2007-oracle database 11g

7/17/2019 2007-Oracle Database 11g

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THE EXPERTS VOICEIN ORACLE

OracleDatabase 11gNew Features for DBAs and Developers

Sam R. Alapati andCharles Kim

Learn the powerful new features in Oracle Database 11g

and advance to the cutting-edge of Oracle database

administration and development.

All major features ofOracle Database 11gRelease 1

tested and explained

All major features ofOracle Database 11gRelease 1

tested and explained

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Oracle Database 11g

New Features for DBAsand Developers

Sam R. Alapati and Charles Kim

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Oracle Database 11g: New Features for DBAs and Developers

Copyright 2007 by Sam R. Alapati and Charles Kim

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval

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To Jim Gray (Microsoft Technical Fellow), who is deeply missed by the database world,

which remembers him with fondness and respect for both his professional brilliance and his

warm personal qualities. Jim Gray is responsible for several fundamental database technologies,

especially in online transaction processing. Jim Gray is still missing after embarking on a

solo one-day boating trip from San Francisco on January 28, 2007, to immerse his mothers

ashes at sea. In 1997 Jim Gray received the A.M. Turing Award (which is considered by some

to be the Nobel Prize for computer science) for his seminal contributions to database and

transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation. Jim Gray

is the author of Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques, which has been theclassic reference in the field for the last several years. Much of what we do in online transaction

processing today flows directly from Jim Grays seminal contributions, and all of us

who work with relational databases owe an immense debt to him.

Sam R. Alapati

I dedicate the completed endeavor of this book to my parents, Wan Kyu and Chong Sik Kim,

who made incredible sacrifices for my sisters and me. I thank you for my upbringing, education,work ethic, and any and all accomplishments. Thank you for exemplifying what it means to

be a follower of Christ. As a parent myself now, I know that you are truly good and Godly parents.

Charles Kim

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v

Contents at a Glance

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

CHAPTER 1 Installing, Upgrading, and Managing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CHAPTER 2 Database Diagnosability and Failure Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

CHAPTER 3 Database Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

CHAPTER 4 Performance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

CHAPTER 5 Database Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

CHAPTER 6 Backup and Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

CHAPTER 7 Data Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

CHAPTER 8 Oracle Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

CHAPTER 9 Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

CHAPTER 10 Data Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

CHAPTER 11 Application Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

CHAPTER 12 Data Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

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Contents

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

CHAPTER 1 Installing, Upgrading, and Managing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

New Features in Server Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Changes in the Optimal Flexible Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Changes in the Install Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

New Oracle Database 11g Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Role and Privilege Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Installing Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

New Features in Database Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

New Initialization Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

DBCA Enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

New Oracle Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

New Oracle-Supplied PL/SQL Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Upgrading and the Compatibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Upgrade Path to Oracle 11g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Upgrading with the DBUA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Performance Testing the Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Downgrading After an Upgrade to 11g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Rolling Upgrade Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Oracle Clusterware Upgrade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Real Application Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Database Replay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

The SQL Performance Analyzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Database Software Patching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

New Features in Database Control for Patching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Emergency Hot Patching (Online Database Patching) . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Database Change Management Pack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Software and Database Cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

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CHAPTER 2 Database Diagnosability and Failure Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

The Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Problems and Incidents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Incident Packaging Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Structure and Location of the ADR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Investigating and Resolving Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Using the Command-Line Tool adrci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

The Support Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Database Health Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Checks, Failures, and Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Types of Health Monitor Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Manual Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Data Recovery Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Managing the Data Recovery Advisor Through RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . 89

SQL Test Case Builder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Improvements in Handling Data Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

CHAPTER 3 Database Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Database Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Automatic Memory Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Automated Database Maintenance Tasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Flashback-Related New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Total Recall and the Flashback Data Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Flashback Transaction Backout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Database Administration New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Virtual Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

New Data Partitioning Schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Allowing DDL Locks to Wait for DML Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Explicit Locking of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Invisible Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Read-Only Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Temporary Tablespace Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Creating an Initialization Parameter File from Memory . . . . . . . . . 136

Restore Point Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Database Resident Connection Pooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Comparing and Converging Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

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SQL*Plus New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

SQL*Plus Error Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Default Settings in the SQL*Plus Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Enhanced SQL*Plus BLOB Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Online Application Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Support for New Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Enhanced Online Index Creation and Rebuild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Enhanced Default Column Value Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Online Reorganization of Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Minimal Invalidation of Dependent Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Oracle Advanced Table Compression Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

How the New Compression Feature Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Storage and Performance Gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Implementing OLTP Table Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Compressing Unstructured Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Enterprise Manager New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

The Availability Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

The Server Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

New Related Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

LogMiner Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Database Diagnostic Pack and Tuning Pack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Oracle Scheduler New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Lightweight Jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Remote External Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Scheduler Support for Data Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

CHAPTER 4 Performance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

SQL and PL/SQL Performance Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Automatic Native PL/SQL Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Faster DML Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Adaptive Cursor Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

New Result Caching Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Using the Server Result Cache to Enhance Performance . . . . . . . . 175

Managing the Query Result Cache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

PL/SQL Function Result Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Intra Unit Inlining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

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Automatic SQL Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Automation of SQL Tuning in Oracle Database 11g. . . . . . . . . . . . 191

SQL Access Advisor Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Optimizer and Statistics Collection Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Multicolumn Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Expression Statistics for Functions and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Changing Statistics Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Keeping Statistics Pending vs. Publishing

