2003 gol challenges and opportunities iiamerc
TRANSCRIPT
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SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.
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GOL LINHAS AREAS: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES OF OPERATING ALOW COST-LOW FARE AIRLINE IN BRAZIL
Erik Novaes de Almeida Silva
M.Sc. student in Transportation Engineering
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Respicio A. Espirito Santo Jr., D.Sc.
Associate Professor
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Related topics: New business models; Low-cost/low-fare airlines; Market concentration;
Airport and airline marketing.
Authors contact:
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Att.: Prof. Respicio A. Espirito Santo Jr.
Ilha do Fundo, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco D sala D209
Departamento de Engenharia de Transportes, DET/EP-UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970 BRASIL
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SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.
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ABSTRACT
This paper presents the introduction of a low-cost/low-fare (LC/LF) concept in Brazil by Gol
Airlines, beginning in January 2001. We will show that some of the core LC/LF strategies of
operations and management decisions put into action by North American and European
carriers like Southwest and Jetblue, and Ryanair and easyjet, respectively, could not be
implemented by Gol in the beginning of its operations, while several others will be unable to
be implemented at all.
The paper also analyses the impacts and contributions that have resulted from the introduction
of Gol Airlines and its Brazilian LC/LF concept, while presenting and discussing the main
issues within the crisis involving the major airlines of Brazil.
Moreover, the recently announced possible-future merger between the two largest Brazilian
carriers, VARIG and TAM, is addressed as a major opponent to Gols survival and its desired
expansion in the Brazilian air transport market. While discussing some of the possible
outcomes of this merger to the Brazilian domestic market, some of the strategies already
being implemented by the LC/LF carrier to counter this threat are presented, together with
another major step to guarantee Gols survivability and future growth: the go-ahead of the
Brazilian government on the injection of capital from AIG, to buy 20% of the airlines shares
in the first months of 2003.
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SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Any Brazilian airline wishing to adopt the low-cost/low-fare (LC/LF) concept would fit in the
measures of flexibility that have been established by the Brazilian Government since the early90s, and that have increased since late 1997 (Espirito Santo Jr., 2000). These measures, under
the term Flexibilizao (literallyflexibilization, a phased deregulation process), have become
crucial in permitting the airlines to determine their own fares, thus consolidating the
government policy towards increasing competition to favor the consumers well being (for an
update on a possible re-regulation, see section 7). According to Oliveira and Mulller (1999),
reduction of fares has a positive effect on the consumers, not only because of the collapse of
prices itself, but also because of the possibility of additional generation of demand producedby this reduction. In that way, the LC/LF carriers may contribute with this increment in the
demand.
Questions concerning the results of the companies need to be prioritized, mainly when the
reduction of tariffs can be closely related to the quality of services. In a scenario internally
and externally affected by economic downturns, there must be a constant adequacy of the
functional structure of the organizations, mainly in order to guarantee their position in a
competitive market. The depreciation of the Brazilian currency in relation to the U.S. dollar
and the Euro; the increase in the price of aviation fuel; the September 11th terrorist attacks;
and the consequent reduction in the rhythm of the expansion of economic activities give more
relevance to these questions.
In Brazil, incumbent carriers experienced a loss of approximately R$580 million
(approximately US$270 million in early 2003) accumulated from January to September 2002,
with a growth of only 0.9% in the number of passengers, comparatively to the numbers of the
previous year. The debts presented are superior to US$1 billion (DAC, 2002).
In short, the present article aims in describing de operations of Gol Linhas Areas (Gol
Airlines), the first successful low-cost/low-fare airline to operate regularly in Brazil. For this,
we will present some aspects involving the Brazilian domestic market, while pointing some of
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SILVA, E. N. A. and ESPIRITO SANTO JR., R. A. (2003) Gol Linhas Areas: Challenges and Perspectives of Operatinga Low-cost/low-fare Airline in Brazil.II Aviation Management Educational Research Conference, Montreal, Canada.
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the main differences in operating a LC/LF carrier in Brazil if compared to the U.S., Canada
and the European Union.
2. CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE BRAZILIAN DOMESTIC MARKET
Since 1999 the performance of the Brazilian commercial air transport market has been
influenced by unfavorable conditions of the national economy as well as by external events.
Dating back from the Asian crisis in 1997/98, the recession of the world-wide economy, the
devaluation of the Real (beginning in January 1999), the U.S. economic downturn in 2000,
and the Argentinean crisis, just to mention a few relevant aspects, resulted in a scenario very
unfavorable to the sector, impacting negatively Brazils domestic and international markets, atleast in short/medium term.
According to the Department of Civil Aviation (DAC, 2001), currency devaluation inflicts a
great negative impact in the airlines performance, as leasing, maintenance, fuel, etc. are
directly linked to the U.S. dollar. Moreover, the September 11th terrorist attacks have
contributed even more to the already instability in place and the amounting negative results of
the industry, not only in Brazil, but anywhere in the world, as insurance costs increased
enormously and the demand for the international segment decreased significantly. According
to the data supplied by the DAC almost every major Brazilian carrier had financial losses
between January and September of 2002 (Table 1). According to this data, carriers totaled
losses of R$580.7 million. Meanwhile, the average profitability of the industry is negative, if
counted since 1998.
