2003 gol challenges and opportunities iiamerc

Upload: respicio-a-espirito-santo-jr

Post on 30-May-2018

214 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    1/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    1

    GOL LINHAS AREAS: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES OF OPERATING ALOW COST-LOW FARE AIRLINE IN BRAZIL

    Erik Novaes de Almeida Silva

    M.Sc. student in Transportation Engineering

    Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Respicio A. Espirito Santo Jr., D.Sc.

    Associate Professor

    Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Related topics: New business models; Low-cost/low-fare airlines; Market concentration;

    Airport and airline marketing.

    Authors contact:

    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO

    Att.: Prof. Respicio A. Espirito Santo Jr.

    Ilha do Fundo, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco D sala D209

    Departamento de Engenharia de Transportes, DET/EP-UFRJ

    Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970 BRASIL

    [email protected]

    [email protected]

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    2/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    2

    ABSTRACT

    This paper presents the introduction of a low-cost/low-fare (LC/LF) concept in Brazil by Gol

    Airlines, beginning in January 2001. We will show that some of the core LC/LF strategies of

    operations and management decisions put into action by North American and European

    carriers like Southwest and Jetblue, and Ryanair and easyjet, respectively, could not be

    implemented by Gol in the beginning of its operations, while several others will be unable to

    be implemented at all.

    The paper also analyses the impacts and contributions that have resulted from the introduction

    of Gol Airlines and its Brazilian LC/LF concept, while presenting and discussing the main

    issues within the crisis involving the major airlines of Brazil.

    Moreover, the recently announced possible-future merger between the two largest Brazilian

    carriers, VARIG and TAM, is addressed as a major opponent to Gols survival and its desired

    expansion in the Brazilian air transport market. While discussing some of the possible

    outcomes of this merger to the Brazilian domestic market, some of the strategies already

    being implemented by the LC/LF carrier to counter this threat are presented, together with

    another major step to guarantee Gols survivability and future growth: the go-ahead of the

    Brazilian government on the injection of capital from AIG, to buy 20% of the airlines shares

    in the first months of 2003.

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    3/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    3

    1. INTRODUCTION

    Any Brazilian airline wishing to adopt the low-cost/low-fare (LC/LF) concept would fit in the

    measures of flexibility that have been established by the Brazilian Government since the early90s, and that have increased since late 1997 (Espirito Santo Jr., 2000). These measures, under

    the term Flexibilizao (literallyflexibilization, a phased deregulation process), have become

    crucial in permitting the airlines to determine their own fares, thus consolidating the

    government policy towards increasing competition to favor the consumers well being (for an

    update on a possible re-regulation, see section 7). According to Oliveira and Mulller (1999),

    reduction of fares has a positive effect on the consumers, not only because of the collapse of

    prices itself, but also because of the possibility of additional generation of demand producedby this reduction. In that way, the LC/LF carriers may contribute with this increment in the

    demand.

    Questions concerning the results of the companies need to be prioritized, mainly when the

    reduction of tariffs can be closely related to the quality of services. In a scenario internally

    and externally affected by economic downturns, there must be a constant adequacy of the

    functional structure of the organizations, mainly in order to guarantee their position in a

    competitive market. The depreciation of the Brazilian currency in relation to the U.S. dollar

    and the Euro; the increase in the price of aviation fuel; the September 11th terrorist attacks;

    and the consequent reduction in the rhythm of the expansion of economic activities give more

    relevance to these questions.

    In Brazil, incumbent carriers experienced a loss of approximately R$580 million

    (approximately US$270 million in early 2003) accumulated from January to September 2002,

    with a growth of only 0.9% in the number of passengers, comparatively to the numbers of the

    previous year. The debts presented are superior to US$1 billion (DAC, 2002).

    In short, the present article aims in describing de operations of Gol Linhas Areas (Gol

    Airlines), the first successful low-cost/low-fare airline to operate regularly in Brazil. For this,

    we will present some aspects involving the Brazilian domestic market, while pointing some of

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    4/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    4

    the main differences in operating a LC/LF carrier in Brazil if compared to the U.S., Canada

    and the European Union.

    2. CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE BRAZILIAN DOMESTIC MARKET

    Since 1999 the performance of the Brazilian commercial air transport market has been

    influenced by unfavorable conditions of the national economy as well as by external events.

    Dating back from the Asian crisis in 1997/98, the recession of the world-wide economy, the

    devaluation of the Real (beginning in January 1999), the U.S. economic downturn in 2000,

    and the Argentinean crisis, just to mention a few relevant aspects, resulted in a scenario very

    unfavorable to the sector, impacting negatively Brazils domestic and international markets, atleast in short/medium term.

    According to the Department of Civil Aviation (DAC, 2001), currency devaluation inflicts a

    great negative impact in the airlines performance, as leasing, maintenance, fuel, etc. are

    directly linked to the U.S. dollar. Moreover, the September 11th terrorist attacks have

    contributed even more to the already instability in place and the amounting negative results of

    the industry, not only in Brazil, but anywhere in the world, as insurance costs increased

    enormously and the demand for the international segment decreased significantly. According

    to the data supplied by the DAC almost every major Brazilian carrier had financial losses

    between January and September of 2002 (Table 1). According to this data, carriers totaled

    losses of R$580.7 million. Meanwhile, the average profitability of the industry is negative, if

    counted since 1998.

