2. ullamalitzi aztec ball game - haverford.k12.pa.us web viewthe word . ulama. comes from the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Español V Realidades 3
Capítulo 3
El 17 de marzo 2015
![Page 2: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
METASalud
Historia
Deportes de los indígenes de México
El paquete de Capítulo 3
Ejercicios del paquete
Preguntas y prácticas
Páginas 37 38 39 41
Primera parte de clase
![Page 3: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game
A sample ullamaliztli tlachtli (ball court)(On display at Mexico's National Anthropological Museum, 2009)
See Below
![Page 4: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3. Indirect direct pronouns Me
Te
Le
Nos
Os
Les
Estoy hablándote ahora.
Yo te estoy hablando ahora.
![Page 5: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
commands
MANDATOS
Speak to me! ¡Háblame! Tú
¡Hábleme ¡ Háblenme ¡
Escuchar to listen to
¡Escúchame! tú form command
¡Escúcheme! Usted form command
![Page 6: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Affirmative
¡Escúchenme! Ustedes command form
Affirmative
When le and les come before lo la los and las
Le and les become SE
!Tómensela!
No lo tome
![Page 7: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
History
Mesoamerican ballgameThe word ulama comes from the Nahuatl word ōllamaliztli [oːlːama'listɬi] a combination of ōllama ['oːlːama] (playing of a game with a ball) and ōlli ['oːlːi] (rubber). Ōllamaliztli was the Aztec name for the Mesoamerican ballgame, whose roots extended back to at least the 2nd millennium BC and evidence of which has been found in
nearly all Mesoamerican cultures in an area extending from modern-day Mexico to El Salvador, and possibly in modern-day
![Page 8: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Arizona and New Mexico. Archaeologists have uncovered rubber balls dated to at least 1600 BC,[3] ballplayer figurines from at least 1200 BC, and nearly 1500 ancient ball courts. However, due to its religious and ritual aspects, Spanish Catholics suppressed the game soon after the Spanish conquest, leaving it to survive in areas such as Sinaloa, where Spanish influence was less pervasive.
UlamaUlama games are played on a temporary court called a taste ([tas.te], from tlachtli ['t͡ɬat͡ʃt͡ɬi], the Nahuatl word meaning "ballcourt").
![Page 9: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The bounds of these long narrow courts are made by drawing or chalking thick lines in the dirt. The courts are divided into opposing sides by a center line, called an analco. A ball that is allowed to cross the end line, the chichi or chivo, will result in a point for the opposing team.
Points or rayas ("lines", so named for the tally marks used to keep score) are gained in various ways. The scoring system also provides for resetting the score to zero upon certain conditions, which can make for lengthy games.
The modern-day game has three main forms:
![Page 10: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ulama de cadera, or hip ulama. A hip ulama team consists of five or more players, but there could be as many as twelve, wearing loincloths, with leather hip pads for some protection against the heavy (3 kg or 7 lb) rubber ball.
Ulama de antebrazo, or forearm ulama. Played on a smaller field, with teams of one to three players and ball lighter than that of hip ulama, the games requires the players to return the ball using their wrapped forearm.[6] Women often play this game.
![Page 11: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ulama de mazo or Ulama de palo, in which a heavy (6-7 kg or 13-15 lb) two-handed wooden paddle strikes a 500 g (1 lb) ball, usually with teams of 3 or 4.
The object of the game is to keep the ball in play and in bounds. Depending on the score – and the local variant of the rules – the ball is played either high or low. A team scores a point when a player of the opposing team hits the ball out of turn; misses the ball; knocks the ball out of bounds; touches the ball with their hands or some other body part aside from the hip; accidentally touches a team-mate; lets the ball stop moving before it reaches the centre line or even if they fail to announce the score after they have scored a point.
![Page 12: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The team that first scores eight points wins. If both teams end up having the same number of points after a turn, both sides begin again from zero. One record-setting game reputedly lasted for eight days but most modern games are stopped after about two hours.
Aztec ullamaliztli players performing for Charles V in Spain, drawn by Christoph Weiditz in 1528. Note the similarity in dress to the modern-day ulama player above.
![Page 13: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ulama ballsModern ulama balls are made using a traditional technique: rubber sap is boiled with other ingredients to vulcanize it and allow it to retain its shape. Using the traditional technique also makes the balls expensive and difficult to obtain.
![Page 14: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ulama (juego)
Ulama es un juego de pelota en algunas comunidades en el estado mexicano de Sinaloa. Descendiente de la versión pre-hispánica del juego de pelota mesoamericano.[1] el juego es una de las más antiguas tradiciones deportivas que han existido continuamente, es notable también por el hecho de que es el juego más antiguo conocido que utiliza una pelota de goma.
Sinaloa jugador de Ulama.Photograph: Manuel Aguilar-Moreno / CSULA Ulama Project.
Historia
Antecedentes
![Page 15: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Las raíces del pok-ta-pok o pokyab, según su denominación en maya (tlachtli en náhuatl y taladzi en zapoteco), el juego de pelota mesoamericano, se remontan, al menos, al segundo milenio antes de Cristo y la evidencia de que se ha encontrado en casi
todas las culturas mesoamericanas en una zona que se extiende desde el México moderno a El Salvador, y posiblemente en la actual Arizona y Nuevo México. Los arqueólogos han descubierto pelotas de goma de por lo menos 1600 a. C.[2]
![Page 16: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sin embargo, debido a su aspecto religioso y ritual, los misioneros católicos suprimieron el juego poco después de la llegada de los europeos a México, perviviendo en áreas como Sinaloa, donde la influencia española estuvo menos extendida.
Actualidad
En la actualidad, pocas son las regiones en donde aún se practica este juego; Zacatecas, Sinaloa, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca,
incluso en la Ciudad de México, son algunos estados en los aún se practica ese milenario juego. Sin embargo, los juegos de
![Page 17: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
pelota de origen prehispánico que aún se conservan, están íntimamente ligados a la tradición popular y de alguna manera, son un puente que une el pasado de México con el presente.
ReglasLas reglas del ulama moderno, se asemejan a las del voleibol excepto en la existencia de una red,[3] con cada equipo limitado a una mitad del campo. En la versión más difundida de ulama, la pelota es golpeada de un lado a otro sólo utilizando las caderas,hasta que un equipo no consigue devolver la pelota o hasta que sale de la pista.
![Page 18: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 20: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
la salud y ejercicios
EJERCICIOS y LA SALUD
![Page 21: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
EJERCICIOS
![Page 24: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
flexionar
![Page 28: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hacer aeróbicos
![Page 29: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
aerobicos
![Page 30: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Hacer cinta
![Page 31: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hacer abdominales
![Page 33: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
HACER YOGA
Realidades 3 Página 129Actividad 25 ¿Comprendiste?
1. ¿Por qué es Buena la práctica regular de
ejercicios?