Statistics Immediately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

SQL Plan Management (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

ADDM Enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

AWR Baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Baseline Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Adaptive Baseline Metric Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Performance-Related Changes in Database Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Customized Performance Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Average Active Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

ADDM Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

CHAPTER 5 Database Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Enterprise Database Security Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Stronger Password Hash Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Security Out of the Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Delayed Failed Logins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Case-Sensitive Passwords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Basic Compliance with Industry Security Recommendations . . . . 230

Upgrade Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Password Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Case-Sensitive Password Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Change Default User Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Database Links and Case Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Password Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Tablespace Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Creating the Oracle Wallet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Wallet Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Encrypted Tablespace Caveats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Encrypting a Tablespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

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Enterprise Manager Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Transparent Data Encryption with Enterprise Manager

Database Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Tablespace Encryption with Database Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Policy Trend Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Additional Security Management Integration in

Database Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

UTL_ Package Network Access Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Fine-Grained Access Control for UTL_* Network Packages . . . . . 249

sysasm Privilege for Automatic Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . 258

LOB Encryption Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Data Pump Encryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

RMAN Virtual Private Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

RMAN Backup Shredding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258TDE with LogMiner Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

TDE with Data Guard SQL Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Oracle Audit Vault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

TDE with Hardware Security Module Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Oracle Advanced Security Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Kerberos Cross-Realm Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

sysdba Strong Authentication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Oracle Call Interface Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Set the Level of Information Captured for Bad Packets. . . . . . . . . 262Delay or Drop Database Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Configure Maximum Number of Server Connection Attempts . . . . 263

Control the Display of Database Release Information. . . . . . . . . . . 263

Set Up the Banner and Auditing for Unauthorized Access . . . . . . . 264

CHAPTER 6 Backup and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Enhanced Block Media Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Preconditions for Using the recover block Command . . . . . . . . 266

Using the recover block Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

RMAN Management Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Scripting with RMAN Substitution Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

New RMAN Configuration Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Backing Up Large Files in Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Creating Archival (Long-Term) Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

The New Validate Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Configuring an Archived Redo Log Deletion Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Archived Redo Log Failover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

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Backup Shredding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Optimized Backing Up of Undo Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Active (Network-Based) Database Duplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Necessary Spfile Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Performing Active Duplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

How Network-Enabled Duplication Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Recovery Catalog Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Merging Recovery Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Moving a Recovery Catalog to Another Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Virtual Private Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Enhanced RMAN Integration with Data Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Configuring RMAN Without a Database Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Restoring a Backup Controlfile to a Standby Controlfile . . . . . . . . . 309Resynchronizing the Recovery Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Backup File Accessibility Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Block Change Tracking Support in Standby Databases . . . . . . . . . 311

CHAPTER 7 Data Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

API Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Compression Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Specifying Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Choosing an Encryption Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Reusing a Dump File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Remapping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Remapping a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Export and Import of Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Ignoring Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

External Tables Based on Data Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Stored Procedure to Generate External Table Using a

Data Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

CHAPTER 8 Oracle Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Synchronous Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Restrictions on Synchronous Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Configuring Synchronous Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

DBA Views for Synchronous Capture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

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Combined Capture and Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Requirements for Combined Capture and Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Combined Capture and Apply Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Performance Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

Streams Advisor Admin Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Streams Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Streams Topology Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

DBMS_COMPARISON for Compare and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

DBMS_COMPARISON Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Supported Database Object Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Comparison Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Rechecking a Prior Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Converging Shared Database Objects (Repair). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Splitting and Merging of a Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Splitting a Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Merging the Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Merge Streams Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Usability Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Message Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Automated Alerts for Clients and Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Identifying Newly Supported Tables View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Identifying Minimum Required Checkpoint SCN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Background Process Name Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Support for XMLType Values Stored As CLOBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Support for Transparent Data Encryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Support for Oracle Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

CHAPTER 9 Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Automated Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Misconceptions of ASM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

RMAN and ASM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

sysasm Privilege and osasm Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Fast Rebalance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

ASM Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Upgrading Manually. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Upgrading Using DBUA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Rolling Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

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ASM Preferred Reads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Preferred Read Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Monitoring Preferred Reads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

ASM Restricted Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Diskgroup Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Allocation Unit (AU) Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

RDBMS and ASM Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Fast Mirror Resync. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

asmcmd Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

lsdg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

lsct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

lsdsk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

cp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Metadata Backup and Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Backup Diskgroup Using md_backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Restore Diskgroup Using md_restore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Metadata Backup and Restore Demonstration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Additional md_restore Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Bad Block Recovery with ASMCMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Oracle Direct NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Set Up Direct NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Validate Direct NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Disable Direct NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Network Interface Card Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Direct NFS Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

CHAPTER 10 Data Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Active Physical Standby Database Duplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Real-Time Query Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Start the Real-Time Query Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Validate the Real-Time Query Standby Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Design the Real-Time Query Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Snapshot Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Convert to Snapshot Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Convert Back to Physical Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Using the Physical Standby for Rolling Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Prepare the Primary Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Convert to Logical: Keep Your Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

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Improvements in Redo Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Block Change Tracking Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

RMAN Understands Data Guard Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Improved Integration with RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Compressed Redo Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Usage of Histograms for the NET_TIMEOUT Attributes . . . . . . . . . 430

Fast-Start Failover for Maximum Performance Mode. . . . . . . . . . . 432

Logical Standby: SQL Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Support for Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Dynamically Set the Data Guard SQL Apply Parameters . . . . . . . . 434

Support for VPD and FGA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

DBMS_SCHEDULER Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Logical Standby Archivelog Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

SQL Apply Event Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Data Guard Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Data Guard Broker Command-Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Customize Fast-Start Failover Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Initiate Fast-Start Failover from Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

