2006dvorakroberts key vespidae

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ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAEPublished 6.xi.2006 Volume 46, pp. 221-244 ISSN 0374-1036

Key to the paper and social wasps of Central Europe(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Kl k urovn vosk a vos stedn Evropy (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Libor DVOK1) & Stuart P. M. ROBERTS2)

1) umava NP and PLA Administration, Suick 399, CZ-341 92 Kapersk Hory, Czech Republic;e-mail: [email protected]

2) Centre for Agri-Environmental Research (CAER), School of Agriculture, University of Reading, PO Box 237,UK-RG6 6AR Reading, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. A determination key to the Central European paper wasps (Polistinae Polistes Latreille, 1802 eight species) and social wasps (Vespinae 11 species:Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 one species, Vespula Thomson, 1869 four species,Doli-chovespula Rohwer, 1916 six species) is given. Distribution and biotope re-

quirements of all species in the Czech Republic and Slovakia are briefly men-tioned. All social wasps occur more or less regularly in both countries. Four paperwasps are relatively common but four other species (Polistes atrimandibularisZimmermann, 1930, P. sulciferZimmermann, 1930, P. associus Kohl, 1898, andP. gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767)) are very rare with the Czech Republic and/or Slova-kia at the northern edge of their range.

Key words. Determination, Europe, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hymenoptera,Vespidae, Vespa, Vespula,Dolichovespula, Polistes

Introduction

According to present knowledge, social and paper wasps form two subfamilies (Vespinae,Polistinae) of Hymenoptera: Aculeata: Vespidae. Mason wasps (Eumeninae) and pollen wasps(Masarinae), ranked as different families in the past, are now considered as subfamilies with-in the Vespidae as well (e.g. CARPENTER 1982). The last (and the only) usable key to the paperand social wasps of the Czech Republic (BOUEK & USTERA 1956) is 50 years old. Regional,European, Palaearctic and world keys to the social and paper wasps have been published inrecent decades (e.g., GUIGLIA 1972, ECK 1984, ARCHER 1989, STARR & LUCHETTI 1993, MAUSS& TREIBER 1994, PEKKARINEN 1995), but they have some limitations for Central European


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DVOK & ROBERTS: Key to the paper and social wasps of Central Europe222

vespidologists. This work aims to make new information readily available to a broad spec-trum of entomologists, and to provide a straightforward identification key to the Vespidsfound in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

This key is based on MAUSS & TREIBER (1994) with additional species which do not occurin Germany. Several characters have been omitted and several others added; the structure ofthe key has been altered in a number of places. The main additions concern Polistes Latreille,1802, with information taken from STARR & LUCHETTI (1993) and GUIGLIA (1972). Severalcharacters typical ofDolichovespula Rohwer, 1916, were adopted from ECK (1984), ARCHER(1989), and PEKKARINEN (1995). The nomenclature is adopted from CARPENTER (1996) andCARPENTER & KOJIMA (1997).

The key is usable for Central Europe, and only the most typical markings have been includ-ed in the key. As the variability of some markings is very high, further information is listed in

the species accounts, including notes on similar species.

Key to the paper wasps (Polistinae)

Paper wasps can be easily distinguished from social wasps by having tergum 1 convergent.

1 Mandibles with prominent depression on outer surface (Fig. 1). Parasitic species. ...... 2 Mandibles convex on outer surface (Fig. 3). Social species. ......................................... 32 Mandibular depression approximately flat-bottomed, bounded proximally and distally

by distinct ridges (Fig. 1). Male mandibles mainly yellow. .............................................

............................................................................... Polistes sulciferZimmermann, 1930 Mandibular depression round-bottomed and shallow, not bounded by distinct ridges (Fig.2). Male mandibles mainly black. ...........Polistes atrimandibularisZimmermann, 1930

3 Mesoscutum with long erect hairs, almost twice as long as width of costal vein of forewing(Fig. 4). .......................................................................................................................... 4

Mesoscutum with shorter erect hairs, about as long as width of costal vein of forewing(Fig. 11). ........................................................................................................................ 5

4 Females: Epicnemial carina on mesopleura absent or very shallow (Fig. 5). Hairs onmesoscutum a little shorter than in following species. Males: Clypeus convergent below(Fig. 6). Temples strongly convergent behind eyes (Fig. 7). .............................................................................................................................. Polistes bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937

Females: Epicnemial carina on mesopleura deep and distinct (Fig. 8). Hairs on mesoscu-tum a little longer than in previous species. Males: Clypeus approximately parallel-sided(Fig. 9). Temples strongly convex, parallel-sided behind eyes and then partly convergent(Fig. 10). ..................................................................Polistes biglumis(Linnaeus, 1758)

5 Females (12 antennal segments). ................................................................................... 6 Males (13 antennal segments). ....................................................................................... 96 Mandibles yellow or with yellow spot, genae and temples black (Fig. 12). Last sternum

entirely or almost entirely black. Light form yellow temples, genae, and mandibles, last

sternum with black markings. ....................................Polistes gallicus(Linnaeus, 1767) Mandibles black, genae yellow (Fig. 15). Last sternum black or yellow. ...................... 7


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Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 46, 2006 223

Figs. 1-10. 1 Polistes sulcifer Zimmermann, 1930, female mandible. 2 P. atrimandibularis Zimmermann,1930, male mandible. 3-7 P. bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937. 3 female mandible; 4 hairs on mesonotum; 5 epicnemial carina on mesopleura; 6 male clypeus; 7 male head, top view. 8-10 P. biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758).8 epicnemial carina on mesopleura; 9 male clypeus; 10 male head, top view.Obr. 1-10. 1 Polistes sulciferZimmermann, 1930, kusadlo samice. 2 P. atrimandibularis Zimmermann, 1930,kusadlo samce. 3-7 P. bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937. 3 kusadlo samice; 4 ochlupen mesonota; 5 epicnemiln

rha na mesopleue; 6 klypeus samce; 7 hlava samce, pohled svrchu. 8-10 P. biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758). 8 epicnemiln rha na mesopleue; 9 klypeus samce; 10 hlava samce, pohled svrchu.


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Figs. 11-18. 11-14 Polistes gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767). 11 hairs on mesonotum; 12 female mandibles andgenae; 13 male clypeus; 14 male head, top view. 15-18 P. dominulus (Christ, 1791). 15 female mandiblesand genae; 16 female last sternum; 17 male clypeus; 18 male head, top view.