![Page 35: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2. ¿Cuáles son cuatro beneficios de hacer
ejercicio?
3. Cuáles son algunos efectos positivos de reducir
El estrés con el ejercicio?
![Page 36: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
4. ¿Estás de acuerdo con que los juegos y deportes
permiten a los jóvenes expresarse?
Explica la respuesta.
![Page 37: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Realidades 3 página 138
José Alfredo Jiménez
que te vaya bonito
ojalá que te vaya bonito,ojalá que se acaben tus penas,que te digan que yo ya no existo,y conozcas personas mÁs buenas.
que te den lo que no pude darte,aunque yo, te haya dado de todo,nunca mas volvere a molestarte;te adore, te perdÍ, ya ni modo.
![Page 40: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
cuantas cosas quedaron prendidas,hasta dentro del fondo de mi alma,cuantas luces dejaste encendidas ,ya no sé como voy a apagarlas.
amor,
ojalá que mi amor no te duela,y te olvides de mÍ para siempre,que se llenen de sangre tus venas,
![Page 41: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
y te vista la vida de suerte.
yo no sé si tu ausencia me mate,aunque tengo mi pecho de acero,pero nadie me llame cobarde,sin saber hasta donde la quiero.
cuantas cosas quedaron prendidas,hasta dentro del fondo de mi alma,cuantas luces dejaste encendidas,ya no sÉ como voy a apagarlas.
ojalá, que te vaya bonito...
![Page 43: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Subjunctive: Part I All too frequently, the topic of the subjunctive is made far more difficult than is necessary. Let's try a slightly different
![Page 44: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
approach, with the goal of making this topic less troublesome.
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
![Page 45: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Here are some examples of the subjunctive being used in English:
The doctor recommends that he take the pills with food.
Subjunctive conjugation: he take
The law requires that you be 18 years old to vote.
Subjunctive conjugation: you be
![Page 46: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
If I were a rich man, I wouldn't have to work hard.
Subjunctive conjugation: I were
So far, you have studied verb tenses in the indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to express factual information, certainty, and objectivity.
Usted va al Perú en diciembre.
You are going to Peru in December.
![Page 47: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The above sentence merely reports the fact that you are going to Peru in December, so the indicative mood is used.
Let's change the above example slightly:
No dudo que usted va al Perú en diciembre.
I don't doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "no dudo" introduces a quality of certainty, --
![Page 48: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
the speaker has no doubt, so the indicative mood is used in the second clause (va) as well as the first (no dudo).
Let's make another slight change to our example
Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "dudo" introduces a quality of uncertainty, -- the
![Page 49: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
speaker does have doubt, so here the subjunctive mood is used in the second clause (vaya).
The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity
Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
![Page 50: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Since the above statement does not express certainty, the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the second clause.
The difference between indicative and
subjunctive is the difference between
certainty/objectivity (indicative) and
possibility/subjectivity (subjunctive).
Indicative
John goes to the store.
![Page 51: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
(This sentence merely states the certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
I know that John goes to the store.
(The clause "I know" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
There is no doubt that John goes to the store.
![Page 52: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
(The clause "there is no doubt" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
Subjunctive
I want John to go to the store.
(The clause "I want" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
![Page 53: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
I hope that John goes to the store.
(The clause "I hope" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
It is possible that John will go to the store.
(The clause "it is possible" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
![Page 54: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
It's good that John goes to the store.(The clause "it's good" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
It's important that John goes to the store.
(The clause "it's important" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
![Page 55: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.
I hope she will come to the party…I hope = main clause
I know she will come to the party…I know = main clause
![Page 56: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
I feel she will come.I feel = main clause.
The above examples all have main clauses, but only the first and the third introduce an element of uncertainty or subjectivity.
In learning to use the subjunctive, it is quite helpful if one can first recognize such clauses.
The following is a list of clauses commonly associated with the use of the subjunctive:
a menos que ...unless ...
![Page 57: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
antes (de) que ...before ...
con tal (de) que ...provided that ...
cuando ...when ...
conviene que ...it is advisable that ...
![Page 58: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
después (de) que ...after ...
dudar que ...
en caso de que ...
es aconsejable que ...
es bueno que ...
es difícil que ...
it's unlikely that ...
es dudoso que ...
![Page 59: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
es fácil que ...it's likely that ...
es fantástico que ...it's fantastic that .
es importante que ...it's important that ...
![Page 60: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
es imposible que ...it's impossible that ...
es improbable que ...it's unlikely that ...
es incierto que ...it's uncertain that ...
es increíble que ...it's incredible that ...
es (una) lástima que ...it's a pity that ...
![Page 61: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
es malo que ...it's bad that ...
es mejor que ...it's better that ...
es necesario que ...it's necessary that ...
esperar que ...to wish that ...
es posible que ...it's possible that ...
![Page 62: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
es preferible que ...it's preferable that ...
es probable que ...it's probable that ...
es raro que ...it's rare that ...
es ridículo que ...it's ridiculous that ...
estar contento queto be happy that ...
![Page 63: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
es terrible que ...it's terrible that ...
hasta que …until ...
insistir en que ...to insist that ...
mandar que ...to order that ...
![Page 64: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
más vale que ...it's better that ...
mientras que ...while ...
negar que ...to deny that ...
no creer que ...not to believe that ...
![Page 65: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
no es cierto que ...it's not certain that ...
no estar convencido de que ...to not be convinced that ...
no estar seguro de que ...to not be sure that ...
no es verdad que ...it's not true that ...
![Page 66: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
no imaginarse que ...to not imagine that ...
no parecer que ...to not seem that ..
no pensar que ...to not think that ...
no suponer que ...to not suppose that ...
![Page 67: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
ojalá que ...if only he would ...
para que ...in order that ...
pedir que ...to ask that ...
preferir que ...to prefer that ...
prohibir que ...to prohibit that ...
![Page 68: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
puede ser que ...it may be that ..
querer que ...to want that ...
recomendar que ...to recommend that ...
rogar que ...to plead that ..
sentir que ...to regret that ...
![Page 69: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
sin que ...without ...
sugerir que ...to suggest that ...
tan pronto como ...as soon as ...
temer que ...to fear that ...
![Page 70: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
tener miedo de que ...to be afraid that ...
Frases en el SUBJUNTIVO Es preferible que tú uses un lápiz durante el examen.
Es raro que veas Profesores afuera de la escuela.
Estoy contento que Kyle venga a la fiesta en mi casa mañana.
![Page 71: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Es ridículo que Sarah no venga a la fiesta en mi casa manana.
Es lástima que Jess camine despúes de herrir su tobillo.
Es incréible que ella salga a tiempo hoy.
Es incierto que el salga bien en el examen.
ES fácil que tú ganes el premio de la carrera.
![Page 72: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Es dudoso que tú visites todos los ciudades en los Estadios Unidos.
Es importante que ella se cepille los dientes.
