2. project- pol science

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U NITED N ATIONS A ND ITS O RGANIZATIONS

SUBMITTED TO

D R. B.K. M AHAKUL

(FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE)

SUBMITTED BY

SAURABH CHOUDHARY

ROLL NO. 114

SEMESTER V, SECTION A

DATE OF SUBMISSION 31-08-2012

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR (C.G.)


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T ABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgement s.. 01

2. Research Methodology 02

3. Objectives. 02

4. Introduction. 03

5. Chapterization

A. History and Composition 04 The Origins of United Nations United nations bodies, locations around the world The Purposes and Principles of the United Nations The Members of UNO and its Official Languages

B. Organs of United Nations Organization...... 08 The General Assembly & its functions The Security Council, its functions and powers The Economic and Social Council and its functions The Trusteeship Council of the United Nations The International Court of Justice The Secretariat and the Secretary-General of the United Nations

C. Programmes and Commissions of UNO 12

D. The Specialized Agencies of Organs of the U NO .. 15

6. Conclusion. 19

7. Bibliography .. 20


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First & foremost, I take this opportunity to thank Dr. B.K. Mahakul, Faculty of Political

Science, HNLU, for allotting me this challenging topic to work on. He has been very kind in

providing inputs for this work, by way of suggestions.

I would also like to thank my dear colleagues and friends in the University, who have helped

me with ideas about this work. I thank the almighty god, my parents, who gave me moral and

mental support. I would like to thank my friends and seniors, who gave me their precious time

for guidance and helped me a lot in completing my project by giving their helpful suggestion and

assistance. Last, but not the least I thank the University Administration for equipping the

University with such good library and I.T. facilities, without which, no doubt this work would

not have taken this shape in correct time.

Saurabh Choudhary

Semester- V, Batch-X

Roll no- 114


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R ESEARCH M ETHODOLOGY

This research paper is descriptive & analytical in approach. It is largely based on secondary &

electronic sources. Books & other reference as guided by faculty of political science are

primarily helpful for the completion of this project.

O BJECTIVES

1. To Study the various aspects of United Nations and its Organisation in details.

2. To find out the evolution and development of United Nation.3. To analyse the History and Legal basis of its establishment.

4. Magnitude and dimensions of United Nation, its organization and its functions.

5. To Study the various stages and revolution after World War to form a World Community

in the form of United Nation.


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INTRODUCTION

The United Nations is an international organization whose stated

aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international

security, economic development, social progress, human rights, andachievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after

World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between

countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple

subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

There are 193 member states, including every internationally recognized sovereign state in the

world but Vatican City. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies

decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The

organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly);

the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and

Social Council (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and

development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the

UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations

Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include

the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United NationsChildren's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most prominent position is Secretary-General which has

been held by Ban Ki-moon of South Korea since 2007.

The United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in New York City, with

further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed from assessed

and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic,

Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law


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A. H ISTORY AND C OMPOSITION

Before discussing the Model and Structure of United Nation, it is useful to know more

information about the organization. An understanding of the history of the UN, its principles and

its different components will greatly enhance the Model UN.

What are the Origins of the United Nations?

The creation of the United Nations 1 came from the need to address international issues that its

predecessor, the League of Nations (1919-1939), was not able to resolve. The League of Nations

was created at the outcome of World War I as a way for states to mediate each other when in

conflict and reduce the occurrence of war. Its failure can be attributed to the fact that many

important States such as the United States, failed to include themselves as members. The creation

of the United Nations came from the need for nations who were at war during World War II(1939-1945) to replace the alliance systems of the past for a peaceful system of collective

security and for peaceful resolution of conflicts. Although formalized after the conclusion of the

war, the concept and principles of the United Nations were established through many discussions

while World War II was in progress. Notably, reference is made to a United Nations-like

organization in documents such as the Atlantic Charter (1941), the St. James Palace