New Data Guard Manager Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

Detect Lost-Write Conditions Using a Physical Standby . . . . . . . . 443

Support of Heterogeneous OS Data Guard Configuration. . . . . . . . 443

Oracle Database 11gData Guard Over Storage

Vendor Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

CHAPTER 11 Application Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

New PL/SQL Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

CONTINUE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Sequences Without Dual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Native Compilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

SIMPLE_INTEGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Regular Expression Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Named and Mixed Arguments in SQL Statement PL/SQL

Function Calls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Subprogram Inlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Generalized Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Cross-Session PL/SQL Function Result Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Bulk In-Bind Table of Records in FORALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Dynamic SQL Symmetry and New Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

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New Trigger Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Trigger Ordering: The FOLLOWS Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Creating Triggers As ENABLED or DISABLED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Compound Triggers Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

XML DB Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Repository Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Support Content Repository API for Java: JSR-170 . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

ACL Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

New XMLType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

XMLIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Native Web Services for Oracle XML DB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

XQuery Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

XML Developers Kit (XDK) Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Application Express (APEX) Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505APEX Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

APEX Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

PHP Support Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Java Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Just-in-Time (JIT) Compiler and Native Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . 508

JAR Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Improvements to the loadjava Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Improvements to the dropjava Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Improvements to the ojvmjava Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511The ojvmtc Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

CHAPTER 12 Data Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Next-Generation LOBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

SecureFiles Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

BasicFiles vs. SecureFiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

LOB Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Deduplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

DBMS_LOB.SETOPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

db_securefile Initialization Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Migrate from BasicFiles to SecureFiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

LOB Prefetch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

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Data Warehousing New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Partition Change Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Materialized View Refresh Performance Improvements. . . . . . . . . 529

Materialized View QUERY REWRITE Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

Pivot Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Unpivot Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

Partition Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Reference Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Interval Partitioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

Extended Composite Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

Virtual Column-Based Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

System Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

Enhanced Partition Pruning Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561Oracle Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

Enhanced DICOM Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

ORDDICOM Object Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Support for SecureFiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Additional Multimedia Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

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xix

About the Authors

SAM ALAPATIis an Oracle DBA for the Boy Scouts of America, working at

their national office in Los Colinas, Texas. Prior to this, Sam worked at

Sabre, Oracle Corporation, and NBC. Sam has previously published

Expert Oracle9iDatabase Administration, Expert Oracle Database 10g

Administration, and Oracle Database 11gRMAN Recipes, as well as two

OCP certification books for Oracle Press. Sam has been working with

relational databases since 1985, starting with the Ingres database. Sam

holds the OCP certification for Oracle DBAs as well as the HP-UX System

Administrator certification.

CHARLES KIM, director of database technologies at Novara Solutions, is

an Oracle Certified DBA, Red Hat Certified Technician, and Microsoft

Certified Professional. He has more than 17 years of IT experience and

has worked with Oracle since 1991. Prior to this, Charles served at Fidelity

National Information Services as the chief Oracle database engineering

counsel and also worked at GMAC Mortgage, i2 Technologies, and Oracle

Corporation. Charles also serves as a technical editor for Oracle Press.

Charles has presented advanced topics for IOUG and Oracle OpenWorld

on such topics as RAC/ASM and 724 high availability considerations using Oracle Advanced

Replication, Hot Standby, and Quest Shareplex. Charles manages the DBAExpert.com web site

and provides technical solutions to Oracle DBAs and developers.

Charles is the author of the Maximum Availability Architecture case study at Oracles web

site (http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/htdocs/FNF_CaseStudy.htm l).

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xxi

Acknowledgments

First and foremost, Id like to acknowledge my gratitude for Charles Kim, my coauthor. Its aprivilege to write a book with a consummate Oracle professional such as Charles. Charles has

made writing this book a great pleasure, and he worked hard to meet our short deadlines, this

being a new features book, whose contents always seem to be in a flux.

No Oracle-based book, let alone a new features book, can be conjured from thin air. I

want to acknowledge the wonderful efforts of the Oracle Beta folks, who made the Oracle Data-

base 11gBeta release available to me by extending an invitation to be part of their beta testing

team. I benefited immensely by the high-quality e-studies and other technical studies made

available by Oracle Corporation to the beta participants, as well as from the access to the betasoftware itself. I want to acknowledge in particular Lynn Snyder and Debbie Migliore, as well as

Sheila Cepero, all from Oracle Corporation, for all their help over the last year while I was testing

this exciting new offering from Oracle Corporation.

Jonathan Gennick, the editor, has as usual left his powerful mark on the book. I cant think

of any part of this book that didnt benefit from Jonathans conscientious and superb editing at

both the technical as well the editorial level. Robert Blok, the technical editor, helped by pointing

out several aspects that needed clarification. I owe thanks to the professional competence that

the project manager, Sofia Marchant, brought to bear on the book. Sofias kindness and cool

efficiency over the past few months while managing a book under short deadlines is what helped

Charles and I finish this book on time. Kim Wimpsett, the copy editor, did a superb job, going

to great lengths to nail down numerous issues regarding style, terminology, consistency, and

accuracy (although I think Ive imposed a considerable burden on her by adding more new

features in each iteration of the review process!). Kelly Winquist, the production editor, admirably

managed the stupendously difficult task of getting this book out in time without compromising

quality. April Eddy, the proofreader, did a brilliant job, without which my less than perfect

typing skills would have been fully evident to the world. April has not only caught several insid-

ious typos but also zoomed in on several tricky usage situations, always pointing out the correct

approach. Im grateful for the efforts of Sofia, Kim, Kelly, and April as well as the entire production

group for going way beyond any call of duty and cheerfully moving the book along under the

stress of looming deadlines. Its customary for the author to thank the editorial and production

folks, I suppose, but I simply cant imagine this book being ready in time and in good shapewithout the supreme effort and dedication shown by the previously mentioned people.