    Table 1 Major Brazilian Airlines Losses in 2002

    Airline Period Losses (in R$)TAM January-September 305 million

    VARIG January-September 208,9 million

    VASP January-September 66 million

    GOL January-December PROFIT of 5,4 million

    Source: DAC (2002) and Gol Linhas Areas.

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    5/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    5

    The year 2001 presented opposing landmarks of great relevance for the Brazilian air transport.

    If on the one hand the terrorist attacks of September 11th and the demise of Transbrasil and its

    regional subsidiary Interbrasil Star had stressed the difficulties, on the other hand, the launchof Gol, bringing in new operational and organizational innovations, contributed directly in

    raising the level of competition in the domestic market, one of the main objectives of the

    flexibilization policy (gradual deregulation) started early in the 90s by the DAC.

    3. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE LOW-COST/LOW-FARE CONCEPT

    In 1971 Southwest Airlines initiated its operations introducing the low-cost/low-fare model

    along several other customer-oriented strategies (catchy livery, young and smiling flightattendants, extremely simply fare structure, cheerful on-board service, high frequency,

    convenient and on-time schedules, fast turnarounds, etc.) that have been copied throughout

    the world by other similar-minded airlines. Not registering a single year of losses since 1973,

    Southwest has become the most copied and most studied business model in the airline

    industry. Indeed, other successful LC/LF airlines were created and operate through adapting

    the Southwest model to its particular market. These carriers include Irish Ryanair, U.K.-based

    easyJet, WestJet (Canada), and Virgin Blue (Australia/New Zealand), not to mention JetBlue

    (U.S.), with its somewhat different approach as a business (acquisition of LiveTV, for

    instance). The latter was the first low-cost/low-fare carrier to operate an all-Airbus fleet since

    the very first day.

    In very brief terms, the LC/LF model emphasizes the affordable, safe, timely, direct and most

    convenient means of air transport between two points that, in general, are apart by a less-than-

    two-hours flight. The airlines wishing to adopt the LC/LF model must realize that it is based

    on providing the customer with basic, uncomplicated air transportation, simply that. The main

    and constant objectives are to reduce costs as much as possible, while maximizing revenues

    through an extremely competent and reliable service, backed by carefully detailed market

    studies and customer surveys. Through all of this plus a wise and committed top management

    working side-by-side with every single employee in the organization, these carriers are

    successful in offering convenient services and substantially lower fares than their competitors.

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    6/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    6

    Last but not least, several strategies and operating procedures complete the LC/LF model; the

    most widely known being:

    1. Fleet Standardization (fleet commonality)

    Fleet standardization reduces the costs of maintenance, spare parts and supplies.

    Moreover, standardization eases and reduces the costs of training for mechanics, flight

    crews and several contracted services. Generally seen simply through the aircraft and

    engine manufacturers, a comprehensive fleet standardization comprises as much

    commonality as possible throughout all other aircraft, avionics, tools, and engine parts.

    2. Simplification or elimination of in-flight service

    LC/LF carriers are also labeled as no frills exactly in regard to their simple in-flight

    service. In general, there are no hot meals, no free newspapers, even no differentiation

    between a breakfast-time flight and a dinner-time flight. Instead, LC/LF commonly

    serve peanuts, candy bars, and biscuits in (very) small packs. The business model under

    this umbrella has proved that the elimination of hot meals, besides generating huge

    saving with catering providers, also reduce flight attendants workload, frees more space

    for additional seat rows (after all, the galleys are smaller!), eases and reduces costs with

    galley-equipment maintenance, eases cabin cleaning and waste disposal, and directly

    contribute with the fast turnaround procedure (see item 9).

    3. Secondary airports

    Secondary, low-cost airports, are extremely important for LC/LF airline operations.

    These carriers opt to service these many times not famous sites in exchange for reliable

    and low-cost aeronautical services (landing and parking fees, ramp and gate space,

    offices and check-in utilization, handling, catering, etc.) associated with good ground

    infrastructure for passenger convenience (terminals, parking lots, access roads, driving

    time/distance to city center, etc.). Secondary airports also tend to be far less congested,

    paving the way for non-sloted operations and fast turnarounds.

    4. Direct sales to the consumers

    The use of the Internet and call centers, plus self-serving kiosks, not to mention airport

    counters, allows the airlines to divert from the huge costs associated with the traditional

    distribution channels such as high fee GDS/CRSs and high commission travel agents.

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    7/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    7

    5. Ticket-less or Electronic tickets (e-tickets)

    The elimination of the conventional paper tickets by e-tickets or no ticket at all (ticket-

    less) eases all passenger operations, reduces the number of employees in the departmentof financial control, and minimizes problems with frauds and ticket embezzlements.

    6. Short-haul, direct flights and no interlining

    Direct flight are much more convenient to the customer that through-hub (connection)

    flights. Combined with being short-haul, it functions and can be operated almost as a

    shuttle service, with high frequency. No interlining reduces cost with handling and

    interconnection with other airlines and their systems (and the associated constrains).

    7. Single-class cabin lay-out

    The aircraft is configured as with a single-class layout. Passengers are treated and seen

    as equal, while there is no in-flight service differentiation. It also allows the carrier to

    put as many seats as possible in each aircraft, thus maximizing the opportunity to fill the

    seats through an uncomplicated fare structure.

