20 grammar iii

Chapter 20, Part III

Active Voice

• In the active, the subject is doing the action of the verb:

Cornelia Marcum salutat.

Corenlia is actively greeting Marcus – note the active

voice endings.

Passive Voice

• In the passive voice, the action is being done by the subject:

Marcus a Cornelia salutatur.

Here, Cornelia is still the one greeting, but this time, the

action is being done by her – note the passive voice endings

Deponent Verbs

• Deponent verbs are a mix of active and passive – passive endings and active translations:

Cornelia Marcum videre conatur.

Cornelia is actively doing the action of trying to see, but notice that conatur has passive endings . . . this is a deponent!

Deponent Verb Endings

a.k.a. ‘Nothing New’

Principal Parts

• Deponent Verbs have only three principal parts

1st principal part

first person singular present tense conor

2nd principal part

present active infinitive conari

3rd principal part

first person singular perfect tense conatus sum

Conjugations

• Use the infinitive/second principal part to find the conjugation:

1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd/3rd io

conjugation4th

conjugation

-ari -ēri -i -iri

Present Tense

• The present tense of a deponent is the same as a regular verb with passive endings:conari vereri loqui regredi experiri

conor vereor loquor regredior experior

conaris vereris loqueris regrederis experiris

conatur veretur loquitur regreditur experitur

conamur veremur loquimur regredimur experimur

conamini veremini loquimini regredimini experimini

conantur verentur loquuntur regrediuntur experiuntur

Imperfect Tense

• Again, making a deponent verb imperfect is the same as making an active verb passive:

conari vereri loqui regredi experiri

conabar verebar loquebar regrediebar experiebar

conabaris verebaris loquebaris regrediebaris experiebaris

conabatur verebatur loquebatur regrediebatur exerpiebatur

Future Tense

• And again – deponents in the future are the same as active verbs becoming passive:


conabor verebor loquar regrediar experiar

conaberis vereberis loqueris regredieris experieris

conabitur verebitur loquetur regredietur experietur

Perfect System

• Use the third principal part with a form of sum . . . remember, this is part adjective, so make sure it agrees:


conatus sum

veritus sum

locutus sum

regressus sum

expertus sum

conatus eram

veritus eram

locutus eram

regressus eram

expertus eram

conatus ero

veritus ero

locutus ero

regressus ero

expertus ero

Participles

• Present participles are formed like their active counterparts

• Perfect participles are the third part (without the sum) . . . the translation is ‘having ____ed’


conans verens loquens regrediens experiens

Exercise 20.5

1. patrem iuuare conabimur.2. eum ad agrum secuti sumus.3. in uia cum amicis diu colloquebar.4. agrum ingressus patrem uocaui.5. in agro diu morabar.6. uespere domum profectus sum.

Present Passive Infinitive

• Use the second principal part of deponent verbs to create the passive infinitive of ordinary verbs

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

-ari -eri -i -i -iri

parari moneri regi capi audiri

to be prepared to be warned to be ruled to be

captured to be heard

Exercise 20.6 #1-8

1. sequimur2. sequemur3. sequamur4. sequi5. secuti sumus6. sequebaris7. sequerentur8. sequentes

a. we will followb. You were followingc. to followd. followinge. we have followedf. we followg. They might followh. we may follow

Passive Imperatives

• Singular imperatives mirror present infinitives• Plural imperatives mirror the 2nd person plural

personal ending• Rarely used with ordinary verbs, for

deponents translate just like an imperative

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

conare uerere sequere patere orire

conamini ueremini sequimini patimini orimini

Exercise 20.8, #1

• moneo, monere, monui, monitus

Remember . . .

Deponent Verbs always look passive, but areactive in translation.

Exercise Translations

20.5.1: We will try to help father.20.5.2: We followed him to the field.20.5.3: I was talking in the street with friends for

a long time.20.5.4: I, having entered the field, called father.20.5.5: I was delaying in the field for a long time.20.5.6: I set out to home in the evening.

20 grammar iii

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