Obr. 11-18. 11-14 Polistes gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767). 11 ochlupen mesonota; 12 kusadla a lce samice; 13 klypeus samce; 14 hlava samce, pohled svrchu. 15-18 P. dominulus (Christ, 1791). 15 kusadla a lce samice;16 posledn sternit samice; 17 klypeus samce; 18 hlava samce, pohled svrchu.


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Figs. 19-22. 19-20 Polistes nimphus (Christ, 1791). 19 female last sternum; 20 male clypeus. 21-22 P.associus Kohl, 1898. 21 female last sternum; 22 male clypeus.Obr. 19-22. 19-20 Polistes nimphus (Christ, 1791). 19 posledn sternit samice; 20 klypeus samce. 21-22 P.associus Kohl, 1898. 21 posledn sternit samice; 22 klypeus samce.

7 Last sternum entirely or at least partly yellow (Fig. 16). Light form yellow temples,genae, and mandibles, last sternum entirely yellow. ........................................................

................................................................................... Polistes dominulus(Christ, 1791) Last sternum dark, usually without yellow markings, at most with yellow apical spot(Figs 19, 21). .................................................................................................................. 8

8 Last sternum black or with small yellow and/or reddish apical spot (Fig. 19). Clypeususually with transverse black stripe. .............................Polistes nimphus(Christ, 1791)

Last sternum reddish-brown with lighter apical spot (Fig. 21). Clypeus as in previousspecies but in Central European populations often with black markings only in centre ofclypeus. ..............................................................................Polistes associusKohl, 1898

9 Clypeus approximately parallel-sided (Fig. 17). Temples strongly convex, parallel-sidedbehind eyes and then partly convergent (Fig. 18). Mandibles robust (Fig. 17). .......... 10

Sides of clypeus convergent below (Fig. 13). Temples strongly convergent behind eyes(Fig. 14). Mandibles not robust (Fig. 13). ....................................................................11


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10 Keel between antennae with wide and deep longitudinal groove. Each lateral margin ofclypeus with distinct longitudinal ridge (Fig. 20). Antennae distinctly darkened above....................................................................................... Polistes nimphus(Christ, 1791)

Keel between antennae almost within groove. Lateral margins of clypeus without ridges(Fig. 17). Antennae orange-yellow above beyond segment 3. ............................................................................................................................ Polistes dominulus(Christ, 1791)

11 Keel between antennae with wide and deep longitudinal groove. Each lateral margin ofclypeus with distinct longitudinal ridge (Fig. 22). Antennae distinctly darkened above............................................................................................ Polistes associusKohl, 1898

Keel between antennae almost without groove. Lateral margins of clypeus without ridges(Fig. 13). Antennae orange-yellow above beyond segment 3. ............................................................................................................................ Polistes gallicus(Linnaeus, 1767)

Key to the social wasps (Vespinae)

Social wasps can be easily distinguished from paper wasps by having tergum 1 parallel-sided.

1 Vertex long. Distance of ocellus to apical margin of head ca 3-4 times as long as distanceof ocellus to compound eye (Fig. 23). .............................. Vespa crabroLinnaeus, 1758

Vertex not so long. Distance of ocellus to apical margin of head only slightly longer thandistance of ocellus to compound eye (Fig. 24). ............................................................. 2

2 Oculo-malar space short distance between mandible and lower margin of eye small,

shorter than width of antennal scape (Fig. 25). Vespula Thomson, 1869. ..................... 3 Oculo-malar space long distance between mandible and lower margin of eye large, thesame or longer than width of antennal scape (Fig. 38).Dolichovespula Rohwer, 1916........................................................................................................................................ 6

3 Ocular sinus entirely yellow. Tergum 1 with pale hairs (Fig. 26). ................................. 4 Ocular sinus yellow only in the lower part. Tergum 1 with black hairs (Fig. 31). ......... 54 Margin behind third mandibular tooth distinctly concave (Fig. 27). Males: Aedeagus with-

out small backwardly directed pointed barb on each side bellow apical spoon-shapedregion. Aedeagus emarginate apically (Fig. 28)............................................................................................................................................ Vespula germanica(Fabricius, 1793)

Margin behind third mandibular tooth straight (Fig. 29). Males: Aedeagus with smallbackwardly directed pointed barb on each side bellow apical spoon-shaped region. Aede-agus rounded apically (Fig. 30). ............................... Vespula vulgaris(Linnaeus, 1758)

5 Hind tibia with short hairs only (Fig. 32). Anterior angles of clypeus bluntly produced inqueens and workers (Fig. 33). Males: Apex of aedeagus with shallow emargination inmiddle, sides of its apical part with shallow emargination (Fig. 34). ...................................................................................................................... Vespula rufa(Linnaeus, 1758)

Hind tibia with short yellow and long black hairs on outer margins (Fig. 35). Anteriorangles of clypeus sharply produced in queens (Fig. 36). Parasitic species, without work-

ers. Males: Apex of aedeagus straight in middle, sides of its apical part distinctly emar-ginated (Fig. 37)..........................................................Vespula austriaca(Panzer, 1799)


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Figs. 23-30. 23 Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758, ocelli. 24-28 Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793). 24 ocelli;25 oculo-malar space; 26 hairs on tergum 1; 27 mandible; 28 penis. 29-30 V. vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758).

29 mandible; 30 penis.Obr. 23-30. 23 Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758, ocelli. 24-28 Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793). 24 ocelli; 25 lce; 26 ochlupen 1. tergitu; 27 kusadlo; 28 penis. 29-30 V. vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758). 29 kusadlo; 30 penis.

6 Lower pronotum rugose (Fig. 39). Ocular sinus almost entirely yellow. .................................................................................................... Dolichovespula media(Retzius, 1783)

Lower pronotum not rugose (Fig. 40). Ocular sinus yellow in lower part. .................... 77 Lower third of clypeus with dense and coarse punctures. Distances between punctures on

the centre of clypeus more or less equal to puncture diameter (Fig. 41). Clypeus yellow,rarely with 1-3 black spots in middle. ............................................................................ 8


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Figs. 31-37. 31-34 Vespula rufa (Linnaeus, 1758). 31 hairs on tergum 1; 32 hind tibia; 33 queen clypeus; 34 penis. 35-37 V. austriaca (Panzer, 1799). 35 hind tibia; 36 queen clypeus; 37 penis.