My managers, Dave Campbell and David Jeffries, have been supportive of my endeavors,

and Im grateful for their encouragement over the years. My colleaguesRob Page, Lance Parkes,

Stan Galbraith, Dan Nelson, Dabir Haidar, Sabrina Kirkpatrick, and Carla Wallacehave also

been helpful to me at work, and I appreciate their help and friendship. I also want to acknowledge

my friends at work, Debra Kendrew, Myra Riggs, and especially Leticia Salazar; Leticia has been

very helpful during the past few months in helping take care of a lot of my affairs at work.

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xxii AC KNO W L E D G M E N TS

Nothing I do in my personal and professional lives would be possible without the constant

support and encouragement of my family. Id like to express my gratitude for the love, affec-

tion, and sacrifice of my parents, Appa Rao and Swarna Kumari; my brothers, Hari Hara Prasad

and Siva Sankara Prasad; and my sisters-in law, Aruna and Vanaja. At home, the love and

support of my wife, Valerie, sustains me. Valeries support and immense sacrifices have been

crucial to the writing of this, as well as all my other books. Writing this book has meant timeaway from my children, Nina, Nicholas, and Shannon, and I can only promise that Ill make it up to

them soon!

Sam R. Alapati

Most important, I want to thank my dear wife, Melissa, and our three boys, Isaiah, Jeremiah,

and Noah, for their unceasing support during the project and sacrificing precious family time.

Without their prayers and encouragement, I could not have completed this project.

On a professional note, I would like to thank Leisa Pitner (http://leisapitner.com)for

surrendering nights to rush edits and revisions of the chapters on last-minute notice. Leisa Pitner

has served in several key roles in information technology ranging from business process engi-

neer to director of internal applications for a 1 billon dollar software company. She has successfully

facilitated the transformation of process and culture across multiple industries, leveraging her

systems design and business process engineering background.

I would like to thank David Sweet, director of development practice at Novara Solutions,

for contributing the PL/SQL and Java portions to Chapter 11. David has been working with

Oracle since 1987 and, in my opinion, is one of the most elite developers in the industry.

I would like to extend an appreciation to Nitin Vengurlekar, member of the technical staff

at Oracle and author of the Automated Storage Administrationbook. We shared a few battle

scars of the book-authoring process. His review of Chapter 9 provided great insight and enhancedthe overall quality of the chapter.

I cant forget the folks on Oracles High Availability product development team, especially

Joe Meeks and Larry Carpenter, for reviewing Chapter 10 and encouraging me to go forward.

Thank you for the valuable input and recommendations.

My sincere gratitude goes to Debbie Migliore, director of Server Technologies Program Office,

and her team for providing exceptional beta support and directing me to the right resources

over the years. Debbies team works implausible hours and plays a crucial role in delivering

quality to each Oracle release.

I cannot say enough good things about the project management and editorial staff at Apress:

Jonathan Gennick, Sofia Marchant, Kim Wimpsett, Kelly Winquist, and April Eddy. Thank

you all for your extra mile efforts and at times holding my hand through some of the editing

processes to provide a superior book.

Last but not least, thank you, Kirti Deshpande, for the last-minute review of Chapter 8. Kirti

is well recognized in the Oracle industry for his books: Performance Tuning 101and Oracle

Wait Interface.

Charles Kim

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xxiii

Introduction

Oracle Database 11gcontains several major innovations in the areas of change management,fault diagnosability, performance management, Data Guard administration, storage manage-

ment, and data warehousing, among other areas. Besides the database administration changes,

there are significant improvements in application developmentrelated features, including

natively compiled PL/SQL code, PL/SQL inlining, and enhanced triggers. In addition to the

major standout changes, there are hundreds of smaller but significant changes as well, making

the database more robust, better performing, easier to use, and more secure.

In this introduction, we summarize the key features of the new release, which are covered

throughout the book.

Change ManagementChange management is right at the very top of Oracle Database 11gs best new features. Consider-

able uncertainty surrounds database and server upgrades. Oracle Database 11gmakes it easy

for you to test an upgrade or other changes by testing and comparing the performance before

and after the change. Oracle calls this the Real Application Testing feature, and it consists of

two key new features that provide advanced change management capabilities:

The Database Replay feature lets you capture database workloads from a productiondatabase and replay them on a test server, where you can realistically test changes using

the captured production workload.

The other change management tool is the SQL Performance Analyzer, which helps you

identify the effect of system changes on the performance of SQL statements.

Enhanced Database AutomationOracle Database 11gprovides several useful automatic database management features. Chief

among these are the following:

The automatic memory management feature lets you automate both the system global

area (SGA) and the program global area (PGA) components of Oracles memory by setting

a single initialization parameter named memory_target.

The Automatic SQL Tuning feature involves the automatic running of the SQL Tuning

Advisor during the nightly maintenance window and even the automatic implementa-

tion of the SQL profile recommendations made by the advisor.

Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) now covers Oracle Real Application

Clusters, in addition to single database instances.