    8. Simple or no frequent-flyer programs

    Generally, LC/LF carriers do not offer frequent-flyer programs. If they do, it generally

    uses the most simple manner of counting frequency: the number of flight taken by the

    customer. This number-of-flights program reduces control costs and drastically

    simplifies (or even eliminates!) the control over the myriad of mile-per-dollar-spent

    partnerships with hotels, car rentals, gift-shops, etc. that usually participate in the

    traditional frequent-flyer programs.

    9. High level of fleet utilization

    The LC/LF model dictates the carrier must have a high level of aircraft utilization,meaning each aircraft will fly as much as possible to bring in revenues. This is translated

    into fast turnarounds at airports (shortest ground time as possible), high employee

    productivity (flight attendants are responsible for putting away all in-flight service

    disposals before landing to minimize the need for ground cleaning personnel to board

    the aircraft; ramp personnel must be agile but attentious to detail; baggage handling

    must be quick but careful with all luggage) and highly committed service providers

    acting as partners (fuel, catering if any, lavatory/waste disposal, etc.)

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    8/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    8

    10. Highly motivated employees (but not necessarily well paid)

    LC/LF airlines usually tend to grow in moments of crisis, where customers are willing

    to shift from the full-service carrier with its complicated and restriction-imposed farestructure to a much more simple fare regime. Crisis also favor LC/LF carriers because

    incumbent carrier often incur in layoffs. When this happens, LC/LF carriers can easily

    recruit highly skilled employees on a fraction of their original costs. Moreover, even

    with a workforce earning a below-average salary (Southwest is an exception in this

    regard), virtually all LC/LF carriers are successful in motivating their employees

    through vertical integration, a very good working environment, and profit sharing

    policies.

    4 ALOW COST- LOW FARE AIRLINE IN BRAZIL: GOL LINHAS AREAS

    Gol Linhas Areas Inteligentes Ltda. (Gol Intelligent Airlines, Ltd.) was officially established

    on August 1st, 2000 and began operations on January 15, 2001. Gol (meaning goal in

    Portuguese) was created by Constantino de Oliveira Jr. (or Junior), one of the sons of a

    great entrepreneur (Nen Constantino) head of the Grupo urea, a bus conglomerate giant in

    Brazil. To create and launch Gol, Junior teamed with a handful of highly skilled and

    experienced professionals that today are in key positions in the airlines organizational

    structure. Designed since the very beginning to operate under the LC/LF model, it needed a

    powerful marketing campaign to draw attention of the travelling public and, most of all, the

    non-travelling public as well! The name Gol came exactly to fulfill this primary objective.

    The logo design with a double o was created to give the visual impression of gol (goal)

    being shouted by vibrant masses in a soccer game! Indeed, having linked its name to one of

    the most common and vibrant words in the Brazilian Portuguese language, every time a goal

    is seen, said, and shouted anywhere in Brazil, the airline is being marketed!

    On the strategic and operational sides, the carriers profile is based on international

    benchmarkings and real-case, proven examples: Southwests concept of fleet commonality, a

    simple but attentious and caring in-flight service and direct point-to-point flights was the

    starting point. From easyJet came the idea of outsourcing whatever could be outsourced, and

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    9/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    9

    from Ryanair and JetBlue the fundamental importance of building a strong and reliable

    information technology-based operation.

    4.1 Two Strategic Tools for Gols Low-Cost Operations

    In the present section we will focus on two of the main strategic tools used by Gol to plan and

    run its low-cost operations: (1) an IT-based real-time maintenance; and (2) an IT-based

    reservation system, its outsourcing, distribution costs and IT-innovations.

    4.1.1 The IT_based real-time maintenance

    Gol uses the Amis-2000 logistics and maintenance planning software. It monitors about24,000 aircraft parts, checking each ones mileage, cycles and depreciation. Because almost

    100% of these parts must be imported, Brazilian airlines cost with maintenance and spare

    parts inventory are huge! By using the Amis-2000 software, Gol can plan when and where a

    specific part must be maintained, while also planning when and how to move the specific

    mechanics to do the job. It works in a structured manner, in order to built a phased,

    continuous maintenance program, in contrast of the traditional aircraft-must-park-for-

    maintenance used by several incumbent carriers.

    The Amis-2000 alone does not get all the job done. Gol has taken clear advantage of the

    layoffs occurred in the domestic market from late 1999 onwards. The layoffs were the results

    of VARIG, VASP and Transbrasil restructuring plans starting in the late 90s. Transbrasil

    ceased operations in December 2001, while VASP terminated all international flights the

    same year. In view of this, several ex-Transbrasil and ex-VASP highly qualified professionals

    were hired by the new airline, from maintenance managers and mechanics to pilots and first-

    officers. This has motivated an internal slogan for Gol as being the youngest and most

    experienced airline in Brazil.

    4.1.2 IT-based reservation system, its outsourcing, distribution costs and IT-innovations

    Just like other LC/LF players, Gol decided to adopt ticket-less operations. Tickets are like

    receipts of grocery stores, printed on yellow or white 3 (8 cm)-wide thermal paper rolls

    with multiple Gol logos on the back side. With it comes the boarding pass, in a user-

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    10/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    10

    friendly easily detachable manner. Prior to start its operations, the Department of Civil

    Aviation (DAC) recommended that the airline should use the conventional ticket, as it was

    mandatory in Brazilian aviation regulations. Firmly attached to its original business plan,Gol requested the DAC the exact regulation where it was mandatory the use of

    conventional paper-tickets. Not finding it anywhere because it did not exist at all, the DAC

    was forced to let Gol adopt ticket-less travel, paving the way for one more extraordinary

    aspect of cost-cutting in this business.

