3101 1.650 700 380.1974 1.500 500 424.7631 0.150 60

55.520 180 118.7503 0.200 100 183.3101 3.000 1000 380.1974 4.000 900 424.7631 0.300 100

54.950 300 118.7503 0.400 200 183.3101 5.000 2000 380.1974 9.000 2000 424.7631 0.600 200

54.400 220 118.7503 0.700 400 183.3101 7.000 2000 380.1974 18.000 2000 424.7631 1.000 400

53.845 190 118.7503 1.100 400 183.3101 17.000 4000340.0 8000

424.7631 1.500 600

53.290 360 118.7503 1.500 400 optional/auxiliary

424.7631 4.000 1000

52.825 300 118.7503 2.100 800

51.760 400 118.7503 3.000 1000

50.300 180 118.7503 5.000 2000

Bands and channels of GOMAS and GEM

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(GHz) (MHz) Polarisation (GHz) (MHz) Polarisation (GHz) (MHz) Polarisation

157.0 (*) 3000 two 56.025 250 118.7503 0.200 100

89.0 3000 two 55.520 180 118.7503 0.400 200

36.5 1000 two 54.950 300 118.7503 0.700 400

23.8 400 one 54.400 220 118.7503 1.100 400 one

18.7 200 two 53.845 190 one 118.7503 1.500 400

10.7 100 two 53.290 360 118.7503 2.100 800

(*) Alternative: 150.0 GHz 52.825 300 118.7503 3.000 1000

51.760 400 118.7503 5.000 2000

50.300 180

“Classical” channels

for precipitation

Sounding channels for improved observation over land including frontal rain, light rain and snowfall

Bands and channels of EGPG (green boxes baseline, others optional)

2nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 2004 12

“Cirrus” channels “Sounding” channels

(GHz) (MHz) Polarisation (GHz) (MHz) Polarisation

874.38 6.00 3000 two 424.7631 0.030 10

682.95 6.00 3000 two 424.7631 0.070 20

448.00 1.44 1560 424.7631 0.150 60

448.00 3.00 1560 one 424.7631 0.300 100 one

448.00 7.20 3000 424.7631 0.600 200

325.15 1.50 1680 424.7631 1.000 400

325.15 3.18 1680 one 424.7631 1.500 600

325.15 5.94 3000 424.7631 4.000 1000

183.31 1.47 1380 380.1974 0.045 30

183.31 2.85 1380 one 380.1974 0.400 200

183.31 4.50 1920 380.1974 1.500 500 one

380.1974 4.000 900

380.1974 9.000 2000

380.1974 18.000 2000

Bands and channels of CIWSIR for cloud ice and water vapour in UT/LS

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Scanheads of the NOAA/ETL Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR)

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The “M-55 Geophysica” aircraft

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The “M-55 Geophysica” aircraft

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The “M-55 Geophysica” aircraft

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Volumetric aspect of PSR (about 1 m3, about 430 kg)

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Bay I: volume 2,052 m3, mass 360 kg - Bay II: volume 1,963 m3, mass 430 kg - Bay III: volume 1,135 m3, mass 100 kg

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Status of planning - Conclusion

A pre-feasibility study has been carried out informally by Russians and NOAA/ETL (Al Gasiewski) with the assistance of CNR/ISAC staff.

NOAA/ETL has implemented the necessary modifications to the instrument to fit the M-55 Geophysica bay II.

Interest to support the campaign has been generically expressed at instances by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), ESA, NASA, EUMETSAT and NOAA.

Costs have been estimated as 900 k Euro for 60 flight hours across Europe.

The nominal plan aims at a first campaign in mid-October to mid-December 2005 and a second one in Spring 2006.

The purpose of presenting the plan to IPWG is to establish resonance with the CGMS Action within Space Agencies aimed at providing support to the IPWG activities. As mentioned, CGMS expects a report on the implementation of this Action at its next session (Tokyo, second half of 2005).