Declaration (1941 -1942), and the Declaration by United Nations (1942). Concrete plans for

the United Nations were made during the Teheran Conference (1943), the Yalta Conference

(1945), the Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1945) and the San Francisco Conference (1945). Each

of these meetings established the theoretical and structural planks that were used to form the

United Nations. Initially, the name United Nations was brought forward by President Franklin

D. Roosevelt of the United States to describe the Allied Powers who were at war during World

War II. It was first used in the Declaration by United Nations of January 1, 1942 when twenty -

six (26) nations pledged their governments to continue fighting together against the Axis

Powers. 2 The most important aspect in the origin of the United Nations is the formation of its

Charter 3. The Charter represents the basis of the organization and directs and limits the possibleand engaged action of the organization.

1 Abbreviated UN in English and ONU in French and Spanish. 2 (Germany, Italy and Japan) 3 The version of the Charter of the United Nations Organization is available on the official Website of the PeaceResource Center at: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/peace/docs/aunchart.htm.


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The Charter was drawn up by the representatives of fifty countries at the United Nations

Conference on International Organization who met in San Francisco from April 25 to June 26,

1945. These representatives deliberated on the basis of the proposals and decisions that had

resulted from the wartime conferences. The Charter of the United Nations was officially

approved and signed in San Francisco on June 26, 1945, subject to the ratification of its contents

by the governments of the signatory representatives. With the ratification of the Charter by the

United States, China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and a

majority of the nations attending the San Francisco conference, the United Nations officially

came into existence on October 24, 1945 , which is now universally celebrated as United

Nations Day. The Statute of the International Court of Justice ( ICJ) is an integral part of the

Charter, and Member States to the UN are also parties to the ICJ. In all, there were fifty (50)

countries that signed the Charter, becoming the original members of the United Nations.4

United Nations bodies, locations around the world

It is interesting to note that the United Nations is truly an International Organization, with offices

world wide. The United Nations headquarters are located in New York City. New York is the

home of the General Assembly, and the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and

the Trusteeship Council 5. The Peace Palace 6 (Vredespaleis), located in The Hague, Netherlands,

is home to The International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague

Academy of International Law and the Peace Palace Library. The palace that holds these bodies

was originally built to house the Permanent Court of Arbitration which was established in 1899

but came to encompass all legal entities of the United Nations. Palais des Nations, located in

Geneva, Switzerland, is the former location of the League of Nation. Here is The Council

Chamber, the venue for disarmament negotiations between member states of the United Nations,

observer groups, organizations and NGOs. The Vienna International Center, also called UNO

City, is the fi nal United Nations Headquarters 7, Numerous agencies are housed here, including

4 Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original members,increasing the original Member States to fifty-one (51).5 The land where these structures were built was donated by John D. Rockefeller, a major contributor to the UnitedNations. 6 Is a Neo-Renaissance style building constructed on land donated by Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The building itself wasinaugurated in 1913. 7 Located in Vienna, Austria, this location opened on August 23rd, 1979 to employ over 4,000 staff members from

over 100 countries.


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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations Industrial Development

Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the United Nations High Commissioner

for Refugees and the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs to name a few.

The Purposes and Principles of the United Nations

The Charter of the United Nations says, the purposes of the organization are many and are global

in nature. The basic principles of the organization include: maintaining international peace and

security; developing friendly relations among all nations; initiating, promoting and coordinating

international efforts to solve economic, cultural, social and humanitarian problems throughout

the globe; promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and, providing a

center for harmonizing the efforts of nations in the attainment of common ends. Guided by the

Charter of the United Nations , the organization acts in accordance with the followingfundamental principles: that all nations share equally in the future and fate of the globe and,

therefore, there exists a sovereign equality of nations - whether large or small - in the debates and

decisions that affect the globe; that all nations, respecting their responsibilities in agreements,

will fulfill their obligations under the Charter of the UN in good faith; that it is in the interest of

all nations of the globe that Members of the United Nations settle international disputes by

peaceful means that do not endanger the peace and security of the world; that the Members of the

United Nations will assist the UN in any action that it takes and will not assist any nation against

which the UN is taking preventative or enforcement actions; that the UN has the right to ensure

that non-member nations act in accordance with the principles of international law for the

general maintenance of international peace and security; and that the UN is not authorized to

intervene in any matter which is essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any nation.