Obr. 31-37. 31-34 Vespula rufa (Linnaeus, 1758). 31 ochlupen 1. tergitu; 32 zadn hole; 33 klypeuskrlovny; 34 penis. 35-37 V. austriaca (Panzer, 1799). 35 zadn hole; 36 klypeus krlovny; 37 penis.


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Figs. 38-44. 38-39 Dolichovespula media (Retzius, 1783). 38 oculo-malar space; 39 lower part of pronotum.40-42 D. omissa (Bischoff, 1931). 40 lower part of pronotum; 41 queen clypeus; 42 penis. 43-44 D.sylvestris (Scopoli, 1763). 43 queen clypeus; 44 penis.Obr. 38-44. 38-39 Dolichovespula media (Retzius, 1783). 38 lce; 39 spodnst pronota. 40-42 D. omissa

(Bischoff, 1931). 40 spodn st pronota; 41 klypeus krlovny; 42 penis. 43-44 D. sylvestris (Scopoli,1763). 43 klypeus krlovny; 44 penis.


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Figs. 45-51. 45-46 Dolichovespula adulterina (Buysson, 1904). 45 queen clypeus; 46 penis. 47-49 D.saxonica (Fabricius, 1793). 47 queen clypeus; 48 ocelli; 49 penis. 50-51 D. norwegica (Fabricius, 1781). 50 ocelli; 51 penis.Obr. 45-51. 45-46 Dolichovespula adulterina (Buysson, 1904). 45 klypeus krlovny; 46 penis. 47-49 D.

saxonica (Fabricius, 1793). 47 klypeus krlovny; 48 ocelli; 49 penis. 50-51 D. norwegica (Fabricius, 1781).50 ocelli; 51 penis.


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Lower third of clypeus with sparse and fine punctures. Distances between punctures onthe centre of clypeus larger than puncture diameter (Fig. 45). Clypeus usually with blacklongitudinal stripe which is sometimes reduced into 1-3 black spots in middle; exception-ally completely yellow. .................................................................................................. 9

8 Anterior angles of clypeus sharply produced and pointed apically in queens (Fig. 41) andrectangular in males. Sting distinctly curved. Parasitic species, without workers. Males:Gonostipes narrow, inner side parallel up to of length, then slightly bow-shaped andnot elongated backwards (Fig. 42)..................Dolichovespula omissa(Bischoff, 1931)

Anterior angles of clypeus bluntly produced in all castes (Fig. 43). Sting straight. Males:Gonostipes wide, inner side weakly emarginated basally, then parallel and elongated back-wards (Fig. 44). .............................................Dolichovespula sylvestris(Scopoli, 1763)

9 Anterior angles of clypeus sharply produced and pointed apically in queens (Fig. 45) and

rectangular in males. Sting distinctly curved. Parasitic species, without workers. Males:Aedeagus laterally compressed, narrow, and pointed basally. Gonostipes parallel up toof length, then the inner side slightly bow-shaped (Fig. 46). ............................................................................................................. Dolichovespula adulterina(Buysson, 1904)

Anterior angles of clypeus bluntly produced in all castes (Fig. 47). Sting straight. Males:Aedeagus wide, spoon-shaped basally. Inner side of gonostipes parallel up to of length,then distinctly bow-shaped (Figs. 49, 51). ................................................................... 10

10 Ocelli in equilateral triangle, distance from hind ocelli to margin of vertex equal or longerthan distance between posterior ocelli (Fig. 48). Tergum 2 without red colour. Mesopleu-ra nearly always with bright hairs. Males: Dorsal inner margin of gonostipes strongly

projecting inwards, posterior side straight or slightly concave (Fig. 49). ............................................................................................Dolichovespula saxonica(Fabricius, 1793)

Ocelli in distinctly obtusangulate triangle, distance from hind ocelli to margin of vertexshorter than distance between posterior ocelli (Fig. 50). Tergum 2 usually with red colour.Mesopleura nearly always with black hairs. Males: Dorsal inner margin of gonostipesslightly projecting inwards, posterior side distinctly concave (Fig. 51). .......................................................................................... Dolichovespula norwegica(Fabricius, 1781)

Species notes

Polistes atrimandibularis Zimmermann, 1930

Mandibular depression round-bottomed and shallow, not bounded by distinct ridges. Malemandibles mainly black.

Parasitic species. An old record from the mid 20th century was published from the CzechRepublic (NOFLK 1952). There are no recent records. Unrecorded in Slovakia.

Polistes sulcifer Zimmermann, 1930

Mandibular depression approximately flat-bottomed, bounded proximally and distally bydistinct ridges. Male mandibles mainly yellow.


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Parasitic species. One old record is known from southern Slovakia (BOUEK & USTERA1956). The species was regularly found in the Mursk Planina National Park (SMETANA2004). The only record from the Czech Republic was not published yet (L. Dvok, own data).

Polistes bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937

It is very difficult to separate females of this species from P. biglumis. Other species differby short erect hairs on mesoscutum. Males are similar to P. gallicus, which has clypeus con-vergent below and temples strongly convergent behind eyes, but both species differ by hairson mesoscutum and colouring of antennae P. bischoffi has antennae distinctly darkenedabove, while P. gallicus has antennae orange beyond segment 3.

The newest member for the fauna of both countries, which is known from the southern

parts of the Czech Republic and from northwest and west Slovakia (see DVOK et al. 2006for summary).

Polistes biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Females are very similar to P. bischoffi. The species is extremely variable in colour, and theyellow colour is often considerably reduced. Males are most similar to P. dominulus, whichhas antennae orange beyond segment 3.

Common species at higher altitudes in the past, but slightly decreasing at present.

Polistes dominulus (Christ, 1791)= P. gallicus auct. nec Linnaeus, 1767

Females clearly distinct in having antennae orange beyond segment 3, a character sharedwith P. gallicus. Polistes gallicus differs in having yellow mandibles, black genae and blacklast sternum (in Central European populations), while P. dominulus has black mandibles,yellow genae and yellow on the majority of last sternum. Most Central European specimenshave clypeus completely yellow, exceptionally with black spot or transverse band; the blackmark is more often found towards south. Males are similar to P. biglumis in having parallel-sided clypeus without longitudinal ridges, but P. biglumis has antennae blackened above (al-most black) and mesoscutum with long erect hairs.

Southern element occurring in southernmost parts of Central Europe in the past. Afterspreading in the last decades, it is the commonest paper wasp of the Czech Republic andSlovakia at present, and it occurs from the lowest to the highest altitudes.

