2002tutorial - harmonic filters tutorial 1 mte corporation harmonic filters for power conversion...

Harmonics Tutorial 1MTE CORPORATION

Harmonic Filters for Power Conversion Equipment(Drives, rectifiers, etc)

Effects of HarmonicsIEEE - 519Solutions


Power Conversion Equipment can save energy and control motors, heaters, etc, … But they may also cause harmonic distortion

Input current

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

1 5 7 11 13 17 19

ASD

Harmonic SpectrumFor normal balanced system

ASD = Adjustable Speed Drive


Typical Harmonic Distortion-6pulse rectifiers

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 170

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100M

agni

tude

(% o

f Fun

dam

enta

l)

Harmonic Number

1 = 60hz5 = 300hz7 = 420hz11 = 660hz13 = 780hz17 = 1020hz

Can cause excessive peak currentTypical VFD % THID

1 - 20 HP > 100 %

25 - 40 HP 80 - 100 %

50 - 150 HP 60 - 80 %

200 HP up 50 - 70 %

THID = Total Harmonic Current Distortion

For 60hz Power System


Expected input harmonics for given total input impedance for 6-pulse rectifier (6-diode, 3-phase bridge rectifier)

Harmonic Number

.50% Z

1.0% Z

1.5% Z

2.0% Z

2.5% Z

3.0%Z

5th 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.46 0.42 0.4

7th 0.6 0.37 0.3 0.22 0.2 0.16

11th 0.18 0.12 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.073

13th 0.1 0.075 0.06 0.058 0.05 0.049

17th 0.073 0.052 0.04 0.036 0.032 0.03

19th 0.06 0.042 0.03 0.028 0.025 0.022

%THID 102.5 72.2 59.6 52.3 47.6 44.13

Amps Increase

43%

23%

17%

13%

11%

9%

Harmonic Current Distortionis a function of source impedance


Expected input harmonics for given total input impedance for 6-pulse rectifier

HarmonicNumber 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 9.0% 10.0%

5th 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23

7th 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.9 0.083 0.075

11th 0.058 0.052 0.05 0.043 0.042 0.04

13th 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.0315 0.03 0.028

17th 0.022 0.021 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.004

19th 0.008 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.0025 0.002

%THID 34.96 32.65 30.35 28.04 25.92 24.68

AmpsIncrease 6% 5% 5% 4% 3% 3%

MTE line Reactors reduce Harmonic Current Distortion

Use 5% impedance for VFD’s


Problems Caused by Harmonics

Transformer over-heatingCircuit breaker tripsFuse blowingEquipment malfunctionIncreased KVA demand• rms and peak

• Total Power Factor reductionWasted energy

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1 5 7 11 13 17 19


IEEE-519 Distortion Limits

ISC/IL <11 11≤h<17 17≤h<23 23≤h<35 35≤h TDD

<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0 20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0

50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0 100<1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0

>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0

ISC = Source Short Circuit Currenth = Harmonic orderIL = Load CurrentTDD = Total Demand Distortion


PCC = At Point of Metering, or…

PCC = Point Where Non-Linear Load Meets Linear Loads• Isc / IL will be greater at this point

in the system• IEEE-519 limit is higher at this

point

PCC per IEEE - 519


TDD = Magnitude of harmonic distortion as a percent of maximum demand current• When demand current is known

THD = Instantaneous value of harmonic distortion• Typically based on motor FLA• When demand current is not known

IEEE - 519


IEEE-519 Harmonic Voltage Distortion Limits3%THVD - Hospitals, Airports

5%THVD - General Systems

10%THVD - Dedicated Systems


Input current

ASD

“RL” Reactor

MTE Line Reactors Reduce Harmonics and Improve the Input

Current Waveform

Use 5% impedance Line Reactors


115 7 13 17 190

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Perc

ent

Harmonic

No Reactor

5% Impedance Reactor

5% Impedance Reactor & 3% DC Choke

150HP, 12% Matrix Filter at Rated Output Current

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

Time [seconds]