    Regarding distribution channels, the airline opted to go as deeply as possible on the Internet.

    The main questions were: in Brazil, are there enough passengers and potential passengerswith access to the Web? If there are, would they be confident to buy on-line? The answers not

    only could be found in benchmarking other on-line sales in the country, but could also come

    from small travel agents that were totally dependable on consolidators. Today this response is

    divided as follows: 65% of the tickets sold are via the Web, with 50% of this coming from

    those small travel agents, that have become true Gol partners! Today the airline has more than

    5,000 travel agents catalogued as partners, selling seats and tour packages all over the

    country through their exclusive login/password connection in the airlines website. The other

    50% come from individuals accessing themselves (or via their secretaries and assistants) the

    website. Leaving behind the traditional CRS/GDS channels as the main source of revenues

    (circa 8-10% sales still come from SABRE), the carrier can impose an almost total control on

    its distribution costs.

    A powerful tool within the main reservation system is that the carrier can operate almost

    without any overbooking. All forms of reservations made via the outsourced system (direct

    sale via the web, web-based travel agents, airport counters and self-service kiosks) require a

    48-hour payment. If no payment is registered within the 48-hour window the system

    automatically cancels the reservation.

    Another new form of distribution in Brazil used by Gol is the supermarket kiosk. The idea

    was put in practice in two major supermarkets in So Paulo, primarily with a lease space

    agreement with the mega-stores. Nowadays the airline is implementing the second phase of

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    11/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    11

    this program: over 50 supermarket kiosks are being installed in several Carrefour mega-stores

    on a risk-partnership contract. This means that there is no leasing for the space occupied by

    the kiosk, and means that the Carrefour stores will have a percentage of the revenues comingfrom each selling point. This risk-sharing partnership will force the supermarket to study

    the best location where the kiosks must be installed, a practice not done before on the lease-

    per-area-used contracts!

    A more conventional distribution adopted by Gol was the call-center. The airline was one of

    the first users in the country of the new 0300 service. In contrast with the 0800 toll-free

    services, now being abandoned by almost all private organizations regarding sale transactionsin Brazil, the 0300 is a pay-per-minute service (0800 toll-free calls are still used by FAQs

    services, customer relations, technical support and non-direct sale contacts). The new service

    reverts the costs of the calls to the customer, not to the selling part, thus reducing the latter

    costs of selling its products and services.

    Another interesting point used as a strategic catalyst is the direct cooperation existing between

    LC/LF carriers around the world. The LC/LF club promotes several cooperative studies,

    arranges partnerships in software usage and updating, and performs collaborative crew

    training. In the words of VP-Operations David Barioni, (...) dont be surprised if in the near

    future you see a sort of International Low-cost/Low-fare Airline Association being created

    by all of us in this business.

    4.2 Beyond the Price-driven Competition

    Just as its LC/LF sisters abroad, Gols hardest challenge is to be a much more efficient

    company than its competitors. For this, highly motivated employees play a critical role. By

    building a brand new fresh atmosphere to work in, and by establishing a direct, vertical access

    to the very simple organizational structure, has prompted a high motivation throughout the

    workforce. This is translated not only in smiling and caring flight attendants (indeed, very

    rarely seen in incumbent carriers!!) and check-in personnel, but in highly productive

    mechanics and airport agents. Moreover, a paradigm-breaking culture means that whatever

    costs that can be cut or reduced, they will be! From paperless memos, aeronautical charts

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    12/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    12

    printed only on demand, no-frills in-flight service, and in-house cheap solutions for complex

    problems, Gol knows exactly what a continuous US$10,000-per-month saving can represent

    in the year-long run!

    4.2.1 Fleet and crew allocation model, plus the fuel decision sheet solutions

    When in the process of creating Gol, the senior executives had several problems in hand to be

    solved. Easily one of the greatest related to fleet and crew allocation modeling. Offers from

    various top-line software companies and aviation consultant firms landed in the executives

    hands instantly. But they faced another huge problem: cost. The more traditional software

    packages were offered from US$200,000 to more than US$1 million. That was unacceptableby that LC/LF initiative. So a real indigenous solution should be tried: planning and software

    experts from Grupo urea (the land transportation giant where Gol was born) were brought in

    to study the possibility of adapting the current software used by the bus companies for the

    upcoming airline. The general idea worked extremely well, and the cost was just under

    US$5,000. In fact, the newly developed software by any means matches the traditional

    softwares used worldwide, but in the words of VP for IT Wilson Ramos It was designed for

    Gol by people within the Group and it is serving us extremely well.

    Regarding fuel, in 2002 it accounted for 23.2% of the Brazilian airlines costs, according to

    the Department of Civil Aviation. But the main problem regarding fuel prices in Brazil is

    directly tied to currency devaluation and the pricing policy exercised by the State-owned giant

    Petrobras. An example of the extremely negative influence of these two factors combined

    over aviation fuel (both jet fuel and avgas) is pinpointed by the DAC in a recent study (Table

    2).