What are the official languages of the UN ?

The official languages of the United Nations are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and

Spanish. For all organs of the United Nations, the working languages are English and French.Working languages also include Spanish and Russian in the General Assembly and Spanish in

the Economic and Social Council. Nevertheless, most of the UN activities take place in English,

and sometimes in the official language of the host country.


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Who are the members of the UN . ?

Membership in the United Nations is open to all nations that accept the obligations of the

Charter of the United Nations and in the judgment of the existing Members of the United

Nations are able and willing to carry out these obligations. The Charter Members of the United

Nations are the nations which signed the Declaration by United Nations on January 1, 1942 or

that took part in the San Francisco Conference of 1945 and signed and ratified the Charter. Other

nations can be admitted to the United Nations by the General Assembly upon recommendation of

the Security Council. Because of this the United Nations Organization has almost quadrupled in

size since its foundation. Members of the United Nations can be suspended or expelled from the

organization by the General Assembly on recommendation of the Security Council. Considered

to be an extremely serious decision, suspension can take place if the Security Council is involved

in enforcement actions against a nation which is not responding to the interventions of thesupreme body. Even more serious is the expulsion of a Member of the United Nations. A

Member nation may be expelled from the organization if it continually violates the principles of

the Charter. A recent example of the United Nations exercising this power was the expelling of

Iraq from the formal process of the United Nations. They were only able to assist meetings as

observers, not having voting rights. Only the Security Council can readmit nations that have been

acted upon in this manner.

What is the Structure of the UN ?

The United Nations is, by the very nature of its global responsibilities, a complex structure

composed of inter- related working units. These units are referred to as organs, commissions

and programmes and specialized agencies. The United Nations is composed of six organs

which are also the largest autonomous councils and working groups of the United Nations. The

United Nations commissions and programmes are operated by specialized groups normally

concerned with specific matters of concern to organs of the United Nations. Thus, these

commissions and programmes are under the authority of an organ of the United Nations. Thespecialized agencies of the United Nations are autonomous working units devoted to specific

areas of United Nations work and coordinated by the Economic and Social Council. When

viewed globally, the structure that this inter-relationship of working units establishes is referred

to as the United Nations System.


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B. O RGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS O RGANIZATION

1. The General Assembly

The General Assembly is the assembly of all the Members of the United Nations and isheadquartered in the United Nations Building in New York City. Each Nation is represented by

no more than 5 delegates who sit in the General Assembly. Methods by which these

representatives are chosen vary and are determined by the Member nation itself. Also, several

observers, such as the Vatican or Palestine, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

are recognized within the United Nations; they have a right to circulate documents and fully

exploit their presence by influencing the negotiations processes but cannot vote on substantive

matters.

The functions of the General Assembly are: to consider and make recommendations on

principles of international cooperation in the maintenance of peace and security including those

principles that govern disarmament and the regulation of arms; to discuss any problem affecting

peace and security and, except where a situation or dispute is being discussed by the Security

Council, to take action on the problem; to discuss and make recommendations on any question

that lies within the scope of the Charter or that affects the powers and functions of any of the

organs of the United Nations; to initiate studies and make recommendations; to promote:

international political cooperation; the development of international law and its codification; therealization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all; and international collaboration in

economic, cultural, social, educational and health fields; to make recommendations for the

peaceful settlement of any situation, regardless of origin, which might impair friendly relations

among nations.