Mag

nitu

de [A

mpe

res]

MTE Line Reactors Reduce Harmonics


Filter Input current

VFD

150HP, 12% Matrix Filter at Rated Output Current

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

Time [seconds]

Mag

nitu

de [A

mpe

re

Output33.86%THiD

Standard6-pulse

VFD input current

M3-xxxxPD-8

Matrix Filters Offer Best Power Quality for Power Conversion Systems


Standard Matrix Filter Circuit Configuration

InputPower

Any 6-pulse

VFD

Standard Matrix Filter

< 12% THIDGuaranteed at filter input

For 12- Pulse Performance


Harmonic Distortion for 6-pulse Rectifier with Standard Matrix

Filters

02468

1012

0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100

Percent Load

Perc

ent T

HD

Typical Worst Case

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%

180

300

420

540

660

780

900

1020

1140

Typical Worst Case

Harmonic spectrum% THID vs Load

< 8% typical at full load, < 12% THID guaranteed at any load


Typical input voltage distortion with Standard Matrix Filter

12% Filter Voltage Distortion100% Load & 1.5% Source

0.00%

0.10%

0.20%

0.30%

0.40%

0.50%

180

300

420

540

660

780

900

1020

1140

Typical Worst Case


0.00%0.20%0.40%0.60%0.80%1.00%1.20%1.40%

180

300

420

540

660

780

900

1020

1140

Typical Worst Case

W/1.5% source impedance W/5.75% source impedance

IEEE-519 limits are 3%, 5% or 10%

0.80% THVD 2.20% THVD


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6-pulse VFD with Standard Matrix Filter

12-pulse Rectifierinput current waveform at full load and with balanced line voltages

6-pulse Rectifiers with Standard Matrix Filters offer cleaner power than 12-

pulse rectifiers


1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

3% 3%

3%

3%

3%

1%1% 1% 1% 1%3%

3% 3% 3%3%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120%

Percent Load

Tota

l Inp

ut C

urre

nt D

isto

rtio

n

1 % THiD (1%, 12p)

3 % THiD (3%, 12p)

1 % THiD (1%, 6p)

3 % THiD (3%, 6p)

12 Pulse w/ 1% & 3%

Line voltage unbalance

Matrix w 1% & 3%

Line voltage unbalance

Matrix Filters perform better than 12-pulse in Real Life operating conditions

(unbalanced line voltages, 0% to 100% loading)


6-pulse Rectifier with Matrix Filter is better than 12-pulse rectifier

Matrix Filters Achieve• Lower harmonic distortion• Cleaner waveforms• Higher efficiency• Guaranteed distortion levels

Matrix filters perform better under real life operating conditions


Enhanced Matrix Filter Circuit Configuration

InputPower 6-pulse

VFD

18-pulse Alternative Matrix Filter

This reactor converts a standard matrix filter to 18-pulse performance

< 8% THIDGuaranteed at filter input

For 18- Pulse Performance


Enhanced Matrix Filters reduce input current Harmonic Distortion even better than 18-pulse

drives

Input current

VFD

Standard6-pulse

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 5 7 11 13 17 19


Harmonic Distortion with Enhanced Matrix Filter

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100

Percent Load

Perc

ent T

HD

Typical Worst Case

0%

2%

4%

6%

180

360

540

720

900

1080

Typical Worst Case

% THID vs Load Harmonic Current Spectrum

< 5%THID typical at full load, < 8% THID at any load


Typical input voltage distortion with Enhanced Matrix Filter


0.00%0.05%0.10%0.15%0.20%0.25%0.30%0.35%

180

300

420

540

660

780

900

1020

1140

Typical Worst Case


0.00%0.20%0.40%0.60%0.80%1.00%1.20%

180

300

420

540

660

780

900

1020

1140

Typical Worst Case

With 1.5% source impedance With 5.75% source impedance

Note: IEEE-519 limits are 3%, 5% or 10%

0.60% THVD 1.80% THVD


Enhanced Matrix Filter Input current waveform

18-pulse Rectifierinput current waveform at full load and with balanced line voltages(series bridges, isolation transformer)