Polistes gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767)= P. foederatus Kohl, 1898

Females are similar to P. dominulus by having antennae orange beyond segment 3. For

differences separating these two species see above. Males are similar to P. bischoffi, whichhas clypeus convergent below and temples strongly convergent behind eyes, but both species


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differ by colouring of antennae P. gallicus has antennae orange beyond segment 3, while P.bischoffi has antennae distinctly darkened above.

Taxonomic status of this species requires revision. Specimens from southern and south-eastern Slovakia belong to a species inhabiting the whole Pannonian plain (A. Cetkovi, un-publ. data). Thermophilous and halophilous species.

Polistes nimphus (Christ, 1791)

Females differ from other species by having the following colour features: mandibles black,genae with yellow markings, antennae darkened above, and the last sternum black, sometimeswith small yellow apical spot. Clypeus usually with black transverse band. Males are recogn-isable by the parallel-sided clypeus with longitudinal ridges.

Relatively common species at lower altitudes.

Polistes associus Kohl, 1898

Females are very similar to P. nimphus. In P. associus the last sternum is usually reddish-brown with lighter apical spot. According to J. Gusenleitner (pers. comm.), Austrian popula-tions have the last sternum coloured similarly to P. nimphus and differ by reduced black stripeon clypeus. Males are similar to P. gallicus and P. bischoffi by having clypeus convergentbelow and temples convergent backwards, but only P. associus has longitudinal ridges onclypeus.

South-European species of lower altitudes, which occurs in Hungary and eastern Austria.The only published record from Slovakia was from an old museum collection (DVOK 2005).Not known from the Czech Republic.

Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758 Hornet

Practically unmistakeable species due to its large body size and tri-coloured (red-brown-yellow) tergum 1. Only the queen ofDolichovespula media is similar in body size and colourpatterns. Distance of ocellus to apical margin of head can clearly separate the species.

This species inhabits predominantly floodplain and xerophilous broadleaf forests and or-chards at lower altitudes. It is closely associated with parks and orchards at medium andhigher altitudes.

Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) German Wasp

This species can be confused only with V. vulgaris. Colour characteristics partly usable forseparation from V. vulgaris are as follows: Clypeus with 1-3 black points. Yellow colour inocular sinus convex towards antennae (often connected in males with frontal spot). Genaeand temples completely yellow. Yellow lateral band on thorax widened in middle. Tergum 1

always with black rhombic spot.


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The commonest species in urban habitats. Inhabits open and often secondary biotopes.Very rarely found in forested areas and above 800 m a.s.l.

Vespula vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Wasp

This species can be separated from the similar V. germanica by the key and followingfeatures: Clypeus mostly with black anchor-shaped spot, rarely with black colour reduced.Yellow colour in ocular sinus straight or concave towards antennae. Yellow genae and tem-ples most often with black spot, the yellow band often interrupted by black, rarely with smallblack spot on outer margin. Yellow lateral band on thorax not widened medially.

Ubiquitous and everywhere common. A little rarer than V. germanica in open habitats, butone of the most common species in forested areas. Inhabits also secondary spruce forests.

Vespula rufa (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Wasp

This species has red colour on terga 1 and 2 unlike its social parasite V. austriaca. Clypeusoften with black anchor-shaped marking.

Relatively common species in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Distinctly prefers foreststands and inhabits dry coniferous forests too.

Vespula austriaca (Panzer, 1799) Cuckoo Wasp

Terga 1 and 2 without red colour (unlike its host V. rufa). Clypeus usually with a singleblack spot, occasionally with three spots.

Probably the commonest of the parasitic Vespine wasps and with the same habitat require-ments as its host.

Dolichovespula media (Retzius, 1783) Median Wasp

Unmistakeable species due to almost completely yellow ocular sinus a colour feature notshared by any other Central European species ofDolichovespula. Queens are very similar toworkers ofVespa crabro; both species can be separated by distance of ocelli to margin ofhead.

Probably the rarest social wasp excluding parasitic species. It sporadically occurs in thewhole territory of the Czech Republic and Slovakia from lowlands to mountains. A forestspecies.

Dolichovespula omissa (Bischoff, 1931)=D. ingrica (Birula, 1931)

Parasitic species ofD. sylvestris. Queens are similar toD. adulterina in having apically

pointed anterior angles of clypeus, butD. omissa has lower half of clypeus with dense andcoarse punctures. Special colour characteristic of queens are yellow bands on sterna 1-5 which


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Red colour can be lost in some specimens, which can be problematic to separate from D.saxonica. Additional characters are: Clypeus with longitudinal black stripe regularly touchinglower margin. Postscutellum practically always without yellow spots. Males differ from D.saxonica by gonostipes, by only one visible tyloid on lower parts of antennal segments 9-12,and by black antennal scapus.

Boreoalpine species which rarely occurs at lower altitudes. Very common species in moun-tains and in larger forests; dominant in mountain peat-bogs.

Kl k urovn vosk a vos stedn Evropy (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

vod

Vosy a vosci (Vespinae, Polistinae) tvo dle nejnovjch poznatk 2 podeledi azenv rmci ahadlovch blanokdlch do eledi Vespidae. Jejich nejblimi pbuznmi jsoujzlivky (Eumeninae) a medovosy (Masarinae), kter dve tvoily samostatn eledi, zatmconyn se ad t jako podeledi do Vespidae (nap. CARPENTER 1982). Posledn a vlastn jedinpouiteln kl na urovn vosk a vos z zemesk republiky a Slovenska (BOUEK &

USTERA 1956) je 50 let star. Pestoe byly v poslednch letech publikovny kle regionln,evropsk, palearktick nebo i celosvtov na vosy i vosky (nap. GUIGLIA 1972, ECK 1984,ARCHER 1989, STARR & LUCHETTI 1993, MAUSS & TREIBER 1994, PEKKARINEN 1995), maj proStedoevropana jist limity. Jednak je to u nkterch kl pli velk mnostv zahrnovanchdruh, jednak jazykov rozttnost (francouztina, nmina, anglitina). Tento pedkldankl si klade za cl zaplnit vzniklou mezeru a zpstupnit nkter nov poznatky ohledndeterminace ir entomologick obci v anglickm i eskm jazyce. Zklad byl vypracovnpodle kle MAUSS & TREIBER (1994), ke ktermu byly pidny druhy neznm z Nmecka.Nkter znaky byly vyputny, jin naopak pidny, v mnoha mstech byla zmnna strukturakle. Hlavn doplky se tkaly zejmna rodu Polistes Latreille, 1802; ty byly excerpovny zprac STARR & LUCHETTI (1993), pop. GUIGLIA (1972). Nkter znaky k roduDolichovespulaRohwer, 1916 byly pevzaty z prac ECK (1984), ARCHER (1989) a PEKKARINEN (1995). Pouitnomenklatura je pevzata z prac CARPENTER (1996) pro vosky a CARPENTER & KOJIMA (1997)pro vosy.