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    13/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    13

    Table 2 Variation of Jet Fuel, U.S. Dollar, Consumer Price Indexes and Inflation rates in

    Brazil

    Jet fuel US$ (dollar) IGP-DI INPC IPCA

    Variation between Jan/1999

    and March/2003684.73% 125.61% 85,75% 45.93% 42.04%

    Note: IGP-DI is a common index for measuring the inflation rate; INPC is the generalconsumer price index; and IPCA is the consumer price index measured through wholesalebusinesses.

    Source: Department of Civil Aviation, 2003.

    In Brazil, the exact final price for any fuel is given by the state following the application of its

    own sales tax. For this reason, an airline should have tight control of fuel expenses in each

    state, while having in mind the lets-try-to-refuel-wherever-the-fuel-is-cheaper kind of

    approach. In view of this, Gol and other Brazilian carriers have developed a simple

    calculation sheet to be used wherever its aircraft flies. The calculation is done by the crew in

    order to decide where in the programmed landing airports it will be more cost saving to refuel.

    In a business where fuel costs are critical, a 1 cent per litre cost-cutting measure can represent

    huge savings at the end of the month.

    4.3 Major Differences from Other Low-Cost/Low-Fare Airlines

    In this section we will explore some of the major differences of operating a LC/LF airline in

    Brazil regarding other countries experiences, mainly the U.S., Europe and Canada. This

    include: (1) Operating in secondary airports and in downtown airports; (2) delays and fast

    turnarounds; (3) having an individual airline unionized workforce; and (4) operate in a niche

    market.

    4.3.1 Secondary and downtown airports

    Gols LC/LF role models in the U.S. and Europe usually operate in secondary or even tertiary

    airports to escape from high airport fees and congested facilities. Southwests operations in

    Islip (NY) and Fort Lauderdale (FL), JetBlues operations in Long Beach (Calif.), Ryanairs

    operations in Beauvais (some 80 km north of Paris) and Charleroi-Gosselies (Brussels-South)

    and easyJets operations in Ciampino (15 km outside Rome), cannot be copied by Gol!

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    14/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    14

    Simply put, there are no secondary airports near major Brazilian cities able to handle 737

    operations! In fact, in Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Florianpolis (state of

    Santa Catarina) there are three cities with more than one airport capable of receivingcommercial jet services (Table 3). But if we look more closely, the facilities in these cities

    range from international airports, downtown highly congested airports or general aviation

    airports. There is no Ciampino-like or Charleroi-Gosselies-like airports in major Brazilian

    cities, with probably the exceptions of Viracopos International Airport (SBKP), in Campinas

    (if considered as a secondary airport), in the Greater So Paulo, and Navegantes (SBNF),

    near Florianpolis.

    Table 3 Multiple Airports in Major Brazilian Cities

    City International airport Downtown airport Secondary airport

    Rio de Janeiro Galeo/Tom Jobim Santos Dumont GA (not able to operatecommercial jet service)

    Greater So Paulo Viracopos (Campinas)Cumbica (Guarulhos)

    Congonhas (So Paulo) GA (not able to operatecommercial jet service)

    Belo Horizonte Confins/Tancredo Neves Pampulha -------

    Florianpolis Herclio Luz ------- Navegantes

    Without the existence of secondary airports and their lower charges, Gol must rely on the

    countrys centralized federal airport management run by the Empresa Brasileira de Infra-

    estrutura Aeroporturia (Federal Airport Authority, INFRAERO) and the countrys still-to-be

    modernized policies towards differentiated airport charges (in fact, landing and parking fees

    are set by the DAC, not by INFRAERO). INFRAERO manages 65 of the countrys largest

    airports, through where more than 95% of the passenger and 99% of the cargo flows. This put,the centralized management does not see Santos Dumont and Congonhas downtown airports,

    for instance, as premium facilities that should have premium airport charges. Flights linking

    these downtown airports and others with heavy business traffic alike (Pampulha and Braslia)

    are extremely profitable, but the airlines are charged less than when operating in

    unconggested, free-space-for-all airports like Galeo/Tom Jobim! The high value of their city-

    center location, good transportation facilities and, most of all, the capacity of attracting high-

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    15/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    15

    yield business travelers are not passed on to the airlines. In view of this, Gol can operate in

    every major airport in all major cities, whilst paying reasonable airport fees.

    4.3.2 Fast turnarounds

    Fast turnarounds are a common practice for LC/LF players. With them airlines can maximize

    aircraft flying time, maximize personnel productivity and reduce airport charges. Gols flight

    operations are designed to do the same, with some great achievements already registered. But

    as several major Brazilian airports do not yet operate regularly in Cat. II, several flights are

    forced to be retained in their origin or destination points due to weather conditions. This can

    be relatively well understood by the frequent traveler or even excused by the commonpassenger if he or she is flying a full-service airline. But try to explain this to the eventual

    traveler or to that passenger paying much less for his or her tickets! One of the authors, while

    flying Gol for 4 consecutive flights experienced not less than 3 delays, one of which lasted 1

    hour and 40 minutes! In this particular occasion, the surrounding talks were all relating to the

    inexpensive tickets leading to these constant delays or if we had flown TAM or VARIG

    this would not be happening; the guys have many more airplanes and are much more

    organized. On the other occasions, although the delay was not as long as this in particular, it

    was common to hear almost the exact comments!

    4.3.3 Individual airline unionized workforce

    Employees of Brazilian carriers are unionized under the Sindicato Nacional dosAerovirios

    and the Sindicato Nacional dos Aeronautas (affiliated to the IFALPA International

    Federation of Air Line Pilots Association). In view of this there is no union representing only

    Gols flight crews, cabin crews or office personnel, as happens, for instance, with some U.S.

    carriers.