Es fantástico que el visite otros países y que aprenda la lengua y cultura.
Es imposible que los perros vivan en el mar.
Es improbable que yo pare de comer a la comida basura.
Mas frases en el subuntivo-
![Page 73: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
1. Es bueno que tú hagas la tarea todos los días.
2. Es terrible que tú te sientas mal.
3. No salgas hasta que tú comas las verduras.
4. Yo quiero que trabajes después de que hagas la tarea.
5.Él prohibe que tú des al perro el chocolate.
![Page 74: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
6. No estoy convencido de que él llegue al tiempo.
7. Dudo que estudies esta noche.
8. No es cierto que compres la camisa
hoy.
9. En caso de que salgas temprano,
escriba la tarea en tu cuaderno.
10. Mi mama insiste en que yo limpie la
casa.
![Page 75: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
11. Mas vale que llueva.
12. Yo mando que tú llegues ahora.
13. Es aconsejable que tu vayas a la
clasa.
¡MAS DE LA SALUD!
![Page 77: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
ESTORNUDAR ESTORNUDAR ESTORNUDAR
ESTORNUDAR ESTORNUDAR ESTORNUDAR Estornudar estornudar estornudar estornudar estornudar
![Page 78: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
estornudo....mucho.....
Creo que ella tenga una alergia.
Nota¨ AL plus the infinitive means- upon.......doing something
![Page 79: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Al hablar upon speaking
Al decir upon talking
Al estornudar
¿Te duele el pecho?
Pecho
Tos
¿Tiene una tos?
![Page 80: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
la tos
![Page 81: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
la tos
![Page 82: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
la gripe
![Page 83: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 86: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Partícula viral o «virión» del virus de la gripe.
LA GRIPE
![Page 87: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
La gripe, gripa o influenza es una enfermedad infecciosa de aves y mamíferos causada por un tipo de virus de ARN de la familia de los Orthomyxoviridae. Las palabras gripe y gripa proceden de la francesa grippe (procedente del suizo-alemán grupi)
![Page 88: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
(acurrucarse), mientras que influenza procede del italiano.
En los seres humanos afecta a las vías respiratorias,
inicialmente puede ser similar a un resfriado y con frecuencia se acompaña de síntomas generales como dolor de garganta, debilidad, dolores musculares (mialgias), dolor estomacal, articulares (artralgias) y de cabeza (cefalea), con tos (que generalmente es seca y sin mucosidad), malestar general y algunos signos como pueda ser la fiebre.[1] En algunos casos más graves puede
![Page 89: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
complicarse con pulmonía (neumonía), que puede resultar mortal, es
Aunque se puede confundir con el resfriado común (catarro), la gripe es una enfermedad más grave y está causada por un tipo diferente de virus.[2] También puede
provocar, más a menudo en niños, náuseas y vómitos,[1] que al ser síntomas de gastroenteritis hace que se denomine gripe estomacal o abdominal.[3]
![Page 90: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
La gripe se transmite desde individuos infectados a través de gotas en aerosol cargadas de virus (procedentes de secreción nasal, bronquial o saliva que contenga alguna de ellas[4] ), que son emitidas con la tos o los estornudos o sólo al hablar. Ya mucho más raramente, a través de las heces de pájaros infectados. También es transmisible por
la sangre [1] y por las superficies u objetos contaminados con el virus, que se denominan fomites.
Los virus de la gripe resisten más en ambiente seco y frío. Pueden conservar su capacidad infectiva durante una semana a la temperatura del cuerpo humano, durante 30 días a 0 °C y durante mucho más tiempo a menores temperaturas.[5] [6] Puede ser fácilmente inactivado mediante detergentes o desinfectantes.
![Page 91: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
La gripe se distribuye en epidemias estacionales que provocan cientos de miles de defunciones, que pasan a ser millones en los años de pandemia (epidemia global). Durante el siglo XX se produjeron cinco pandemias de gripe debido a la aparición por mutación de diferentes cepas del virus. A menudo estas nuevas cepas han surgido a partir del trasvase de cepas típicas de animales al ser humano, en lo que se denomina salto de especie o heterocontagio.
Una variante mortal del virus de la gripe aviar denominada H5N1 pasó por ser la principal candidata para la siguiente pandemia de gripe en humanos desde que traspasó la barrera de especie
![Page 92: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
en los años 1990 y provocó decenas de defunciones en Asia, hasta la aparición de la neogripe A (H1N1) en 2009.
Afortunadamente aquella variante aviar no mutó y no puede transmitirse de persona a persona, pues sólo afectó a humanos desde aves contagiadas y ese contagio no es fácil pues requiere unas condiciones muy especiales.
En los países desarrollados se han establecido campañas de vacunación anual frente a la gripe para las personas con mayor riesgo de contraer la enfermedad o que son más vulnerables a sus complicaciones,[11] así como controles estrictos a las aves de corral.[12]
![Page 93: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
La vacuna humana habitual es la trivalente, que contiene proteínas purificadas e inactivadas de las tres cepas se consideran van a ser más comunes en la siguiente epidemia: dos subtipos del virus A de la gripe y uno del virus B.[13]
Una vacuna elaborada un año puede no ser eficaz al siguiente debido a las frecuentes y rápidas mutaciones (cambios en sus antígenos) que sufre el virus, y a la dominancia variable de las diferentes cepas.
![Page 94: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
El tratamiento es sólo sintomático y en los casos graves y hospitalarios es sólo de mantenimiento de constantes, pues los fármacos antivirales tienen una eficacia muy limitada (los más eficaces son los inhibidores de la neuraminidasa) y no carecen de toxicidad. Los antibióticos sólo son útiles si hay infección bacteriana asociada
El pronóstico es bueno con recuperación parcial a la semana y total a los quince días, siendo, en las epidemias habituales, los exitus letalis consecuencia de la patología o del deficiente estado inmunitario, previos a la infección gripal.
En España la gripe es de declaración obligatoria, no
nominal y no urgente. Todos los viernes ha de remitirse a
![Page 95: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
las autoridades sanitarias el número de casos nuevos
atendidos durante la semana. Antes de 2009 nunca se
requería encuesta epidemiológica, dada su alta morbilidad
(cantidad porcentual de afectados) pero está sí debe
realizarse actualmente en los casos de neogripe A, incluso
antes de la confirmación por el laboratorio.
![Page 96: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
![Page 97: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Tiene fiebre
![Page 98: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Estoy resfriado-a
![Page 99: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
![Page 100: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Debes pasar de los grados Farenheit a grados Celsius o Centigrados.
Para hacerlo debes usar esta fórmula:
C = (F-32)/1.8
En es te caso debes proceder así
C = (93.0 - 32) / 1.8
C = (61) / 1.8
C = 33.88
![Page 101: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Es decir que la temperatura es de 33.88 Grados Centígrados, o bien, 33.9 grados centígrados.