Table 1 Major Brazilian Airlines Losses in 2002
Airline Period Losses (in R$)TAM January-September 305 million
VARIG January-September 208,9 million
VASP January-September 66 million
GOL January-December PROFIT of 5,4 million
Source: DAC (2002) and Gol Linhas Areas.
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The year 2001 presented opposing landmarks of great relevance for the Brazilian air transport.
If on the one hand the terrorist attacks of September 11th and the demise of Transbrasil and its
regional subsidiary Interbrasil Star had stressed the difficulties, on the other hand, the launchof Gol, bringing in new operational and organizational innovations, contributed directly in
raising the level of competition in the domestic market, one of the main objectives of the
flexibilization policy (gradual deregulation) started early in the 90s by the DAC.
3. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE LOW-COST/LOW-FARE CONCEPT
In 1971 Southwest Airlines initiated its operations introducing the low-cost/low-fare model
along several other customer-oriented strategies (catchy livery, young and smiling flightattendants, extremely simply fare structure, cheerful on-board service, high frequency,
convenient and on-time schedules, fast turnarounds, etc.) that have been copied throughout
the world by other similar-minded airlines. Not registering a single year of losses since 1973,
Southwest has become the most copied and most studied business model in the airline
industry. Indeed, other successful LC/LF airlines were created and operate through adapting
the Southwest model to its particular market. These carriers include Irish Ryanair, U.K.-based
easyJet, WestJet (Canada), and Virgin Blue (Australia/New Zealand), not to mention JetBlue
(U.S.), with its somewhat different approach as a business (acquisition of LiveTV, for
instance). The latter was the first low-cost/low-fare carrier to operate an all-Airbus fleet since
the very first day.
In very brief terms, the LC/LF model emphasizes the affordable, safe, timely, direct and most
convenient means of air transport between two points that, in general, are apart by a less-than-
two-hours flight. The airlines wishing to adopt the LC/LF model must realize that it is based
on providing the customer with basic, uncomplicated air transportation, simply that. The main
and constant objectives are to reduce costs as much as possible, while maximizing revenues
through an extremely competent and reliable service, backed by carefully detailed market
studies and customer surveys. Through all of this plus a wise and committed top management
working side-by-side with every single employee in the organization, these carriers are
successful in offering convenient services and substantially lower fares than their competitors.
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Last but not least, several strategies and operating procedures complete the LC/LF model; the
most widely known being:
1. Fleet Standardization (fleet commonality)
Fleet standardization reduces the costs of maintenance, spare parts and supplies.
Moreover, standardization eases and reduces the costs of training for mechanics, flight
crews and several contracted services. Generally seen simply through the aircraft and
engine manufacturers, a comprehensive fleet standardization comprises as much
commonality as possible throughout all other aircraft, avionics, tools, and engine parts.
2. Simplification or elimination of in-flight service
LC/LF carriers are also labeled as no frills exactly in regard to their simple in-flight
service. In general, there are no hot meals, no free newspapers, even no differentiation
between a breakfast-time flight and a dinner-time flight. Instead, LC/LF commonly
serve peanuts, candy bars, and biscuits in (very) small packs. The business model under
this umbrella has proved that the elimination of hot meals, besides generating huge
saving with catering providers, also reduce flight attendants workload, frees more space
for additional seat rows (after all, the galleys are smaller!), eases and reduces costs with
galley-equipment maintenance, eases cabin cleaning and waste disposal, and directly
contribute with the fast turnaround procedure (see item 9).
3. Secondary airports
Secondary, low-cost airports, are extremely important for LC/LF airline operations.
These carriers opt to service these many times not famous sites in exchange for reliable
and low-cost aeronautical services (landing and parking fees, ramp and gate space,
offices and check-in utilization, handling, catering, etc.) associated with good ground
infrastructure for passenger convenience (terminals, parking lots, access roads, driving
time/distance to city center, etc.). Secondary airports also tend to be far less congested,
paving the way for non-sloted operations and fast turnarounds.
4. Direct sales to the consumers
The use of the Internet and call centers, plus self-serving kiosks, not to mention airport
counters, allows the airlines to divert from the huge costs associated with the traditional
distribution channels such as high fee GDS/CRSs and high commission travel agents.
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5. Ticket-less or Electronic tickets (e-tickets)
The elimination of the conventional paper tickets by e-tickets or no ticket at all (ticket-
less) eases all passenger operations, reduces the number of employees in the departmentof financial control, and minimizes problems with frauds and ticket embezzlements.
6. Short-haul, direct flights and no interlining
Direct flight are much more convenient to the customer that through-hub (connection)
flights. Combined with being short-haul, it functions and can be operated almost as a
shuttle service, with high frequency. No interlining reduces cost with handling and
interconnection with other airlines and their systems (and the associated constrains).
7. Single-class cabin lay-out
The aircraft is configured as with a single-class layout. Passengers are treated and seen
as equal, while there is no in-flight service differentiation. It also allows the carrier to
put as many seats as possible in each aircraft, thus maximizing the opportunity to fill the
seats through an uncomplicated fare structure.