    Some Brazilian aviation professionals argue that Gol was extremely lucky with the layoffs

    made by VASP, VARIG and Transbrasil, and again lucky with the demise of the latter. Gol

    recruited extremely experienced flight crews, mechanics and office personnel from these

    carriers, thus reducing enormously its initial training costs. Thus, the future may reserve

    surprises regarding payroll increases and even new carriers that may enter the domestic

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    16/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    16

    market. As one DAC official put in a meeting in April: Today a group may start an airline

    paying some 20% less than Gol to its flight and cabin crew. Just like Gol, this new carrier

    would already start with a high-skilled labor workforce, and an even lower cost structure.

    4.3.4 Operating niche markets

    Point-to-point, short-haul, high-density links between major cities are a common for

    Southwest, JetBlue, easyJet and Ryanair. These carriers can plan their operations based on

    high-frequency services between major business and economic centers, trying to capture a

    great share of business passengers (Southwests DallasPhoenix and PhoenixL.A., JetBlues

    NYChicago, and Ryanairs LondonStrasbourg flights are clear examples). Other routes areprimarily implemented to serve the leisure travel market, backed by a good portion of middle-

    class residents in either side of a given city-pair. Instead, Gol must plan and market almost all

    of its flights with business passengers, VFR and leisure passengers in mind. Apart from the

    high-frequency shuttle services between the downtown airports of Rio, So Paulo and Belo

    Horizonte and the capital, Braslia, that attracts more business passengers than any other in

    the country, the other capital-to-capital routes have to be marketed primarily to the general

    public. The strategy then turns not only to attract passengers that would fly VARIG, TAM or

    VASP, but mainly to try to convince those individuals that the airline is a good choice, even if

    it does not have a frequent-flyer program and hot meals. The low fares ends up counting a lot

    for the VFR and the leisure passenger, but still do not represent a substantial deal to

    businessmen and government officials travelling on duty.

    In view of this, there is almost no niche market in Brazil nowadays, if compared directly

    with the niche markets developed and explored by LC/LF airlines abroad. In fact, Gol did

    not explore any new route, any new city-pair! Even if it planned to capture a mass of potential

    passengers that were unable to fly and would then do it for 30-50% less, this objective has not

    yet been fully achieved! The main reason relies on the recession Brazil is suffering for the

    last several years. Table 4 shows that while only 8-10% of the families in Brazil earn more

    than US$1,560 per month, its great majority live in the Southeast, South and Center-West

    regions. With the concentration of the great majority of Brazilian business and economic

    centers in these regions, Gols strategy of flying to almost all state capitals must, at the

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    17/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    17

    preliminary level, be lead by attracting the already-flying public to their cheaper fares. In fact,

    the recession to where the country has dived in the last several years is helping Gol. In the

    words of Gols president, Constantino Jr.: In weak times, we will be more and moresuccessful, because the passenger will have the exact sense of the value of his money.

    This demographic characteristic of Brazil has forced Gol to operate several flights with a stop

    in So Paulo and/or other cities with a larger demand (although the concept of hub does not

    exist in Brazil as it exist and is exercised in the U.S.. Europe and Asia, we can assume that

    Gol operates So Paulo/Congonhas downtown airport almost as a mini-hub). It is important to

    notice that only a couple of flights, say from A to B, will be non-stop, mainly during the peak

    hours, and with at least one stop during non-peak hours.

    Table 4 Percentage of Brazilian Families Divided by Their Monthly Earnings (1996)

    Earnings

    Region With no

    earnings at all Up to 2 SM +2 to 5 SM +5 to 10 SM +10 to 20 SM + 20 SM

    North (3) 5,1 23,1 31,4 20,7 12,0 6,4

    Northeast 5,1 40,6 30,2 11,9 5,4 3,6

    Southeast 2,9 14,1 27,4 25,4 16,6 11,4

    South 2,6 17,8 30,5 24,9 13,9 8,7Center-West 4,3 21,7 32,1 20,0 11,5 8,7

    BRAZIL 3,7% 22,9% 29,2% 21,0% 12,5% 8,4%

    Notes:

    1. Data relates to 1996, except for the state of Rio de Janeiro (1997).2. SM = Minimum wage (salrio mnimo); SM in 1996 = R$120, at the time = US$110 (nowadays, the Brazilian

    minimum wage is R$240, which is equal to US$80 as converted in late April, 2003).

    3. Researched population does not include the rural areas of the states of Rondnia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Parand Amap.

    4. RIGHTMOST COLUMM: the percentage of Brazilian families with the potential to fly at least once a year.Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), via http://www.ibge.gov.br

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    18/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    18

    5 IMPACTS IN THE BRAZILIAN DOMESTIC MARKET

    Gol launched operations with only six aircraft, all 737-700s. At the end of 2001, the fleet had

    incorporated four more 700s. According to DAC data, in 2001 the airline carried more than1.6 million passengers (all Gols scheduled operations are domestic; the airline occasionally

    operate charter flights to the Caribbean and plans to increase this segment to other Latin

    American tourist sites). In December 2002, Gols fleet was made up by nineteen aircraft, now

    counting with two 737-800s. Initial plans called for a fleet of twenty-five aircraft by late 2003,

    as the carrier continues to conquer the sympathy of the general public through a growing

    market-share, but recent government policies pointing to a re-regulation of supply may

    impede this growth (see section 7).