Tengo entendido que la temperatura promedio del cuerpo es de 37 - 38.
Si pasa los 38 es fiebre. Si es menor de 37, está baja la temperatura.
![Page 102: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
![Page 103: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 109: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Alimentos Nutritivos
![Page 110: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Realidades 3 Página 116 Capítulo 3
La Alimentación de los jovenes
![Page 111: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Alimentación de los jóvenes
La etapa entre la adolescencia y la vida adulta se caracteriza principalmente por adquirir más autonomía. Los jóvenes cada vez son más autónomos a edades más tempranas y uno de los aspectos de esta autonomía es la alimentación: cada vez deciden más qué comer. Y no tan sólo deciden qué comer, sino también dónde, cómo y cuándo quieren comer.
Esta especie de caos alimentario puede conllevar algunos desarreglos en la alimentación. Esto, unido a una
![Page 112: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
oferta excesiva de alimentos, acompañada de un bombardeo publicitario exhaustivo, y sumándole el culto al cuerpo excesivo (que ya se da en niños de 8-9 años), hace que la alimentación en esta etapa no sea todo lo correcta que debiera ser, siendo los adolescentes especialmente vulnerables y fáciles de influir.
En esta etapa de desarrollo y crecimiento está aumentando la obesidad, con todos los problemas de salud que ello conlleva en la etapa adulta (diabetes, hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia, enfermedades
![Page 113: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
cardiovasculares…). Y no hay que olvidar los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario -anorexia y bulimia-, que también están muy presentes.
La alimentación monótona es aburrida, y los jóvenes deben conocer la variedad de alimentos existente para poder llevar una alimentación equilibrada sin que exista déficit de nutrientes. Una ingesta de calcio insuficiente en esta etapa puede implicar el desarrollo de osteoporosis en la etapa adulta, por eso es necesario el consumo de 2-3 raciones de lácteos diarias.Los jóvenes cada día son más inactivos, encuentran el ocio en el
![Page 114: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
ordenador, en los teléfonos móviles, y no debemos olvidar la importancia de la actividad física. Es primordial que los jóvenes se habitúen a practicar algún tipo de deporte, para favorecer su salud, su autoestima y su relación con otros compañeros.
Otro de los vicios juveniles son los refrescos, que añaden cantidades de azúcar no siempre necesarias. La principal bebida debe ser el agua (dos litros al día). Los snacks (patatas fritas, palomitas, galletas saladas, etc.) aportan una gran cantidad de energía innecesaria; por esta razón hay que aprender a consumirlos con
![Page 115: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
moderación. También les gusta a los jóvenes comer en restaurantes de comida rápida -fast food-, y han de aprender que en ellos también pueden encontrar alternativas saludables para acompañar a la pizza y las hamburguesas.
No hay que ser alarmistas, no existen los alimentos buenos ni malos, pero sí hay alimentos que se deben consumir en más cantidad o más a menudo, como son las frutas, verduras, legumbres y pescado, que tienen una presencia muy reducida en la dieta de los jóvenes.
Consejos:
Los padres deben predicar con el
![Page 116: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
ejemplo. Consumir una dieta equilibrada en la infancia y la juventud es hacer una inversión de salud de futuro y una seguridad para el presente.
Comer bien no significa ni comer mucho ni comer caro.
No picotear, y hacer todas las comidas del día sin olvidar el desayuno, favorece el mantenimiento de un peso correcto.
Los beneficios de ejercicio
![Page 117: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
El ejercicio físico es imprescindible para mantenernos sanos, contrarresta los efectos de la vida sedentaria y disminuye el estrés.
Al movernos la sangre transporta mayor cantidad de oxígeno a los músculos aumentando así su capacidad de trabajo.
Si comenzamos a hacer gimnasia, al cabo de varias semanas, disminuirá la frecuencia cardiaca en reposo y también no aumentará tanto cuando hagamos ejercicio.
![Page 118: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Lo mejor es practicar un ejercicio que nos guste, si no estás en forma, antes de empezar el ejercicio deberías prepararte aumentando las actividades de la vida cotidiana cogiendo menos el coche o el autobús, paseando por tu barrio o subiendo por las escaleras.
Conviene combinar el trote con ejercicios repetitivos de estiramiento y fortalecimiento de los músculos, la frecuencia ideal sería hacer tres horas por semana.
ANTES DE HACER EJERCICIO FÍSICO
![Page 119: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
-Consulta con tu médico si padeces de tensión alta, problemas cardiacos, diabetes o dolores de espalda
-No hagas más de 20 minutos al principio
-Parar si pierdes el aliento o sientes malestar
-No hagas ejercicio si estás cansado o enfermo
-No comas dos horas antes
![Page 120: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
-Hacer siempre precalentamiento para prevenir lesiones
COMO MEDIR NUESTRA APTITUD FISICA
Para saber si podemos hacer gimnasia deberemos medir nuestro pulso en la muñeca en la arteria radial durante 10 segundos y multiplicarlo por 6, así obtendremos
Lo podemos medir en reposo al despertarnos sabiendo que a menor frecuencia mayor aptitud física, en los hombres la frecuencia apta sería de 60 a 90 latidos por minuto, y en la mujeres de 70 a 100, no apto sería a partir de 90 en hombres y de 100 en mujeres.
![Page 121: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
También podemos medirlo después de hacer ejercicio subiendo y bajando un escalón durante 3 minutos, descansar 30 segundos y tomar el pulso, seremos aptos para el ejercicio si la frecuencia en hombres es de 77 a 100 y en mujeres de 86 a 110, si está más alto no es aconsejable y quizá debamos comenzar preparándonos poco a poco.
Ejercicios para adolecentes
![Page 122: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
![Page 124: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
BONDADES QUE NOS APORTA EL EJERCICIO FÍSICO
-Devuelve la línea si hay exceso de peso
-Disminuye el colesterol, el riesgo de infarto, baja la tensión si está alta
![Page 125: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
-Es tan eficaz como la psicoterapia en el tratamiento de la depresión
-Estimula la liberación de endorfinas, hormonas internas que producen sensaciones de placer y bienestar
-Nos distrae y evade de las preocupaciones.
![Page 126: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Haz caso a Hipócrates, él decía que el ejercicio físico era imprescindible porque disipaba toda clase de venenos derivados de una mala dieta.
Ánimo, cúrate y sánate con lo que el Universo te regala.
La Dieta saludable
¿Cómo puedo comer más saludablemente?
![Page 127: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
El cuerpo necesita minerales, vitaminas y otros nutrientes para mantenerse sano. Una dieta saludable significa que estás comiendo:
Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de leche sin grasa o bajos en grasa
Pescado, mariscos, pollo o pavo, carnes sin grasa o con poca grasa, huevos, frijoles, chícharos (alverjas), semillas y nueces
![Page 128: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Limita tu consumo de alimentos altos en:
Colesterol, sodio (sal) y azúcar agregada.
