©2010 cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 12 social and behavioral socialization...

©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 12

Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes


All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players:

They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts.

William Shakespeare


Self-Regulation


Self-Regulation• Can be observed in children

beginning about age 2 and increasing with age

• Refers to – the ability to delay gratification– sustain attention to a task– plan and self-monitor a goal-directed

activity


Emotional Regulation• Antisocial Behavior– Any behavior that harms other people,

such as aggression, violence, or crime

• Prosocial Behavior– Any behavior that benefits other people,

such as altruism, sharing, and/or cooperation


Emotional Regulation• Aggression– Unprovoked attack, fight, or quarrel

• Altruism– Voluntary actions that are intended to

help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor’s anticipation of external rewards


Aggression: Theories• Biological– Evolution– Genetics

• Social Cognitive– Learning theory–Modeling–Media– Parenting style– Information processing


Aggression: Theories• Sociocultural– Peers– Community

• Ecological


Inhibiting Aggression• Organize the environment• Establish standards and

consequences for behavior• Provide alternative ways of solving

problems• Provide positive role models• Encourage discussion


Altruism: Theories• Biological• Social Cognitive– Learning theory– Instruction– Learning by doing


Altruism: Theories• Cognitive Developmental– Perspective-taking and reasoning

• Social Interaction– Communication– Parenting Style

• Sociocultural


Morality


Morality• Moral code develops through social

interaction • Reflects one’s level of intellectual

development as well as attitudes


Morality


Piaget• Heteronomous Morality– Children think of rules as moral

absolutes that cannot be changed.

• Autonomous Morality– Children realize that rules are arbitrary

agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them.


KohlbergStage Substage Classification

Level I: Preconventional Stage 1 Heteronomous morality

Stage 2 Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Level II: Conventional Stage 3 Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Stage 4 Social system and conscience

Level III: Postconventional

Stage 5 Social contract or utility and individual rights

Stage 6 Universal ethical principles


Gilligan• Justice moral perspective– Emphasizes the rights of the individual;

When individuals conflict, equitable rules of justice must prevail.

• Care moral perspective– Views people in terms of their

connectedness to others; Others’ welfare is intrinsically connected to one’s own.


Moral Development• Is influenced by– Temperament– Self-control– Self-esteem– Age/intelligence– Education– Social interaction– Emotions– Family variables


Gender Roles


Sex Typing

• Classification into gender roles based on biological sex


Theories

• Psychoanalytic– How one comes to feel like a male or

female

• Social Cognitive– How one comes to behave like a male or

female


Theories

• Cognitive-Developmental– How one comes to reason about oneself

as a male or female

• Gender Schema– How one comes to process information

about oneself as a male or female by perceiving and interpreting gender-linked information


Influences• Family• Peers• School• Community• Mass Media


Gender Role Identity

©2010 cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 12 social and behavioral socialization...

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