8. Simple or no frequent-flyer programs
Generally, LC/LF carriers do not offer frequent-flyer programs. If they do, it generally
uses the most simple manner of counting frequency: the number of flight taken by the
customer. This number-of-flights program reduces control costs and drastically
simplifies (or even eliminates!) the control over the myriad of mile-per-dollar-spent
partnerships with hotels, car rentals, gift-shops, etc. that usually participate in the
traditional frequent-flyer programs.
9. High level of fleet utilization
The LC/LF model dictates the carrier must have a high level of aircraft utilization,meaning each aircraft will fly as much as possible to bring in revenues. This is translated
into fast turnarounds at airports (shortest ground time as possible), high employee
productivity (flight attendants are responsible for putting away all in-flight service
disposals before landing to minimize the need for ground cleaning personnel to board
the aircraft; ramp personnel must be agile but attentious to detail; baggage handling
must be quick but careful with all luggage) and highly committed service providers
acting as partners (fuel, catering if any, lavatory/waste disposal, etc.)
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10. Highly motivated employees (but not necessarily well paid)
LC/LF airlines usually tend to grow in moments of crisis, where customers are willing
to shift from the full-service carrier with its complicated and restriction-imposed farestructure to a much more simple fare regime. Crisis also favor LC/LF carriers because
incumbent carrier often incur in layoffs. When this happens, LC/LF carriers can easily
recruit highly skilled employees on a fraction of their original costs. Moreover, even
with a workforce earning a below-average salary (Southwest is an exception in this
regard), virtually all LC/LF carriers are successful in motivating their employees
through vertical integration, a very good working environment, and profit sharing
policies.
4 ALOW COST- LOW FARE AIRLINE IN BRAZIL: GOL LINHAS AREAS
Gol Linhas Areas Inteligentes Ltda. (Gol Intelligent Airlines, Ltd.) was officially established
on August 1st, 2000 and began operations on January 15, 2001. Gol (meaning goal in
Portuguese) was created by Constantino de Oliveira Jr. (or Junior), one of the sons of a
great entrepreneur (Nen Constantino) head of the Grupo urea, a bus conglomerate giant in
Brazil. To create and launch Gol, Junior teamed with a handful of highly skilled and
experienced professionals that today are in key positions in the airlines organizational
structure. Designed since the very beginning to operate under the LC/LF model, it needed a
powerful marketing campaign to draw attention of the travelling public and, most of all, the
non-travelling public as well! The name Gol came exactly to fulfill this primary objective.
The logo design with a double o was created to give the visual impression of gol (goal)
being shouted by vibrant masses in a soccer game! Indeed, having linked its name to one of
the most common and vibrant words in the Brazilian Portuguese language, every time a goal
is seen, said, and shouted anywhere in Brazil, the airline is being marketed!
On the strategic and operational sides, the carriers profile is based on international
benchmarkings and real-case, proven examples: Southwests concept of fleet commonality, a
simple but attentious and caring in-flight service and direct point-to-point flights was the
starting point. From easyJet came the idea of outsourcing whatever could be outsourced, and
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from Ryanair and JetBlue the fundamental importance of building a strong and reliable
information technology-based operation.
4.1 Two Strategic Tools for Gols Low-Cost Operations
In the present section we will focus on two of the main strategic tools used by Gol to plan and
run its low-cost operations: (1) an IT-based real-time maintenance; and (2) an IT-based
reservation system, its outsourcing, distribution costs and IT-innovations.
4.1.1 The IT_based real-time maintenance
Gol uses the Amis-2000 logistics and maintenance planning software. It monitors about24,000 aircraft parts, checking each ones mileage, cycles and depreciation. Because almost
100% of these parts must be imported, Brazilian airlines cost with maintenance and spare
parts inventory are huge! By using the Amis-2000 software, Gol can plan when and where a
specific part must be maintained, while also planning when and how to move the specific
mechanics to do the job. It works in a structured manner, in order to built a phased,
continuous maintenance program, in contrast of the traditional aircraft-must-park-for-
maintenance used by several incumbent carriers.
The Amis-2000 alone does not get all the job done. Gol has taken clear advantage of the
layoffs occurred in the domestic market from late 1999 onwards. The layoffs were the results
of VARIG, VASP and Transbrasil restructuring plans starting in the late 90s. Transbrasil
ceased operations in December 2001, while VASP terminated all international flights the
same year. In view of this, several ex-Transbrasil and ex-VASP highly qualified professionals
were hired by the new airline, from maintenance managers and mechanics to pilots and first-
officers. This has motivated an internal slogan for Gol as being the youngest and most
experienced airline in Brazil.
4.1.2 IT-based reservation system, its outsourcing, distribution costs and IT-innovations
Just like other LC/LF players, Gol decided to adopt ticket-less operations. Tickets are like
receipts of grocery stores, printed on yellow or white 3 (8 cm)-wide thermal paper rolls
with multiple Gol logos on the back side. With it comes the boarding pass, in a user-
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friendly easily detachable manner. Prior to start its operations, the Department of Civil
Aviation (DAC) recommended that the airline should use the conventional ticket, as it was
mandatory in Brazilian aviation regulations. Firmly attached to its original business plan,Gol requested the DAC the exact regulation where it was mandatory the use of
conventional paper-tickets. Not finding it anywhere because it did not exist at all, the DAC
was forced to let Gol adopt ticket-less travel, paving the way for one more extraordinary
aspect of cost-cutting in this business.