Grasas trans: las grasas trans pueden encontrarse en alimentos tales como tartas (o pasteles), galletas, la margarina.
Grasas saturadas: estas grasas vienen en productos derivados de los animales tales como el queso, las carnes con mucha grasa, la leche entera y la mantequilla.
![Page 129: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
gramática
Granos refinados: los productos con granos refinados incluyen el pan blanco, los fideos, el arroz blanco y las tortillas de harina, entre otros.
MANDATOS tú form affirmative commands
When we are with friends, siblings or children, we can order them around more casually.
There is a command form for this that is more casual than the Formal Command.
![Page 130: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
We can think of the formation of the Túcommands one of two ways:
1) In the affirmative commands you use the 3rd person (él, ella, usted) singular present tense;
or
2) In the affirmative commands you use the regular Tú present tense form, but drop the "s".
For example, here are some common affirmative Tú commands:
Infinitive Tú command
Comer Come
Hablar Habla
Escribir Escribe
![Page 131: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Leer Lee
Apagar Apaga
Irregular Tú form commands
Decir Di
Hacer Haz
Ir Ve
Ser Sé
Poner Pon
Venir Ven
![Page 132: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
tener ten
Salir Sal
Forming the negative commands in the Informal is a bit trickier.
The negative command form is actually the Tú form of the Present Subjunctive and therefore similar to the Formal commands (except that we add the Tú marker: the "s".)
To form the negative Tú commands, you need to first remember how to form the First Person Singular (Yo) in the Present Tense.
![Page 133: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Remember if the Yo form is irregular , the command will be irregular. Let's try using an irregular: Hacer. First we start with the infinitive of Hacer:
We need to conjugate it in the first person: Hago
Now let's drop the o so we are left with: Hag-
Now we add the opposite ending* which for Hacer is "-as", and add No [because we are making a negative command]
And we have our negative Tú command: No hagas
* By opposite ending we mean add the vowel ending of the other type verb: For verbs that end in "-ar", we add "-es" instead of "-as" and for verbs that end in "-er/-ir", we add "-as" instead of "-es"
![Page 134: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
All of the eight irregular affirmative commands follow the above pattern in the negative commands. (Note that Object pronouns always are placed before the verb in all negative commands.)
¡Di la verdad! Tell the truth!
¡No digas realmente lo que pasó! Don't tell what really happened!
¡Ven acá! Come here!
¡No vengas acá! Don't come over here!
¡Sal del carro! Get out of the car!
¡No salgas del carro! Don't get out of the car!
¡Ten cuidado! Be careful!
¡No tengas cuidado! Don't be careful!
¡Ponlo en la mesa! Put it on the table!
¡No lo pongas en la mesa! Don't put it on the table!
¡Hazlo! Do it!
¡No lo hagas! Don't do it!
¡Sé simpático! Be nice!
![Page 135: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
¡No seas tonto! Don't be silly!
¡Vete! Get out of here! (Get lost!)
¡No te vayas! Don't go!
Affirmative Tú Commands
The subjunctive mood is used to express the affirmative and negative commands of the Ud., Uds., and nosotros forms, and only the
![Page 136: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
negative commands of the tú and vosotros forms. The affirmative tú commands are not based on the subjunctive. There is however, a list of verbs that are irregular in the affirmative tú command form that you must learn.
More on the Tú form affirmative commands
The most unusual type of command is the form used when you wish to give an affirmative command to someone you would address as tú. Oddly enough, the form of the verb used for an affirmative tú command looks exactly like the present tense él form of the verb: not the present subjunctive but rather the present indicative, and not the
![Page 137: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
tú form but the él form. For this reason, it is common to use the pronoun tú after the command so you can tell the difference between “he does something,” and “you, do something.” For example:
Llama cada día.
He calls every day.
Llama tú cada día.
(You) Call every day.
If you remember how to create the present tense él form of the verb in the indicative mood, you can create the affirmative tú command form. If a verb undergoes a stem change in the present tense, the command form will undergo the same stem change. Notice that the subject pronoun may or may not follow a command form.
Produce más comida ahora.
Produce more food now.
Cuenta tú el dinero antes de salir.
![Page 138: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Count the money before leaving.
Almuerza durante el descanso.
Eat lunch during the break.
Irregular affirmative tú commands There are a few affirmative tú commands that are not like the present tense él form of the verb; these are considered irregular. Learn the irregular affirmative tú commands for the seven basic verbs in Table ç
1 .
TABLE 1 Irregular Affirmative Tú Command Forms
Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command Translation
tener ten have
poner pon put
salir sal leave
venir ven come
hacer haz make or do
![Page 139: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command Translation
decir di say or tell
ser sé be
ir ve go
Because the tú command for ser is the same as the present tense yo form of the verb saber, you must consider the context of the sentence in order to determine which of the two is intended. In the following examples, notice how using a subject pronoun clarifies these identical forms with completely different meanings.
The Present Subjunctive: Regular Verbs
![Page 140: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers when an action takes place (past,
present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
Use this verb quizzer to practice conjugating verbs in the present subjunctive. To learn when to use the subjunctive, please refer to the appropriate exercises in the Grammar Tutorial.
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
![Page 141: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending.
Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, en
-er and -ir verbs:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Regular -ar verbs like hablar (yo hablo).
hablo - o = habl
![Page 142: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
habl + e = hablehabl + es = hableshabl + e = hablehabl + emos = hablemoshabl + éis = habléishabl + en = hablen
Regular -er verbs like comer (yo como).
como - o = com
com + a = comacom + as = comascom + a = comacom + amos = comamoscom + áis = comáiscom + an = coman
Regular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo).
vivo - o = viv
viv + a = viva
![Page 143: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
viv + as = vivasviv + a = vivaviv + amos = vivamosviv + áis = viváisviv + an = vivan
Spanish
The subjunctive mood is a fundamental element of Spanish. Its spoken form makes use of it to a much larger degree than other Latin languages and it is in no case homonymous to any other tense.
![Page 144: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Furthermore, it is common to find long complex sentences entirely in the subjunctive.
The subjunctive (subjuntivo) is used in conjunction with impersonal expressions and expressions of emotion, opinion, desire or viewpoint. More importantly, it applies to most hypothetical situations, likely or unlikely, desired or not.
![Page 145: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Normally, only certitude of (or statement of) a fact will remove the possibility of its use.
Unlike French, it is also used in phrases expressing the past conditional. The negative of the imperative shares the same form with the present subjunctive.
Common introductions to the subjunctive would include the following:
![Page 146: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
que.. or de que: "..that.."
e.g. que sea (present subjunctive) lo que dios quiera (present subjunctive)": Let it be what God wills.
Si...: "If.." (e.g. si estuvieras: "if you were..."
Donde: "Where.." (e.g. donde sea, "anywhere").
Cuando: "When.." (e.g. cuando vaya, "when I go".)