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xxiv I N T R O D U C T I O N

Performance ManagementBesides the automatic running of the SQL Tuning Advisor every night, several innovations improve

database performance. The key performance-related improvements include the following:

Automatic Workload Repository baseline enhancements now let you create moving

window baselines and baseline templates, in addition to fixed baselines.

SQL Plan Management lets you automatically control SQL plan evolution.

Multicolumn statistics provide more useful data to the optimizer in cases where columns

are related.

Private statistics let you test optimizer statistics before publishing them for usage by the

query optimizer.

The server-side result cache enables the caching of SQL and PL/SQL results, thus dramat-

ically increasing performance. There is also a new client-side result cache.

The SQL Test Case Builder lets you easily create test cases so you can reproduce a

problematic SQL incident on another system.

Enhanced Fault Diagnosis CapabilityOracle Database 11gprovides a consolidated fault diagnostic capability, including the following

components, to make fault diagnosis and repair easier than ever:

The automatic diagnostic repository lets you consolidate all diagnostic data in one

central location outside the database.

Automatic Health Monitor lets you perform both proactive and reactive database

health checks.

Support Workbench helps with several diagnostic tasks, including transmitting incident

reports to Oracle Support.

Incident Packaging Service is an efficient way of packaging all diagnostic data in an editable

package to send to Oracle Support.

Data Guard EnhancementsOracle packs significant new features in the Oracle Database 11g Data Guard technology stack.

The latest and greatest Data Guard advancements are as follows:

Real-time query standby database

Snapshot standby database

Logical standby database improvements

Redo log compression

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I N T R O D U C T I O N xxv

Data Guard Broker enhancements

Recovery Manager (RMAN) integration with Data Guard

Rolling upgrades with the physical standby

Fast-start failover improvements

Storage Management ImprovementsWith Oracle Database 11g, numerous improvements have been incorporated into automated

storage management (ASM). Pertinent new ASM features include the following:

Rolling upgrades

ASM fast disk resynchronization

ASM preferred read failure groups

ASM diskgroup attributes for backward compatibility

Separation of the DBA and SA roles via the sysasmrole

New manageability options for the check, mount, and dropcommands

A copycommand to copy files between diskgroups, across ASM instances, and between

ASM and the operating system

ASM extensions such as diskgroup metadata backup and restore and block repair

Direct NFS provides simplicity and performance for database implementations on network-attached storage (NAS). Customers have opted for NFS solutions over block devices for simplicity

and lower cost, and Direct NFS makes NFS implementations even simpler and faster.

General Database ManagementQuite a few new database management features are useful, including the following:

Invisible indexes let you test new indexes without affecting performance, since you can

toggle an indexs status between visible and invisible.

There are new partitioning schemesreferential, internal, system, and virtual columnpartitioning.

Virtual columns let you use dynamically computed table columns that use functions to

produce new columns from existing columns.

Invisible indexes let you test the usage of indexes by letting you make them available to

the optimizer only when you want to do so.

Read-only tables let you keep users from modifying the contents of key tables.

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The easy addition of columns with default values means you can add the columns online

without taking a performance hit.

SecureFiles are completely reengineered LOBs designed for performance and security,

and they include capabilities such as encryption, deduplication, and compression.

Data Pump incorporates data encryption, masking, and compression.

Enhanced SecuritySecurity features in Oracle Database 11gwill make security enforcement easier for the database

administrators. Oracle has taken security more seriously than ever. Key security enhancements

include the following:

Tablespace encryption takes you beyond the transparent table-level encryption in the

previous release and enhances database security.

Case-sensitive passwords and stronger password verification comply with regulatory

requirements.

Data remapping masks data at rest.

Fine-grained network access from the database protects the database ecosystem.

The SHA-1 encryption algorithm with SALTreplaces the password hashing algorithm.

Security support is added to Enterprise Manager Database Console.

TDE with hardware security module integration provides the highest level of TDE security.

OCI security captures the level of information for bad packets, delays/drops database

connections after nnumber of bad packets, configures the maximum number of server

connection attempts, and enables banner pages for login and auditing.

Application ImprovementsFor the application developer, Oracle Database 11gprovides several useful enhancements:

Pivot operations provide cross-tabular reports for executive management reports by

transforming rows into columns and aggregating data in the process.

Unpivot operations rotate data from columns into rows.

PL/SQL can now directly create native compiled PL/SQL code without a C compiler.

The cross-session PL/SQL function result cache allows the developer to request that the

result of a PL/SQL function call be cached in the SGA and returned from the cache if the

same arguments are passed to the function in future calls.

Inlining in PL/SQL is an optimization where the PL/SQL compiler replaces calls to

subprograms (functions and procedures) with the code of the subprograms.

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I N T R O D U C T I O N xxvii

The new SIMPLE_INTEGER datatype provides faster performance than PLS_INTEGER.

Triggers can now control the order of triggers firing, can be created in ENABLEDor DISABLED

status, and compound triggers maintain a common state over the life of a DML operation.

A new argument to REGEXP_INSTR()and REGEXP_SUBSTR()allows you to select the nth

subexpression in the regular expression being evaluated.

Binary XML introduces advantages to the XML world in the database. Binary XML format

generally reduces the verbosity of XML documents, and thus the cost of parsing is reduced.

The XML schema evolution capability enables certain kinds of changes to XML schemas

with zero downtime.

XQuery adds two new functions, XMLExistsand XMLCast.