    Table 5 presents the evolution of the domestic market share: Gol was the only carrier that

    grew consistently in the last three years. Interestingly, from 2001 to 2002, there was a

    reduction of 3.75% in demand. As seen before, this may well prove that Gol is not, in fact,

    creating of stimulating demand, but taking passengers away from the traditional carriers.

    Table 5 Brazilian Domestic Market-Share in Terms of ASK (%)

    1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

    Group VARIG 43.7 44.3 48.7 46 45.4 45.5 43.6 43.6 39.1 40.6 40.2 37.5 35.4

    Group Transbrasil 19.7 20.8 24.1 23.8 20 18.6 17.1 15.1 16.2 13.6 7.4 --- ---

    Group TAM 3.1 4 6.6 8.4 13.2 15.4 17.8 19.3 23.8 28.8 32.6 37.2 32.5

    VASP 32.2 29.5 18.4 18.9 18.5 18.5 19.2 18.1 17.2 15.3 13.7 13.2 13.8

    GOL --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.5 10.7 16.7

    All others 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.9 2.9 2 2.3 3.9 3.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.6

    Notes:

    1. Market-share in terms of available seat-kilometers (ASK), expressed in percentages.2. Scheduled Domestic Market = All scheduled carriers performing scheduled services.3. Group VARIG = VARIG, Rio-Sul, Nordeste and Cruzeiro (1991/92); Group TAM = TAM-Meridionais, TAM-

    Express/Regional, Brasil-Central, Helisul and Itapemirim Regional; Group Transbrasil = Transbrasil and InterbrasilStar.

    4. All other (carriers) = All other scheduled carriers (regionals, etc.) not included in the groups or airlines listed.5. Data referring to 2003 depicts only March/2003.6. Gol launched operations in January 2001. Transbrasil and Interbrasil Star ended operations in December 2001.

    Source: Department of Civil Aviation Statistics Yearbooks and DAC website (2003 data)

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    19/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    19

    Data from DAC Statistics (2001 and 2002) reveal that the LC/LF carrier load-factor is

    consistently higher than the competitors average. Official DAC data released through the

    Internet also reveal that the carrier has a very good rate in the regularity, on-time performanceand operational efficiency indicators. During much part of 2002, Gol ranked in the most top

    position regarding these indicators, falling to the second place in the last two months of that

    year (in the start of the high season Summer vacations in Brazil).

    An important aspect of Gols strategy to gain market-share and win corporate contracts relies

    on marketing the carriers low-fare side within industries that fight to cut that 1 cent in every

    item in order to pass on to the consumer lower and lower fares. In Brazil, telecommunicationbusinesses are experiencing exactly this kind of outrageous competition for customers. This

    put, Gol has managed to win a corporate contract with giant Embratel, the main provider of

    telecommunication services in the country. Continuously pressed to reduce costs in order to

    compete directly with all other multinational telecoms established in Brazil nowadays, when

    Embratel decided to deeply reduce corporate spending in airline tickets, the partnership with

    Gol was obvious.

    6 THE POSSIBLE MERGER OF VARIG AND TAM

    Early in February, VARIG and TAM announced that they were starting a partnership

    involving not only code-share on several flights but pointing to the discussions of a possible

    future merger. In the joint press release, the carriers said the new company could be formed

    still in 2003, but denied disclosing any further details, apart from saying that the two fleets

    would remain intact until any major decision is materialized.

    If approved by competition authorities the two carriers would control around 70% of the

    domestic market (measured in ASK) and literally 100% of the international market (nowadays

    only VARIG and TAM fly abroad; with the exception of flights to a few locations in

    Venezuela, Surinam and the Guianas, operated by a couple of Brazilian regional carriers). The

    joint effort is primarily aimed to overcome serious financial problems, particularly in VARIG

    and already reaching once fast-growing TAM. As announced, the code-sharing would initially

    involve only flights on domestic routes to principal cities, while reducing the number of

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    20/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    20

    flights by 30 percent. This put, since March 10 both carriers started code-sharing on nine

    domestic routes, reducing from 155 to 113 flights under the agreement. Due to the cutting in

    capacity and the much weaker conditions experienced by VARIG, the airline will continue toreturn several aircraft to its lessors, mainly 767s and 737s. Meanwhile, TAM agreed not to

    receive any new aircraft from Airbus in the upcoming months.

    Both carriers were severely hurt by a continuous downward economy leading to an already

    several-years-long recession. This was exacerbated by January 1999s devaluation of the

    Real, with the Brazilian currency being devaluated more than 100% since that time until

    March 2003. With all of this in hand, both VARIG and TAM suffered even more afterSeptember 11, as international traffic spiraled down everywhere in the world. Regarding

    VARIG, a great variety of cultural and organizational inconsistencies, plus mismanagement

    actions, have also played a key role in undermining the airlines ability to recover. In the case

    of TAM, the late Rolim Amaro, the carriers charismatic president and CEO, grew the airline

    in a very fast pace, some even arguing that he opted for this strategy in a bet to see how much

    time VARIG and VASP would resist in the marketplace.