Enhanced Matrix Filters achieve cleaner power than 18-pulse

rectifiers

20

00

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

00

20

0 0 005 0 01 0 015 0 02 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05

��

��THiD = 7.54%


18 Pulse Drive vs. 6-pulse VFD with Matrix Filter

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Load, %

Tota

l Har

mon

ic C

urre

nt D

isto

rtion

TH

ID, %

3%Line Unbalance

2%Line Unbalance

1% Line Unbalance

Balanced Lines

8% Matrix Filter3%Unbalance2% Unbalance1% Unbalance

18-Pulse Drive

Balanced Line

6-pulse VFD with Enhanced Matrix Filter performs better than 18-pulse drive in real

life operating conditions(0% to 100% load, unbalanced line voltage)


Matrix Filters produce cleaner input current waveforms than multi-pulse drives

20

00

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

00

20

0 0 005 0 01 0 015 0 02 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05

��

��THiD = 7.54%

00

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

00

Matrix Filter

12-Pulse

18-pulse


Matrix outperforms 12- and 18-pulse drives in real life test

Measured Input Current Harmonicsfor12-pulse VFD 18-pulse VFD, and 6-pulse VFD with Matrix Filter

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

Harmonic

Mea

sure

d Cu

rren

t Dis

tort

ion

12-pulse - 10.3%THiD

18-pulse - 7.54% ThiD

Matrix Filter - 4.86%THiD

��

��30hp dyne under full load


Standard Matrix Filters are Better Than Harmonic Traps

20% - 30% THID is typical for a 5th Harmonic trap

Input7.24%THiD

5th Harmonic TrapStandard Matrix Filter


Matrix Filter Voltage Regulation For both – 8 and 12% Matrix Filters

Max output voltage at No Load • 502 V rms, 710 V peak ( < 5% boost)

Min output voltage at Full load• 460 V rms, 600 V peak (< 5% drop)

Max filter input voltage (with 6% impedance)• 490 V rms, 693 V peak (2% boost)

(With 480 V rms input)


Matrix Filters are Suitable for any 6-pulse Rectifier

Diode or SCR front end• Including phase control• Including SCR pre-charge circuits

AC or DC drivesVFD w/ DC link choke or AC line reactorConstant or Variable Torque


Where to use Matrix Harmonic Filters

AC motor drives• Variable torque• Constant torqueDC motor drivesWelders UPS / Battery ChargersDistributed generation


Matrix Filters help meet IEEE-519

ISC/IL <11 11≤h<17 17≤h<23 23≤h<35 35≤h TDD

<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0 20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0

50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0 100<1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0

>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0

6-pulse ASD with matrix filter can achieve:5% THID at Full Load

8% THID worst case – any Load


IEEE - 519 Solutions

3% Line Reactor

5% Line Reactor

3% Line + 3% DC Reactors

5% Line + 3% DC Reactors

Matrix (12% Max)

Matrix (8% Max)

5 11 14 15 18 42 638 18 23 24 29 67 100

12 27 34 36 43 100 10015 34 43 45 54 100 10020 45 57 61 71 100 100

Maximum VFD Load (as % of total load) if all VFD's use same Harmonic Mitigation Method

Desired % THID at

PCC (IEEE-519)

For most economical solution: Determine your THID limit and% VFD content on system, then move right until the chart value meets or exceeds your % VFD content.


MTE Gives You...

Guaranteed THID levelsEither 8% or 12%

(5% and 8% THID typical at full load)

No adverse system interaction

No attraction of harmonics form other loads

No harmonic studies required


MTE Field Experience

Over 500,000 line / load reactors

Over 3000 Low Pass Harmonic Filters

2002tutorial - harmonic filters tutorial 1 mte corporation harmonic filters for power conversion...

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