Regarding distribution channels, the airline opted to go as deeply as possible on the Internet.
The main questions were: in Brazil, are there enough passengers and potential passengerswith access to the Web? If there are, would they be confident to buy on-line? The answers not
only could be found in benchmarking other on-line sales in the country, but could also come
from small travel agents that were totally dependable on consolidators. Today this response is
divided as follows: 65% of the tickets sold are via the Web, with 50% of this coming from
those small travel agents, that have become true Gol partners! Today the airline has more than
5,000 travel agents catalogued as partners, selling seats and tour packages all over the
country through their exclusive login/password connection in the airlines website. The other
50% come from individuals accessing themselves (or via their secretaries and assistants) the
website. Leaving behind the traditional CRS/GDS channels as the main source of revenues
(circa 8-10% sales still come from SABRE), the carrier can impose an almost total control on
its distribution costs.
A powerful tool within the main reservation system is that the carrier can operate almost
without any overbooking. All forms of reservations made via the outsourced system (direct
sale via the web, web-based travel agents, airport counters and self-service kiosks) require a
48-hour payment. If no payment is registered within the 48-hour window the system
automatically cancels the reservation.
Another new form of distribution in Brazil used by Gol is the supermarket kiosk. The idea
was put in practice in two major supermarkets in So Paulo, primarily with a lease space
agreement with the mega-stores. Nowadays the airline is implementing the second phase of
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this program: over 50 supermarket kiosks are being installed in several Carrefour mega-stores
on a risk-partnership contract. This means that there is no leasing for the space occupied by
the kiosk, and means that the Carrefour stores will have a percentage of the revenues comingfrom each selling point. This risk-sharing partnership will force the supermarket to study
the best location where the kiosks must be installed, a practice not done before on the lease-
per-area-used contracts!
A more conventional distribution adopted by Gol was the call-center. The airline was one of
the first users in the country of the new 0300 service. In contrast with the 0800 toll-free
services, now being abandoned by almost all private organizations regarding sale transactionsin Brazil, the 0300 is a pay-per-minute service (0800 toll-free calls are still used by FAQs
services, customer relations, technical support and non-direct sale contacts). The new service
reverts the costs of the calls to the customer, not to the selling part, thus reducing the latter
costs of selling its products and services.
Another interesting point used as a strategic catalyst is the direct cooperation existing between
LC/LF carriers around the world. The LC/LF club promotes several cooperative studies,
arranges partnerships in software usage and updating, and performs collaborative crew
training. In the words of VP-Operations David Barioni, (...) dont be surprised if in the near
future you see a sort of International Low-cost/Low-fare Airline Association being created
by all of us in this business.
4.2 Beyond the Price-driven Competition
Just as its LC/LF sisters abroad, Gols hardest challenge is to be a much more efficient
company than its competitors. For this, highly motivated employees play a critical role. By
building a brand new fresh atmosphere to work in, and by establishing a direct, vertical access
to the very simple organizational structure, has prompted a high motivation throughout the
workforce. This is translated not only in smiling and caring flight attendants (indeed, very
rarely seen in incumbent carriers!!) and check-in personnel, but in highly productive
mechanics and airport agents. Moreover, a paradigm-breaking culture means that whatever
costs that can be cut or reduced, they will be! From paperless memos, aeronautical charts
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printed only on demand, no-frills in-flight service, and in-house cheap solutions for complex
problems, Gol knows exactly what a continuous US$10,000-per-month saving can represent
in the year-long run!
4.2.1 Fleet and crew allocation model, plus the fuel decision sheet solutions
When in the process of creating Gol, the senior executives had several problems in hand to be
solved. Easily one of the greatest related to fleet and crew allocation modeling. Offers from
various top-line software companies and aviation consultant firms landed in the executives
hands instantly. But they faced another huge problem: cost. The more traditional software
packages were offered from US$200,000 to more than US$1 million. That was unacceptableby that LC/LF initiative. So a real indigenous solution should be tried: planning and software
experts from Grupo urea (the land transportation giant where Gol was born) were brought in
to study the possibility of adapting the current software used by the bus companies for the
upcoming airline. The general idea worked extremely well, and the cost was just under
US$5,000. In fact, the newly developed software by any means matches the traditional
softwares used worldwide, but in the words of VP for IT Wilson Ramos It was designed for
Gol by people within the Group and it is serving us extremely well.
Regarding fuel, in 2002 it accounted for 23.2% of the Brazilian airlines costs, according to
the Department of Civil Aviation. But the main problem regarding fuel prices in Brazil is
directly tied to currency devaluation and the pricing policy exercised by the State-owned giant
Petrobras. An example of the extremely negative influence of these two factors combined
over aviation fuel (both jet fuel and avgas) is pinpointed by the DAC in a recent study (Table
2).