Kl je pouiteln pouze pro stedn Evropu. Do kle byly zahrnuty nejtypitj znaky.Variabilita nkterch znak velmi kols a vt mnostv znak je uvedeno za klem v pehledudruh vetn zmnky, se kterm druhem je ten kter nejsnze zamniteln. U vech druhjsou uvedena esk jmna bu pevzat ze starch prac (BOUEK & USTERA 1956) nebonov vytvoen.


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Kl k urovn vosk (Polistinae)

Vosci se od vos snadno odli zenm prvnm tergitem.

1 Kusadla na vnj stran se lbkovit prohloubenou rhou (Obr. 1). Parazitick druhy........................................................................................................................................ 2

Kusadla na vnj stran bez rhy (Obr. 3). Sociln druhy. .......................................... 32 Rha na kusadlech hlubok, ohranien nahoe i dole podlnmi valy (Obr. 1). Kusadla

samc lut. ...........................................................Polistes sulciferZimmermann, 1930 Rha na kusadlech pomrn mlk, bez vraznch podlnch val (Obr. 2). Kusadla

samcern, vjimen se lutmi skvrnami. .................................................................................................................................Polistes atrimandibularisZimmermann, 1930

3 Hru svrchu dlouze ochlupen, chlupy dvakrt del ne ka kostln ilky pednchkdel (Obr. 4). ............................................................................................................... 4

Hru svrchu jen krtce ochlupen, chlupy maximln tak dlouh jako ka kostln ilkypednch kdel (Obr. 11). .............................................................................................. 5

4 Krlovny a dlnice: Epicnemiln rha na mesopleue chyb nebo jen velmi mlk (Obr.5). Ochlupen hrudi o nco krat ne u nsledujcho druhu. Samci: Clypeus se smremdol siln zuuje (Obr. 6). Spnky se pi pohledu shora hned za oima siln sbhaj doza-du (Obr. 7).................................................................Polistes bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937

Krlovny a dlnice: Epicnemiln rha na mesopleue hlubok a vrazn (Obr. 8). Ochlu-pen hrudi o nco del ne u pedchozho druhu. Samci: Clypeus smrem dol jen mlo

zen (Obr. 9), teprve potom sbhav (Obr. 10). ...Polistes biglumis(Linnaeus, 1758)5 Krlovny, dlnice (12 tykadlovch lnk). .................................................................. 6 Samci (13 tykadlovch lnk)...................................................................................... 96 Kusadla lut nebo se lutou skvrnou, lce a spnky ern (Obr. 12). Posledn sternit cel

nebo z vtsti ern. Svtl forma lut spnky, lce i kusadla, posledn sternit s ernoukresbou....................................................................... Polistes gallicus(Linnaeus, 1767)

Kusadla ern, lce lut (Obr. 15). ............................................................................... 77 Posledn sternit cel nebo alespo v zadn polovin lut (Obr. 16). Svtl forma lut

spnky, lce i kusadla, posledn sternit cel lut. .....Polistes dominulus(Christ, 1791) Posledn sternit tmav, bez lut kresby, maximln se svtlou tekou na konci (Obr. 19,

21). ................................................................................................................................. 88 Posledn sternit ern nebo s malou lutou i ervenou tekou na konci (Obr. 19). Klypeus

obvykle s ernm pnm pruhem. ..............................Polistes nimphus(Christ, 1791) Posledn sternit ervenohnd se svtlej pikou (Obr. 21). Klypeus jako pedchoz, u

stedoevropskch populac ale asto s ernou kresbou nedosahujc postrannch okrajklypeu................................................................................. Polistes associus Kohl, 1898

9 Klypeus smrem dol jen mlo zen (Obr. 17). Spnky pi pohledu shora siln konvex-n, za oima probhaj chvli rovnobn s osou tla a teprve potom sbhav (Obr. 18).Kusadla mohutnj (Obr. 17). ..................................................................................... 10


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Klypeus se smrem dol siln zuuje (Obr. 13). Spnky se pi pohledu shora hned zaoima siln sbhaj dozadu (Obr. 14). Kusadla drobnj (Obr. 13). ............................11

10 Mezi tykadly leceln kl s irokou a hlubokou podlnou brzdou. Vedle tykadel a naklypeu jsou podl vnitnch okraj o zeteln podln rhy (Obr. 20). Tykadla svrchupo cel dlce alespo lehce ztmavl. ..........................Polistes nimphus (Christ, 1791)

Mezi tykadly leceln kl tmbez brzdy. Rhy slab nebo chybj (Obr. 17). Tykadlaod 3. lnku zcela oranov lut. .............................Polistes dominulus (Christ, 1791)

11 Mezi tykadly leceln kl s irokou a hlubokou podlnou brzdou. Vedle tykadel a naklypeu jsou podl vnitnch okraj o zeteln podln rhy (Obr. 22). Tykadla svrchupo cel dlce alespo lehce ztmavl. ...............................Polistes associusKohl, 1898

Mezi tykadly leceln kl tmbez brzdy. Rhy slab nebo chybj (Obr. 13). Tykadlasvrchu po cel dlce prakticky oranov. ..................Polistes gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767)

Kl k urovn vos (Vespinae)

Vosy se od vosk snadno odli prvnm tergitem, kter m vcemn paraleln strany.

1 Temeno dlouh: vzdlenost zadnho oka od zadnho okraje hlavy asi 3-4 vt nevzdlenost oka od okraje sloenho oka (Obr. 23). ........ Vespa crabroLinnaeus, 1758

Temeno krtk: vzdlenost zadnho oka od zadnho okraje hlavy o mlo vt ne vzdle-nost oka od okraje sloenho oka (Obr. 24)................................................................. 2

2 Vzdlenost mezi kusadlem a spodnm okrajem oka nepatrn, krat ne ka nsadce

tykadla (Obr. 25). Vespula Thomson, 1869. .................................................................. 3 Vzdlenost mezi kusadlem a spodnm okrajem oka velk, stejn nebo vt ne ka

nsadce tykadla (Obr. 38).Dolichovespula Rohwer, 1916. .......................................... 63 Vkrojek oka cel lut. 1. tergit se svtlmi chlupy (Obr. 26). ................................... 4 Vkrojek oka pouze v dolnsti lut zbarven. 1. tergit s ernmi chlupy (Obr. 31). ......