United NationsOrganization

The Security Council

The Secretariat

The International Court of Justice

The Economic & Social Council

The General Assembly

The Trusteeship Council


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It is important to note that the General Assembly is neither a legislature nor a parliament in

any definition of these terms. Respecting the sovereignty of its Members, the General Assembly

offers a forum in which nations may share views and come to understandings regarding global

international peace and security. Resolutions of the General Assembly are only recommendations

to Members and are not to be recognized as global laws. However, the Member States who

vote in favor of a resolution have a moral obligation to adjust their national legislation in

accordance. During the Cold War, usage of the veto create d a lack of unanimity in the Security

Council. This led to the passing of a resolution allowing for definitive action to be promoted by

the General Assembly. The Uniting for Peace Resolution of November 1950 allowed the

General Assembly of the United Nations to consider matters and make recommendations to the

Member states in order to take collective measures 8 in order to maintain or restore international

peace and security.

2. The Security Council

The Security Council of the United Nations is composed of 15 Member nations. Five of these are

permanent and the remaining ten are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. The

Permanent Members of the Security Council are: The Peoples Republic of China; The Republic

of France; The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; The Russian Federation;

and The United States of America.

The functions and powers of the Security Council of the United Nations are: to maintain

international peace and security in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United

Nations; to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction; to

recommend methods of adjusting disputes between nations or terms of settlement for such

disputes; to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate arms; to determine the

existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be

taken; to call upon Members of the United Nations to apply economic sanctions and other

measures not involving the use of force in order to stop or prevent aggression; to take militaryaction against an aggressor; and to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in

strategic areas.

8 (ie. use of armed force)


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The Security Council acts on behalf of all of the Members of the United Nations and, in return,

these Members agree to carry out the decisions of this organ and to make available upon request

the facilities necessary for the maintenance of world peace and security.

3. The Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) also meets in the United Nations Headquarters

building in New York and is composed of fifty-four Members. Eighteen of these Members are

elected to their positions by the General Assembly every year, serving on ECOSOC for a three-

year term. This means that every year, there are eighteen seats available for election. Retiring

Members are eligible for immediate re-election for as many consecutive mandates as wished.

ECOSOC originally consisted of 18 Members but was increased to its present size during the

reorganization of the United Nations in 1971.The functions of the Economic and Social Council are: to be responsible, under the authority

of the General Assembly, for the economic and social activities of the United Nations; to make

or initiate studies, reports and recommendations on international economic, social, cultural,

educational, health and related matters; to promote the respect of human rights and fundamental

freedoms throughout the world; to coordinate the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations by

means of consultation with these agencies as well as through recommendations to the General

Assembly of the United Nations; to perform services, approved by the General Assembly, for

Members of the United Nations and, upon request, for the Specialized Agencies; and to consult

with non-governmental organizations throughout the world that are concerned with matters with

which ECOSOC deals.

4. The Trusteeship Council of the United Nations

The function of the Trusteeship Council was to supervise the steadily decreasing number of Trust

Territories that existed. Trust Territories were the successors of the League of Nations mandates.

These were transferred over to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations after the League of Nations ceased to exist. This organ of the United Nations composed of the Permanent Members

of the Security Council promoted the development of self-government and independence of

Trust Territories. The Trusteeship Council suspended its operations after the granting of

independence to the last Trust Territory, Palau, in 1994.


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5. The International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial body of the United Nations. It

sits at the Peace Palace (Vredespaleis), located in The Hague, Netherlands. The International

Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges that are elected by both the Security Council and the

General Assembly. The principal legal systems of the world are represented in the Court, yet

there can not be two judges of the same State on the International Court of Justice during the

same term. The body functions under the internationally agreed upon Statute of the International

Court of Justice that is an integral part of the Charter of the United Nations . Each Member of the

United Nations has automatic access to the Court and each Member is pledged to comply with

the decisions of the Court in any case to which it is a party. The jurisdiction of the International

Court of Justice includes all cases that are referred to it through the parties involved in the case.

In addition to these, the Court has jurisdiction over all matters specially provided for in theCharter of the United Nations or through treaties and conventions in force. The International

Court of Justice also performs an important function in giving advisory opinions on legal

matters.