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Table 2 Variation of Jet Fuel, U.S. Dollar, Consumer Price Indexes and Inflation rates in
Brazil
Jet fuel US$ (dollar) IGP-DI INPC IPCA
Variation between Jan/1999
and March/2003684.73% 125.61% 85,75% 45.93% 42.04%
Note: IGP-DI is a common index for measuring the inflation rate; INPC is the generalconsumer price index; and IPCA is the consumer price index measured through wholesalebusinesses.
Source: Department of Civil Aviation, 2003.
In Brazil, the exact final price for any fuel is given by the state following the application of its
own sales tax. For this reason, an airline should have tight control of fuel expenses in each
state, while having in mind the lets-try-to-refuel-wherever-the-fuel-is-cheaper kind of
approach. In view of this, Gol and other Brazilian carriers have developed a simple
calculation sheet to be used wherever its aircraft flies. The calculation is done by the crew in
order to decide where in the programmed landing airports it will be more cost saving to refuel.
In a business where fuel costs are critical, a 1 cent per litre cost-cutting measure can represent
huge savings at the end of the month.
4.3 Major Differences from Other Low-Cost/Low-Fare Airlines
In this section we will explore some of the major differences of operating a LC/LF airline in
Brazil regarding other countries experiences, mainly the U.S., Europe and Canada. This
include: (1) Operating in secondary airports and in downtown airports; (2) delays and fast
turnarounds; (3) having an individual airline unionized workforce; and (4) operate in a niche
market.
4.3.1 Secondary and downtown airports
Gols LC/LF role models in the U.S. and Europe usually operate in secondary or even tertiary
airports to escape from high airport fees and congested facilities. Southwests operations in
Islip (NY) and Fort Lauderdale (FL), JetBlues operations in Long Beach (Calif.), Ryanairs
operations in Beauvais (some 80 km north of Paris) and Charleroi-Gosselies (Brussels-South)
and easyJets operations in Ciampino (15 km outside Rome), cannot be copied by Gol!
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Simply put, there are no secondary airports near major Brazilian cities able to handle 737
operations! In fact, in Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Florianpolis (state of
Santa Catarina) there are three cities with more than one airport capable of receivingcommercial jet services (Table 3). But if we look more closely, the facilities in these cities
range from international airports, downtown highly congested airports or general aviation
airports. There is no Ciampino-like or Charleroi-Gosselies-like airports in major Brazilian
cities, with probably the exceptions of Viracopos International Airport (SBKP), in Campinas
(if considered as a secondary airport), in the Greater So Paulo, and Navegantes (SBNF),
near Florianpolis.
Table 3 Multiple Airports in Major Brazilian Cities
City International airport Downtown airport Secondary airport
Rio de Janeiro Galeo/Tom Jobim Santos Dumont GA (not able to operatecommercial jet service)
Greater So Paulo Viracopos (Campinas)Cumbica (Guarulhos)
Congonhas (So Paulo) GA (not able to operatecommercial jet service)
Belo Horizonte Confins/Tancredo Neves Pampulha -------
Florianpolis Herclio Luz ------- Navegantes
Without the existence of secondary airports and their lower charges, Gol must rely on the
countrys centralized federal airport management run by the Empresa Brasileira de Infra-
estrutura Aeroporturia (Federal Airport Authority, INFRAERO) and the countrys still-to-be
modernized policies towards differentiated airport charges (in fact, landing and parking fees
are set by the DAC, not by INFRAERO). INFRAERO manages 65 of the countrys largest
airports, through where more than 95% of the passenger and 99% of the cargo flows. This put,the centralized management does not see Santos Dumont and Congonhas downtown airports,
for instance, as premium facilities that should have premium airport charges. Flights linking
these downtown airports and others with heavy business traffic alike (Pampulha and Braslia)
are extremely profitable, but the airlines are charged less than when operating in
unconggested, free-space-for-all airports like Galeo/Tom Jobim! The high value of their city-
center location, good transportation facilities and, most of all, the capacity of attracting high-
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yield business travelers are not passed on to the airlines. In view of this, Gol can operate in
every major airport in all major cities, whilst paying reasonable airport fees.
4.3.2 Fast turnarounds
Fast turnarounds are a common practice for LC/LF players. With them airlines can maximize
aircraft flying time, maximize personnel productivity and reduce airport charges. Gols flight
operations are designed to do the same, with some great achievements already registered. But
as several major Brazilian airports do not yet operate regularly in Cat. II, several flights are
forced to be retained in their origin or destination points due to weather conditions. This can
be relatively well understood by the frequent traveler or even excused by the commonpassenger if he or she is flying a full-service airline. But try to explain this to the eventual
traveler or to that passenger paying much less for his or her tickets! One of the authors, while
flying Gol for 4 consecutive flights experienced not less than 3 delays, one of which lasted 1
hour and 40 minutes! In this particular occasion, the surrounding talks were all relating to the
inexpensive tickets leading to these constant delays or if we had flown TAM or VARIG
this would not be happening; the guys have many more airplanes and are much more
organized. On the other occasions, although the delay was not as long as this in particular, it
was common to hear almost the exact comments!