Aunque: "Despite/although/even if..."
![Page 147: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Ojalá... "I hope..." (derived from Arabic "God willing") e.g. Ojalá que llueva (present subjunctive) "I hope it rains" or Ojalá que lloviera (past subjunctive) "I wish it would rain".
Nevertheless, the subjunctive can stand alone to supplant other tenses.
For example, "I would like" can be said in the conditional Me gustaría or in the Past subjunctive Quisiera, as in Quisiera (Past subjunctive) que vinieras (Past subjunctive), i.e. "I would like you to come."
Comfort with the subjunctive form and the degree to which a second-language speaker attempts to avoid using it is a good way to gauge his or her fluency in the language.
![Page 148: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Complex use of the subjunctive is a constant pattern of every day speech among natives but difficult to interiorize even by relatively proficient Spanish learners (e.g. I would have liked you to come on Thursday: Me hubiera gustado (Pluperfect subjunctive) que vinieras (Past subjunctive) el jueves.
Perhaps a good example of the subtlety of the Spanish subjunctive would be the way the tense (past, present or past) modifies the expression "be it as it may" (literally "be what it be"):
![Page 149: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Sea lo que sea (Present subjunctive + present subjunctive): "No matter what/whatever."
Sea lo que fuera (Present subjunctive + past subjunctive): "Whatever it were."
Fuera lo que fuera (Past subjunctive + Past subjunctive): (Similar meaning to above).
![Page 150: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Sea lo que fuere. (Present subjunctive + future subjunctive): "Whatever it may be."
Fuera lo que hubiera sido. (Past subjunctive + Past pluperfect subjenctive): "Whatever/no matter what it may have been".
The same alterations could be made to the expression Sea como sea or "no matter how" with similar changes in meaning.
Spanish has two past subjunctive forms. They are almost identical, except that where the "first form" has -ra-, the "second form" has -se-.
![Page 151: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Both forms are usually interchangeable although the -se- form may be more common in Spain than in other Spanish-speaking areas. The -ra- forms may also be used as an alternative to the conditional in certain structures.
_______________________________________
The present subjunctive
In Spanish, a present subjunctive form is always different from the corresponding present indicative form. For example, whereas English "that they speak can be either indicative or subjunctive, Spanish "que hablen" is unambiguously subjunctive. (The corresponding indicative would be "que hablan".)
![Page 152: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
The same is true for all verbs, regardless of their subject.
When to use:
When there are two clauses, separated by que. However, not all "que" clauses require the subjunctive mood. They must have at least one of the following criteria.
As the fourth edition of Mosaicos states, when the verb of the main clause expresses emotion. (E.g. fear, happiness, sorrow, etc.)
Impersonal expressions are used in the main clause. (It's important that...)
The verb in the second clause is the one that is in subjunctive!
![Page 153: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Examples:
Ojalá que me compren (comprar) un regalo. (I hope that they will buy me a gift.)
Te recomiendo que no corras (correr) con tijeras. (I recommend that you not run with scissors.)
Dudo que el restaurante abra (abrir) a las seis. (I doubt that the restaurant might open at six.)
![Page 154: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Lo discutirémos cuando venga (venir). (We will talk about it when he/she comes.)
Es importante que (nosotros) hagamos ejercicio. (It is important that we exercise.)
Me alegro de que (tú) seas mi amiga. (I am happy that you are my friend.)
The past (imperfect) subjunctive
Used interchangeably, the past (imperfect) subjunctive can end either in "-se" or "-ra".
![Page 155: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Both forms stem from the third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes) of the preterite. For example, with the verb "estar", when conjugated in the third person plural of the preterite, it becomes "estuvieron". Then, drop the "-ron" ending, and add either "-se" or "-ra". Thus, it becomes "estuviese" or "estuviera". The past subjunctive may be used with "if... then" statements with the conditional mood. Example:
Si yo fuera/fuese el maestro, no mandaría demasiados deberes. (If I were the teacher, I would not give too much homework.)
The Present Subjunctive
![Page 156: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
Start with the yo form of the
present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending.
Finally, add the following endings:
![Page 157: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
-ar verbs:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, en
-er and -ir verbs:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Regular -ar verbs like hablar (yo hablo).
hablo - o = habl
habl + e = hablehabl + es = hableshabl + e = hablehabl + emos = hablemoshabl + éis = habléishabl + en = hablen
![Page 158: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Regular -er verbs like comer (yo como).
como - o = com
com + a = comacom + as = comascom + a = comacom + amos = comamoscom + áis = comáiscom + an = coma
Regular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo).
vivo - o = viv
viv + a = vivaviv + as = vivasviv + a = vivaviv + amos = vivamosviv + áis = viváisviv + an = vivan
![Page 159: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
The formula also works for verbs that have irregular "yo" forms in the present indicative. Study these examples:
conocer (yo conozco)
conozco - o = conozco
conozc + a = conozcaconozc + as = conozcasconozc + a = conozca
conozc + amos = conozcamosconozc + áis = conozcáisconozc + an = conozcan
![Page 160: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
tener (yo tengo)
tengo - o = teng
teng + a = tengateng + as = tengasteng + a = tengateng + amos = tengamosteng + áis = tengáisteng + an = tengan
![Page 161: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
salir (yo salgo)
salgo - o = salg
salg + a = salgasalg + as = salgassalg + a = salgasalg + amos = salgamossalg + áis = salgáissalg + an = salgan
![Page 162: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
For -ar and -er stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that there is no stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms. Study these examples:
pensar (yo pienso)
pienso - o = piens
piens + e = piensepiens + es = piensespiens + e = piensepens + emos = pensemospens + éis = penséispiens + en = piensen
![Page 163: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
perder (yo pierdo)
pierdo - o = pierd
pierd + a = pierdapierd + as = pierdaspierd + a = pierdaperd + amos = perdamosperd + áis = perdáispierd + an = pierdan
contar (yo cuento)
cuento - o = cuent
cuent + e = cuentecuent + es = cuentescuent + e = cuentecont + emos = contemoscont + éis = contéiscuent + en = cuenten
![Page 164: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
volver (yo vuelvo)
vuelvo - o = vuelv
vuelv + a = vuelvavuelv + as = vuelvasvuelv + a = vuelvavolv + amos = volvamosvolv + áis = volváisvuelv + an = vuelvan
For -ir stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that the stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u; e:ie verbs change e to i; e:i verbs change e to i. Study these examples:
![Page 165: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
dormir (yo duermo)
duermo - o = duerm
duerm + a = duermaduerm + as = duermasduerm + a = duermadurm + amos = durmamosdurm + áis = durmáisduerm + an = duerman
siento - o = sient
sient + a = sientasient + as = sientassient + a = sientasint + amos = sintamossint + áis = sintáissient + an = sientan
![Page 166: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
pedir (yo pido)
pido - o = pid
pid + a = pidapid + as = pidaspid + a = pidapid + amos = pidamospid + áis = pidáispid + an = pidan
For verbs that end in -zar, the z changes to c when it comes before the letter e.