6. The Secretariat and the Secretary-General of the United Nations

The vast administrative functions of the United Nations are performed by the Secretariat. This

organ is in operation throughout the year and services the programmes and policies laid down by

all parts of the organization. The Secretariat is located in the United Nations Headquarters

Building in New York. However, employees of the Secretariat work at various locations

throughout the world - wherever the United Nations Organization is in operation. This central

body also services all United Nations bodies and committees located in New York and acts as a

coordinating agent between bodies, programmes and policies throughout the world with the

offices in key cities - namely Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago and

Vienna, and has offices all over the world - by translating and interpreting speeches and

documents, for instance, into all of the UNs official la nguages. There have been sevenSecretaries-General of the United Nations since the foundation of the organization. 9

9 Secretaries-General of the United Nations are- Trygve Lie of Norway (1946-1952); Dag Hammarskjld of Sweden (1953-1961); U Thant of Burma (1961-1971); Kurt Waldheim of Austria (1971-1981); Javier Prez deCullar of Peru (1981-1991); Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt (1991-1996); Kofi Annan of Ghana (1997-Present)


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C. PROGRAMS AND C OMMISSIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS O RGANIZATION

There are many specialized programmes and commissions that are continually working within

the United Nations System. Many work directly under the supervision and authority of an organ

of the United Nations. A few examples of these programs and commissions are:

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

Established in 1966, the United Nations Development Programs main purpose is to assist

countries in their efforts to engage in sustainable human development in order to address issues

such as poverty. The UNDP achieves this goal by helping these countries through the

implementation of development programmes. The UNDP provides technical aid in over 100 less-

developed nations with projects that are executed mainly by the Specialized Agencies of the UN.

In addition, the UNDP increasingly works from a global approach in order to address theemerging and consolidated transnational issues such as terrorism, organized crime and the

environment. These bi- and multi-lateral approaches are constantly encouraged and implemented

by the program through their regional efforts.

The UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)

The UN Development Fund for Women was created in 1984 to address the economic and

political situation of women in the world. The role of UNIFEM is to ensure a strong

representation of women in the UN system, the participation of women in various development

programmes, and promoting and protecting womens rights. Its goals also include gender

equality and empowerment of women in all aspects of societies in order to link womens issues

and concerns to national, regional and global agendas. By operating under the aegis of UNDP,

UNIFEM develops and encourages collaboration by providing technical expertise on gender

mainstreaming and women's empowerment strategies.

The UN Childrens Fund (UNICEF)

The UN Childrens Fund was original ly established as a temporary program in 1946 to help

children who were victims of war. It became a permanent body in 1953 with a larger mandate

that attributed greater importance to the protection of children rights. The Initiatives undertaken

by UNICEF target health, education and other services for mothers and children with an


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emphasis on meeting their basic needs. The program has also implemented a Web site for youth

action where youth can be directly involved in bettering the world through idea exchange,

discussion and positive criticism on many issues concerning youth and children.

The World Food Program (WFP)

The World Food Program was born in 1961 as the food aid organization of the UN system. The

WFPs mission statement revolves around the distribution of food and money to promote

development and provide emergency relief in times of crisis. It aims for a hunger free world.

Since 1963, the Rome-based organization has invested $27.8 billion US and more than 43

million metric tones of food to combat hunger, promote economic and social development and

provide relief assistance in emergencies throughout the world. The WFP works closely with the

FAO10

to address some of the issues and crises that surface and to facilitate greater access toinformation on food production and on crop growing, as well as to technical, financial and

administrative resources.

UN Environment Program (UNEP)

Established in 1972, the UN Environment Program coordinates UN environmental activities,

monitors changes in the environment, and conducts research, seminars and training programmes

on the environment. UNEPs motto is Environment for Development and as such, promotes

sustainable development as the key to comprehensive care for the environment. UNEP aids less-

developed nations on environmental aspects of development in order for them to gain the

expertise, experience and knowledge necessary to fully develop with respect to their natural

resources without compromising the quality of life of future generations.