4.3.3 Individual airline unionized workforce
Employees of Brazilian carriers are unionized under the Sindicato Nacional dosAerovirios
and the Sindicato Nacional dos Aeronautas (affiliated to the IFALPA International
Federation of Air Line Pilots Association). In view of this there is no union representing only
Gols flight crews, cabin crews or office personnel, as happens, for instance, with some U.S.
carriers.
Some Brazilian aviation professionals argue that Gol was extremely lucky with the layoffs
made by VASP, VARIG and Transbrasil, and again lucky with the demise of the latter. Gol
recruited extremely experienced flight crews, mechanics and office personnel from these
carriers, thus reducing enormously its initial training costs. Thus, the future may reserve
surprises regarding payroll increases and even new carriers that may enter the domestic
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market. As one DAC official put in a meeting in April: Today a group may start an airline
paying some 20% less than Gol to its flight and cabin crew. Just like Gol, this new carrier
would already start with a high-skilled labor workforce, and an even lower cost structure.
4.3.4 Operating niche markets
Point-to-point, short-haul, high-density links between major cities are a common for
Southwest, JetBlue, easyJet and Ryanair. These carriers can plan their operations based on
high-frequency services between major business and economic centers, trying to capture a
great share of business passengers (Southwests DallasPhoenix and PhoenixL.A., JetBlues
NYChicago, and Ryanairs LondonStrasbourg flights are clear examples). Other routes areprimarily implemented to serve the leisure travel market, backed by a good portion of middle-
class residents in either side of a given city-pair. Instead, Gol must plan and market almost all
of its flights with business passengers, VFR and leisure passengers in mind. Apart from the
high-frequency shuttle services between the downtown airports of Rio, So Paulo and Belo
Horizonte and the capital, Braslia, that attracts more business passengers than any other in
the country, the other capital-to-capital routes have to be marketed primarily to the general
public. The strategy then turns not only to attract passengers that would fly VARIG, TAM or
VASP, but mainly to try to convince those individuals that the airline is a good choice, even if
it does not have a frequent-flyer program and hot meals. The low fares ends up counting a lot
for the VFR and the leisure passenger, but still do not represent a substantial deal to
businessmen and government officials travelling on duty.
In view of this, there is almost no niche market in Brazil nowadays, if compared directly
with the niche markets developed and explored by LC/LF airlines abroad. In fact, Gol did
not explore any new route, any new city-pair! Even if it planned to capture a mass of potential
passengers that were unable to fly and would then do it for 30-50% less, this objective has not
yet been fully achieved! The main reason relies on the recession Brazil is suffering for the
last several years. Table 4 shows that while only 8-10% of the families in Brazil earn more
than US$1,560 per month, its great majority live in the Southeast, South and Center-West
regions. With the concentration of the great majority of Brazilian business and economic
centers in these regions, Gols strategy of flying to almost all state capitals must, at the
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preliminary level, be lead by attracting the already-flying public to their cheaper fares. In fact,
the recession to where the country has dived in the last several years is helping Gol. In the
words of Gols president, Constantino Jr.: In weak times, we will be more and moresuccessful, because the passenger will have the exact sense of the value of his money.
This demographic characteristic of Brazil has forced Gol to operate several flights with a stop
in So Paulo and/or other cities with a larger demand (although the concept of hub does not
exist in Brazil as it exist and is exercised in the U.S.. Europe and Asia, we can assume that
Gol operates So Paulo/Congonhas downtown airport almost as a mini-hub). It is important to
notice that only a couple of flights, say from A to B, will be non-stop, mainly during the peak
hours, and with at least one stop during non-peak hours.
Table 4 Percentage of Brazilian Families Divided by Their Monthly Earnings (1996)
Earnings
Region With no
earnings at all Up to 2 SM +2 to 5 SM +5 to 10 SM +10 to 20 SM + 20 SM
North (3) 5,1 23,1 31,4 20,7 12,0 6,4
Northeast 5,1 40,6 30,2 11,9 5,4 3,6
Southeast 2,9 14,1 27,4 25,4 16,6 11,4
South 2,6 17,8 30,5 24,9 13,9 8,7Center-West 4,3 21,7 32,1 20,0 11,5 8,7
BRAZIL 3,7% 22,9% 29,2% 21,0% 12,5% 8,4%
Notes:
1. Data relates to 1996, except for the state of Rio de Janeiro (1997).2. SM = Minimum wage (salrio mnimo); SM in 1996 = R$120, at the time = US$110 (nowadays, the Brazilian
minimum wage is R$240, which is equal to US$80 as converted in late April, 2003).
3. Researched population does not include the rural areas of the states of Rondnia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Parand Amap.
4. RIGHTMOST COLUMM: the percentage of Brazilian families with the potential to fly at least once a year.Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), via http://www.ibge.gov.br
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5 IMPACTS IN THE BRAZILIAN DOMESTIC MARKET
Gol launched operations with only six aircraft, all 737-700s. At the end of 2001, the fleet had
incorporated four more 700s. According to DAC data, in 2001 the airline carried more than1.6 million passengers (all Gols scheduled operations are domestic; the airline occasionally
operate charter flights to the Caribbean and plans to increase this segment to other Latin
American tourist sites). In December 2002, Gols fleet was made up by nineteen aircraft, now
counting with two 737-800s. Initial plans called for a fleet of twenty-five aircraft by late 2003,
as the carrier continues to conquer the sympathy of the general public through a growing
market-share, but recent government policies pointing to a re-regulation of supply may
impede this growth (see section 7).