....................................................................................................................................... 54 Okraj za tetm zubem kusadel konkvn prohnut (Obr. 27). Samci: Vrstky aedeagu

ped jeho plochm koncem jsou okrouhl. Ploch konec aedeagu na konci zpravidla sezetelnm vkrojkem (Obr. 28)............................ Vespula germanica(Fabricius, 1793)

Okraj za tetm zubem kusadel pm (Obr. 29). Samci: Vrstky aedeagu ped jehoplochm koncem ve tvaru zptnch hk. Aedeagus na konci zpravidla kruhovitrozen, nevykrojen (Obr. 30). ............................. Vespula vulgaris(Linnaeus, 1758)

5 Zadn holen pouze s krtkmi lutmi chlupy (Obr. 32). Postrann rohy klypeu krlovena dlnic zaokrouhlen (Obr. 33). Samci: Vrchol aedeagu uprosted mrn vykrojen, stra-ny pednsti aedeagu slab vykrojeny (Obr. 34). ........ Vespula rufa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Na vnj stran zadnch holen krom krtkch lutch t dlouh ern chlupy (Obr.35). Postrann rohy klypeu krloven ostr, ven vytoen (Obr. 36). Parazitick druh, bezdlnic. Samci: Vrchol aedeagu uprosted rovn, strany pednsti aedeagu zetelnkonkvn vykrojeny (Obr. 37). ...................................Vespula austriaca (Panzer, 1799)


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6 Spodn st pronota vrsit (Obr. 39). Vkrojek oka z nejvtsti lut. ............................................................................................. Dolichovespula media(Retzius, 1783)

Spodn st pronota nen vrsit (Obr. 40). Vkrojek oka jen dole lut. ................... 77 Spodn tetina klypeu hust a hrub tekovan. Mezery mezi tekami ve stedu klypeu

jsou vcemn stejn velk jako teky samotn (Obr. 41). Klypeus vtinou lut, upro-sted maximln s 1-3 ernmi tekami. ........................................................................ 8

Spodn tetina klypeu dce tekovan. Mezery mezi tekami ve stedu klypeu jsou vtne teky (Obr. 45). Klypeus vtinou s ernou protaenou skvrnou, kter je nkdy redu-kovna na 1-3 teky. Vjimen je klypeus cel lut................................................... 9

8 Postrann rohy klypeu krloven ostr, ven vyhnut, u samc pravohl (Obr. 41). ihadlovrazn zahnut. Parazit, bez dlnic. Samci: Paramery zk, jejich vnitn strany b ado asi dlky paraleln, pot jsou lehce obloukovit vyhnuty, smrem dozadu nejsou

protaeny (Obr. 42). ........................................Dolichovespula omissa (Bischoff, 1931) Postrann rohy clypeu vech kast zaoblen (Obr. 43). ihadlo pm. Samci: Parameryjsou irok, jejich vnitn strany jsou na bzi lehce vykrojeny, pot paraleln a na koncismrem dozadu prstovit protaeny (Obr. 44). ...................................................................................................................................... Dolichovespula sylvestris(Scopoli, 1763)

9 Krlovny a dlnice: Postrann rohy klypeu krloven ostr a smrem ven vytaen, u sam-c pravohl (Obr. 45). ihadlo vrazn zahnut. Parazitick druh, bez dlnic. Samci:Aedeagus stlaen, zk, na konci zapiatl. Vnitn strany paramer b a do asi dlky paraleln, pot jsou lehce obloukovit vyhnuty (Obr. 46). ...................................................................................................... Dolichovespula adulterina(Buysson, 1904)

Postrann rohy klypeu vech kast zaoblen (Obr. 47). ihadlo pm. Samci: Aedeagusir, na konci licovit zakonen. Vnitn strany paramer b vcemn paraleln pouzedo asi dlky, pot jsou vrazn obloukovit vyhnuty (Obr. 49, 51)......................... 10

10 Oka v rovnostrannm trojhelnku, hlava za oky stejn dlouh nebo del ne je vzdle-nost zadnch oek od sebe (Obr. 48). 2. tergit nikdy s ervenou kresbou. Mesouplerytmvdy svtle ochlupeny. Samci: Zhyb vnitnch st paramer silnji dovnitklenu-t, jeho zadn okraj rovn a slab konkvn (Obr. 49). ......................................................................................................................Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius, 1793)

Oka ve zeteln tupohlm trojhelnku, hlava za oky krat ne je vzdlenost zadnchoek od sebe (Obr. 50). 2. tergit asto s ervenou kresbou. Mesopleury tmvdy ernochlupeny. Samci: Zhyb vnitnch stran paramer relativn slab klenut, zadn okrajzhybu zeteln konkvn (Obr. 51). ........Dolichovespula norwegica(Fabricius, 1781)

Komente k jednotlivm druhm

Polistes atrimandibularis Zimmermann, 1930 vosk cizopasn

Hlava jen nepatrn zvten. Rha na kusadlech ne tolik hlubok, bez podlnch val.Samci: Kusadla ern, vjimen se lutmi skvrnami.


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Z esk republiky je znm nlez z poloviny 20. stolet (NOFLK 1952). V recentn dobnezjitn. Ze Slovenska nen znm.

Polistes sulcifer Zimmermann, 1930 vosk velkohlav

Hlava velk. Rha na kusadlech hlubok, ohranien podlnmi valy. Samci: Kusadla lut.Parazitick druh, udvan kdysi z jinho Slovenska (BOUEK & USTERA 1956).

V souasnosti nalezen opakovan na Mursk planin (SMETANA 2004). Jedin nlez zeskrepubliky dosud nebyl publikovn (L. Dvok, vlastn data).

Polistes bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937 vosk Bischoffv

Krlovny a dlnice se jen tko odliuj od P. biglumis. Ostatn druhy se snadno odlipodle krtkho ochlupen hrudi. Samce je mono zamnit s P. gallicus, kter m t vraznzen klypeus a spnky, ale li se dlkou ochlupen hrudi a zbarvenm tykadel P. bischoffim tykadla svrchu vrazn ztmavl, P. gallicus od 3. lnku cel oranov.