UN Drug Control Program (UNDCP)

Created in 1990, the UN Drug Control Program co-ordinates all UN drug control activity,

including relevant treaties, rural development, crop substitution program, and other internationalactions against the production and trade of illegal narcotics. Since 1997 it has worked closely

with the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, which also deals with crime and

international terrorism.

10 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, a specialized agency)


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UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Founded in 1950 by the GA, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees assists peoples forced to

leave their country for different reasons, such as avoiding political persecution, fleeing a war-

torn country, or escaping a natural disaster ravaging their homeland. Its primary function is to

ensure the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another State, with the option to return

home voluntarily at the outset of the problem, to integrate locally or to resettle in an another

country, often a neighboring one. The UNHCR coordinates refugee care, resettlement, and

repatriation through governments, voluntary agencies and NGOs on a worldwide basis.

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

The position of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, based in Geneva, Switzerland 11

was established in 1993 in order to promote and protect human rights. The UN HighCommissioners role includes carrying out all human rights activities organized by the United

Nations as well as the investigation of human rights infringements across the world by acting as

an inspiration to the international community as a moral leader and a voice for the victims.

Together with the OHCHR system, the High Commissioner for Human Rights presses the

international community to act against violations of international law and human rights, as well

as works to prevent such matters from occurring.

UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA)

The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees runs refugee camps and coordinates

aid for over 3.7 million Palestinian refugees, providing them with emergency relief, health care

and educational services as well as reconstruction programmes for homes. The UNRWA was

founded in 1949 and began its operations in 1950 as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations.

The GA renews the mandate of this non-permanent body because of the large number of

Palestine refugees persisting in times of war and of peace. The Advisory Commission meets

annually to review the Agencies activities. Its membership consists of Belgium, Egypt, France,Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United

States.

11 (with offices also at the UN Headquarters in New York)


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UN Conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

The UN Conference on Trade and Development is a research, technical aid and negotiation body

with an emphasis on funding, trade, technology and sustainable development. This program was

created in 1964 and its main goal is to help developing countries adjust to new economic trends

such as globalization by increasing their development opportunities. Furthermore, UNCTAD

contributes to improving the trade and investment capacities of these countries by integrating

them into the international economic arena and enforcing their management capacities through

the forum for intergovernmental discussions it provides.

D. T HE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF O RGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS O RGANIZATION

There are sixteen Specialized Agencies within the United Nations System. These autonomous

structures work within the UN system. Most of these Specialized Agencies report to theEconomic and Social council and/or the General Assembly. Below is a review of the most

commonly known as Specialized Agencies of the United Nations.

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

The Food and Agriculture Organization 12 of the United Nations helps the nations of the world

increase the output of farmlands, forestlands and fisheries and seeks to increase nutrition levels.

The primary mandate of the FAO is to achieve food security for all by raising levels of nutrition,

improving agricultural productivity, bettering the lives of rural populations and contributing to

the growth of the world economy regardless of the development level of participating nations. It

acts as a neutral forum where developed and developing countries exchange information, policy

information, expertise and knowledge to defeat world hunger.

United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Established in 1945, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization work

to spread global peace and security through general awareness. The areas in which UNESCOconcentrates its efforts include the promotion of literacy, the advancement of scientific

knowledge and the increase of international understanding of the world through the exchange of

education and culture.

12 This was the first Specialized Agency to be officially established (1945).


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As its name cites, it works in the global fields of education, social and natural sciences,

information & communication, and culture. UNESCO simultaneously works on a series of

Special Focuses, inspired by its traditional thematic areas mentioned above, including

Afghanistan, Africa, Iraq, Least Developed Countries, Indigenous People, Education for all

Culture for Peace, and Dialogue among Civilizations.