![Page 167: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
empezar (e:ie)
empieceempiecesempieceempecemosempecéisempiecen
![Page 168: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
For verbs that end in -ger or -gir, the g changes to j when it comes before the letter a.
Escoger
escojaescojasescojaescojamosescojáisescojan
elegir (e:i)
elijaelijaselijaelijamoselijáiselijan
![Page 169: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
For verbs that end in -guir, the gu changes to g when it comes before the letter a.
seguir (e:i) sig-0
sigasigassigasigamossigáissigan
![Page 170: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
For verbs that end in -car, the c changes to qu when it comes before the letter e.
Buscar -que
busquebusquesbusquebusquemosbusquéisbusquen
![Page 171: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
For verbs that end in uir, add the letter y before the letter a.
Huir
huyahuyashuyahuyamoshuyáishuyan
Here are the six verbs that are irregular in the present subjunctive:
![Page 172: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
dar - to give
dédesdédemosdeisden
estar - to be
estéestésestéestemosestéisestén
![Page 173: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
haber - to have (auxiliary verb)
hayahayashayahayamoshayáis
hayan
ir - to go
vayavayasvayavayamosvayáisvayan
![Page 174: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
saber - to know
sepasepassepasepamossepáissepan
![Page 175: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
ser - to be
seaseasseaseamosseáissean
Informal Commands ("tú")
Compra (tú) el anillo.(You) Buy the ring.
Escribe (tú) la tarea.(You) Do the homework.
![Page 176: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
Compra (tú) los libros.(You) Buy the books.
Come (tú) la patata.(You) Eat the potato.
Remember that Spanish has both a formal and an informal style of speech (tú/Ud.). This distinction applies to commands.
Compre Ud. el anillo.Buy the ring. (formal)
Compra (tú) los dulces.Buy the candy. (familiar)
Remember, formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect. Informal, or familiar, speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child.
![Page 177: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
The affirmative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form:
(hablar - ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)(escribir - ir + e = escribe)
Be sure to note that the "tú" commands use the usted form, not the tú form!
The following examples of commands use three regular verbs: hablar, comer, and escribir.
Habla (tú) más lentamente.(You) Speak more slowly.
Come (tú) la cena.(You) Eat the dinner.
Escribe (tú) la carta.(You) Write the letter.
![Page 178: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
Note that the negative informal commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive.
No cuentes tus beneficios.Don't count your blessings.
No hables más lentamente.Don't speak more slowly.
Be sure to note that this is the tú form!
![Page 179: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Compare the affirmative informal (tú) commands with the negative informal (tú) commands:
Cuenta tus beneficios.
Count your blessings.
No cuentes tus beneficios.
Don't count your blessings.
Habla más lentamente.
Speak more slowly.
No hables más lentamente.
Don't speak more slowly.
![Page 180: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Also note that the subject pronoun tú is not normally used with imperative form.
Habla más lentamente.(You) Speak more slowly.
Come la cena.(You) Eat the dinner.
Escribe la carta.(You) Write the letter.
Let's add a flashcard for the informal tú commands:
Complete List
Informal (tú) Commands (Imperative)
Affirmative: Use the present indicative Ud. formNegative: Use the present subjunctive tú form-
![Page 181: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Habla.Speak.
No hables.Don't speak.
Come.Eat.
No comas.Don't eat.
Escribe.Write.
No escribas.Don't write.
![Page 182: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Negative TÚ commands
is used to tell friends, family members, or young people what NOT to do. Negative TÚ commands is formed by using the present tense YO form as the stem, dropping the -o, and adding the appropriate ending.
NOTICE THE COLOR CODE OF THE VERB ENDINGS:
-es: Negative TÚ command of -AR verbs
-as: Negative TÚ command of -ER and -IR verbs
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -AR VERBS
Drop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb, and add -es:
Yo form-present tense
tomo (I take/I drink)
trabajo (I work)
![Page 183: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
Examples:
Negative TÚ command
No hables mucho
No contestes las pregunta
Negative TÚ command
No tomes
No trabajes
Don't talk a lot
Don't answer the questions
![Page 184: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -ER AND -IR VERBS
Drop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb, and add -as:
Yo form-present tense
como (I eat)
leo (I read)
recibo (I receive)
Examples:
![Page 185: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Negative TÚ command
No comas dulces
No escribas en el libro.
No comas
No leas
No escribas
No recibas
![Page 186: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
COMMAND FORMS OF IRREGULAR YO FORM, STEM-CHANGING AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSE
If the verb has an irregular YO form, it has a stem change or it is an irregular verb in the present tense, it also appears in the TÚ command.
Irreg. YO form-present tense
Pongo (I put)
Salgo (I leave)
Hago (I do/make)
Traigo (I bring)
Conozco (I know)
Traduzco (I translate)
![Page 187: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
Stem-chang. verbs-present tense
Recomiendo (I recommend)
Duermo (I sleep)
Río (I laugh)
muevo (I move
![Page 188: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
Irreg. verbs present tense
Digo (I say)
Oigo (I hear)
Tengo (I have)
Vengo (I come)
Examples:
Negative TÙ command
¡No desobedezcas las reglas!
No cierres la ventana
¡No digas mentiras!
Negative TÚ command
![Page 189: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
No pongas
No salgas
No hagas
No traigas
No conozcas
No traduzcas
No recomiendes
No duermas
No rías
No muevas
![Page 190: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
Negative TÚ command
No digas
No oigas
No tengas
No vengas
Don't disobey the rules!
Don't close the window
Don't say lies!
![Page 191: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
COMMAND FORMS OF VERBS ENDING IN -CAR, -GAR, AND –ZAR
Verbs ending -car, -gar, and -zar require spelling changes in order to keep the pronunciation.
-CAR: C changes to QU
-GAR: G changes to GU
-ZAR: Z changes to C
Infinitive
Tocar (to touch/play)
Buscar (to look for)
Practicar (to practice)
Llegar (to arrive)
Jugar (to play)
Navegar (to navigate)
![Page 192: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
Comenzar (to start/begin)
Empezar (to start/begin)
Cruzar
Negative TÚ command
No toques
No busques
No practiques
No llegues
No juegues
No navegues
No comiences
No empieces
No cruces
![Page 193: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
IRREGULAR NEGATIVE TU COMMANDS
Dar (to give)
No des tu blusa favorita Dont give your favorite blouse
Estar (to be)
No estés triste Don't be sad
Ser (to be)
![Page 194: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
¡No seas odioso! Don't be mean!
Ir (to go)
No vayas al parque Don't go to the park
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS WITH PRONOUNS
With negative commands, direct (d.o.p), indirect (i.o.p) object pronouns and reflexive pronouns go right before the verb.