The new XMLIndexis available for indexing the internal structure of the XML data and

improving the performance of XML retrieval.

New to XDK are the XMLDiffand XMLPatchSQL operators to compare and patch XML

documents.

Partitioning New FeaturesNew to Oracle Database 11gare numerous techniques for partitioning table data to increase

the performance and organization of your corporate data. These partitioning techniques include

the following:

Reference partitioning allows tables with a parent-child relationship to be logically equi-

partitioned by inheriting the partition key from the parent table without duplicating the

key columns.

Interval partitioning automatically creates maintenance partitions for range partitions.

Extended composite partitioning allows data to be partitioned along two dimensions.

Virtual column partitioning allows virtual columns to be defined as partition key columns.

High-Availability Enhancements

There are several highly useful innovations concerning backup and recovery, flashback tech-nology, and SQL repair and data recovery. You can now create virtual private catalogs to control

access to the central RMAN recovery catalog.

A new feature called network-aware duplicationlets you create a duplicate database

without any prior backups of the source database by using the datafiles of the running

database instead.

The flashback transaction backout feature lets you undo an entire transaction, along

with its dependent transactions, with a single click.

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The flashback archive feature lets you track data stored in any Oracle table, for any length of

time you want, while providing automatic historical data management.

SQL Repair Advisor provides alternative workarounds in the form of SQL patches to get

around failed SQL statements without having to change the SQL statements themselves.

Data Recovery Advisor lets you effortlessly recover from data failures by getting repairadvice and recommendations that you can implement.

Virtual private catalogs provide greater security by limiting users to only a subset of the

base recovery catalog.

There is improved block media recovery performance with the help of flashback logs.

You can merge recovery catalogs.

You can perform parallel backups of datafiles using the new section sizeparameter

during backups.

Online patching enhancements make it easy to apply patches with no downtime.

Advanced CompressionOracle Database 11gprovides new compression capabilities, as summarized here:

The new release lets you compress OLTP data thats subject to normal data manipulation

language (DML) activities.

You can compress export data during a Data Pump operation, instead of just compressing

the metadata.

As you can see, theres a quite bit of exciting new features in Oracle Database 11g. So, without

much ado, lets dive into a discussion of the new features!

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1

C H A P T E R 1

Installing, Upgrading, andManaging Change

The best way to start reviewing the new features and changes offered by the Oracle Database11grelease is by first installing the software. As a DBA, you must also be wondering what ittakes to upgrade from your current version of Oracle (8i, 9i, or 10g) to the Oracle Database 11g

version. Well, this chapter discusses the changes in the Oracle installation procedures as well

as the database upgrade process and the revolutionary new Oracle feature called Real Application

Testing that helps you anticipate potential problems inherent in both software and application

upgrades.

Oracle Database 11gintroduces several new features related to installing the server soft-

ware. These new features include several changes in the install options, new components you

can install, an enhanced Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) to lay out your datafiles and the

flash recovery area. Some of the older components such as iSQL*Plus are no longer included in

the Oracle 11g release, while newer components have been added. Well review the new installa-

tion options, as well as several new initialization parameters, in this chapter.Once you install the new Oracle 11gbinaries, your attention will naturally turn to upgrading

your current Oracle databases running on older versions of the Oracle server software. There

are several changes in both the manual upgrade method and the Database Upgrade Assistant

(DBUA). The pre-upgrade information tool has been revised to provide more information.

Change management is one of the top priorities of the Oracle Database 11grelease. Orga-

nizations typically face considerable problems when making changes in their production systems,

be it an upgrade to a newer release of the database software or code changes in the applications.

Simulated workloads often fail to accurately represent the true production database workloads.

Oracle Database 11gprovides two powerful solutions, Database Replay and SQL Performance

Analyzer (as part of a broader feature called Real Application Testing). We devote considerableattention to the Database Replay and SQL Performance Analyzer features in this chapter. Finally,

we discuss several interesting new features in database software patching.

This chapter covers the following main topics:

New features in the server installation

Oracle Database 11ginstallation

New features in database creation

Database upgrade new features

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Real Application Testing

Database software patching

New Features in Server InstallationThe installation process for the Oracle server software is essentially the same in the OracleDatabase 11gand 10g versions. Invoking the Oracle Universal Installer (invoked by runInstaller

on Unix/Linux and setupon Windows) remains the same, and the Oracle Universal Installer

performs the same operating system checks as in the older versions. There are, however, a few

important changes when installing Oracle Database 11g, which we summarize in the following

sections.

Changes in the Optimal Flexible Architecture

The Oracle 11ginstallation process contains changes in the way you specify the Oracle base,

the Oracle home, and the flash recovery area. In addition, there is a new infrastructure called

the automatic diagnostic repository, which serves as a consolidated location for all database

diagnostic information.

Choosing the Oracle Base Location

The Oracle base directory is the top-level directory for installing Oracle software, and the OFA-

recommended path for this directory is /mount_point/app/. For example,

a typical Oracle base directory path is /u01/app/oracle, where oracleis the Oracle software owner.

The Oracle base is recommended as an environment variable, as in the earlier Oracle versions, but

in future versions Oracle is likely to make this a mandatory variable. The Oracle Universal Installernow provides a list box for you to edit or select the Oracle base. The Oracle Universal Installer

automatically derives the default Oracle home location from the Oracle base location you provide.