    The birth of Gol did not play a major role in VARIGs and TAMs problems. In fact, both

    carriers where already in bad shape in January 2001, when Gol launched its first flight;

    VARIG was indeed in bad shape for several years, while TAM was beginning to hear the

    alarm ring being sounded throughout the airline. In any case, while not representing the

    main reason for the two incumbents crisis, certainly Gol did contribute with the situation:

    some may point out that Gol has tried to stimulate demand with its low fares (in fact still

    not so low for the average Brazilian middle-class!), but the majority within the aviation

    business will agree that most of the passengers now flying the airline were in reality flying

    VARIG, TAM, VASP and Transbrasil just a couple years ago. That would represent a simple

    shift in demand (or a shift in attitude!), a phenomenon happening almost everywhere in

    the world served by low-cost/low-fare airlines!

    In this VARIG/TAM issue, the best scenario for Gol would encompass a no-merger situation.

    However, if the merger is approved, the LC/LF carrier will certainly suffer, even if only

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    21/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    21

    initially, the strength of the new airline with its totally renewed financial situation (several

    aviation experts in Brazil argue that the government itself would be one of the major

    shareholders of the new carrier, mainly through the conversion of the huge debts bothmerging carriers have with state-owned Petrobras, the national bank Banco do Brasil, and

    with INFRAERO, the federal airport authority)

    7 POSSIBLE FUTURE OPERATIONS

    In February, AIG Capital Partners became one of the major shareholder of Gol through a

    purchase of 20% of total voting shares (the maximum permitted by Brazilian law on foreign

    ownership). The transaction worth US$25 million proved that a major foreign organizationwithin the air transport business was confident on Gols opportunities to conquer a prosperous

    future. This injection of capital could have levered the LC/LF airline much more than

    originally planned, even marketing fares that could have stimulated demand as the original

    business plan stipulated. In fact, one huge fare sale was marketed by Gol in a few weeks of

    February and March: on selected flights, the roundup fare was the one-way fare plus a mere

    R$1 (US$0,33). But, even not triggering a fare war, Gols opportunity to lever up the market

    has been suddenly halted...

    In April and May of 2003, the governments National Council for Civil Aviation (CONAC)

    organized a group of airline and union officials, plus representatives from several Ministries,

    the Air Force Command, and INFRAERO, in order to discuss and propose a new set of

    policies for the Brazilian air transport industry. The discussions not only involved market

    access/concentration, fares, foreign ownership and international agreements, but also airport

    management, labor concessions, financial opportunities and government influence. The

    central tone of the discussions aimed in trying to slightly re-regulate the industry, mainly in

    view of the devastating financial conditions of almost all Brazilian carriers (Gol is one of the

    very few exceptions).

    Probably in less than a year time, the Brazilian government will have made concrete actions

    in order to materialize the main issues discussed in the proposed re-regulation process. It

    could, by some means, limit the opportunities for growth for Gol and any new start-up carriers

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    22/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    22

    in the quest for passengers and other business within the industry. Moreover, if market access

    and free fare setting issues are not clearly defined in a mid-term between full deregulation and

    re-regulation, Gols future will be in jeopardy as well (as will be any carrier willing to start itsoperations or any existing carrier willing to grow its present operations).

    8 CONCLUSIONS

    The introduction of a low-cost/low-fare airline in Brazil have promoted a great renewal in the

    business. This has happened primarily in regard to the organizational model and the stile of

    doing business and not necessarily in promoting a completely new and competitive

    environment. Not being able to stimulate demand as originally foreseen, mainly becauseBrazils economic situation is still under the wings of either a very-slow-paced timid growth

    or, as usual, a constant recession, Gol has benefited directly from Transbrasils demise and the

    financial and organizational problems within VARIG and, more recently, TAM.

    Being innovative, flexible, and agile in doing business and running its operations, Gol is

    proving other Brazilian airlines, the aeronautical authority and the general public that the low-

    cost/low-fare model can be put into practice in the country with significant positive returns.

    This has also been tracked by international investor, in the name of AIG, whose US$28

    million share acquisition of the airline pointed towards a heavy confidence it the carriers

    business plan and in the Brazilian market.

    This positive situation can be altered by the span of the re-regulation process that began being

    designed by the government in April/May in response to a constant weak financial crisis of all

    other incumbent carriers. Only time will tell if Gol will have to re-write parts of its business

    plan in order to cope with the new regulations and if the Brazilian domestic market will

    continue to drive positive attention of foreign investors, as have recently began with the

    success of this LC/LF carrier.

  • 8/14/2019 2003 GOL Challenges and Opportunities IIAMERC

    23/23

    SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.

    23

    References

    DAC (2001) Anurio do Transporte Areo. Volume II. Dados Econmicos. Departamento de AviaoCivil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

    DAC (2002) Departamento de Aviao Cvil. http://www.dac.gov.br.

    DAC (2003) Departamento de Aviao Cvil. http://www.dac.gov.br.

    Espirito Santo Jr., R. A. (2000) Cenrios Futuros para o Transporte Areo Internacional de Passageirosno Brasil [Future Scenarios for the International Air Transport in Brazil]. Doctor Science thesis,Transportation Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

    Oliveira, A. V. M. e Mller, C. (1999) A Acessibilidade de Novo Segmento e os Efeitos da Guerrade Tarifas no Bem-Estar do Consumidor. Anais do XII Encontro Nacional da Anpet AssociaoNacional de Pesquisa e Ensino em Transporte, So Carlos, Brazil.

    SNEA (2001) Sindicato Nacional das Empresas Aerovirias http://www.snea.org.br.