World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Organization works toward the goal of the highest possible levels of health for

all. WHO helps to launch campaigns to eradicate mass diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis

while coordinating efforts to control the spread of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS. The agency

trains health workers at all levels and promotes international medical research while working in

cooperation with civil society and a wide range of NGOs across the globe. It is interesting to notethat health is defined in the WHOs Constitutio n as a state of complete physical, mental and

social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition is just

beginning to be globally accepted by national governments and the private sector because it

implies further funding and interventions at all levels.

The World Bank Group (IBRD, IFC, IDA, MIGA)

The World Bank Group is made up of different financial entities that have a long historical

origin.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

The roots of the World Bank, originally known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development, are traced to the aftermath of World War II. During the first years, the IBRDs

main objective was to help in the reconstruction of Europe from the damages of the Second

World War by awarding loans and investing in development programmes across the continent.

With decolonization, the World Banks objectives have shifted to reducing poverty and raising

living standards. These efforts are supported by the appropriation of loans for economic

development and the increases in international investment. The World Bank supplies

approximately US$20 billion in loans each year with interest rates higher than average market

rates to ensure that Member States take out loans only in crude necessity.


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The International Finance Corporation (IFC)

An affiliate of the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation, was established in 1956.

The aim of the IFC is to promote private sector investment in less developed and developing

countries in order to reduce poverty. By providing advice and technical assistance to

governments, financing projects created by the private sector in developing states and assisting

these companies with other sources of finances through the international financial markets, the

IFC works with the World Bank Group to improve living standards globally.

The International Development Association (IDA)

The International Development Association, established in 1960, is a second associate of the

World Bank. It awards loans for important development projects in underdeveloped nations

without regard to whether the projects are revenue producing or directly productive. Loans fromthe IDA are interest free for 30 to 40 years.

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

The last affiliate of the World Bank Group is the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

(MIGA) which was founded in 1985. It helps to secure loans for under-developed countries by

providing research, financial advice and information on investment opportunities and the

creation of programmes.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Since the International Monetary Fund was founded in 1946 its mission has been to promote

international monetary cooperation across the globe. The IMF has enabled nations to work

together on international monetary problems, on currency convertibility and stabilization

problems. The IMF has also expanded its operations to offer financial and technical assistance,

supervision of certain countries financial decision making and loans to those with negative

commercial balance.


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C ONCLUSION

Changes in the role of UN reflect the changes in the perception of international society and the

nature of sovereign states. Over the past sixty years the rule governing the international system

have become increasingly numerous and specific, covering the large range of the activities of

relation between states. Concerns have expanded to include not only the protection of the rights

of states but also the rights of individuals. Yet obtaining the agreement of governments to

principles of individual rights is only a first step in building a more orderly and just world. It is

also necessary to have consistent and reliable instruments to trigger action when standards are

breached.

The United Nations Security Council is the instrument that comes closest to meeting these aims.

Despite the flaws of the Security Council, it is striking that even the largest states prefer to get

authorization from the Security Council for any action they propose. In Kosovo the states thatparticipated in the NATO invention wanted to demonstrate that they were acting according to the

UN Charter and the relevant Security Council resolution. I Iraq the US and UK governments

invested considerable diplomatic energy in getting a second Security Council resolution in

support of military action. The effort failed but nevertheless it was attempted.

Participation in the United Nations gives governments status in the international system.

Membership and success in the UN has come to be regarded as legitimizing state autonomy.

Hence holding office, taking the initiatives, providing personnel and policing norms are seen to

have value because they add to the self-esteem as well as to the power of the state.

The capacity of the UN in its economy and social work, its development work, and its

management of peacekeeping and post-conflict conflict peace building has expanded since the

1990s. None the less the predominance of US military power, the possibility that the USA will

act again without clear the UN authorization, the heightened concern over terrorism and weapons

of mass destruction, the inability to respond effectively to crises in the eastern Democratic

Republic of the Congo, Somalia and Darfur, and the pervasiveness of the inequality and injustice

across the world, signal that further changes and adaptations within the UN system will benecessary.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Hens Kelsen. The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental

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2. project- pol science

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