The Oracle home directory is a subdirectory of the Oracle base directory, and thats where you

install all your Oracle software. You can edit the location offered by the Oracle Universal Installer if

you want to specify a different directory as the Oracle home location. Oracle recommends you

specify the same Oracle base for multiple Oracle homes created by a user.

Choosing the Datafile and Flash Recovery Area Locations

In Oracle Database 11g, by default, all datafiles are located one level below the Oracle base. The

flash recovery area is also one level below the Oracle base, and Oracle recommends you createthis on a disk that is separate from the ones hosting the datafiles. In Oracle Database 10 g, by

contrast, both the flash recovery area and the datafiles are located in the Oracle home directory.

The datafile location and the flash recovery area in an Oracle Database 11grelease database

then would look like the following, assuming you chose /u01/app/oracleas your Oracle base

location:

/u01/app/oracle/oradata

/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area

The Oracle Universal Installer will warn you if you dont put the datafiles and the flash

recovery area in separate locations.

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Automatic Diagnostic Repository

The automatic diagnostic repository (ADR) is a new Oracle Database 11gfeature, meant for the

consolidation of all diagnostic data, including various trace files. The goal of the ADR is to provide

a single directory location for all error data youll need for diagnosing and resolving problems,

thus leading to faster error resolution and troubleshooting. The ADR is simply a directory loca-

tion that you specify through the new initialization parameterdiagnostic_dest. The ADR replaces

the traditional use of the diagnostic directories such as bdump, cdump, and udump, where you had

to go to manually seek out the necessary trace file and error files during troubleshooting. The

ADR uses standard methods to store diagnostic data not only for the Oracle database but also

for other Oracle products. The diagnostic data is then read by special automatic diagnostic tools to

provide a quick turnaround time for troubleshooting problems related to various Oracle products.

Under the ADR, you have the different directories such as cdump, alert, and so on. The

alert log that youre used to viewing in the vi editor on Unix is now an XML-based file. You can

read this file using the new adrcicommand-line tool. We discuss the ADR in detail in Chapter 2.

If you choose to use the ADR, you must give the Oracle Universal Installer a directory location

for the ADR base. To consolidate diagnostic data, Oracle recommends you choose the sameADR base for all Oracle products.

Note If ORACLE_BASEis not set, warnings will appear in the alert log. Although ORACLE_BASEis a

recommended environment variable, this variable will become a requirement in future releases.

By default, the ADRs base directory for storing diagnostic data is set to the Oracle base

location. However, you can set an alternate location for the ADR by setting a value for the new

initialization parameter diagnostic_dest. The ADR directory has the name $ORACLE_BASE/diagand contains several subdirectories, the most important of which is the rdbmsdirectory. In the

rdbmsdirectory, diagnostic files are organized by database name and instance name. For example,

for a database with the database name orcland an instance name of orcl1, the trace files,

including the alert log in the traditional text format, are located in the following directory (the

Oracle base is /u01/app/oracle):

/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl1/diag

As this directory structure indicates, you can store the diagnostic data for multiple data-

bases (as well as other Oracle products) under the same ADR base. For more on ADR, please

see Chapter 2, which discusses the new fault diagnosability infrastructure.

Changes in the Install Options

There are several important install option changes for Oracle Database 11g, as summarized here:

The Oracle Configuration Manager, which gathers configuration information pertaining

to the software stored in the Oracle home directories, is integrated with the Oracle

Universal Installer as an optional component.

The Oracle Data Mining option is selected by default with the Enterprise Edition instal-

lation and is installed automatically when you run the catproc.sqlscript after creating

the database.

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The Oracle XML DB option has been removed, since it isnt an optional component any

longer. The Database Configuration Assistant installs and configures it. When you manu-

ally run the catproc.sqlscript, the XML DB is created automatically.

Oracle Database Vault is an optional component, and to install this option, you must

choose the Custom installation option during installation.

As with any other release, the Oracle11gdatabase version deprecates certain components

available in older releases. The most important of the deprecated components are as follows:

iSQL*Plus

Oracle Workflow

Oracle Enterprise Manager Java Console

Oracle Data Mining Scoring Engine

Raw storage support (installer only)

New Oracle Database 11gComponentsIn Oracle Database 11g, the following new components are available while installing the

server software:

Oracle Application Express (APEX): Oracles browser-based rapid application develop-

ment tool, formerly known as Oracle HTML DB, is enhanced in Oracle Database 11 g

with prepackaged applications for blogs, storefronts, and discussion forums. There are

also new reporting capabilities and support for drag-and-drop forms layout. APEX is

now part of the base Oracle CD instead of the companion CD.

Oracle SQL Developer: Oracles free database development productivity tool is a graphical

version of SQL*Plus and is enhanced with new tuning capabilities in Oracle Database 11g.These enhancements include database activity reporting and expanded support for version

control and visual query building. SQL Developer is automatically installed when you

choose to perform a template-based database installation by choosing an installation

option such as General Purpose and Transaction Processing.

Oracle Real Application Testing: This component, which is automatically installed with

the Enterprise Edition installation, consists of two new features, Data Replay and the

SQL Performance Analyzer, both of which we discuss later in this chapter.

Oracle Configuration Manager (OCM): This is offered as an optional component during

the server installation. The OCM collects information about software configuration in

the Oracle home directories and uploads it to the Oracle configuration repository.

Oracle Warehouse Builder: This is an enterprise business intelligence design tool and is

installed as part of the Oracle Database server software.