![Page 195: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Negative TÚ command
No muevas las camas (don't move the beds)
No cierres la ventana (don't close the window)
No comas los postres (don't eat the desserts)
No pongas el mantel (don't put the tablecloth)
Negative TÚ command + i.o.p
No me traigas la comida
¡No te toques la herida!
![Page 196: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
No le compres el libro
No nos contestes la pregunta
¡No les digas eso!
Negative TÚ command + reflexive pronoun
No te cepilles los dientes
No te peines el cabello Neg TÚ comm+d.o.p
No las muevas
No la cierres
![Page 197: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
No los comas
Do not bring me food
Do not touch your wound!
Do not buy him/her the book
Do not answer us the question
Do not tell that to them!
Do not brush your teeth
Do not comb your hair
![Page 198: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
Negative TÚ commands is used to tell friends, family members, or young people what NOT to do. Negative TÚ commands is formed by using the present tense YO form as the stem, dropping the -o, and adding the appropriate ending.
![Page 199: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
NOTICE THE COLOR CODE OF THE VERB ENDINGS:-es: Negative TÚ command of -AR verbs-as: Negative TÚ command of -ER and -IR verbs
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -AR VERBSDrop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb, and add -es:
Yo form-present tensetomo (I take/I drink)trabajo (I work)
Examples:Negative TÚ commandNo hables mucho
No contestes las preguntas
Negative TÚ commandNo tomesNo trabajes
Don't talk a lotDon't answer the questions
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -ER AND -IR VERBS
![Page 200: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
Drop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb, and add -as:
Yo form-present tensecomo (I eat)leo (I read)escribo (I write)recibo (I receive)
Examples:Negative TÚ commandNo comas dulcesNo escribas en el libro
Negative TÚ commandNo comasNo leasNo escribasNo recibas
Do not eat candies
Do not write on the book
COMMAND FORMS OF IRREGULAR YO FORM, STEM-CHANGING AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSEIf the verb has an irregular YO form, it has a stem change or it is an irregular verb in the present tense, it also appears in the TÚ command.
Irreg. YO form-present tensePongo (I put)Salgo (I leave)
Negative TÚ commandNo pongasNo salgas
![Page 201: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
Hago (I do/make)Traigo (I bring)Conozco (I know)Traduzco (I translate)
Stem-chang. verbs-present tenseRecomiendo (I recommend)Duermo (I sleep)Río (I laugh)muevo (I move)
Irreg. verbs present tenseDigo (I say)Oigo (I hear)Tengo (I have)Vengo (I come)
Examples:Negative TÙ command¡No desobedezcas las reglas!No cierres la ventana¡No digas mentiras!
No hagasNo traigasNo conozcasNo traduzcas
Negative TÚ commandNo recomiendesNo duermasNo ríasNo muevas
Negative TÚ commandNo digasNo oigasNo tengasNo vengas
Don't disobey the rules!Don't close the windowDon't say lies!
COMMAND FORMS OF VERBS ENDING IN -CAR, -GAR, AND -ZARVerbs ending -car, -gar, and -zar require spelling changes in order to keep the pronunciation.
![Page 202: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
-CAR: C changes to QU-GAR: G changes to GU-ZAR: Z changes to C
InfinitiveTocar (to touch/play)Buscar (to look for)Practicar (to practice)Llegar (to arrive)Jugar (to play)Navegar (to navigate)Comenzar (to start/begin)Empezar (to start/begin)Cruzar (to cross)
Negative TÚ commandNo toquesNo busquesNo practiquesNo lleguesNo jueguesNo naveguesNo comiencesNo empiecesNo cruces
IRREGULAR NEGATIVE TU COMMANDSDar (to give)No des tu blusa favorita Dont give your favorite blouseEstar (to be)No estés triste Don't be sadSer (to be)¡No seas odioso! Don't be mean!Ir (to go)No vayas al parque Don't go to the park
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS WITH PRONOUNSWith negative commands, direct (d.o.p), indirect (i.o.p) object pronouns and reflexive pronouns go right before the verb.
![Page 203: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
Negative TÚ commandNo muevas las camas (don't move the beds)No cierres la ventana (don't close the window)No comas los postres (don't eat the desserts)No pongas el mantel (don't put the tablecloth)
Negative TÚ command + i.o.pNo me traigas la comida¡No te toques la herida!No le compres el libroNo nos contestes la pregunta¡No les digas eso!
Negative TÚ command + reflexive pronounNo te cepilles los dientesNo te peines el cabello
Neg TÚ comm+d.o.pNo las muevasNo la cierresNo los comasNo lo pongas
Do not bring me foodDo not touch your wound!Do not buy him/her the bookDo not answer us the questionDo not tell that to them!
Do not brush your teethDo not comb you
Fin
Al concluir
![Page 204: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
Repaso final de la nutrición
![Page 207: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
Carnitina
Definición y funciones que desempeña en el organismo. Efectos de su carencia y exceso. Fuentes naturales, suplementos e interacción con otros
NUTRICION
![Page 208: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
Las carencias nutricionales y el estado físico
Como descubrir falencias alimenticias y carencia de vitaminas o minerales examinando el estado fisico. ¿Porque pueden faltar nutrientes? Problemas de salud y las
SALUD
¿Qué comer para evitar el sobrepeso y la obesidad?
![Page 209: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
¿Cuales son las ventajas de una dieta equilibrada con todos sus nutrientes? ¿Que factores se deben tener en cuenta para elegir sus alimentos? ¿Como evaluar los
ALIMENTACION
La cafeína antes del ejercicio. ¿Estimulante?
Las bebidas con altas dosis de cafeína y su efecto en el rendimiento físico, el esfuerzo y la resistencia. Efectos adversos y efectos positivos de la
DEPORTES
![Page 210: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
Verduras y hortalizas ¿por qué consumirlas?
Valor nutritivo y beneficios del consumo de variedad de hortalizas y verduras. Como aprovechar al máximo sus nutrientes. Razones para hacerlas el componente
COMIDA
Snacks: energía para combatir enfermedades
Para prevenir enfermedades como el cancer, recomiendan combinaciones de alimentos en un tentempié o snack con 100 a 200 calorías que contenga la
NOTICIAS
Lea mas en: http://www.zonadiet.com/index.php#ixzz2PQPYV2S9
![Page 211: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
![Page 213: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
![Page 215: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
![Page 219: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
![Page 220: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
Al discutir y concluir
Concluir-
Al hacer los ejercicios mañana.
Fin
![Page 221: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
TAREA
Realidades 3
![Page 222: 2. Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game - haverford.k12.pa.us Web viewThe word . ulama. comes from the Nahuatl. word . ōllamaliztli ... Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110110/5a760deb7f8b9aa3618cef7f/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
Mini-lección 12-15 minutos en casa
Home Journal!
En el cuaderno en casa.
TAREA