Table 5 presents the evolution of the domestic market share: Gol was the only carrier that
grew consistently in the last three years. Interestingly, from 2001 to 2002, there was a
reduction of 3.75% in demand. As seen before, this may well prove that Gol is not, in fact,
creating of stimulating demand, but taking passengers away from the traditional carriers.
Table 5 Brazilian Domestic Market-Share in Terms of ASK (%)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Group VARIG 43.7 44.3 48.7 46 45.4 45.5 43.6 43.6 39.1 40.6 40.2 37.5 35.4
Group Transbrasil 19.7 20.8 24.1 23.8 20 18.6 17.1 15.1 16.2 13.6 7.4 --- ---
Group TAM 3.1 4 6.6 8.4 13.2 15.4 17.8 19.3 23.8 28.8 32.6 37.2 32.5
VASP 32.2 29.5 18.4 18.9 18.5 18.5 19.2 18.1 17.2 15.3 13.7 13.2 13.8
GOL --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.5 10.7 16.7
All others 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.9 2.9 2 2.3 3.9 3.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.6
Notes:
1. Market-share in terms of available seat-kilometers (ASK), expressed in percentages.2. Scheduled Domestic Market = All scheduled carriers performing scheduled services.3. Group VARIG = VARIG, Rio-Sul, Nordeste and Cruzeiro (1991/92); Group TAM = TAM-Meridionais, TAM-
Express/Regional, Brasil-Central, Helisul and Itapemirim Regional; Group Transbrasil = Transbrasil and InterbrasilStar.
4. All other (carriers) = All other scheduled carriers (regionals, etc.) not included in the groups or airlines listed.5. Data referring to 2003 depicts only March/2003.6. Gol launched operations in January 2001. Transbrasil and Interbrasil Star ended operations in December 2001.
Source: Department of Civil Aviation Statistics Yearbooks and DAC website (2003 data)
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Data from DAC Statistics (2001 and 2002) reveal that the LC/LF carrier load-factor is
consistently higher than the competitors average. Official DAC data released through the
Internet also reveal that the carrier has a very good rate in the regularity, on-time performanceand operational efficiency indicators. During much part of 2002, Gol ranked in the most top
position regarding these indicators, falling to the second place in the last two months of that
year (in the start of the high season Summer vacations in Brazil).
An important aspect of Gols strategy to gain market-share and win corporate contracts relies
on marketing the carriers low-fare side within industries that fight to cut that 1 cent in every
item in order to pass on to the consumer lower and lower fares. In Brazil, telecommunicationbusinesses are experiencing exactly this kind of outrageous competition for customers. This
put, Gol has managed to win a corporate contract with giant Embratel, the main provider of
telecommunication services in the country. Continuously pressed to reduce costs in order to
compete directly with all other multinational telecoms established in Brazil nowadays, when
Embratel decided to deeply reduce corporate spending in airline tickets, the partnership with
Gol was obvious.
6 THE POSSIBLE MERGER OF VARIG AND TAM
Early in February, VARIG and TAM announced that they were starting a partnership
involving not only code-share on several flights but pointing to the discussions of a possible
future merger. In the joint press release, the carriers said the new company could be formed
still in 2003, but denied disclosing any further details, apart from saying that the two fleets
would remain intact until any major decision is materialized.
If approved by competition authorities the two carriers would control around 70% of the
domestic market (measured in ASK) and literally 100% of the international market (nowadays
only VARIG and TAM fly abroad; with the exception of flights to a few locations in
Venezuela, Surinam and the Guianas, operated by a couple of Brazilian regional carriers). The
joint effort is primarily aimed to overcome serious financial problems, particularly in VARIG
and already reaching once fast-growing TAM. As announced, the code-sharing would initially
involve only flights on domestic routes to principal cities, while reducing the number of
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flights by 30 percent. This put, since March 10 both carriers started code-sharing on nine
domestic routes, reducing from 155 to 113 flights under the agreement. Due to the cutting in
capacity and the much weaker conditions experienced by VARIG, the airline will continue toreturn several aircraft to its lessors, mainly 767s and 737s. Meanwhile, TAM agreed not to
receive any new aircraft from Airbus in the upcoming months.
Both carriers were severely hurt by a continuous downward economy leading to an already
several-years-long recession. This was exacerbated by January 1999s devaluation of the
Real, with the Brazilian currency being devaluated more than 100% since that time until
March 2003. With all of this in hand, both VARIG and TAM suffered even more afterSeptember 11, as international traffic spiraled down everywhere in the world. Regarding
VARIG, a great variety of cultural and organizational inconsistencies, plus mismanagement
actions, have also played a key role in undermining the airlines ability to recover. In the case
of TAM, the late Rolim Amaro, the carriers charismatic president and CEO, grew the airline
in a very fast pace, some even arguing that he opted for this strategy in a bet to see how much
time VARIG and VASP would resist in the marketplace.
