20. what was the purpose of the congress of vienna? 21. who was the most influential leader at the...
TRANSCRIPT
Warm-up #5
20. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
21. Who was the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna?
22. What were his 3 main goals?
20. Establish peace and stability in Europe
21. Metternich22. Weaken
France/strengthen their neighbors, balance of power, restore monarchs
Make sure your name is on them and turn them in.
Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
1789-1900
Section 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Division in Colonial Society Colonial society in Latin
America had a clear class system (from top to bottom)› Peninsulares – Spanish
born; only people allowed to hold high offices
› Creoles – Spaniards born in the Americas (nobility) Held military positions
› Mestizo – European and Native American
› Mulatto – European and African
› African Slaves› Native Americans
Haitian Revolution Encouraged by
Enlightenment ideals with American and French Independence movements
Haiti was the first Slaves outnumbered the
“masters” significantly› 10:1
In 1791, they began their fight for independence and by 1804, they had broken from the French
Creoles Lead the Charge Creoles, despite not
being allowed to hold political office, were highly educated› Understood and
embraced the Enlightenment ideals
In South America, Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led the revolution and by 1824 had succeeded
Mexican Independence Unlike South America, the
Mexican independence movement was led by people of mixed ethnicities
Miguel Hidalgo used the church (he was a priest) to spread the Enlightenment ideals (1810)
Jose Maria Morelos will continue the campaign (1811-5)
Agustin de Iturbide will declare Mexican (and Central America) independence in 1821› Central America will get their
independence from Mexico in 1823
Brazil’s Liberation Unique because of the
“bloodlessness” From 1807-1821,
Portugal (King John VI) ruled from Brazil
In 1821, when Portugal returned “home,” the Brazilians did not want to return to being a colony
They accepted King John’s son, Dom Pedro, to become the leader of an independent Brazil in 1822
Video:Crash Course
Haitian Revolution
Other Information Chapter 23 Vocab Quiz
› You will have until the end of the weekend to take the test again. You can use your vocab, notes, book, google
› Use the 3 part quiz on moodle You will have a quiz on Chapter 24
Vocabulary Tuesday› You will be allowed to use hand written
vocab (again). There will be no second chances next time.
Warm-up #1
1. Which group of people led the independence movement in South America?
2. Which 2 men are most associated with the liberation of Spanish speaking South America?
3. Who was the first person to lead the independence movement in Mexico?
4. How was Mexico’s independence movement different from Brazil’s?
1. Creoles2. San Martin and
Bolivar3. Hidalgo4. Mexico’s was
violent, Brazil’s was not
Section 2Europe Faces Revolutions
Political Philosophies People fell into one of
three political theories› Conservative – wanted
to return to the “old days” of monarchy
› Liberal – wanted limited democracy (educated landowners should elect leaders)
› Radical – favored democracy for all Typically a poor student
Nationalism Develops Nationalism was the idea
that people should be loyal to people with whom they share culture and history› Foreign monarchs
violate that principle When they had their own
government, a nation became a nation-state› France, England, and
Spain were the only ones in Europe by 1815
Nationalism in the Balkans Refers to southeastern
Europe (Greece and their neighbors)
Controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s
Despite fearing revolutions, Europeans sympathized with Greece
By 1830, with Britain, France, and Russia supporting them, Greece got independence from the Ottomans
Initial Uprisings Greek Independence
spurred many riots by nationalists and liberals
The conservative monarchies, led by Metternich (Austria), crushed the revolutions and established control by the mid 1830s
This type of “seesawing” in politics continued for another 20 years
French Radicals Despite having successfully
removed the absolute monarchy, the French radicals began fighting over what kind of changes should be made› A series of bloody battles
followed the overthrow in 1848
Louis-Napoleon (nephew of THE Napoleon), was elected in 1848 and named himself emperor in 1852› Welcomed as result of
people’s exhaustion with fighting
Russia Reform Russia had not
modernized by the 1800s› Still used feudal system
(nobles and serfs) People were becoming
aware that Russia was falling behind› Reached its peak in 1856,
when Russia lost a war against France, G.B., Sardinia, and the Ottomans
Alexander II promised reform
Reforms/Reactions First reforms was to free
the serfs (1861)› Still tied to the land
because they had to pay for it
Alexander was assassinated in 1881, ending reform in Russia
Alexander III tightened his control and encouraged industrialization
Warm-up #2
5. What is the name of the philosophy that requires loyalty be placed in the nation of people with a common culture rather than a foreign king?
6. A poor student would most likely fit into which political philosophy?
7. Which Russian leader freed the serfs in an attempt to reform?
5. Nationalism6. Radical7. Czar Alexander II
Section 3Nationalism
A Force to Join & Divide Nationalists in the
1800s sought to unite the people under a single government
While inspiring people to revolt against foreign rulers, some rulers used nationalism to strengthen their control
Nationalism Breaks up Empires Austria, Russia, and the
Ottoman Empires controlled most of Eastern Europe, having a variety of ethnicities in each empire
The process of Russification (forcing Russian culture on dominated people) actually strengthened nationalistic feelings of conquered people
The last half of the 19th Century was filled with ethnic tension/fighting
Cavour Leads Italian Unification Italians grew restless with
foreign rulers in the first half of the 1800s› Being ruled as
independent states In 1852, Sardinia’s king
named Camillo di Cavour his prime minister.› Used diplomacy and
alliances (especially France) to gain control of northern Italy from the Austrians
Garibaldi Unites Italy Cavour used a
Southern rebel, Giuseppe Garibaldi, to capture southern Italy
Garibaldi agreed to hand control of Southern Italy to the Sardinian king
By 1870, Sardinia had control of all of Italy (except Vatican City)
German Confederation Like Italy, Germany
consisted of a confederation of many states, dominated by the Austrian Empire
Prussia’s mostly German population made them more united, giving them a huge advantage over the ethnically diverse Austria-Hungary
Bismarck Emerges In 1862, frustrated
with his Parliament’s lack of support, Wilhelm I of Prussia named Otto von Bismarck his prime minister› Bismarck was one of
the Junkers (people in Prussia who supported a strong monarchy)
Bismarck Takes Control Bismarck used realpolitik
to govern (used tough politics to get things done)› He will declare his
intentions to rule without consent of parliament
Bismarck initially teams up with Austria to gain territory, then provokes war against them› Prussia easily wins and
unites northern Germany by 1867
Franco-Prussian War Bismarck, wanting to unite south Germans, provoked
another war, this time with France in 1870 In 1871, after achieving victory in France, the
southern Germans welcomed Prussian leadership› King Wilhelm I was named kaiser, or emperor, of
Germany (formerly Prussia)
Shifts in Power While the Congress of
Vienna (1815) had created a balance of power Europe, the wars of the mid 1800s left 2 countries with nearly all control› Germany and
Britain