Nejnovjlen ve faun obou zem znm z jinch stech a Moravy a ze sevrozpad-nho a zpadnho Slovenska (viz DVOK et al. 2006).

Polistes biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758) vosk lutoskvrnn

Krlovny a dlnice velmi podobn pedchozmu druhu. Druh je barevn velmi variabiln,

lut kresba je asto redukovna na minimum. Samci se nejvce podobaj druhu P. dominulus,kter m cel tykadla ponaje 3. lnkem oranov.

Dve hojn druh vych poloh, v souasnosti lehce ustupuje.

Polistes dominulus (Christ, 1791) vosk francouzsk= P. gallicus auct. nec Linnaeus, 1767

Krlovny a dlnice se snadno odli podle tykadel, kter jsou od 3. lnku cel oranov.Podobn znak m pouze druh P. gallicus, kter m ale u stedoevropskch populac lutkusadla, ern lce a ern posledn sternit, zatmco P. dominulus m kusadla ern, lcea velkou st poslednho sternitu lut. Vtina naich jedincm klypeus cel lut, vjimens ernou skvrnou nebo pnm pruhem, smrem na jih se ern barva stv pravidelnj.Samci se nezenm klypeem a absenc vraznch val na nm podobaj pouze P. biglumis,kter m ale tykadla svrchu po cel dlce ztmavl, tmern a dlouze ochlupenou hru.

Kdysi jin element v nejjinjch stech stedn Evropy. Nyn je to nejbnj voskv esk republice i na Slovensku od nin a po ni polohy hor.

Polistes gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767) vosk jin= P. foederatus Kohl, 1898

Krlovny a dlnice se svmi tykadly od 3. lnku celmi oranovmi podobaj pouzedruhu P. dominulus. Odlien viz u pedchozho druhu. Samci se zenm klypeem a spnky


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podobajP. bischoffi, kter m ale tykadla svrchu cel ztmavl, zatmco P. gallicus je m od3. lnku cel oranov. Li se t dlkou ochlupen hrudi.

Taxonomick status tohoto druhu vyaduje dal revizi. Kadopdn nlezy na jinma jihovchodnm Slovensku pat stejnmu druhu, kter obv niny prakticky celho Maar-ska (A. Cetkovi, nepubl. data). Teplomiln, halofiln druh.

Polistes nimphus (Christ, 1791) vosk obecn

Krlovny a dlnice se od ostatnch druh li kombinac nsledujcch barevnch znak:kusadla ern, lce se lutou kresbou, tykadla svrchu ztmavl a posledn sternit ern, maxi-mln s malou lutou tekou na konci. Klypeus obvykle s ernm pnm pruhem. Samcijsou nezenm klypeem a vraznmi postrannmi valy na nm prakticky nezamniteln.

Pomrn bn druh, zejmna v nich polohch. Okolo 700 m n.m. ije ji vzcn.

Polistes associus Kohl, 1898 vosk ervenav

Krlovny a dlnice jsou velmi podobn P. nimphus. Jejich posledn sternit je obvykleervenohnd se svtlej pikou. Podle J. Gusenleitnera (osobn sdlen) maj ale napkladrakousk populace asto posledn sternit toton zbarven jako P. nimphus a li se pouzetm, e ern kresba na klypeu nedosahuje postrannch okraj. Samci se zenm klypeema spnky podobaj druhm P. gallicus a P. bischoffi, kter ale postrdaj vrazn postrannvaly na klypeu.

Jihoevropsk ninn druh vyskytujc se v Maarsku a vchodnm Rakousku. Ze Sloven-ska je publikovn jedin nlez ze starch muzejnch sbr (DVOK 2005). V esk repub-lice nenalezen.

Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758 sre obecn

Prakticky nezamniteln druh ji dky sv velikosti a tak zvltnosti ve vybarven 1. ter-gitu, kter je trojbarevn: bze erven, prostedek okoldov hnd, zadn okraj lut.Velikost a zbarvenm se mu lehce bl jen krlovnaDolichovespula media, kter se snadnoodli vzdlenost oek od zadnho okraje hlavy.

Zeteln teplomiln druh ijc v nich polohch v lunch a xerofilnch listnatch lescha sadech. Ve stednch a vych polohch je vzn na parky a zahrady.

Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) vosa ton

Zamnit se d pouze s V. vulgaris. Uvdme pomocn barevn znaky na odlien: Klypeuss 1-3 ernmi tekami. lut kresba vkrojk o je smrem k tykadlm konvexn (u samcasto spojeno s eln skvrnou). Lce a spnky lut. lut pruh po stranch hrudi je uprostedsmrem dol rozen. 1. tergit vdy s ernou kosotverenou skvrnou.

Nejastj druh v okol lidskch sdel. Obv oteven a asto druhotn biotopy. Nad 800m n.m. a v lesnatch oblastech se prakticky nevyskytuje.


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Vespula vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) vosa obecn

Od podobn V. germanica se krom znak v kli me odliit dle nsledujcch znak:Klypeus vtinou s ernou kotvovitou kresbou, ideji kresba redukovna. lut kresba vk-rojk o je rovn nebo smrem k tykadlm konkvn. lut lce a spnky s ernou skvrnou,asto ern perueny, ideji cel lut, kdy je na vnjm okraji ern skvrna. lut pruh postranch hrudi nen smrem dol rozen.

Euryekn vosa, vude hojn. Na otevench stanovitch je o nco vzcnj ne V. germa-nica, zatmco v lesnatch oblastech pat k nejbnjm druhm. Obv i kulturn smriny.

Vespula rufa (Linnaeus, 1758) vosa ryav

Od svho parazita, V. austriaca, se vtina jedinc liervenou kresbou na 1. a 2. tergitu.Klypeus je vtinou s ernou kotvovitou kresbou.Pomrn hojn ije po celm zem obou republik, vrazn preferuje lesn stanovit a obv

i such jehlinat lesy.

Vespula austriaca (Panzer, 1799) vosa rakousk

Na rozdl od svho hostitele, kterm je u ns pouze V. rufa, m 1. a 2. tergit vdy bezervenho zbarven. Klypeus je obvykle pouze s malou ernou tekou nebo skvrnou, idejise temi tekami.