The birth of Gol did not play a major role in VARIGs and TAMs problems. In fact, both
carriers where already in bad shape in January 2001, when Gol launched its first flight;
VARIG was indeed in bad shape for several years, while TAM was beginning to hear the
alarm ring being sounded throughout the airline. In any case, while not representing the
main reason for the two incumbents crisis, certainly Gol did contribute with the situation:
some may point out that Gol has tried to stimulate demand with its low fares (in fact still
not so low for the average Brazilian middle-class!), but the majority within the aviation
business will agree that most of the passengers now flying the airline were in reality flying
VARIG, TAM, VASP and Transbrasil just a couple years ago. That would represent a simple
shift in demand (or a shift in attitude!), a phenomenon happening almost everywhere in
the world served by low-cost/low-fare airlines!
In this VARIG/TAM issue, the best scenario for Gol would encompass a no-merger situation.
However, if the merger is approved, the LC/LF carrier will certainly suffer, even if only
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initially, the strength of the new airline with its totally renewed financial situation (several
aviation experts in Brazil argue that the government itself would be one of the major
shareholders of the new carrier, mainly through the conversion of the huge debts bothmerging carriers have with state-owned Petrobras, the national bank Banco do Brasil, and
with INFRAERO, the federal airport authority)
7 POSSIBLE FUTURE OPERATIONS
In February, AIG Capital Partners became one of the major shareholder of Gol through a
purchase of 20% of total voting shares (the maximum permitted by Brazilian law on foreign
ownership). The transaction worth US$25 million proved that a major foreign organizationwithin the air transport business was confident on Gols opportunities to conquer a prosperous
future. This injection of capital could have levered the LC/LF airline much more than
originally planned, even marketing fares that could have stimulated demand as the original
business plan stipulated. In fact, one huge fare sale was marketed by Gol in a few weeks of
February and March: on selected flights, the roundup fare was the one-way fare plus a mere
R$1 (US$0,33). But, even not triggering a fare war, Gols opportunity to lever up the market
has been suddenly halted...
In April and May of 2003, the governments National Council for Civil Aviation (CONAC)
organized a group of airline and union officials, plus representatives from several Ministries,
the Air Force Command, and INFRAERO, in order to discuss and propose a new set of
policies for the Brazilian air transport industry. The discussions not only involved market
access/concentration, fares, foreign ownership and international agreements, but also airport
management, labor concessions, financial opportunities and government influence. The
central tone of the discussions aimed in trying to slightly re-regulate the industry, mainly in
view of the devastating financial conditions of almost all Brazilian carriers (Gol is one of the
very few exceptions).
Probably in less than a year time, the Brazilian government will have made concrete actions
in order to materialize the main issues discussed in the proposed re-regulation process. It
could, by some means, limit the opportunities for growth for Gol and any new start-up carriers
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in the quest for passengers and other business within the industry. Moreover, if market access
and free fare setting issues are not clearly defined in a mid-term between full deregulation and
re-regulation, Gols future will be in jeopardy as well (as will be any carrier willing to start itsoperations or any existing carrier willing to grow its present operations).
8 CONCLUSIONS
The introduction of a low-cost/low-fare airline in Brazil have promoted a great renewal in the
business. This has happened primarily in regard to the organizational model and the stile of
doing business and not necessarily in promoting a completely new and competitive
environment. Not being able to stimulate demand as originally foreseen, mainly becauseBrazils economic situation is still under the wings of either a very-slow-paced timid growth
or, as usual, a constant recession, Gol has benefited directly from Transbrasils demise and the
financial and organizational problems within VARIG and, more recently, TAM.
Being innovative, flexible, and agile in doing business and running its operations, Gol is
proving other Brazilian airlines, the aeronautical authority and the general public that the low-
cost/low-fare model can be put into practice in the country with significant positive returns.
This has also been tracked by international investor, in the name of AIG, whose US$28
million share acquisition of the airline pointed towards a heavy confidence it the carriers
business plan and in the Brazilian market.
This positive situation can be altered by the span of the re-regulation process that began being
designed by the government in April/May in response to a constant weak financial crisis of all
other incumbent carriers. Only time will tell if Gol will have to re-write parts of its business
plan in order to cope with the new regulations and if the Brazilian domestic market will
continue to drive positive attention of foreign investors, as have recently began with the
success of this LC/LF carrier.
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References
DAC (2001) Anurio do Transporte Areo. Volume II. Dados Econmicos. Departamento de AviaoCivil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
DAC (2002) Departamento de Aviao Cvil. http://www.dac.gov.br.
DAC (2003) Departamento de Aviao Cvil. http://www.dac.gov.br.
Espirito Santo Jr., R. A. (2000) Cenrios Futuros para o Transporte Areo Internacional de Passageirosno Brasil [Future Scenarios for the International Air Transport in Brazil]. Doctor Science thesis,Transportation Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Oliveira, A. V. M. e Mller, C. (1999) A Acessibilidade de Novo Segmento e os Efeitos da Guerrade Tarifas no Bem-Estar do Consumidor. Anais do XII Encontro Nacional da Anpet AssociaoNacional de Pesquisa e Ensino em Transporte, So Carlos, Brazil.
SNEA (2001) Sindicato Nacional das Empresas Aerovirias http://www.snea.org.br.