Oracle Database Vault: This tool, which enables you to secure business data, is installed with

the Oracle Database 11gas an optional component, instead of being a component of the

companion CD as in previous releases. The Oracle Database Vault installation means you

now have a baseline security policy for the database. Security-related initialization

parameters are given default values following the installation of the Oracle Database Vault.

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Role and Privilege Changes

If you are using automatic storage management (ASM), you can now optionally create an addi-

tional OS-level group while installing the software or even after the installation. In addition,

there is a new optional system privilege in Oracle Database 11gexclusively for ASM administra-

tion. If youre migrating from a database release older than Oracle Database 10g(10.2), you

must also be aware of the changes made to the connectrole.

New Privileges Group and Database Role for ASM

In Oracle Database 11g, there is a clear-cut demarcation between database administration and

ASM administration. Previously, you performed all ASM administration as a user with thesysdba

privilege. There is a new system privilege called sysasm, which you should grant to the user who

needs to perform ASM administrative tasks. Users will need the sysasmprivileges to create an

ASM instance or cluster using OS authentication. In prior versions of Oracle, you created the

dbaand operoperating system groups when installing Oracle software. In Oracle Database 11g,

you can optionally create a third operating system group called the osasmgroup. Oracle recom-mends you grant ASM access only to members of the osasmgroup.

Note There is a myriad of ASM enhancements for 11g, and thus we dedicate a chapter to reviewing the

new features in managing ASM. Please refer to Chapter 9 for the new ASM features.

Both the new system privilege sysasmand the new operating system group osadmare optional

in Oracle Database 11g. However, in future releases, Oracle may restrict access to ASM to members

of the osadmoperating system group in addition to requiring all ASM administrators to have thesysasmsystem privilege.

Deprecation of the connect Role

The connectrole was deprecated in the Oracle Database 10.2 release. In fact, the role now has

only the create sessionprivilege, unlike in releases prior to Oracle Database 10.2, when it also

had privileges other than create session. If youre upgrading to Oracle Database 11gfrom a

release older than Oracle Database 10.2, any users with the connectrole will cease to have all

privileges other than the create sessionprivilege.

After upgrading to Oracle Database 11gfrom release 9.2 or release 10.1, the connectrole

will have only the create sessionprivilege; the other privileges granted to the connectrole in

earlier releases will be revoked during the upgrade. To identify which users and roles in your

database are granted the connectrole, use the following query:

SQL> select grantee from dba_role_privs

where granted_role = 'CONNECT';

The upgrade script automatically takes care of adjusting the privileges of all Oracle-supplied

users (such as sys, system, outln, and dbsnmp). For all other users with the connectrole, you

must explicitly grant all the privileges that were part of the old connectrole after the upgrade

is completed.

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Note In previous versions, it was sometimes a difficult process to switch a database manually from Database

Control to Grid Control. In Oracle Database 11g, you can simply use the new EMCP API to switch a database

from Database Control to Grid Control.

Installing Oracle Database 11gThe Oracle Universal Installer steps for installing the Oracle Database 11grelease software are

similar to the steps for the Oracle 10grelease. There are a few changes, however, which well

highlight when we show the installation steps in this section. You use the runInstallerexecut-

able to invoke the GUI-based Oracle Universal Installer. If youve downloaded the server software

from the Oracle web site, you must first uncompress the downloaded file. This will create a

directory named database, under which youll find the runInstallerscript. Start the installa-

tion process by moving to the databasedirectory and typing the following:

$ ./runInstaller

If youre installing from a DVD, invoke the installer by supplying the full path for the data-

base directory on the DVD:

$ //runInstaller

If you pass the minimal operating system requirements, the Oracle Universal Installer will

open. Once the Oracle Universal Installer GUI shows up, the following are the steps in the

installation process:

1. On the Select Installation Method page, you can select either Basic Installation orAdvanced Installation. Select Advanced Installation, and click Next.

Tip Set the TMPand TMPDIRenvironment variables if /tmpis too small for the installation.

2. Select Installation Type. Youre given three choicesEnterprise Edition, Standard

Edition, and Custom. Choose Enterprise Edition, and click Next.

3. On the Install Location page, specify the path for the Oracle base and Oracle home loca-tions, which is where the Oracle Universal Installer will install the database files. Click Next.

4. On the Product-Specific Prerequisite Checks page, the Oracle Universal Installer will

verify that your environment meets the minimum requirements for installing the various

products you want to install. These checks include the kernel parameters, swap space

requirements, validation of the Oracle base location, and network configuration require-

ments. Its a good idea to go ahead and fix any warnings produced by the Oracle Universal

Installer at this stage, say by updating the kernel on a Linux system, although you can

get away with not doing so in most cases since the Oracle Universal Installer offers you

the choice of continuing despite a warning. Once you pass the requirement checks,

click Next.

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5. Select Configuration Option. You can choose to create a database, configure ASM, or

just install the Oracle 11gbinaries. For the last option, choose Install Software Only, and

click Next.

6. Youll see the Privileged Operating System Groups page next, as shown in Figure 1-1.

This step is new in Oracle Database 11g. In addition to the sysdbaand sysoperprivileges

youre familiar with, Oracle now recommends you create the new system privilege called

sysasmfor enabling the management of ASM. Oracle also recommends you create a

new Unix/Linux group now, called osasm

2007-oracle database 11g

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