Zejm nejhojnj parazitick vosa se stejnmi nroky, jako jej hostitel.

Dolichovespula media (Retzius, 1783) vosa prostedn

Nezamniteln druh ji dky zbarven vkrojku oka, kter je z nejvtsti lut, costedoevropsk barevn odchylky ostatnch druh rodu Dolichovespula nemaj. Krlovnyjsou podobn dlnicm Vespa crabro, spolehlivm znakem pro jejich odlien je vzdlenostoek od zadnho okraje hlavy.

Pravdpodobn nejvzcnj druh vosy s vjimkou parazit. Sporadicky se vyskytuje pocel esk i Slovensk republice od nin a do hor. Vrazn lesn druh.

Dolichovespula omissa (Bischoff, 1931) vosa pomjen=D. ingrica (Birula, 1931)

Parazit u D. sylvestris. Krlovny se ostrmi postrannmi rohy klypeu podobaj pouzeD. adulterina, od kter se snadno rozeznaj hrubm a hustm tekovnm dolnsti klypeu.Pomocnm znakem me bt zbarven sternit 1-5, u kterch je lut pruh vdy uprostedzadnho okraje ern peruen. Samci se tvarem paramer podobaj takt jedin druhuD. adulterina, kter se jasn odliuje tenkm aedeagem.

Vzcn se vyskytujc parazitick druh. Jeho nroky a rozen se zejm budou krts hostitelskm druhem. Vce nlez je znmo z vych poloh.


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Dolichovespula sylvestris (Scopoli, 1763) vosa lesn

Od svho parazitaD. omissa se snadno odli podle zaoblench roh klypeu, odD. saxonicaaD. norwegica hustm tekovnm v dolnsti klypeu. Samci jsou nezamniteln prstovitmprotaenm zadnho konce paramer.

Bn druh vosy vyskytujc se v lesnatch oblastech. Hojnj je v ninch a stednchpolohch, na horch ponkud ustupuje druhuD. saxonica.

Dolichovespula adulterina (Buysson, 1904) vosa pivn

Parazit uD. saxonica aD. norwegica (ECK & DYLEWSKA 1998). Krlovny se ostrmi po-strannmi rohy klypeu podobaj pouze D. omissa, od kter se snadno rozeznaj jemnm a

dkm tekovnm v dolnsti klypeu. Samci se od vech ostatnch druh rodu vraznodliuj zkm, stlaenm, na konci zapiatlm aedeagem.Vzcn, pevn horsk druh parazitick vosy. Rozen a stanovitn nroky se zejm

kryj s hostitelem.

Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius, 1793) vosa sask

Nkdy obtn rozeznateln odD. norwegica. Mimo znak v kli je mono uvst jetnsledujc pomocn znaky: Klypeus variabiln zbarven, nejastji s ernm pruhemnesahajcm k dolnmu okraji, ideji s tekou nebo i cel lut. Zadn ttek zpravidla se

dvma lutmi skvrnami. Populace s redukovanou kresbou na klypeu se navc podobajD. syl-vestris, od kter se odliuj zejmna jemnm a dkm tekovnm v dolnsti klypeu. JejparazitD. adulterina se snadno odli dle ostrch roh klypeu. Samci se odD. norwegica likrom znak na paramerch t tm, e na spodn stran tykadlovch lnk 9-12 se nachzejdva sblen, stejn tyloidy a nsadec tykadel je ve spodnsti sten lutohnd zbarven.ParazitD. adulterina m velmi zk aedeagus,D. saxonica na konci vrazn rozen.

Bn lesn druh vosy. Hojnj je ve vych polohch, v nich lehce ustupuje pbuznD. sylvestris.

Dolichovespula norwegica (Fabricius, 1781) vosa norsk

U naprost vtiny kus je ern pruh na 2. tergitu po stranch peruen ervenmi skvr-nami, kter jsou nkdy redukovny na mal uzaven skvrnky tento znak jednoznan odliujeD. norwegica od ostatnch druh. erven kresba vak vjimen me chybt a pak jeproblmem odlien odD. saxonica. Za pomocn znaky lze povaovat nsledujc: Klypeuszpravidla s ernm podlnm pruhem souvisejcm se spodnm okrajem. Zadn ttek bezlutch skvrn. Samci se odD. saxonica krom znak na paramerch li ptomnost jedinhozetelnho tyloidu na spodn stran tykadlovch lnk 9-12 a zcela ernm nsadcem tykadel.

Boreoalpinn druh, kter se jen velmi vzcn objevuje v nich polohch. Na horch v okol

vtch lesnch celk je velmi hojnm druhem vosy a na horskch raelinitch jednoznandominuje.


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College of Ripon and St. John2(1): 1-41 and 2(2): 1-34.BOUEK Z. & USTERA O. 1956: Vosy eskoslovensk republiky. [Wasps of the Czechoslovak Republic].Prodovdeck Sbornk Ostravskho Kraje32: 482-497 (in Czech).

CARPENTER J. M. 1982: The phylogenetic relationship and natural classification of the Vespoidea (Hymenoptera).Systematic Entomology7: 11-38.

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GUIGLIA D. 1972:Les guepes sociales (Hymenoptera Vespidae) dEurope occidentale et septerntrionale. Faune delEurope et du Bassin Mediterraneen. Vol. 6. Masson et Cie, Paris, 177 pp.

MAUSS V. & TREIBER R. 1994:Bestimmungsschlssel fr die Faltenwespen (Hymenoptera: Masarinae, Polistinae,Vespinae) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Deutscher Jugendbund fr Naturbeobachtung, Hamburg, 53 pp.

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99: 61-70.SMETANA V. 2004: Osy (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) v Nrodnom parku Murnska planina. [Wasps (Hymenoptera:Vespidae) of the Murnska Planina National Park].Reussia1(Suppl. 1): 225-232 (in Slovak).

STARR C. K. & LUCHETTI D.1993: Key to Polistes species of Europe. Sphecos 24: 14.NOFLK J. 1952: Pspvek k poznn Hymenopter opavskho Slezska a pilehlch st Moravy s popisem novho

lumka Triaspis semilissus n.sp. . [Contribution to the knowledge of the Hymenoptera of Opavian Silesia andneighbouring areas with description of a new braconid Triaspis semilissus n.sp. ]. Prodovdeck SbornkOstravskho Kraje13: 553-572 (in Czech).

2006dvorakroberts key vespidae

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